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  • Articles  (37,123)
  • 1990-1994  (37,123)
  • Geography  (37,123)
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  • Articles  (37,123)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A PRISM FOR CONTEMPORARY CAPITALISM: TEMPORARY WORK AS DISPLACED LABOR AS VALUE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Temporary work provides a prism that separates out and thereby makes manifest some of the displacing effects of today's most diversified and expanded divisions of capitalist labor. The chaotic conceptions of statistics agencies and business commentators fail to come to terms with this displacement, while transaction cost theories of flexibility fare little better. By contrast, a Marxist attention to displacements in the chain of value can adequately theorize and explain the capitalist roots of alienation in temping. A Marxist account is also better placed to analyze the spatial and institutional displacement of the labor process through temping. Finally, when sensitized to its own economic limits, a Marxist reading of value formation can also open the door to analyzing other, non-economic, codings of workers' value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00254.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROBERT BRENNER IN THE TUNNEL OF TIME (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Robert Brenner is a follower of one tradition in Marxism that is as diffusionist, as Eurocentric, as any conservative position. Within one of the most egalitarian of all socio-political doctrines, this is a tradition that believes in the historical superiority of Europeans over non-Europeans. Eurocentric Marxists are not racist, nor even prejudiced, but most of them believe that Europe is the fountainhead of civilization, the permanent source of innovative social change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00256.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EUROCENTRISM AND AFRICAN URBANIZATION: THE CASE OF ZANZIBAR'S OTHER SIDE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: A number of geographers have recently championed the struggle against Eurocentric theoretical categorizations in geographical research on African cities. At the same time, many whose work has concentrated on African urban geography have felt left out in the more abstract theoretical debates of their colleagues based in the West. I argue for the possibility of confronting Western bias and contributing to broader theoretical debates by creating theoretical constructs derived from the African experience. I develop my argument through an analysis of urban development in Ng'ambo, the African “Other Side” of Zanzibar city, and work toward the creation of meso-level conceptual guides for understanding Ng'ambo's development derived from the ideas of Ng'ambo residents themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00248.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MASCULINISM, THE USE OF DUALISTIC EPISTEMOLOGIES AND THIRD SPACES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: First, this paper establishes a ground from which to question not only the relationship between power and knowledge in the construction of geographical knowledge, but also the gendering of this relationship. From this starting position, second, it is argued that dualisms permit the gendering of particular binary opposites. The argument is not that certain dualistic categories - such as Reason and Emotion or Time and Space - are inherently wrong or to deny that western societies are organized through them, at least in part. Instead, dualisms are shown - at particular times and in particular places - to mark and help police supposedly fixed, natural divisions between the powerful and the disempowered (as in the masculine versus the feminine). In assuming away dualistic economies of meaning, the danger is that this helps to maintain the reproduction of the power-ridden values which dualisms help to sustain. Indeed, it is because dualist architectures are not as fixed, stable or natural as they are meant to be (i.e., precisely because they need to be policed) that it is possible to refuse them. Finally, this paper describes one alternative episte-mology which draws on the notion of a third space. The idea of third spaces uses a spatial metaphor to suggest an alternative radical geography which mobilizes place, politics and hybrid identities. One such third space is illustrated by an empirical example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00251.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article: Rob Shields Places on the Margin: Alternative geographies of modernity. M. Storper and A. J. Scott (Eds.) Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development. Jean-François Bayart The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. Jonathan Crush and Charles Ambler (Eds.) Liquor and Labor In South Africa. Robert Bullard, (Ed.) Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Martin W. Lewis, Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism. Andrew Gilg (Ed.) Restructuring The Countryside: Environmental Policy in Practice
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00252.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FROM TURNER AND VON THUNEN TO MARX AND LEOPOLD (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00238.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURING IN NATURE'S METROPOLIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00240.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00236.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    SOUNDS AND SILENCES, OR THE AUTHOR'S VOICE AND VOICES SQUELCHED: A COMMENTARY ON WILLIAM CRONON'S NATURE'S METROPOLIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00243.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE INVISIBLE SKYLINE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00242.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    NATURE'S METROPOLIS: THE GHOST DANCE OF CHRISTALLER AND VON THUNEN (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00244.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NATURE'S METROPOLIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00245.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article: Robert Beauregard (Ed.) Atop the Urban Hierarchy. G. Cook (Ed.) The Future of Antarctica: Exploitation versus Preservation. K. Suter Antarctica: Private Property or Public Heritage. P. Simpson-Housley Antarctica: Exploration Perception and Metaphor. Dharam Ghai and Jessica M. Vivian (Eds.) Grassroots Environmental Action: People's Participation in Sustainable Development. A. Parker, M. Russo, D. Sommer and P. Yaeger (Eds.) Nationalisms and Sexualities. and Richard WalkerThe New Social Economy, Reworking the Division of Labor. Andrew Sayer and Richard WalkerThe New Social Economy, Reworking the Division of Labor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00247.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TRANSPORTATION AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE SINGAPORE EXTENDED METROPOLITAN REGION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 15 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper examines the interface between port cities, urban regions and their transportation systems with respect to Singapore. The development of the regional Singaporean transactional space incorporates the province of Johor in Malaysia and the Riau islands in Indonesia, with the resulting spatial pattern and linkages forming an Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR). An EMR spatial model is presented in which transportation is a key factor. This model explains four processes of territorial development — densification, dissemination, extension and contraction. Densification is a process of spatial accumulation of economic activities within an area and aims at higher levels of productivity. Dissemination is a spatial relocation of unproductive economic activity towards productive areas. Extension is a space/time collapse enabling economic activities to extend over a large territory while maintaining low distribution costs. Contraction is a rationalisation of distribution systems facing growing transportation costs and competition from other systems. Based on the framework provided by the spatial model and available evidence, an assessment of transportation and territorial development in the Singapore EMR is undertaken. The analysis underlines the role of Singapore as a regional transhipment centre and its maritimefland interface function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1994.tb00245.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASSESSING EXPORT OPTIMISM VERSUS EXPORT PESSIMISM IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 15 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper attempts to reconcile two major conflicting viewpoints regarding the effects of export expansion on economic growth. The first, export optimism, looks to supply factors such as international competitiveness with the view that a favourable export performance results in significant economic growth for a country. The second, export pessimism, argues that exports only contribute significantly to a country's economic growth when the external demand is favourable. Using the Expansion Methodology, the paper shows that the effects of demand and supply factors on the relationship between export growth and economic growth are about the same. The results suggest that while unfavourable demand weakens the aforementioned relationship, tropical countries can offset this by being competitive in their exports. They also caution against excessive weight being given to export-promotion by export optimists as the exports-growth relationship weakens considerably when the external demand falls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1994.tb00244.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIVE MATRIX ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: AN INTERPRETATION FROM ALCHIPICHI-PUELLARO, ECUADOR (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 15 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper examines the usefulness of a systematic typology of agricultural activities. Characteristics of both traditional and modem systems are analysed and the physical and human environmental relationships of the changing agricultural dynamics examined. Altitudinal zonation of the study site offers a diverse agro-ecological physical environment appropriate for the cultivation of subtropical plants, especially fruit. Field work, interview results, air photo analysis and land use mapping combine with a systematic descriptive matrix analysis, to show that in response to the environment and changing market conditions, mixed systems have evolved, often including commercial poultry and egg production. Increasing systematic heterogeneity such as the association of commercial fruticulture with intensive animal husbandry and the association of commercial fruticulture with subsistence and semi-commercial agriculture using animal force, poses problems to the method. The potential for use at other study sites and the limitations of the technique are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1994.tb00246.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THAT WAS THEN, THIS IS NOW: FORTY YEARS OF SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE TROPICAL THIRD WORLD (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Although the last 40 years have witnessed enormous changes within the Third World, many of these have been uneven in their intensity and impact. Indeed, the widening differences between developing countries beg the question as to whether they constitute a cohesive collectivity.This essay makes a comparison between the tropical Third World of the 1950s and that of the 1990s. In many ways the former was much more set and predictable in its relationships and structure than today. However, the changes which have taken place over the last 40 years have not always been to the advantage or lasting benefit of the majority of people in the Third World. A realistic appraisal of future problems and how these might be addressed is thus a central theme of this discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1993.tb00043.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FROM VIOLENCE TO RECONSTRUCTION: THE MAKING, DISINTEGRATION AND REMAKING OF AN APARTHEID CITY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This article analyzes the relationship between violence and the racial city. It examines Durban's construction and disintegration in the context of unsuccessful apartheid reform, and traces corresponding distinct but overlapping stages of violence. Internecine violence of the latter 1980s constituted a racially displaced confrontation over political control and resources of the society transformed into internecine conflict within black residential areas, especially the urban peripheries. The violence was rooted in spatial and material differentiation reinforced by township and shantytown power structures, which clandestine state intervention accentuated. The article concludes by analyzing the new spatial and racial city forms, suggesting alternative urban reconstruction paths to redress the deeper causes of violence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00255.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article: Joe Doherty, Elspeth Graham and Mo Malek (eds.) Postmodernism and the Social Sciences. Paul Cloke (ed.) Policy and Change in Thatcher's Britain. Ludwik Mazurkiewicz Human Geography in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. J. W. R. Whitehand and P. J. Larkham (eds.) Urban Landscapes: International Perspectives. Bernard Woods. Communication, Technology and the Development of People.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00257.x
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  • 20
