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  • 1
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    Aligning the sustainable development goals to the small-scale fisheries guidelines: A case for EU fisheries governance (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: September 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 107〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Alicia Said, Ratana Chuenpagdee〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Since the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, several countries, funding organizations, environmental groups and research communities have pledged support and made commitment to help achieve these goals. SDG14: Life Below Water, for instance, has been embraced as the global goal for conservation and sustainable uses of the oceans, seas and marine resources. Among its many targets, SDG14b speaks directly to small-scale fisheries, calling for secured access to resources and markets for this sector. We argue that achieving SDG 14b requires a holistic approach encompassing several SDGs, including livelihoods, economic growth, community sustainability, strong institutions and partnerships. It is also important to align the SDG targets with the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines), as the mutuality that exists between the scope and nature of the two instruments can help guide the formulation of appropriate governance tools. Yet, the alignment of these two instruments alone does not guarantee sustainability of small-scale fisheries, especially without an official mandate from the governments. The case in point is the European Union where small-scale fisheries are not sufficiently recognized within the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), despite being the largest sector (75% of the fleet). Through an examination of the CFP in the context of the SSF Guidelines and the SDGs, we discuss options and possibilities for inclusive consideration of small-scale fisheries in the upcoming policy reform, which might then lead to both achieving fisheries sustainability and the SDGs in the EU.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
    Print ISSN: 0308-597X
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-9460
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Political Science , Law
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  • 2
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    The gender division of labor in fish processing in Lake Chapala. A source of bargaining power (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: September 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 107〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Carmen Pedroza-Gutiérrez〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Lake Chapala's fisheries have been an important economic activity for hundreds of years. However, the introduction of carpe and tilapia forced a change in the market structure, including the processing-value-adding-activities. Currently, filleting-fish is a successfully growing industry, which employs mostly women from the coastal communities. This paper aims to identify the factors influencing the division of labor in fish-processing and the determinants of bargaining-power for women. Fieldwork was carried out between 2015 and 2017 in three communities bordering Lake Chapala, Mexico (Jamay, Petatán, LaPalma), using a survey strategy based on questionnaires and formal and informal interviews to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. Findings show that fish-processing as a labor market opportunity for women is a source of bargaining power, working hours are flexible, and it is a constant and reliable source of income, unlike fishing. In each community the gender division of labor is constructed according to the local culture and the gendered-social-norms. In Petatán, fish-processing is a woman dominated activity, highly valued, with the largest average income, complementary to household income. Jamay has male (20%) and female (80%) fish-processors, fish-processing is their only source of income, and is considered an activity for single mothers (35%) or those who do not have access to better jobs. In both communities, married women's contribution to household income depends on their husband's daily earnings ranging between 25 and 75%. In LaPalma, fish-processing is a male-dominated activity, where women do not dare to work among the young filleting workers, who are breadwinners.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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  • 3
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    Umweltbeihilfen nach der AGVO (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Umweltschutz geht vielfach mit staatlicher Förderung einher. Hält diese sich im Rahmen der AGVO, bedarf es entsprechend Art. 108 Abs. 4, 109 AEUV keiner Notifizierung an die Kommission. Dafür müssen aber die spezifischen Bedingungen der Art. 36ff. AGVO eingehalten werden. Das kann auch im Hinblick auf das nationale Umweltrecht problematisch sein, nämlich bei Sanierungen. Begrenzend wirkt vor allem das Verursacherprinzip. 〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0172-1631
    Electronic ISSN: 1439-0515
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 4
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    Fledermausschutz im Genehmigungsverfahren von Windenergieanlagen – Maßnahmen und nachträgliche Änderungen nach Erteilung der Genehmigung (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Fledermäuse werden häufiger durch Kollisionen an Windenergieanlagen (WEA) getötet als Vögel, daher befinden sich viele Arten in einem schlechten Erhaltungszustand. Nachträglich eintretende Umstände, wie die Ansiedelung von Fledermäusen, oder neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse können daher dazu führen, dass ohne weiter reichende Auflagen oder Nebenbestimmungen die Anlage aus Sicht des Artenschutzes nicht mehr genehmigungsfähig wäre. Über welche Rechtsgrundlagen solche nachträglichen Änderungen denkbar sind und welche Behörde hierfür zuständig ist, soll nachfolgend näher untersucht werden. 〈/p〉
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 5
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    Welterbeschutz durch SDGs? (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Die Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) spielen normalerweise in der Öffentlichkeit und in der Politik nicht gerade eine prominente Rolle. Das entspricht weder ihrer Bedeutung, noch dem politisch-operativen Potenzial, das in ihnen steckt. Das hat Anfang des Jahres 2019 exemplarisch eine Debatte im Deutschen Bundestag gezeigt, die im Schnittpunkt von Entwicklungs-, Umwelt-, Nachhaltigkeits- und auswärtiger Politik sowie Welterbeschutz angesiedelt war, und deren Ergebnis der operative Einsatz von SDGs zum Erreichen eines welterbepolitischen Zieles Deutschlands gewesen ist. Dieses einmalige Ereignis sollte wegen seines grundsätzlichen und präjudiziellen Charakters nicht ohne Widerhall in der Fachwelt bleiben. 〈/p〉
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 6
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    José Martinez (Hrsg.), Reichweite und Grenzen des Agrarrechts (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Print ISSN: 0172-1631
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 7
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    Vorabentscheidungsersuchen zur Auslegung der Umwelthaftungsrichtlinie (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 8
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    Vereinfachtes Verfahren nach 13b BauGB verstößt nicht gegen Art. 3 RL 2001/42/EG vom 27.6.2001 (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 9
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    Konzentrationsflächenplanung für Windenergie durch Flächennutzungsplan (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 10