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    Abstracts (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00258.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    CONSTRUCTIONS OF CRIMINALITY: POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN TORONTO (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Long considered a safe and tolerant city, Toronto has been shaken during the last ten years by a series of incidents involving the police and black people which has led to a serious deterioration in police-community relations. Drawing on evidence submitted to the 1989 Ontario Task Force on Race Relations and Policing, on newspaper reports and local interviews, this paper criticizes some commonsense constructions of the relationship between “race”, crime and policing. Rejecting conventional explanations of “ethnic criminality” and personal prejudice, the paper focuses on the question of institutional racism within the police force.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00249.x
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  • 22
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    ABSTRACTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00253.x
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  • 23
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    SPATIAL METAPHOR AND THE POLITICS OF EMPOWERMENT: MAPPING A PLACE FOR FEMINISM AND POSTMODERNISM IN GEOGRAPHY? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Spatial language and constructs are deployed systematically in the writing of many contemporary feminists. Disempowerment is couched in negative spatial terms: as “displacement,” having space denied, or as a negative or non-space. Empowerment, on the other hand, is written as an appropriation of the spatial: creating new spaces, occupying existing spaces, or revalorizing negatively labeled spaces. Furthermore, the map emerges as a common trope in this writing. Rather than transparently communicating the totality of what exists, however, their maps become rhetorical guides to possible worlds. The spatial provides a textual tool with which many contemporary feminists contest existing power relations. Space is viewed as liberating, empowering, and political. Their use of the spatial contrasts with the apolitical (and, not inconsequentially, gendered) conceptualization of space in some postmodern writing. This divergent deployment of spatial textual devices in the writing of some contemporary feminists and that of some postmodernists opens up another window on the knotty nexus of feminist and postmodern thought in geography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00250.x
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  • 24
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    WILLIAM CRONON'S NATURE'S METROPOLIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00241.x
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  • 25
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    TRADING PLACES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00237.x
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  • 26
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    REVIEW OF WILLIAM CRONON'S NATURE'S METROPOLIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00239.x
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  • 27
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    REPLY: ON TOTALIZATION AND TURGIDITY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00246.x
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  • 28
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    UNIONS AND THE POLITICS OF DEINDUSTRIALIZATION: SOME COMMENTS ON HOW GEOGRAPHY COMPLICATES CLASS ANALYSIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00231.x
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  • 29
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    EROTIC TOPOGRAPHIES: ON THE SEXUALITY AND SPACE NETWORK (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00233.x
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  • 30
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    Abstracts (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00235.x
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  • 31
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    PUTTING WOMEN IN THEIR PLACE: THE CARNIVAL AT GREENHAM COMMON (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: In this paper I examine reactions to the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. I argue that the media, local and government responses to the Greenham women reveal geographical assumptions about “normality.” The peace women, by living away from home, on the edge of a military (and therefore masculine) establishment challenged accepted patriarchal understandings of “women's place” and were thus described as “out of place.” More specifically, the women were referred to in terms of hygiene, inadequate culinary ability, sexuality and hysteria. Each of these implies a gendered form of disorder in which social, cultural and geographical boundaries have been transgressed. These reactions are placed within the context of Bakhtin's formulations of the carnivalesque and grotesque realism. I suggest that the women, through their highly visible opposition to a patriarchal military establishment, represent a threat to neatly bounded official culture which finds its geographical expression in the formal territories of the courtroom and the air base. In conclusion this illustration is placed in the wider context of cultural/political protest. I argue that transgression, while serving to reveal normally assumed hegemonic landscapes, is restrained by already existing boundaries.
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    FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON ORGANIZED LABOR AND DEINDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00232.x
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    “WHEN THE GREAT PLANES CAME AND MADE ASHES OF OUR CITY …”1: TOWARDS AN ORAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE DISASTERS OF WAR. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper reconstructs a view of armed violence from the personal testimony of civilians who survived massive bombing of their neighborhoods. A majority of raid victims are “ordinary” civilians, primarily women, children, and the elderly. In World War II the most destructive city-wrecking campaigns were directed against the “morale” of these civilians. Their concerns and experience receive little consideration in the literature of air war, yet huge wartime and postwar surveys recorded first hand testimonies of those in heavily bombed cities in Germany, Japan and England. Women's words are given priority: they represent the majority of able-bodied persons under the bombs, and bear witness to the human ecology of violent experience: the disruptions of everyday life; the worlds of blackout and underground; the losses of home places and urban culture. They testify as well to the uneven social and spatial distribution of harm within cities, where death, damage and homelessness overwhelmingly affected working class and inner city areas. The paper also suggests that personal testimony should be recovered and incorporated into studies of neglected and disadvantaged people in “oral geography.” Some of the radical departures and methodological rethinking involved are considered in a final section.
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    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:S. Chant (ed.) Gender and Migration in Developing CountriesC. Philo (compiler) New Words, New Worlds: Reconceptualising Social and Cultural Geography. Conference Proceedings.Beatriz Colomina (ed.) Sexuality and Space.T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (Eds.) Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape.
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    Effects of World Demand and Competitiveness on Exports and Economic Growth (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: There is little consensus in the development literature on whether it is supply explanations such as competitiveness levels, or, the external demand structure which drive the link between exports and economic growth. This paper attempts to reconcile the polarization of the aforementioned viewpoints by examining the effects of both world demand and a country's competitiveness in exports on the relationship between export growth and economic growth. The results indicate that only developing countries which are highly competitive and which also face relatively favorable external demand for their exports experience above-average growth. Weak external demand reduces the positive effects of exports on growth substantially but may be offset by high levels of competitiveness in trade. The results imply that both regional and Third World growth studies on the link between exports and economic growth would profit more from integrating both supply as well as external demand explanations rather than succumb to one of the two viewpoints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00140.x
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    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:The Structure of a Modern Economy: The United States, 1929–89. by Kenneth E. Boulding.Inequality Reexamined. Amartya Sen.Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Divisions of Labor, and Inequality in High-Tech Industries. Glenna Colclough and Charles M. Tolbert II.Persistent Poverty in Rural America. Rural Sociological Society Task Force on Persistent Rural Poverty.Deep Disagreement in U.S. Agriculture: Making Sense of Policy Conflict. by Christopher Hamlin and Philip T. Shepard.Dividing the Waters: Governing Groundwater in Southern California. William Blomquist.Trading Industries: Trading Regions. Helzi Noponen, Julie Graham and Ann Markusen, editors.Trading in a New World Order: The Impact of Telecommunications and Data Services on International Trade in Services by Bruno Lanvin, editor.Exports and Local Development: Mexico's New Maquiladoras. Patricia A. Wilson.Latin America's Turnaround: Privatization, Foreign Investment, and Growth. Paul H. Boeker, editor.The Dynamics of Liberalization: Tanzania and the IMF by Horace Campbell and Howard Stein, editors.Keynes General Theory of Interest: A Reconsideration. Fiona C. Maclachlan.Microcomputer-Based Input-Output Modeling: Applications to Economic Development. Daniel M. Otto and Thomas G. Johnson, editors.
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    Institutions and Economic Transformation: The Case of Postwar Japanese Capitalism (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Institutions matter to economic development—particularly to the process of economic transformation. New technologies and new ways of organizing economic activity do not emerge in a vacuum, but bear the imprint of institutional arrangements. Economic transformation thus entails institutional adaptation as well as technological change—the emergence of new ways of organizing production or production systems and new sets of social and economic relationships which provide the institutional context for economic growth and development. Just as importantly, new institutional arrangements do not emerge tabula rasa, but reflect the legacy of old social and institutional forms. Given particular social and institutional legacies, different societies adapt differently to economic transformation. This article employs a theoretically-informed comparative examination of postwar Japanese capitalism to explore the critical role played by institutions in the process of economic transformation.
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    A Composite Index for Statistical Inference for Ranking Metropolitan Areas (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The construction of a composite index is described to rank U.S. metropolitan areas for educational attainment. The suggested methodology departs from traditional rank sum methods in that this approach utilizes data resulting in a continuous scale, whereas in the rank sum method, no use is made of the actual values of the data, but merely their rankings. The proposed index circumvents several practical problems because the numbers generated are metric measures allowing the use of arithmetic and statistical operations. Data used are pupil/teacher ratio, an effort index, and academic options in higher education. Comparisons are made across areas by population size and by geographic region.
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    The End of an Era: Asian NIEs in the Global Economy (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, and Taiwan (the Asian newly industrialized economies [NIEs]) were the economic success stories of the 1970s and 1980s. While there are a number of competing explanations for their rapid growth, some focusing upon the process of export-led development, the Asian NIEs face a more hostile global competitive environment than heretofore acknowledged. Their competitiveness in labor-intensive and traded-goods manufactured industries has been undermined by new competitors including the ASEAN countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, as well as China. With new competitors, the rise of trading blocs, and the shrinkage of export surpluses (over imports) it is doubtful if the NIEs will be able to sustain past rates of growth over the coming years. The capacity to adjust efficiently to changing circumstances has become a vital determinate of long-term growth of the NIEs. Whatever the virtues of past state-based industrial policies, restructuring is now a very important part of the life of firms in the NIEs’labor-intensive industries. Moreover, the significance of these industries in each of the NIEs has been undercut by the growing importance of the global finance industry and its attendant political economy.
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    State Employment Growth: The Impact of Taxes and Economic Development Agency Spending (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The results of this study confirm the expected positive relationship between economic development agency spending and employment growth among the states. Furthermore, it is concluded that past studies, by failing to control for state economic development agency spending in estimated regression equations, have underestimated the negative impact of personal taxes on employment growth.