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    Städtische Naturerfahrungsräume als Kategorie des Bundesnaturschutzrechts in Recht und Praxis (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Die zunehmende Verstädterung macht eine soziale und kindgerechte Gestaltung unserer Städte immer wichtiger. Das Konzept der städtischen Naturerfahrungsräume, welches 2010 durch §1 Abs. 6 BNatSchG Eingang in die Zielstellung des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes fand, stellt einen Ansatz dar, Kindern und Jugendlichen in der Stadt wohnortnahe Erfahrungen mit der Natur zu ermöglichen. Ein aktuell unter den speziellen Standortvoraussetzungen der Metropole Berlin durchgeführtes, wissenschaftlich begleitetes Entwicklungs- und Erprobungsvorhaben befasst sich mit den besonderen Anforderungen, die Planung, Einrichtung und Betrieb städtischer Naturerfahrungsräume mit sich bringen. Dieser Beitrag behandelt rechtliche Fragestellungen, die mit der Etablierung und Umsetzung des Konzeptes einhergehen. 〈/p〉
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  • 11
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    Alexander Schink/Olaf Reidt/Stephan Mitschang (Hrsg.): UVPG/UmwRG. Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungsgesetz/Umwelt-Rechtsbehelfsgesetz (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 12
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    Tötungsrisiko von brütenden Rotmilanen (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 13
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    Cameroon's choppy waters: The anatomy of fisheries crime in the maritime fisheries sector (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Maurice Beseng〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This article removes the lid on fisheries crime in Cameroon by providing empirical evidence of criminal practices along the maritime fisheries value chain. To achieve this, the study relied on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from direct observation, informal group discussions and semi-structured interviews involving state officials, coastal community groups and other civil society organisations in the west maritime district of Southwest Cameroon. The article reveals a plethora of fisheries-related crimes encompassing corruption (i.e. bribery and abuse of office), document and identity fraud, illegal exploitation of fish maws and endangered marine mammals. Other crimes associated to the fisheries sector included: smuggling of contraband goods, arms smuggling, illegal migration, illegal recruitment and abuse of workers' rights. Through these examples, this research empirically demonstrates the interrelationship of the different criminal practices and their organised and transnational dimension. The study also paints a complex picture of criminality perpetuated by a sophisticated network of both local and foreign industrial fisheries stakeholders. Consequently, addressing illicit activities in the maritime fisheries sector requires cooperation from a wide range of both state and non-state actors in investigating and analysing the nature of fisheries crime practices, the agents involved and their modes of operation. This approach is necessary to gain a better understanding of the problem and enable actors design appropriate and targeted management responses.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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  • 14
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    Public support for conservation may decay with increasing residence time in suboptimal marine protected areas (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): André S. Afonso, Leonardo L. Fidelis, Pedro L. Roque, Renato Galindo, Wanderson Dionisio, Leonardo B. Veras, Fábio H.V. Hazin〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are potentially effective conservation and management instruments yet they often produce socioeconomic conflicts which may challenge their success. Knowledge and perceptions about environmental subjects among MPA residents were examined to identify possible effects of conservation policies upon local communities. Sharks were used as a proxy for wildlife given their local relevance and socioenvironmental context. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 134 randomly-selected residents of Fernando de Noronha (FEN), Brazil. Affinity towards nature tended to decrease among people 〉44 years old, whereas 〉10 years residents were more associated with negative feelings about sharks. Homogeneity in knowledge was noticed but perceptions decreased conspicuously across residence time-classes. Only 33% of respondents reported unarguable MPA benefits to local welfare, while several problems pertaining to infrastructure, management and resources were mentioned. These results are worrisome because they might translate into growing frustration along with residence time, which could potentially jeopardize the success of conservation policies. Wildlife conservation and at least partial improvements to welfare being positively signalized by a relevant proportion of respondents suggest an encouraging potential for relationship improvement between MPAs and stakeholders. Nonetheless, the long-term sustainability of inhabited MPAs could depend on properly integrating human users and ensuring their support and compliance, which must be considered while designing management strategies. Given the prestige of FEN in the South Atlantic and worldwide, it is important that this MPA delivers successful, sustainable outcomes that can be representative of efficient conservation trajectories to be replicated elsewhere.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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  • 15
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    Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires broader performance indicators for the human dimension (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sara Hornborg, Ingrid van Putten, Camilla Novaglio, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Julia L. Blanchard, Éva Plagányi, Cathy Bulman, Keith Sainsbury〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) is a globally mandated approach with the intention to jointly address ecological and human (social-cultural, economic and institutional) dimensions. Indicators to measure performance against objectives have been suggested, tested, and refined but with a strong bias towards ecological indicators. In this paper, current use and application of indicators related to the human dimension in EBFM research and ecosystem models are analysed. It is found that compared to ecological counterparts, few indicators related to the human dimension are commonly associated with EBFM, and they mainly report on economic objectives related to fisheries. Similarly, in the most common ecosystem models, economic indicators are the most frequently used related to the human dimension, both in terms of model outputs and inputs. The prospect is small that indicators mainly related to profitable fishing economy are able to report on meeting the broad range of EBFM objectives and to successfully evaluate progress in achieving EBFM goals. To fully conform with EBFM principles, it is necessary to recognise that ecological and human indicators are inter-dependent. Moreover, the end-to-end ecosystem models used in EBFM will need to be further developed to allow a fuller spectrum of social-cultural, institutional, and economic objectives to be reported against.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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  • 16
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    Überprüfung der Gültigkeit der NSG-VO Dornburg (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 17
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    Bauakteneinsicht – Vom Ideal und dessen praktischer Handhabung (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Wasserversorgungsunternehmen sind bei der Bereitstellung von Löschwasser über das Trinkwassernetz mit mannigfaltigen Herausforderungen konfrontiert. Eine dieser Herausforderungen besteht in der Aufklärung der tatsächlichen baulichen Gegebenheiten als Grundlage der konkreten Berechnung eines individualisierbaren Löschwasserentgeltes. Bei der Erschließung der relevanten Daten kann den Wasserversorgungsunternehmen auch der Blick in Bauakten weiterhelfen. Die Durchsetzung eines entsprechenden Einsichtsantrages gestaltet sich aber in der Praxis nicht selten problematisch und ist für das Wasserversorgungsunternehmen überwiegend mit einer ablehnenden Antragsbescheidung verbunden. 〈/p〉
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  • 18
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    Preparing for the impacts of climate change along Canada's Arctic coast: The importance of search and rescue (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): J. Ford, D. Clark〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The Arctic is undergoing transformative climate change, with profound implications for transportation safety in marine areas. Circumpolar marine risks are growing due to ship traffic increases linked to more ice-free open water, as well as increases in hazards for individuals that frequently travel on ice and trails in the region. While recent Government of Canada policies have attempted to respond to the growing risk of marine and coastal emergencies, there is strong evidence that the federal government and communities along Canada's Arctic coast are minimally prepared for the emerging risks. In this Short Communication, we argue that Canada is falling short of its international and national obligations to provide timely search and rescue across the Arctic, to the detriment of Arctic communities. Drawing from recently published reports and literature, we argue that providing additional training, resources, and support for volunteer SAR groups across the region is critical, along with increasing federal air and marine resources committed to the region. Such investments need underpin Canada's approach to climate change adaptation in the North.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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  • 19
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    Exploring attitudes toward aquaculture in Norway – Is there a difference between the Norwegian general public and local communities where the industry is established? (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): A.V. Krøvel, B. Gjerstad, K. Skoland, K.M. Lindland, S. Hynes, E. Ravagnan〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In order to achieve sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry, factors such as environment, economy and public opinions need to be accounted for. In this paper, we explore and compare attitudes towards the aquaculture industry in a statistical representative sample of Norwegians with attitudes in a representative sample from a local area where the aquaculture is highly present, also in Norway. Analysis of the national and local samples allows for investigation of how opinions towards aquaculture vary according to both demographical variables and geographical setting. Our findings suggest that being from an area where the industry dominates does not give one a more negative view of the environmental threat of the industry, but does make one less likely to believe that aquaculture activity creates local employment. In addition, the results show that in a community where the aquaculture industry dominates, negative attitudes towards aquaculture are not primarily due to its perceived environmental impact, but rather due to conflicts of interest and to whether aquaculture activity is perceived to create jobs locally or not.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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  • 20
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    An atlas of protected hydrothermal vents (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Elisabetta Menini, Cindy Lee Van Dover〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Active hydrothermal vents are valued worldwide because of the importance of their biodiversity and their influence on scientific discovery and insight about life on Earth and elsewhere in the Universe. There exist at least 20 areas and area networks with conservation measures for deep-sea hydrothermal vents, established by 12 countries and three Regional Fisheries Management Organisations, in six oceanic regions. Area-based management tools (ABMT) implemented by these countries illustrate multiple categories and means of protection and management of these rare and vulnerable habitats. Some ABMTs only regulate bottom and deep-trawling fisheries activities, others manage additional activities such as mining, scientific research, and bioprospecting, while still others protect active hydrothermal vents through broad conservation interventions. This atlas summarizes the “who”, “what”, “when”, “where” of protected hydrothermal vents worldwide and underscores recognition of the importance of hydrothermal-vent ecosystems by coastal States.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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  • 21
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    A practical method for setting coastal water quality targets: Harmonization of land-based discharge limits with marine ecosystem thresholds (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Marko Tosic, Flávio Martins, Serguei Lonin, Alfredo Izquierdo, Juan Darío Restrepo〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The Caribbean Sea provides significant ecosystem services to the livelihood and well-being of countries in the region. Protection of the marine ecosystem requires policy on coastal water quality that considers ecologically-relevant thresholds and has a scientific foundation linking land-based discharges with seawater quality. This study demonstrates a practical method for setting local-scale coastal water quality targets by applying this approach to Cartagena Bay, Colombia, and setting targets for end-of-river suspended sediment loads to mitigate offshore coral reef turbidity. This approach considers reef thresholds for suspended sediments and applies a field-calibrated 3D hydrodynamic-water quality model (MOHID) to link the marine thresholds to fluvial loads. Monitoring data showed that suspended sediments were consistently above the coral reef ecosystem threshold of 10 mg/l, and the model adequately reproduced field observations. It was shown that ecosystem thresholds could be maintained within the extent of the bay by reducing suspended sediment loads in the Dique Canal from current load estimates of 6.4 × 10〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 t/d (rainy season) and 4.3 × 10〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 t/d (transitional season) to target loads of 500–700 t/d, representing reductions of ~80–90%. These substantial reductions reflect ongoing issues in the Magdalena watershed which has experienced severe erosional conditions and intense deforestation over the past four decades. The presented method is practical for countries without access to long-term datasets, and could be applied to other parameters or discharge types. The method is particularly beneficial for developing site-specific targets, which are needed considering the natural and anthropogenic variability between different coastal zones and water bodies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Access and institutions in a small-scale octopus fishery: A gendered perspective (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Adaoma