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    Flexible Manufacturing (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00966.x
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    A Survey of Group Technology Adoption in the American Midwest (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents results of a hierarchical, fixed-question survey that sought responses about flexible machining cells, flexible labor cells, and concurrent changes in plant operations among nonelectrical machinery manufacturers in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. General results indicate that the majority of firms in the American Midwest do not possess flexible manufacturing capability. Of those that do possess this capability, most adopted flexible labor cells prior to adopting flexible machining cells. These cells are small, employing relatively few workers and producing a limited line of products. While the adoption process has been plagued with training, scheduling, and integration problems, most plant managers are pleased with the performance of their flexible manufacturing cells. Management has been reluctant to break out of traditional relationships with suppliers, to trim levels of management and to explore strategic alliances with competitors. Survey results are disaggregated by year, size, positon-in-organization, and by union affiliation.
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    Production Politics and Flexible Manufacturing in the South Wales Motor Components Sector (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper focuses on restructuring in eleven first-tier suppliers in the South Wales motor components sector and examines the influence of production politics, including plant-local labor market relations, on the implementation of flexible manufacaturing during the 1980s. Although industrial geographers have recognized the role of recruitment and training in the restructuring of the spatial division of labor they have tended to focus primarily on the role of new firms operating at “green field” sites and view this process as functional to the needs of capital. However, the argument of this paper will be that while new forms of work organization are influenced by the technical and commercial possibilities of new technology and markets, the form of work organization cannot simply be “read off” from the macro-economic level, but will be partially determined by existing spatiallyuneven social relations of production.
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    Book Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:POSTMODERN CONTENTIONS: EPOCHS, POLITICS, SPACE. Edited by John Paul Jones III, Wolfgang Natter, and Theodore Schatzki.RESTRUCTURING HEGEMONY IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL NEW-LIBERALISM IN THE 1980s. Edited by Henk Overbeek.THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN SMALL ISLAND STATES. Edited by Douglas G. Lockhart, David Drakakis-Smith, and John Schembri.DEFENSE SPENDING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. Edited by James E. Payne and Anandi Sahu.URBAN FINANCE UNDER SIEGE. Edited by Thomas R. Swartz and Frank J. Bonello.STATE & RESERVATION: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FEDERAL INDIAN POLICY. Edited by George Pierre Castile and Robert L. Bee.
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    Summer diet of seabirds from the Frans Josef Land archipelago, Russian Arctic (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Food samples from 102 seabirds from eight species (fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, common eider Somateria mollissima, glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus, kittiwake Rissa tridaayla, arctic tern Sterna paradisaea, Briinnich's guillemot Uria lorn via, black guillemot Cepphus grylle, little auk Alle alle) were collected during the period August 1991–1993 in the southern part of the Frans Josef Land archipelago, 80°N, 53°E. The pelagic amphipod Parathemisto libellula and polar cod Boreogadus saida were the two most commonly taken food items (frequency of occurrence over 50% and weight contribution more than 70%). Ice-associated crustaceans contributed to some 10% of the weight in the samples. In general, the food composition was very similar to that reported from Svalbard. However, birds from Frans Josef Land fed on a lower diversity of prey compared to Svalbard populations.
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    Data processing and interpretation of sea radiance factor measurements (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Problems in the interpretation of passive optical remote sensing data obtained by telespectrometric measurements on board a research vessel (or aircraft) are discussed. Two methods are considered: (1) The correlation method, where correlative relationships between the remotely sensed spectra and concentrations of optically active substances in the water are determined and corresponding regression formulae found; (2) the similarity method, where the remotely sensed spectrum is compared with the multitude of spectra obtained by means of model calculations. The application of these methods and analysis of the results are made using our remote and in situ data. It is found that the correlation method is far from being general (the regression parameters depend on the location, season and weather conditions), but it has the advantage of being applicable without the need to describe the aquatic environment by a theoretical model. The similarity method is much more general but involves difficulties in including the optical properties of the aquatic environment in the theoretical model, especially the backscattering properties of several types of suspended matter in the water bodies.Some aspects of detecting oil-slick pollution on the sea surface by means of passive optical remote sensing methods are discussed and corresponding examples are shown.
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    Analysis of satellite measurements of ozone, nitrous oxide and methane: intra-annual variations in the stratosphere (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Peculiarities in the intra-annual variations of 03, N20 and CH4 in the middle and upper stratosphere are analysed by different methods for the middle and polar latitudes of the Northern and the Southern hemispheres. In the middle stratosphere the phase of the O, annual harmonic shifts in the Northern Hemisphere from polar to lower latitudes, while in the Southern Hemisphere the downward shift is exhibited. The phase of the NiO annual harmonic shifts to the poles both in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but in the Northern Hemisphere it is almost vertical with the horizontal spreading, while in the Southern Hemisphere the phase propagation has a remarkable downward component. The most similar shifts of the phase of the annual harmonic in the middle stratosphere of both hemispheres are exhibited for the CII” content in the middle and high latitudes. Remarkable differences are noted between the intervals with the increase of mixing ratios in the annual cycle at different latitudinal belts. In particular, these intervals are large in subtropical stratosphere, with a shorter and steeper decrease of the mixing ratios. The general decrease of these intervals is exhibited from middle to polar latitudes. The striking difference in temporal variations of the species exists between the northern polar and middle latitudes, where the month-to-month changes of the species are often opposite each to other. These peculiarities and interhemispheric differences are associated with the different stratospheric dynamics of the Northern and Southern hemispheres, particularly with different regimes of planetary wave activity in the northern and southern extratropical latitudes.
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    An ice drift series from the Fram Strait January-March 1992 based on ERS-1 SAR data (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: A time series of ERS-1 SAR images is used to estimate ice drift in the Fram Strait January-March 1992 (the ERS-1 mission first ice phase). The images all cover the same area. The sampling interval is three days. The paper shows examples of estimation of ice drift and divergence from this image time series. Divergence is an important quantity in order to estimate ice production and hence mixing of the ocean water masses.A reference configuration of ice points is defined for each image. These ice points are identified in the successive image giving a set of point pairs. These point pairs are input for statistical analysis.Upward looking sonars (ULS) and current meters are moored below the scene. A combination of the SAR derived dynamics and the ULS derived ice thickness series will give opportunities to estimate ice mass flux into the Greenland Sea, and to improve ice classification algorithms.
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    Weather influence on passive microwave brightness temperatures (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Sea ice charts produced using spacebornc passive microwave observations are used on routine basis at several ice forecasting centres and during sea ice research campaigns. The capability of passive microwave sensors to monitor the earth, regardless of cloud cover or daylight, and the 1400 km swath width (SSM/I) make these sensors well suited not only for ice forecasting but also for providing information needed for planning northern oceanic routes. The retrieval of sea ice parameters is carried out by utilizing 37 and 19 GHz brightness temperatures measured by Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) platform. The ice type identification uses a-priory established signature brightness temperatures for each ice type. The algorithm generating the sea ice information contains some climatological information on the weather dependence of the observed brightness temperature. A comparison between passive microwave (SSM/I) retrieved ice parameters and ice maps from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (DNMI) indicates that the weather correcting procedure within the algorithm may need regionalized input. The correlation of variability of the observed brightness temperatures with the weather changes has to be derived prior to introducing any corrections to the existing algorithms. The observed brightness temperatures contain information not only about the ice surface but also the atmospheric contribution. One of the crucial tasks is to establish a technique for flagging changes on the ice surface in order to segregate them from the atmospheric influence on the passive microwave signal. To obtain more knowledge about the effects of regional weather on the retrieval of sea ice parameters, local climatological information from DNMI has been compared with the SSM/I ice charts. This paper focuses on the outcome of this comparison and how regional atmospheric information can be used in the retrieval of sea ice information from passive microwave data.
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    Use of satellite-linked telemetry to study Steller sea lion and northern fur seal foraging (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: One explanation for recent declines in some Alaskan pinniped populations is that ecosystem changes may have reduced the availability of preferred prey. Part of our evaluation of this hypothesis involves the use of satellite-linked telemetry to study Steller sea lion (Eumelopias jubaius) and northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) foraging. Data on dives (depth and duration) and water temperatures are collected by satellite-linked time-depth recorders (SLTDR) glued to the backs of sea lions and fur seals. These data are then summarized and stored for later transmission. Data are relayed back to land through NOAA Tiros-series satellites and are processed by Service-Argos (a U.S.-French consortium). These transmissions are also used to calculate at-sea and on-land locations of the animals through use of Doppler shifts of the frequency of received transmissions. Ultimately, diving and temperature can be reconciled with at-sea locations to compare foraging areas with locations of known prey stocks.