Wosu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The importance of institutions in structuring access to resources is well documented. However, despite the depth of the research, few studies have examined this systematically at the level of an individual fishing activity or, more specifically, within a women's fishery. This paper explores how fisherwomen access octopuses in a small-scale fishery in Mozambique, within a context where an increasing number of conservation initiatives are targeting women's fisheries and could potentially affect fisherwomen's access. The study was conducted within the Quirimbas National Park (QNP) in Cado Delgado, the northern most province of Mozambique. Combining ethnographic fieldwork and an institutional access map as a conceptual framework, this paper provides insight into the multiple institutions that structure how octopus fishing is organised and performed by fisherwomen. The access map reveals the dominant role local normative institutions play in influencing fisherwomen's access to income from fishing for octopus. Purdah, the religious practice of securing a woman's honour, is identified as a key restraining institution that is enforced through unequal gender relations. The paper encourages an understanding of the institutional context of fishing practices in order to promote access in small-scale fisheries (SSFs) to ensure fishers continue to benefit from the fishery in the face of management. The paper concludes that a greater appreciation of power relations – encapsulated in this study by gender relations – is required to further develop institutional analyses in small-scale fisheries policies and management.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Food security and maritime security: A new challenge for the European Union's ocean policy (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Juan L. Suárez-de Vivero, Juan C. Rodríguez Mateos, David Florido del Corral, María José Barragán, Helena Calado, Marian Kjellevold, Ewelina Janowska Miasik〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper revolves around the role that food-from-the-sea plays in European maritime security. It aims to illustrate the links between food, fisheries, and maritime security by considering these as coexisting attributes of security in general and of maritime (in)security, in particular. The article analyzes three dimensions of this issue: the links between food security, maritime security and maritime policy; the principles that inspire the Common Fisheries Policy and their implications for the food system; and the complexity involved in the trade relations between European markets (EU) and non European suppliers (the case of Cape Verde). The relevant conclusions that can be established are i) the EU's food security policy shows little sign of changing the course of its fisheries policy objectives; ii) The different dimensions of the relationship between fisheries and food security should not be neglected. In fact, from a local perspective, the concept of food sovereignty could be applied to some of the European Union's coastal territories. Therefore, European decision-makers should not ignore the fact that subsistence fisheries are still a strategy in some European coastal areas, where access to maritime resources is the key to their economies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Pramod et al. methods to estimate IUU are not credible (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 5 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ray Hilborn, Christopher M. Anderson, Gordon H. Kruse, Andre E. Punt, Michael Sissenwine, Chris Oliver, James N. Ianelli, Robert J. Trumble, David J. Agnew, Nicole Baker〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉We have examined the estimates in Pramod et al. of IUU Alaskan Pollock imported into Japan. Based on extensive knowledge of this fishery we find that their estimates are not substantiated by any known facts from the fishery. Whereas in a retracted version of the paper the authors estimated that 15–22% of Alaskan Pollock imported into Japan were IUU and listed the sources as discards & high-grading; unreported by-catch in trawl fisheries and unreported catches in artisanal fisheries, the authors have now added blending of IUU Pollock overseas with Alaskan Pollock as the dominant source of IUU Alaskan Pollock entering Japan. Remarkably, the authors estimate the same 15–22%, and continue to assert that discarded and high-graded fish in Alaska somehow make their way to Japan. None of the citations provided in the Pramod et al. paper provide any estimates of IUU, so their numerical estimates must therefore come from two confidential informants. No documentation of how the estimates are made is provided and the paper completely fails to meet normal standards of scientific replicability. The deficiencies in the estimate of IUU in Alaskan Pollock must cast serious doubt on their approach for all fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Retraction Notice to “Estimates of illegal and unreported seafood imports to Japan” (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: September 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 107〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ganapathiraju Pramod, Tony J. Pitcher, Gopikrishna Mantha〈/p〉
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    Measurement of the contributions of science and technology to the marine fisheries industry in the coastal regions of China (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xianghong Lin, Li Zheng, Weiwen Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The use of technology is of critical importance to the development of fisheries. In this study, we use the extended Cobb-Douglas production function and the Solow residual method to measure differences in the contributions of science and technology (S&T) to the marine fisheries industry in the coastal regions of eleven Chinese provinces and cities. To do so, we examine panel data for these regions from 1988 to 2016. The results show that the contributions of S&T to the marine fisheries industry in these coastal regions from 2011 to 2015 were all greater than 55%, with regional differences but no significant spatial correlations. S&T have become the main driving forces of growth in the marine fisheries industry. We make three suggestions to improve the contributions of S&T to the marine fisheries industry and to promote its sustainable development.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Editorial Board (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: September 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 107〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉