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    Use of NOAA-AVHRR data to monitor snow cover and spring meltoff in the wildlife habitats in Jameson Land, East Greenland (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: NOAA-AVHRR satellite data have been used for a multi-year analysis of the seasonal variation of snow cover on the peninsula of Jameson Land located from 70°30′N to 72°N on the eastern coast of Greenland. Monitoring programmes for muskoxen and geese populations in Jameson Land wert started in the early 1980s to assess the impact of oil exploration in the area. This study was conducted to provide snow cover data to the wildlife monitoring programmes because snow cover is an important factor which can affect the numbers and distribution of muskoxen and other wildlife in the area.Snow cover mapping is based on the geometric correction and radiometric calibration of each satellite scene before the visual bands are corrected for the terrain-effects and high solar zenith angle by using a simple radiation model. The atmospheric effect on the thermal infrared bands is corrected by using the “split-window” method. An automatic filtering routine with empirically determined thresholds is used to determine cloud-and haze-covered areas before the snow cover is computed from a linear expression using albedos of bare ground and full snow cover. By combining the satellite information with ground measurements and a digital terrain model, both the spatial distribution of snow cover and the total snow cover depletion can be obtained.The method makes it possible to analyse the variation in regional and seasonal snow cover in wildlife habitats. The variation in snow cover depletion has been analysed in five subareas in the muskox area, and the results indicate that the snow cover pattern is an important factor which influences muskox calf crop and regional distribution of the muskox population. The method has proved useful for monitoring the duration of snow cover, and its application ought to facilitate the future study of wildlife habitats in extensive alpine and arctic areas.
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    Proceedings of the Second Circumpolar Symposium on Remote Sensing of Arctic Environments, Tromsø, 4–6 May, 1992 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Rock mapping of glaciated areas by satellite image processing (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: A model is presented that performs spectral deicing of mixed pixels in satellite images of glaciated areas. The model was tested in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. For this region we assumed that pixels could be grouped in two broad categories representing pure ice and pure rock. Naturally mixed ice and rock pixels are present in satellite images; these were recomputed to separate the spectral component related to the rock fraction. We used Landsat TM images as input data and aerial photographs, maps and field surveys as reference data. By making use of sample populations of pixels corresponding to pure ice and to pure rock groundels (i.e. ground elements, the ground portions corresponding to each pixel), we detected the linear correlation between pairs of bands and selected the two most suitable bands. For every pixel falling between the correlation lines of the two categories, the rock fraction in the corresponding groundel was computed. This fractional value was then used to perform the automatic deicing process with which the DNs of the selected mixed pixels were recomputed. In the utilised Antarctic image, this process increases about 2.7 times the number of pixels in the pure rock category, allowing the production of enhanced images and, as a side product, a thematic map of rock percentage in the groundels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1994.tb00434.x
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    SIMULATION OF INTEGRATED SURFACE WATER AND GROUND WATER SYSTEMS - MODEL FORMULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The unique characteristics of the hydrogeologic system of south Florida (flat topography, sandy soils, high water table, and highly developed canal system) cause significant interactions between ground water and surface water systems. Interaction processes involve infiltration, evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and exchange of flow (seepage) between streams and aquifers. These interaction processes cannot be accurately simulated by either a surface water model or a ground water model alone because surface water models generally oversimplify ground water movement and ground water models generally oversimplify surface water movement. Estimates of the many components of flow between surface water and ground water (such as recharge and ET) made by the two types of models are often inconsistent. The inconsistencies are the result of differences in the calibration components and the model structures, and can affect the confidence level of the model application. In order to improve model results, a framework for developing a model which integrates a surface water model and a ground water model is presented. Dade County, Florida, is used as an example in developing the concepts of the integrated model. The conceptual model is based on the need to evaluate water supply management options involving the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, as well as the evaluation of the impacts of proposed wellfields. The mathematical structure of the integrated model is based on the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM) (MacVicar et al., 1984) and A Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) (McDonald and Harbaugh, 1988).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03336.x
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    COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROL THROUGH IN-RECEWING WATER STORAGE: AN EFFICIENCY EVALUATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A demonstration and efficiency evaluation project was conducted for the flow balancing method (FBM) facility, a combined sewer overflow (CSO) storage facility at Fresh Creek in Brooklyn, New York City. The FBM is a curtained tank located directly in the receiving water that captures CSO. The CSO floats on top of and displaces Fresh Creek saltwater before it is pumped back to the publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The facility was a pilot scale subject to the full CSOs. The purpose of the project was to show how the FBM can withstand severe weather and tidal conditions and to develop a procedure for estimating CSO control efficiency (percentage of CSO pumped back to the POTW). The procedure proved successful and incorporated specific conductivity as a tracer in mass balance equations. These equations provided estimates of the net percent, capture-pumpback of the CSO using the FBM, including the amount of Fresh Creek water that was included in the pumpback to the P01W. The efficiency was directly related to the volume of the CSO and the pumpback rate and ranged from a low of 3.3 percent for the largest event to a high of 76.9 percent for the smallest event. Recent FBM enlargement should result in substantial increases in CSO control. The FBM facility has operated successfully for over five years, withstanding ice storms, near hurricane force winds and up to 7 ft tidal range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03340.x
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    SEDIMENT, NITRATE, AND AMMONIUM IN SURFACE RUNOFF FROM TWO TAHOE BASIN SOIL TYPES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Few studies have addressed the natural pollution potential of pristine subalpine forested watersheds on a site-specific basis. Consequently, specific source and amounts of nutrient discharge to tributaries of the Tahoe Basin are difficult to identify. The sediment content and nitrate and ammonium levels in surface runoff from two soil types (Meeks and Umpa), four plot conditions (wooded natural and disturbed, open natural and disturbed), and three slopes (gentle, moderate, and steep) were studied using rainfall simulation that applied a 9 cm h1, 1-h event. A significant (P ≤ 0.005) two-way interaction between soil type and plot condition affected runoff nitrate concentration. Runoff from natural or disturbed open plots contained significantly (P = 0.05) greater nitrate than wooded plots. Peak concentrations of nitrate commonly occurred during early runoff, suggesting that peak nitrate discharge to Lake Tahoe tributaries can be expected during early runoff from snowmelt and summer precipitation events. The highest nitrate runoff concentration and 1-h cumulative loading from the 0.46 m2 plots were 6.7 mg L-1 (Umpa, open natural, 15–30 percent slope), and 0.7 mg (Umpa, open natural, ≥ 30 percent slope), respectively. Ammonium in surface runoff was generally below detection limits (≤ 0.05 μg L−1). No statistical relationship between runoff nitrate and sediment discharge was detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03300.x
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    HYDROLOGIC MODELING OF LAND PROCESSES IN PUERTO RICO USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An integrated, multi-disciplinary effort to model land processes affecting Mayaguez Bay in western Puerto Rico is described. A modeling strategy was developed to take advantage of remotely sensed data. The spatial, interannual, and seasonal variability of sediment discharges to the bay were also evaluated. Classified images of remotely sensed data revealed the spatial distribution and quantities of land use classes in the region and aided in the discretization of the watershed into homogeneous regions. These regions were modeled using a geomorphic modeling technique based upon spatially averaged parameters.Simulation results from the modeling effort compared favorably with observations at two locations within the watershed. Results showed that runoff and sediment loads from the area exhibit a marked seasonal trend and that deforested areas located in the foothill regions of the watershed contribute a disproportionate share of the sediment load to the bay. In years when rainfall distributions are uniformly distributed over the area, the sediment yields may be up to 100 percent higher than years when the rainfall is concentrated in the heavily forested mountainous regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03301.x
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    MODEL ACCURACY IN SNOWMELT-RUNOFF FORECASTS EXTENDING FROM 1 TO 20 DAYS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper examines the performance of snowmelt-runoff models in conditions approximating real-time forecast situations. These tests are one part of an intercomparison of models recently conducted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Daily runoff from the Canadian snowmelt basin Illecille. waet (1155 km2, 509–3150 m a.s.l.) was forecast for 1 to 20 days ahead. The performance of models was better than in a previous WMO project, which dealt with runoff simulations from historical data, for the following reasons: (1) conditions for models were more favorable than a real-time forecast situation because measured input data and not meteorological forecast inputs were distributed to the modelers; (2) the selected test basin was relatively easy to handle and familiar from the previous WMO project; and (3) all kinds of updating were allowed so that some models even improved their accuracy towards longer forecast times. Based on this experience, a more realistic follow-up project can be imagined which would include temperature forecasts and quantitative precipitation forecasts instead of measured data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03305.x
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    PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The spatial distribution and the temporal and spatial variation of the annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation in two mountainous watersheds in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, have been analyzed using a detailed database for 1971–1990 in the Capilano and Seymour watersheds. The analysis showed that the precipitation increases up to the mid-position of the watersheds, and then either levels off or decreases. Precipitation on mountain slopes and in the valley at the same distance from the beginning of the slope is similar, and the barrier height is identified as the dominant parameter which influences the precipitation distribution. The temporal variation of the precipitation is the smallest at the mid-position of the watersheds. This variability is the least in the fall and winter and largest in the summer. Correlation between the precipitation accumulations at various stations is large, ranging from 0.80 for the wet period of October-March to 0.65 for the dry period of April-September for distances less than 32 km. Comparison with other studies and the analyses of precipitation and runoff data from coastal British Columbia showed that the results of this study are perhaps general and thus transferable to similar areas in the coastal Pacific Northwest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03324.x
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    RESOLVING INTERSTATE WATER CONFLICTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES: THE RE-EMERGENCE OF THE FEDERAL-INTERSTATE COMPACT (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : As population growth occurs in regions of the eastern United States that do not have abundant water supplies, new transbasin diversions may be required. Such diversions are exceptionally politically divisive and are at the core of most of the interstate water conflicts that presently exist in the eastern states. This study examines alternative means by which these conflicts might be resolved. The strengths and weaknesses of these alternatives are examined. The study concludes that the federal-interstate compact should be the preferred alternative by which interstate water conflicts in the eastern United States are resolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03299.x
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    A SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A spatial decision support system (SDSS) was developed to assess agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution using an NPS pollution model and geographic information systems (GIS). With minimal user interaction, the SDSS assists with extracting the input parameters for a distributed parameter NPS pollution model from user-supplied GIS base layers. Thus, significant amounts of time, labor, and expertise can be saved. Further, the SDSS assists with visualizing and analyzing the output of the NPS pollution simulations. Capabilities of the visualization component include displays of sediment, nutrient, and runoff movement from a watershed. The input and output interface techniques/algorithms used to develop the SDSS, along with an example application of the SDSS, are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03303.x
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    WATER BUDGET ANALYSIS FOR THE EVERGLADES AGRICULTURAL AREA DRAINAGE BASIN (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water budget studies are essential for water resources and environmental management. In this study, a water budget analysis is presented for the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in South Florida for the period from 1973 to 1991. The EAA is a highly productive irrigation/drainage basin that has a high water table and organic soils. Water quality problems are associated with the drainage discharge from the basin. During dry periods, supplemental water is used for irrigation and in rainy periods excess water with relatively higher phosphorus content is pumped out of the basin to Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades ecosystem. Elevated concentrations of phosphorus in the runoff/drainage that is discharged from the EAA basin have created water quality problems. The mean surface water inflow to the basin was 63,990 ha-m, and the outflow was 131,447 ha-m per year. On the average, supplemental surface water use was 47,411 ha-m, and runoff/drainage was 114,816 ha-m per year. The mean annual basin rainfall was 120.9 cm. A general trend in the decline of the wet season rainfall is observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03302.x
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    MONITORING SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN PUERTO RICO: FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND REMOTE SENSING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The spatial distribution of suspended particulatematter (SPM) was estimated in Mayagüez Bay on the west coast of Puerto Rico by using traditional ship board measurements and remotely sensed data acquired over four days during January 1990. This effort was part of a joint project between NASA and the University of Puerto Rico to develop techniques to monitor the water quality of a Caribbean coastal zone. This paper presents the methods and algorithms developed to map and analyze short term changes in the source and spatial distribution of SPM in Mayagüez Bay by using remotely sensed data acquired by the Calibrated Airborne Multispectral Scanner (CAMS). A PC-based data acquisition system was developed to record continuous ship measurements of select in- water variables. Spectral reflectances derived from CAMS red and near-IR data were corrected for atmospheric effects and then used to generate maps of SPM. These maps displayed SPM plumes associated with the mouths of the bay's three river systems. Significant day-to-day differences in the spatial characteristics were observed, suggesting that changes in river discharge occurred. However, an analysis of estimated river discharge, sediment yield, local wind field, and thermal river plume indicates that observed sediment plumes result primarily from wind-driven resuspension events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03290.x
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    POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO NEW JERSEY STREAMS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Parts of the Raritan River basin in central New Jersey have undergone increasing development over the last several decades. The increasing population relies on the region's ground water and surface water sources for its residential, commercial, and industrial water supply. Urbanization, regionalized wastewater-treatment facilities, stream channel alterations, and interbasin transfers of water can all affect water availability. This pilot study was conducted to determine whether significant trends exist in the base-flow and overland-runoff characteristics of streams in two subbasins with different percentages of urban/built-up land (Anderson et at., 1976). Changes in flow characteristics that could indicate future reductions in safe water yield of the Raritan River basin were examined. Flow and flow variability of the steams draining these two subbasins have increased over time. Many of the flow measures studied experienced pronounced trend shifts about 1960. The cause of these changes cannot be readily determined from the data, nor is it clear whether the increased flow variability lies outside the natural range of flow variability of the streams draining the subbasins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03291.x
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    ESTIMATING PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD PROBABILITIES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Methods of computing probabilities of extreme events that affect the design of major engineering structures have been developed for most failure causes, but not for design floods such as the probable maximum flood (PMF). Probabilities for PMF estimates would be useful for economic studies and risk assessments. Reasons for the reluctance of some hydrologists to assign a probability to a PMF are discussed, and alternative methods of assigning a probability are reviewed. Currently, the extrapolation of a frequency curve appears to be the most practical alternative. Using 46 stations in the Mid-Atlantic region, the log-gamma, log-normal, and log-Gumbel distributions were used to estimate PMF probabilities. A 600,000-year return period appears to be a reasonable probability to use for PMFs in the Mid-Atlantic region. The coefficient of skew accounts for much of the variation in computed probabilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03293.x
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    DESERT HOUSE: A DEMONSTRATION/EXPERIMENT IN EFFICIENT DOMESTIC WATER AND ENERGY USE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In May 1993, a single-family home and adjoining information center opened to the public at the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, Arizona. Desert House is designed as an example of what can be achieved today using available technology to improve residential water and energy efficiency. The home is expected to reduce water and energy use by 40 percent compared with that for the typical three-bedroom, single-family residence in the Phoenix area. Water-conserving features include: landscape design employing low-water use plants, minimum turf area, mulch around plants to reduce evaporation, and drip irrigation system; spa cover for evaporation reduction; rainwater harvesting; low-flow shower heads, faucets, and toilets; and graywater reuse system. The home will be occupied by a family and monitored for water and energy use by computer. Visitors are able to access real time water and energy use data about the home, as well as tour the information center, technical exhibits, surrounding landscape, and the home when it is open (one afternoon a week).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03295.x
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    POLICY DROUGIT: THE CASE OF SOUTH FLORIDA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In this paper, we review recent experience with drought in south Florida, and report some results of a study of the likely agricultural economic impacts of drought. Our conclusions can be summarized as follows. (1) Whether a period of low rainfall becomes a “drought” in south Florida is determined largely by institutional factors. (2) The impacts of a drought event are dependent on the rules the Water Management District uses to manage the event. If the rules involve effective reductions in irrigation supply, the financial impacts may be large, but are sensitive to the way in which cutbacks are imposed. (3) Current drought management regulations do not appear to minimize the short-run cost of drought. (4) Current policies which seek to minimize the short-run cost of drought are inconsistent with dynamically-optimal policies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03269.x
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    A COMPARISON OF SURFACE RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM LOW- AND HIGH-SEVERITY SITE PREPARATION BURNS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: ABSTRACI:. Slash burning is a common site preparation technique used after timber harvest throughout the Southeastern United States. Little quantitative information exists on the hydrologic response to burn severity. This study compared the effects of low-severity and high-severity burns on runoff and sediment yields during rainfall simulation and during natural rainfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Fire severity was largely determined by moisture conditions of the forest floor prior to ignition. Runoff and sediment yield variability was high between plots within the same treatment area due to differences in forest floor characteristics and infiltration rates. Conditions of high-severity resulted when burning was conducted with relatively dry fuels. Sediment yields were 40-times greater for the high-severity treatment areas than the low-severity treatment areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03270.x
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    CAUSES OF UGHT AVI'ENUATION IN TAMPA BAY AND CHARLOTTE HARBOR, SOUTHWESTERN FLORIDA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Vertical attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in clear waters of central Florida theoretically can vary almost 50 percent during a sunny summer day as a result of changing solar elevation. We used a simple formula to partially adjust the attenuation coefficient in Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor for changing solar elevation of the direct beam and then used multiple regression analysis to estimate the relative contribution of different water properties or constituents to the adjusted attenuation coefficient, kadj. Color, on an average, was responsible for 18 percent of kadj, chlorophyll a for 21 percent, nonchiorophyll suspended matter for 55 percent, and seawater for the remaining 6 percent. In both estuaries, kadj increased with decreasing salinity as a result of freshwater runoff adding color, suspended matter, and nutrients. Nutrients affected attenuation by stimulating phytoplankton growth and increasing concentrations of chlorophyll a. Reduced nutrient loading to upper Tampa Bay (Hilisborough Bay) in the early to mid-1980's appears to have decreased concentrations of chlorophyll a, increased water clarity, and increased seagrass recolonization. Assuming other attenuating substances remained unchanged, the decrease in the average concentration of chlorophyll a from 30 to 15 μg L−1 would correspond to an increase in the depth of light penetration necessary for seagrass survival (〉10 percent incident light) from 1.0 to 1.5 m, which, on a relatively flat sea bed (slope of 2 m/km), would increase the area potentially available for seagram recolonization by 0.25 km2/km of shoreline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03272.x