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    Integrating property rights into fisheries management: The case of Belize's journey to managed access (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Eric Wade, Ana K. Spalding, Kelly Biedenweg〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Small-scale fisheries are facing increasing pressures due to overexploitation of resources, resulting in decreased fish stocks, biodiversity loss, and degradation of marine ecosystems. The unregulated open access conditions of these systems are considered a main driver of this context, leading to increasing calls for fisheries reform over the past decade. Belize is no exception, recently introducing a rights-based fisheries territorial system (Managed Access Program – MAP) aimed at incentivizing fisher ownership and stewardship of regions to promote sustainability. The implementation of managed access brings with it an interaction of actors and issues at the local and regional scale that raises questions about the feasibility and potential success of the program. In this paper, using a combination of literature review and semi-structured interviews with 54 fishers and 25 policymakers across Belize's fisheries sector, we provide a policy analysis of the MAP and review initial responses. We found the new system to be primarily a re-packaging of traditional fishing areas with unenforced regulations. Responses from stakeholders were varied around the implementation of the MAP, with the majority of references being negative in tone. While the introduction of MAP in Belize seeks to provide solutions to Belize's fisheries sector, questions remain around the ability of the MAP to meet its objectives.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    The Building of Marine Ecological Civilization and Sustainable Development: Conference report (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 15 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chao Zhang, Yongbo Quan, Haiyue Zhong〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Marine ecological environment plays a vital role in the development of human society. However, the current state of marine ecological environment protection is not satisfactory. Effective measures at the national, regional and international levels should be taken in order to deal with various marine environmental issues. In June 2019, the Marine Environment Law Committee of the China Association for Environment and Resources Law of the China Law Society and Zhejiang Ocean University organized a conference entitled ‘The Building of Marine Ecological Civilization and Sustainable Development’ to discuss related issues in this regard. This report provides a summary of the key issues discussed at the conference which may help to have a better understanding of marine ecological environment protection.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    The impact of fish production on marine trade balance and foreign direct investment: An empirical study of the GCC economies (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 14 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Faris Alshubiri, Mohamed Elheddad, Nadia Doytch〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This study aims to identify the impact of fish output on the marine fish trade balance, as well as foreign investment opportunities in six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over the period of 1985–2016. We applied several panel estimation techniques, including fixed effects (FE), generalized method of moments (GMM), instrumental variable-fixed effect (IV-FE), and panel ARDL.FE model estimates show that marine fish production has a positive and significant effect on the marine trade balance, with a 1% increase in fish production leading to a more than 1%increase in the trade balance. Estimates of system GMM and IV-FE methods, which allow for the controlling of endogeneity, suggest an even larger effect. When we consider the relationship with foreign direct investment (FDI), FE, GMM and IV-FE show no significant effects. However, the ARDL model shows a statistically significant long-term relationship between fish production and both trade balance and inward foreign direct investment.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Decision-making process for places of refuge in hazardous and noxious substances incident: Case study of South Korea (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Hyungmin Cho, Gibyung Park, Jewan Ryu, Heekyung Park〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The importance of properly providing places of refuge for ships has emerged in recent years, however, it is still difficult to make a decision with sufficient evidence. While various decision models were investigated, those approaches are difficult to apply to more diverse situations than oil spills. This study established the decision-making process for places of refuge for cases of hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) incidents. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was conducted to determine the priorities of the decision criteria selected from existing studies. Then, A total of 3 higher-level criteria and 12 lower-level criteria were compared pairwise by expert groups. The results of the criteria prioritization show the importance of HNS-related criteria; prevailing wind, available chemical response vessels, and proximity to residential area. The established process was then applied to the incident scenario on the southeastern sea of Korea. A case study supports the applicability of the proposed decision-making process by identifying the available data sources corresponding to selected criteria.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Oil spill settlement funds directed to seabird conservation (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Douglas F. Bertram〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Settlement funds from catastrophes can generate lasting conservation benefits, if directed appropriately. Such is the case with the 〈em〉Nestucca〈/em〉 oil spill which occurred in Washington State in 1988. The spill killed thousands of marine birds and the subsequent litigation settlement awarded 3.3 million dollars for recovery and monitoring of Canadian seabirds, in addition to clean-up costs. Settlement damage funds were directed to eradicate introduced rats from Langara Island, to restore what was formerly the world's largest colony of Ancient Murrelets (〈em〉Synthliboramphus antiquus〈/em〉). In addition, settlement funds were devoted to establishing an ecosystem-level baseline of seabirds and their marine prey populations on Triangle Island, the largest and most diverse seabird colony in Western Canada. One of the projects tracked breeding Cassin's Auklet (〈em〉Ptychoramphus aleuticus〈/em〉) and determined that they foraged far away from the colony in search of deep-sea copepods. The results stimulated conservation planners to enlarge a marine protected area which had been proposed to protect marine birds in the region, but policy guidance was lacking. By 2018 policies had evolved, and Canada announced the formation of their first marine National Wildlife Area following a multi-year engagement process with many interested parties. At the same time, Shell Canada relinquished all of their exploratory drilling rights within the area. The settlement funds from a catastrophic oil spill facilitated the recovery of seabirds on Langara Island, the formation of the first marine protected area for wildlife in Canada, and a reduction of future threats from exploratory drilling in an internationally important ecosystem.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Property, power and planning: Attitudes to spatial enclosure in Scottish seas (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Stephanie Weir, Sandy Kerr〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This research reveals attitudes towards enclosure and privatisation of ocean space. The development of spatially distributed industries like marine renewables and aquaculture, the need for marine conservation, and the ongoing emphasis on spatial aspects of marine planning, have resulted in increasing encroachment into the marine environment. The study, situated in Scotland, investigates the attitudes of stakeholders who are affecting, or being affected by, these processes. The attitude analysis, done by Q methodology, highlights potentially conflicting priorities and processes. Five unique factors emerged. These are expressed as: free seas, the ‘greater good’, mitigating losses, local powers, and the status quo. The topography of views revealed demonstrates clear tensions between key players in Scotland's marine planning landscape, and calls into question the processes for effective collaborative working for sustainable and conflict-free development at sea. The paper concludes with an appeal for changes in rights to be accounted for in decision making processes, accompanied by better dissemination of information regarding rights at sea, governance and the future of the blue economy.