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    HYDROGEOLOGY AND PATHS OF FLOW IN THE CARBONATE BEDROCK AQUIFER, NORTHWESTERN INDIANA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is assessing the ground-water resources of the carbonate bedrock aquifers in Indiana and Ohio as part of their Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis program. Part of this assessment includes the determination of unknown aspects of the hydraulic characteristics, boundaries, and flow paths of the carbonate aquifer. To accomplish this, the USGS drilled three wells through the carbonate aquifer near the Kankakee River in northwestern Indiana. Geophysical logs were used to help determine depths and thicknesses for testing and to help describe geology at the three wells. Packer tests were used to determine direction of ground-water flow and to provide data for an analysis of the distribution of transmissivity in the carbonate aquifer.Transmissivity of the carbonates is associated with two physical characteristics of the rocks: fractures and interconnected porosity. Almost all of the transmissivity is derived from horizontal fracturing; however, only a few of the fractures present in the carbonate are transmissive. Some transmissivity is associated with a zone of fossiliferous, vuggy dolomite, which yields water from the rock matrix. Most of the transmissivity is associated with large fractures and solution crevices in the upper 30 feet of the bedrock; less transmissivity is associated with the deeper vuggy reef material, even where extensively fractured. Transmissivity of individual fractures and fossiliferous zones ranges from 300 to 27,000 feet squared per day. The aquifer bottom is defined by a lack of transmissive fractures and an increased shale content near the contact of the Silurian and Ordovician sections.Water-level data from the three wells indicate that flow is horizontal at well site 1 north of the Kankakee River, upward at well site 2 near the river, and downward at well site 3 south of the river. Most of the flow occurs in the upper part of the carbonate bedrock where fracturing and solution-enlarged crevices are most developed. Water levels indicate the the Kankakee River is a hydrologic boundary for the regional carbonate bedrock aquifer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03284.x
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    REVIEW OF A SEVENTEEN-YEAR CHLOROPHYLL RECORD AS IT PERTAINS TO THE TROPIIIC STATUS OF LAKE OKEECHOBEE, FLORIDA, USA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A 17-year record of chlorophyll a at eight limnetic sampling stations was used to evaluate putative changes in the trophic status of Lake Okeechobee, a shallow polymictic lake located in the subtropical environment of South Florida. Significant spatial differences were observed in the temporal patterns and variability of chlorophyll a concentrations. The highest chlorophyll a values were found in the northern and northwestern regions of the lake. The center of the lake, subject to high levels of non-algal suspended solids, exhibited relatively low chlorophyll a values and coefficient of variation. The lowest chlorophyll a values were observed at the southernmost sampling station in the lake. This was also the station that showed a significant upward trend in annual mean chlorophyll a values over the 17-year period of record. Examination of the relationship between chlorophyll a and three key environmental variables (i.e., total phosphorus concentration, phosphorus loading, and lake stage) revealed significant correlations at two out of the eight stations. The overall results of this study indicate that spatial and temporal disparities in the distribution and dynamics of chlorophyll a in Lake Okeechobee mandate more temporally and spatially intense approaches to the evaluation of trophic state than used in previous studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03286.x
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    EFFECTS OF SOIL TYPE, PLOT CONDITION, AND SLOPE ON RUNOFF AND INTERRILL EROSION OF TWO SOILS IN THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Few studies have addressed sediment discharge due to interrill erosion from natural and minimally disturbed alpine and subalpine forested watersheds. Infiltration, runoff, and surface erosion of two Tahoe Basin soils under several conditions were investigated using rainfall simulation. A significant three-way interaction among soil type, plot condition, and slope was identified. Although high erodibiity was commonly associated with disturbance and/or high slope, this was not always the case. Soil type, plot condition, slope, and duration of the event were all found to be important factors in determining the amount of erosion. Decreased water clarity in Lake Tahoe has been partly attributed to increased algal growth associated with surface runoff and erosion from adjacent watersheds. Interpretive evaluation for resource management planning should be event based and carefully delineated on a sitespecific basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03294.x
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    A MODELING APPROACH FOR OPTIMUM SEDIMENT DETENTION POND DESIGN (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A design procedure to determine optimum size for a sediment detention pond is presented. The procedure is based on simulating the sediment removal efficiency of the pond in conjunction with temporal variations in rainfall and potential land use and/or management options. The simulation procedure is based on a combined probabilistic-deterministic modeling approach. The probabilistic model generates daily rainfall with hourly increments for a selected site. The deterministic model simulates sediment yield and concentration for drainage area (pond inflow) and sediment trapping efficiency of the pond. The sediment yield and concentration in pond effluent is estimated from the difference between sediment inflow to the pond and sediment trapped by the pond. As an example, the procedure is applied to determine optimum design for a sediment detention pond in a surface mined area using several pond design options and alternative mining operation/land reclamation strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03296.x
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    A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM PROCEDURE TO QUANTIFY DRAINAGE-BASIN CHARACTERISTICS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Basin Characteristics System (BCS) has been developed to quantify characteristics of a drainage basin. The first of four main BCS processing steps creates four geographic information system (GIS) digital maps representing the drainage divide, the drainage network, elevation contours, and the basin length. The drainage divide and basin length are manually digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic maps. The drainage network is extracted using GIS software from 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data. The elevation contours are generated using GIS software from 1:250,000-scale digital elevation model data. The second and third steps use software developed to assign attributes to specific features in three of the four digital maps and analyze the four maps to quantify 24 morphometric basin characteristics. The fourth step quantifies two climatic characteristics from digitized State maps of precipitation data.Compared to manual methods of measurement, the BCS provides a reduction in the time required to quantify the 26 basin characteristics. Comparison tests indicate the BCS measurements are not significantly different from manual topographic-map measurements for 11 of 12 primary drainage-basin characteristics. Tests indicate the BCS significantly underestimates basin slope. Comparison-measurement differences for basin slope, main channel slope, and basin relief appear to be due to limitations in the digital elevation model data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03267.x
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    DEVELOPMENT OF A BASIN GEOMORPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM USING A TIN-DEM DATA STRUCTURE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To make a distributed rainfall-runoff model, it is very important to build a model of topographic surface of a basin which takes account of the direction of water flow. In this paper, a geographic information system in hydrologic modeling, the BGIS (Basin Geomorphic Information Systems) are presented for modeling a river basin using a TIN-DEM (Triangulated Irregular Network - Digital Elevation Model) data structure. The BGIS have two core systems, which are the TIN-DEM generating system and the topographic analysis system. In the TIN-DEM generating system, landscapes are modeled as a set of contiguous non-overlapping terangular facets whose vertices are made up of points on a regular grid DEM and on river segments. These triangular facets are subdivided, if needed, so that each of them has only one side through which water flows out. The TIN-DEM generating system is made up of four modules, (1) a module for generating triangles from a grid DEM, (2) a module for getting rid of pits, (3) a module for joining discontinuous valley segments to a channel network, (4) a module for subdividing triangular facets. In the topographic analysis system, using datasets processed with the TIN-DEM generating system, a watershed source area for any segments in a stream network are delineated automatically, and topographic attributes of slopes, aspects, flow path lengths and upslope contributing areas are computed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03268.x
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    REGIONAL FLOOD EQUATIONS FOR THE PROVINCES OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : When nonparametric frequency analysis was performed on 183 stations from Ontario and Quebec, unimodal and multimodal maximum annual flood density functions were discovered. In order to determine generating mechanisms, a monthly partitioning of the annual maximum floods was undertaken. The timing of the floods revealed that the unimodal distributions reflected a single flood generating mechanism while the multi-modal densities reflected two or more mechanisms. Based on the division of the flood series by mechanisms, nine homogeneous regions were delineated. L-moment distributional homogeneity tests along with smaller standard errors for the regional equations supported the delineation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03273.x
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    SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Certain physical and chemical properties of soil vary with soil water content. The relationship between these properties and water content is complex and involves both the pore structure and constituents of the soil solution. One of the most economical techniques to quantify soil water content involves the measurement of electrical resistance of a dielectric medium that is in equilibrium with the soil water content. The objective of this research was to test the reliability and accuracy of fiberglass soil-moisture electrical resistance sensors (ERS) as compared to gravimetric sampling and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). The response of the ERS was compared to gravimetric measurements at eight locations on the USDA-ABS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed. The comparisons with TDR sensors were made at three additional locations on the same watershed. The high soil rock content (≥45 percent) at seven locations resulted in consistent overestimation of soil water content by the ERS method. Where rock content was less than 10 percent, estimation of soil water was within 5 percent of the gravimetric soil water content. New methodology to calibrate the ERS sensors for rocky soils will need to be developed before soil water content values can be determined with these sensors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03274.x
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    EVALUATION OF THE MAXEY-EAKIN METHOD FOR ESTIMATING RECHARGE TO GROUND-WATER BASINS IN NEVADA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: AESTRACT An evaluation of the Maxey-Eakin method for calculating recharge to ground-water basins in Nevada was performed. The evaluation consisted of comparing Maxey-Eakin estimates with independent estimates of recharge, and analyzing the nature of the differences between the groups of estimates. In the comparison with the Maxey-Eakin estimates, two different groups of independent estimates were used: (1) 40 recharge estimates that were identified from water budgets contained in reports by the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and (2) 27 recharge estimates that were identified from previous studies that used models. The results of the comparisons indicate generally good agreement between the Maxey-Eakin estimates and both groups of independent estimates. To quantify this agreement, an analysis was conducted to estimate the uncertainty in the Maxey-Eakin method. The analysis produced an upper bound on the standard deviation of the Maxey-Eakin estimate for a given basin. For the group of 40 water-budget estimates, the upper bound on the standard deviation for an individual basin is 4,800 acre-ft/yr, and the corresponding coefficient of variation of the Maxey-Eakin estimate is no greater than 44 percent. For the group of 27 model estimates, the upper bound on the standard deviation is 4,100 acre-ft/yr, and the corresponding coefficient of variation is no greater than 24 percent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03277.x
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    FUZZY DECISION MAKING IN GROUND WATER NITRATE RISK MANAGEMENT (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Ground water nitrate contamination is widespread in the United States and especially prevalent in agriculture-intensive areas such as the Midwest. To reduce human health risks (i.e., methemoglobinemia and cancer risks) from nitrates in ground water supplies, several nitrate risk-management strategies can be developed based on acceptable levels of human health risks, the reasonableness of the cost required for risk reduction, and the technical feasibility of nitrate-control methods. However, due to a lack of available information, assessing risk, cost, and technical feasibility contains elements of uncertainty.In this paper, a nitrate risk-management methodology using fuzzy sets in combination with a multicriterion decision-making (MCDM) technique is developed to assist decision makers in evaluating, with uncertain information, possible regulatory actions along with the various nitrate risk-management strategies in order to determine an appropriate strategy. The methodology is illustrated using data from a community with a nitrate water-quality problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03280.x
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    INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO WATER MARKETING IN THE WEST (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water marketing has been proposed as one means of reallocating water supplies in the western United States. While markets for western water currently exist and may be expected to expand, the institutional constraints within which the markets must operate will limit the ultimate size and efficiency of those markets. Lack of articulation of public interests in the water resource itself leads to incomplete definition of the private rights to use the water, and it is those private rights which are sold or leased in the market. The increase in size and efficiency of any market in water rights will be dependent on the willingness of legislatures to specifically define the nature and extent of public interests in water supplies, and detailed definition is unlikely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03343.x
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    ADMINISTRATIVE, INSTITUTIONAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACTIVE WATER MARKET (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Voluntary water transfers through markets have been advocated by many diverse groups as a means to reallocate scarce water supplies in the semi-arid western U.S. Although transfers of water rights have occurred almost since the creation of prior appropriation laws over a century ago, functioning water markets have been very slow to develop and are few in number. The structure, composition, administration and transactions of one of the most well established water markets, shares in the Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado-Big Thompson project, are examined to better understand the institutional and transfer conditions that sustain an active water market. Results from a detailed study of C-BT project records reveal that between 1970 and 1993 there were 2,698 transactions through which over one-third of the project water changed ownership or type of use. Further analysis shows that the transactions involved many individual sellers and categories of buyers with different uses, including agricultural buyers. The transfer activity and efficiency of the C-BT market has lead some to suggest that it be used as a model for other markets. However, because this market has fewer institutional restrictions, a well developed infrastructure and unique market conditions, it will be difficult to transfer this model to other areas without accompanying modifications in water right administration and institutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03345.x
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    THE GROUND WATER FLUX OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS TO BERMUDA'S COASTAL WATERS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The concentrations of dissolved fixed inorganic nitrogen (ΣN) in Bermuda ground waters can be very high due to both natural and anthropogenic processes. The high anthropogenic flux is due to domestic cesspit operation. Mass balance calculations indicate that ground water seepage, especially rich in ΣN, is a major source of nutrients into the near shore coastal zone of Bermuda. The ground water flux of ΣN is approximately 1.5 to 4 times that of the sewage flux of ΣN to Bermuda's nearshore waters. This input of ΣN may be important in the development of algal blooms in these waters. Our work, coupled with other recent investigations, suggests that the ground water input of nutrients into nearshore marine waters is an important process globally.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03346.x
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    THE RATIONAL METHOD FOR PEAK FLOW RATE ESTIMATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Rational Method continues to be the most widely used approach for estimating P-year return frequency peak flow rates for small catchments of about one square mile or less in area. The Balanced Design Storm unit hydrograph method is perhaps the second most widely used technique for estimating peak flow rates (and is the most widely used method for developing runoff hydrographs) but is generally considered to be more accurate than the Rational Method. In this paper, both of these T-year return frequency peak flow rate estimators are shown to be mathematically comparable. The close similarity between these two approximators may help explain why the Rational Method continues to be widely used even though other more computationally sophisticated techniques are readily available due to widespread computer software.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03348.x
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    A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WELLHEAD PROTECTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act mandate a multifaceted approach to wellhead protection. This approach includes: (1) delineating wellhead protection areas; (2) identifying and managing potential contaminants; (3) developing contingency plans in the event of weilfield contamination; (4) siting new wells; and (5) encouraging public participation. These elements encompass technical, administrative, and educational considerations. In functioning both as a research tool and as a decision support system, a geographic information system (GIS) is shown to have proven utility in addressing these issues. This article describes the application of common GIS functionality in facilitating a comprehensive wellhead protection scheme for an agricultural municipality in North Dakota.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03332.x
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    ATRAZINE IN SPRING RUNOFF AS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING EBRASKA, 1992 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A synoptic sampling of five surface-water sites in central Nebraska was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of its National Water-Quality Assessment Program during storm runoff in May 1992 to relate transport, yields, and concentrations of atrazine to environmental setting. Atrazine was the most extensively applied pesticide in the study unit. Atrazine transport was related to the size of contributing drainage area, quantity of atrazine applied, amount of precipitation, and volume of stream-flow. Estimated yields and mean concentrations of atrazine were related to the percentage of cropland in a drainage area. The largest estimated yields and mean concentrations of atrazine in surface water were associated from drainage areas with the highest percentage of cropland, and the smallest was associated with the smallest amount of cropland. Atrazine concentrations increased as streamflow increased but decreased at or near the time of peak streamflows, perhaps due to dilution. Atrazine concentrations then increased and remained elevated far into the stream recession. Atrazine is a regulated contaminant in finished public-water supplies. Large concentrations of atrazine could affect the management of public-water supplies because atrazine remains in solution in contrast to many other pesticides that are more easily removed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03331.x
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    PARTITIONING SMALL SCALE SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RUNOFF AND EROSION ON SAGEBRUSH RANGELAND (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Most hydrologic models require input parameters which represent the variability found across an entire landscape. The estimation of such parameters is very difficult, particularly on rangeland. Improved model parameter estimation procedures are needed which incorporate the small-scale and temporal variability found on rangeland. This study investigates the use of a surface soil classification scheme to partition the spatial variability in hydrologic and interrill erosion processes in a sagebrush plant community. Four distinct microsites were found to exist within the sagebrush coppice-dune dune-interspace complex. The microsites explained the majority of variation in hydrologic and interrill erosion response found on the site and were discernable based on readily available soil and vegetation information. The variability within each microsite was quite low and was not well correlated with soil and vegetation properties. The surface soil classification scheme defined in this study can be quite useful for defining sampling procedures, for understanding hydrologic and erosion processes, and for parameterizing hydrologic models for use on sagebrush range-land.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03354.x
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    PARAMETER DETERMINATION FOR THE MUSKINGUM-CUNGE FLOOD ROUTING METHOD (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The proportionality coefficient, K, and the weighing parameter, X, required for the Muskingum-Cunge Flood Routing Method are dependent on the hydraulic characteristics of the channel and the dynamic characteristic of the flood wave. This work focuses on the determination of the Muskingum-Cunge Flood Routing Method parameters for streams where measured hydrographs are not available (i.e., ungaged streams) with floods that stay within the channel banks. In the present work, a gaged creek was used and a dynamic wave was routed to test the reliability of the parameters determined through the Schaefer and Stevens technique (Schaefer and Stevens, 1978). The predicted outflow hydrographs are compared to the hydrographs obtained for the same stream determined with the Muskingum Routing option of the HEC-1 program. Cypress Creek in Harris County, Texas, was the model for this work; and the corresponding data were extracted from the Grant Road and Westfield, Texas, USGS gaging stations.