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Understanding the barriers to reconciling marine mammal-fishery conflicts: A case study in British Columbia (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Rhonda D. Reidy〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fishery and wildlife managers face important challenges in reconciling recovery of historically over-harvested or extirpated populations of marine mammals with effective fisheries management. For example, the reestablishment of sea otters in British Columbia (B.C.) has had repercussions that led to one of the more interesting resource management problems involving commercial fisheries in Canada. As a case study, this paper reviews the history of sea otter exploitation and reintroduction in B.C., and discusses the nature and context of the problem today. Fisheries and marine mammals in Canada continue to be managed under overlapping legislative mandates and often with quite different goals. The case study highlights persistent social and institutional constraints on reconciling marine mammal-fishery conflicts. To reduce tensions and uncertainty, Fisheries and Oceans Canada should prioritize intensive marine mammal sampling programs for non-endangered species to disentangle fishing and predation effects, and fully implement 〈em〉Species At Risk Act〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Fisheries Act〈/em〉 measures to reduce uncertainty among increasingly diverse stakeholders.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Apparent reduction of illegal trawler fishing effort in Ghana's Inshore Exclusive Zone 2012–2018 as revealed by publicly available AIS data (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wim C. Mullié〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Automatic Information System (AIS) derived information on sampled trawler fishing effort (hours fished) within Ghana's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was analysed for the period 2012–2018. Publicly available data were obtained from Global Fishing Watch (GFW) for the period 2012–2016 and for 2017 and 2018 (until 30 June) through a license granted to the author by GFW. Trawler intrusions in the Inshore Exclusion Zone (IEZ), which is reserved for small semi-industrial vessels, canoes and recreational fishing vessels, were extracted and hours fished per month and year calculated. Sampled trawler fishing effort within the IEZ as a percentage of total sampled trawling fishing effort within the EEZ decreased fourfold from 15.6% in 2012 to 3.8% in 2015. From 2015 to 2018 it remained stable at 4–5%. Concurrently a fourfold increase in sampled trawler fishing effort was apparent in patches of less than 30 m depth on the continental shelf. There is ambiguity, however, if these patches are covered by the Fisheries Act 625 (2002) of Ghana. Trawler intrusions were highest during the main (July–October) and minor (January–February) upwelling periods. Activities of the Fisheries Enforcement Unit unlikely reduced trawler intrusions into the IEZ, as this process was already ongoing for two years preceding its inauguration. However, the abrupt shift away from trawler fishing activity in the Central Region in 2014 might well have been caused by FEU activities. Coastal fishing communities complaining about trawler intrusions in the IEZ can profitably use AIS data to substantiate their claims and push the government for law enforcement and sanctions.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    The effects of stakeholder education and capacity building in marine protected areas: A case study from southern Mozambique (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Serena Lucrezi, Minoo Hassani Esfehani, Eliana Ferretti, Carlo Cerrano〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Stakeholder engagement is a critical component of marine protected area (MPA) management. Education and capacity-building initiatives, in particular, have the potential to empower stakeholders, promote collaboration, create a culture of marine stewardship and encourage alternative and sustainable livelihoods. Empirical evidence on the impacts of these initiatives on stakeholders and MPAs is however still lacking. This study tested the impact of an ocean literacy, marine education and environmental monitoring initiative on stakeholders' views of conservation, community and livelihood in the Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve (PPMR) in southern Mozambique. Data were collected via two focus groups, one before and one after participation in the initiative. Stakeholders who participated in this research included representatives from governance, tourism and education sectors in the PPMR. Participation in the initiative had a positive effect on stakeholders' views of conservation, community and livelihood. Following the initiative, some of these views became more aligned with the goals of the PPMR, while others highlighted important issues to be addressed by management. This study demonstrates the bilateral nature of stakeholder engagement in MPAs, including stakeholder empowerment and steering management strategies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Evaluating present and future potential of arctic fisheries in Canada (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Travis C. Tai, Nadja S. Steiner, Carie Hoover, William W.L. Cheung, U. Rashid Sumaila〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The Arctic remains one of the most pristine marine regions in the world, however climate change and increasing favourable conditions is triggering increasing exploration and development of commercial fisheries. Canada's Arctic marine capture fisheries are currently small relative to fisheries in other regions in Canada but small scale, predominantly Inuit fisheries are more wide spread. In this study, catch data was first used to estimate the current state of Arctic marine fisheries. Next, an integrated modelling approach was used to estimate the current and future fisheries potentials under high and low climate change scenarios. Comparisons of the current (2004–2015) annual reported tonnage and modelled estimates (±standard deviation) suggest that annual sustainable fisheries catch potential could be much greater at 4.07 (±2.86) million tonnes than the current catch of 189 (±6.26) thousand tonnes. Under a high climate change scenario, future (2091–2100) fisheries potential was projected to increase to 6.95 (±5.07) million tonnes of catch, while under low climate change scenario catch potential was similar to estimates of current catch potential. However, the greatest source of variance in catch potential estimates came from parameter uncertainty, followed by scenario and model uncertainty. These results contribute to understanding Canada's Arctic marine ecosystems in the face of a rapidly changing environment, yet proper steps must be taken to ensure cultural preservation for Inuit communities as well as ecological, economic, and social sustainability.