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    DISCUSSION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03341.x
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    ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF PHOSPHORUS LOADING POLICIES FOR PASTURE LAND APPLICATIONS OF POULTRY LITTER (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Non-point source pollution created by agriculture is one of the major issues of intensive production. Recent studies indicate that the eutrophication from agricultural non-point source pollution, especially from phosphorus, is of growing concern. The objectives of this paper are to measure the economic opportunity costs of a proposed phosphorus management policy that targets soils with elevated phosphorus levels and examine the impacts of alternative policies such as Pigouvian taxes on the optimal use of litter. The study focuses on land applications of poultry litter in the Muddy Fork watershed of the Illinois River in Northwest Arkansas. The analysis indicates that restriction of litter applications on soils with elevated phosphorus levels will significantly reduce the net returns generated from forage production, resulting in an environmental policy with a high opportunity cost for producers. An analysis of alternative Pigouvian tax policies shows that a smaller tax per ton of litter applied can achieve the same litter control as that of a larger tax on a per acre basis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03338.x
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    WATER TABLE INDUCED SHRUB-HERBACEOUS ECOTONE: HYDROLOGIC MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Environmental factors were investigated across a shrub-herbaceous ecotone (sharp zone of change) on a sloping site underlain by shallow groundwater on the arid floor of Owens Valley, California. Dominant plant species were salt rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. consimilis [E. Greene] Hall and Clements) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata var. stricta EL.] E. Greene); typical of many similar habitats across the Great Basin. Historic air photographs were analyzed, and soil properties, water table levels and shrub and herbaceous cover were measured at discrete sample points. To investigate soil and vegetation spatial properties, sample points were apportioned on both sides of the ecotone. Land management practices and fire were ruled out as causal factors for the ecotone which remained stable through a 45-year period of air photo record. Soil textural, chemical and hydraulic properties were similar across the ecotone and were uniform throughout the site. Only depth to the water table changed significantly in a gradient perpendicular to the ecotone. The shrub-herbaceous ecotone was located where the water table depth fluctuated periodically between 0.8 and 1.2 m; deeper water tables than this range favors shrub cover while shallower depths favors meadow vegetation. When extrapolated to hydrologic management such as groundwater pumping, such a shallow depth and a narrow range of amplitude could restrict options for water development if maintenance of meadow vegetation is a goal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03339.x
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    THE EFFECTWENESS OF PRICING AS A STAND-ALONE WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAM (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Economic theory clearly indicates that the use of increasing rate structures will reduce the demand for water and produce monetary incentives for consumers to conserve. One problem with estimating the effectiveness of using rate structures as a conservation program is that they are usually accompanied by other conservation efforts. Thus, it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of any one conservation component. This paper examines the effectiveness of increasing rate structures in a situation where no other conservation program was introduced. The paper uses customer data from the Spalding County (Georgia) Water Authority where an increasing rate structure replaced a descending rate structure in January 1991. Since the imposition of the increasing rate structure, the number of customers has increased 21 percent while total water demand has gone up only 15 percent and per customer water use has declined 5 percent. The daily water use per connection has declined from 243 gallons in 1990 to 231 in 1993, and monthly use has gone from 7,381 gallons to 7,028 per connection over the same period. Statistical tests indicate that water consumption during the two periods was significantly different while weather factors were not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03335.x
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  • 92
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    DIQUAT DISTRIBUTION IN WATER AFTER APPLICATION TO SUBMERSED WEEDS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Diquat herbicide and rhodamine WT dye were applied in a lake to three 1.6 ha plots either with a polymer, which reportedly aids in sinking and confinement of aquatic herbicides, or without a polymer. Diquat and dye concentrations were measured at three different depths in the water column within the plots during the first three hours after application to determine vertical distribution of diquat and dye, and in composite samples at fixed distances from the plot up to 168 hours after application to determine movement out of the treated plots. Diquat and dye were homogeneous in the water column when no polymer was used, but were concentrated near the surface when polymer was used. This distribution may have resulted from temperature stratification. Polymer did not affect movement of diquat or dye out of the plots. The half-lives of diquat within the plots were 25 (SE=6.2) hr, 39 (SE=4.3) hr, and 25 (SE=2.0) hr. Forty-six percent of samples collected at the edges of the plots did not contain detectable diquat residues and only 66 percent of those samples with detectable diquat contained greater than the potable water tolerance (10 ppb). Diquat was not found in any samples 168 hours after application 61 m or farther from the edge of the plots. Dye and diquat concentrations were weakly correlated within and outside the plots. Dye half-lives were consistently higher than diquat, which suggests that the herbicide was removed from the water by plants and sediments more rapidly than dye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03276.x
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  • 93
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    USE OF WATER FROM THE ANCIENT MAKKAH GALLERIES FOR IRRIGATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Due to the spread of Islam in the seventh century the number of pilgrims to the City of Makkah increased sharply, resulting in an acute water shortage. To solve this problem, galleries were built to collect water from the upstream of Wadi Naaman and transfer it to Makkah.Expansion of Makkah and the absence of any mapping of the galleries have resulted in the destruction of a part of the galleries. This caused a discontinuity of flow in the galleries and, consequently, the ground water table is rising at a rate of 0.48 m/yr, causing environmental problems. Research was conducted to rehabilitate the destructed part of the galleries, and to find an appropriate use for the ground water. The study found that the quality of the ground water is suitable for landscaping purposes, that is, for the irrigation of trees and ornamental plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03278.x
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  • 94
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    STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF KAREZ IRRIGATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The karez is a traditional irrigation water source, consisting of hand-dug horizontal wells, that is still used in parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. This paper describes the construction, management, and current problems of karez irrigation systems based on investigations conducted in Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. While karezes have served irrigation needs well in the past, they are now threatened by high costs of labor for construction and maintenance, and by the encroachment of tubewells which lower the water tables on which the karez systems depend. Possible methods for improving karez performance and needs for research are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03279.x
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  • 95
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    A COMPARISON OF RUNOFF QUALITY EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS APPLIED TO FESCUEGRASS PLOTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Application of fertilizer can degrade quality of runoff, particularly during the first post-application, runoff-producing storm. This experiment assessed and compared runoff quality impacts of organic and inorganic fertilizer application for a single simulated storm occurring seven days following application. The organic fertilizers used were poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter, poultry manure, and swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure. All fertilizers were applied at an application rate of 217.6 kg N/ha. Simulated rainfall was applied at 50 mm/h for an average duration of 0.8 h. Runoff samples were collected, composited, and analyzed for nitrate N (NO3-N), ammonia N (NH3-N), total Kjeldahl N (TKN), ortho-P (PO4-P), total P (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), fecal coliforms (FC), and fecal streptococci (FS). Application of the fertilizers did not alter the hydrologic characteristics of the receiving plots relative to the control plots. Concentrations of fertilizer constituents were almost always greater from treated than from control plots and were usually much greater. Flow-weighted mean concentrations of NH3-N, PO4-P, and TP were highest for the inorganic fertilizer treatment (42.0, 26.6, and 27.9 mg/L, respectively). Runoff COD and TSS concentrations were greatest for the poultry litter treatment. Concentrations of FC and FS were greater for fertilized than for control plots with no differences among fertilized plots, but FC concentrations for all treatments were in excess of Arkansas' primary and secondary contact standards. Mass losses of fertilizer constituents were low (≤ 3 kg/ha) and were small proportions (≤ 3 percent) of amounts applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03271.x
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  • 96
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    REPLY TO DISCUSSION by Kenneth M. Turner (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03342.x
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  • 97
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    ECONOMICS OF SCREENING FOR PESTICIDES IN GROUND WATER (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In the United States, millions of dollars are currently spent to monitor water quality for a whole suite of organic compounds. However, results of several surveys conducted in the past decade indicate that only a few pesticides occur in a small proportion of wells. Screening methods based on historical evidence of contamination patterns and knowledge of the locales will have significant potential to reduce these costs and effectively identify contamination problems. In this paper, the economics of utilizing two screening methods, sequential analysis and sample compositing, in the design of monitoring strategies is captured In the form of mathematical models and illustrated for a state-level monitoring program. When the two methods are adopted, the total analytical cost to conclusively identify contaminated wells in a network of 4,000 wells is shown to range from $12,500 to $1,575,000 depending on the extent of contamination. In contrast, the total analytical cost of a conventional program where all the wells in the network are sampled and tested for a standard suite of pesticides at a cost of $250/sample is one million dollars. Given such wide range in costs, it is prudent to incorporate the screening concepts presented in this paper in the development of cost-effective monitoring programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03312.x
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  • 98
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    PRIORITIZING NONPOINT SOURCE PHOSPHORUS LOADING USING A GRASS-MODELING SYSTEM (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A UNIX-based windows application was developed to integrate a phosphorus transport model with the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS). The system prioritizes potential phosphorus loading from fields or cells in a watershed and can evaluate the effects of alternate management practices on phosphorus yield. The model simulates phosphorus loading by using a daily mass balance on a unit-area basis and incorporates the effects from rainfall, topography, soil properties, fertilizer and animal waste application, and management. Model predictions include dissolved and sediment-bound phosphorus yield, runoff volume, and sediment yield. Within the integrated GRASS-modeling system, the user can obtain model input data, execute the model using various options, rank model input and out. put data, and display them as GRASS-based maps or data tables. All functions are menu driven, developed using C language and X-window tools to run on a SUN workstation platform. The system provides a powerful and efficient tool for prioritizing phosphorus loading from nonpoint sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03313.x
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  • 99
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    MODELING CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS IN HIGH-CAPACITY WELLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GROUNDWATER SAMPLING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : High-capacity wells are used as a convenient and economical means of sampling groundwater quality. Although the inherent limitations of using these wells are generally recognized, little has been done to investigate how these wells actually sample groundwater. A semi-analytical particle tracking model is used to illustrate the influence of variable vertical contaminant distributions and aquifer heterogeneity on the composition of water samples from these wells during short pumping periods. The hypothetical pumping well used in the simulations is located in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer with a shallow water table and concentration gradients of nitrate-nitrogen contamination. This is a typical setting for many irrigated areas in the United States. The main conclusions are: (1) high-capacity wells underestimate the average amount of contamination within an aquifer; (2) shapes of concentration-time curves for high-capacity wells appear to be governed by the distribution of the contaminant and travel times to the well; (3) variables such as well construction, pumping rate, and hydrogeologic properties contribute to the magnitude of the concentration-time curves at individual high-capacity wells; and (4) a sampling strategy using concentration-time curves based on the behavioral characteristics of the well rather than individual samples will provide a much better framework for interpreting spatial contaminant distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03316.x
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  • 100
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    WATER QUALITY DURING STORM EVENTS FROM TWO CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS RECEWING MINE DRAINAGE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Flow rates, pH, iron concentration, and manganese concentration were measured during several storm events at two constructed wetlands receiving mine water. During a substantial rain event, flow rates at both the wetland outlets surpassed flow rates at the wetland inlets, reflecting incident rainfall and differences in wetland area at the two sites. A significant positive correlation existed between local rainfall and outflow rates at the larger wetland, but not between rainfall and inflow rates. During storm events, outlet pH, relative to inlet pH, was slightly elevated at the larger wetland, and depressed at the smaller wetland. However, over the course of one year, rainfall was uncorrelated to outlet pH in the larger wetland. A substantial rain event at the smaller wetland resulted in a temporary elevation in outlet iron concentrations, with treatment efficiency reduced to near zero. However, in the larger wetland, outlet iron concentrations were not significantly affected by storm events. Although rainfall and outlet iron concentration were not significant correlates at the larger wetland, flow rate was positively correlated to outlet iron concentration. A normal manganese treatment efficiency of 50 percent at the smaller wetland was reduced to zero during a heavy rain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03319.x
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