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Resolving conservation and development tensions in a small island state: A governance analysis of Curieuse Marine National Park, Seychelles (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 5 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Julian Clifton, Eslam O. Osman, David J. Suggett, David J. Smith〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The management and conservation of marine resources in Seychelles, a small island developing state (SIDS) in the western Indian Ocean, is fundamental to maintaining the flow of international visitors which forms the mainstay of the nation's economy. There is an increasing trend towards empowering non-governmental organisations and parastatal entities with protected area management responsibilities, which partly reflects the chronic underfunding of the state protected area management institution. This paper explores these and related issues through a governance analysis of Curieuse Marine National Park, which is the most popular state-owned marine national park in terms of recorded visitor numbers. This demonstrates that the inability to implement economic incentives through not fully capitalising on the use and non-use values of the park has deleterious consequences for managing the combined impacts of tourism and fisheries on the ecological assets of the park. Furthermore, the capacity of the state management institution is being eroded through a focus on the development of an extensive network of new marine protected areas under the direction of an international non-governmental organisation. Suggestions are made that could strengthen economic, participative and interpretative incentives to provide a more sustainable basis for marine national park management.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    A governance analysis of Ningaloo and Shark Bay Marine Parks, Western Australia: Putting the ‘eco’ in tourism to build resilience but threatened in long-term by climate change? (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 5 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Peter J.S. Jones〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The governance frameworks for Ningaloo Marine Park (NMP) and Shark Bay Marine Park (SBMP) are explored, employing the MPA governance analysis framework. Both face similar conflicts typical of ecotourism, particularly related to the impacts of recreational fishing and marine wildlife tourism. A high diversity of incentives is found to be used, the combination of which promotes effectiveness in achieving conservation objectives and equity in governance. Highly evolved regulations have provided for depleted spangled emperor (〈em〉Lethrinus nebulosus〈/em〉) stocks in NMP to stabilise and begin recovery, and pink snapper (〈em〉Pagrus auratus〈/em〉) stocks in SBMP to recover from past depletions, though there are still concerns about recreational fishing impacts. The governance frameworks for marine wildlife tourism are considered extremely good practice. Some incentives need strengthening in both cases, particularly capacity for enforcement, penalties for deterrence and cross-jurisdictional coordination. In NMP there was also a need to promote transparency in making research and monitoring results available, and to address tensions with the recreational fishing sector by building linkages to provide for their specific representation, as part of a strategy to build trust and cooperation with this sector. Both case studies represent world-leading good practice in addressing proximal impacts from local activities, but in the longer-term the foundation species of both marine parks are critically threatened by the distal impacts of climate change. A diversity of incentives has promoted resilience in the short-term, but global action to mitigate climate change is the only way to promote the long-term resilience of these iconic marine ecosystems.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Defining global artisanal fisheries (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yannick Rousseau, Reg A. Watson, Julia L. Blanchard, Elizabeth A. Fulton〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉While small-scale and artisanal fisheries are undeniably important globally, there is no global consensus on how to define the sectors, hindering comparative studies and international agreements. We focused on the usage of the words in both the scientific literature and legal documents and show that the confusion stems from a misuse of the terms artisanal, small-scale, coastal and subsistence, and is further propagated by language barriers. Accepting the complexity and subtleties of each term, we developed a simple method based on rhetoric and within a transdisciplinary background, which allows the ‘level’ of artisanal fisheries between nations to be parameterised and compared.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Reconciling economic impacts and stakeholder perception: A management challenge in Florida Gulf Coast fisheries (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Nadia Seeteram, Mahadev Bhat, Brett Pierce, Kevin Cavasos, David Die〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉As global fisheries management shifts towards ecosystem-based management, responsible organizations and governments must also address the socio-economic impacts of this shift. This study evaluates potential impacts of such management shift with a case study of Pulley Ridge (PR), an ecologically rich area in the Gulf of Mexico, on fishermen and economies of Florida's Gulf Coast. We developed an input-output model to estimate direct, backward-linkage, forward-linkage, and induced consumption effects of various management scenarios on the region's economy. We also solicited input on the proposed management changes from Florida saltwater fishing license holders using an online survey. Although gear restrictions may affect harvest of the region's two most lucrative fish types, snappers and groupers, the proposed changes would impact only a small fraction of the fishing industry and the regional economy. Results suggest economic impacts to affected counties and the overall Gulf Coast fishery from management changes would be limited, i.e., less than 3% reductions in income, taxes and employment. Nonetheless, almost 90% of survey respondents indicated the proposed management changes would affect their business either “Significantly” or “Very Significantly”. Results suggest developing broad based support for changes affecting the commercial fishing sector may require stakeholder negotiation along with convincing evidence that the proposed changes will improve regional fishery production in the near term.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Power and access issues in Ghana's coastal fisheries: A political ecology of a closing commodity frontier (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Callum Nolan〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Primarily applied to land-based resources, academics have utilised the concept of commodity frontiers to understand the expansionary nature of capitalism, and the ways that existing hegemonies and systems of control and access of resources are challenged and altered. Following recent calls to expand this concept to marine spaces, this paper has used political ecology and in particular its focus on power and access to explore how capitalist expansion has impacted the means and methods of access to key resources in a small-scale marine fishing community in Ghana. The findings of the paper are based upon an eight-month field visit to Aboadze in the Western Region of Ghana, a traditional fishing community that is considered a ‘closing’ frontier, on account of recent research that suggests the small-pelagic fish stocks will collapse within a decade. The findings of the paper show that accessing fish and other necessary resources such as gear and capital has become increasingly difficult as stocks continue to dwindle, and those living in the case study community have to resort to unsustainable fishing methods in order to survive. The paper also finds that the vulnerability caused by decades of overfishing by foreign trawlers is felt disproportionately by certain members of the community, compounding existing vulnerabilities that arise through gender and class.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Fishers’ participation in small-scale fisheries. A structural analysis of the Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas MPA, Spain (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): María Semitiel-García, Pedro Noguera-Méndez〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The role of traditional fishing institutions appears, paradoxically, to be waning despite scientific support and rhetoric about the value of fishers’ involvement in local marine management. Relational data of fishers have been used in this paper as a lens through which to explore the status of their participation in Marine Protected Area (MPA) management and to identify structural and contextual barriers to participation. Fieldwork was carried out during 2013–2015 in Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas MPA (CPH-MPA) using a mixed method approach involving the collection and analysis of data from institutional surveys and community meetings. The analysis shows that the fishers’ self-perception of having low influence in decision-making is consistent with the perception towards fishers of the wider social system. Several barriers and constraints to participation in CPH-MPA management are identified. The inefficient structure of the information exchange network further explained fishers’ feelings of distrust and marginalisation regarding decision-making. Understanding how structural barriers make it difficult to set in motion a collective learning process – necessary for an efficient decision-making process – breaks new ground for the design of interventions. Recommendations include clarifying the scope for participation in an appropriate institutional setting and careful consideration of the space in which dialogue takes place in order to integrate diverse knowledge and to acknowledge differential power relations.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Small-scale fisheries in Canada's Arctic: Combining science and fishers knowledge towards sustainable management (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Marie-Julie Roux, Ross F. Tallman, Zoya A. Martin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In remote and data-limited situations such as encountered in Arctic regions, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is an important and valuable information source. TEK from local fishers (fishers knowledge, FK) is highly relevant to fisheries management. The integration of FK in fisheries assessments remains complicated by the lack of tools to combine scientific and FK observations. This study implements a productivity-susceptibility analysis (PSA) for assessing the risk from fishing to fish stocks and incorporate FK in the assessment process. The PSA method consists of scoring productivity attributes of fish populations and susceptibility attributes affecting fisheries exposure and intensity. The method can be adapted to incorporate FK on two levels: (1) in the validation of biological data (indirect inclusion); and (2) in the definition and scoring of independent FK attributes (direct inclusion). Risk scores measured along the productivity-susceptibility gradient serve to identify areas and populations most vulnerable to fishing activities and formulate science advice for prioritisation and management. We apply the method to small-scale fisheries for Arctic char 〈em〉Salvelinus alpinus〈/em〉 in Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, Nunavut. These fisheries are key to food security and economic growth in Canada's Arctic territories, yet management remains complicated by data paucity; by the widespread distribution and biological complexity of Arctic char stocks; and by growing uncertainties related to climate change impacts on Arctic fish and ecosystems. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of the method for combining science and FK information to improve management advice for Arctic char stocks, and applicability to other small-scale, data-limited fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Unintended changes of artisanal fisheries métiers upon implementation of an MPA (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sandra Mallol, Raquel Goñi〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) is one of the most significant measures governments can take to halt the degradation of marine ecosystems and fisheries overexploitation. Although MPAs can be created with the support of current stakeholders, mainly fishers, implementation of spatial restrictions and of no-take zones in particular, force adjustments to the existing fisheries in the area. The Llevant de Mallorca-Cala Rajada MPA (Spain, Western Mediterranean) was created in 2007 under the patronage of the artisanal fishermen association of Cala Rajada. This study uses onboard observer data of the existing artisanal fisheries practices (〈em〉métiers〈/em〉), their seasonality and spatial distribution of effort in the area before (2003–2007) and after (2008–2012) MPA designation, to illustrate how fishing restrictions and regulations have changed the structure and dynamics of local fishery 〈em〉métiers〈/em〉, with inshore fishing effort partially reallocated to offshore fishing grounds farther from port. Unforeseen effects of MPA restrictions concerned coastal artisanal 〈em〉métiers〈/em〉 – impinging on the smaller boats and the oldest and most knowledgeable fishers – and the expansion of 〈em〉métiers〈/em〉 that use newer boats and manned by younger, less experienced fishermen. Studies like this are needed to inform the design of future fisheries spatial management measures for Mediterranean artisanal fisheries that take into account foreseeable socio-economic outcomes and loss of knowledge.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Eliciting expert knowledge to inform stock status for data-limited stock assessments (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Anna Chrysafi, Jason M. Cope, Anna Kuparinen〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Data-limited fisheries are a major challenge for stock assessment analysts, as many traditional data-rich models cannot be implemented. Approaches based on stock reduction analysis offer simple ways to handle low data availability, but are particularly sensitive to assumptions on relative stock status (i.e., current biomass compared to unperturbed biomass). For the vast majority of data-limited stocks, stock status is unmeasured. The present study presents a method to elicit expert knowledge to inform stock status and a novel, user-friendly on-line application for expert elicitation. Expert opinions are compared to stock status derived from data-rich models. Here, it is evaluated how experts with different levels of experience in stock assessment performed relative to each other and with different qualities of data. Both “true” stock status and expert experience level were identified as significant factors accounting for the error in stock status elicitation. Relative stock status was the main driver of imprecision in the stock status prior (e.g., lower stock status had more imprecision in elicited stock status). Data availability and life-history information were not identified to be significant variables explaining imprecision in elicited stock status. All experts, regardless of their experience level, appeared to be risk neutral in the central tendency of stock status. Given the sensitivity to stock status misspecification for some popular data-limited methods, stock status can be usefully elicited from experts, but expert subjectivity and experience should be taken under consideration when applying those values.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    An overview of cetacean stranding around Hainan Island in the South China Sea, 1978–2016: Implications for research, conservation and management (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mingming Liu, Mingli Lin, Peijun Zhang, Tianfei Xue, Songhai Li〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The South China Sea (SCS) is known to support diverse cetacean species, yet their stranding information has not been well documented. To fill this knowledge gap, available records on cetacean stranding around Hainan Island in the SCS from 1978 to 2016 were collected and overviewed. In total, 112 records were obtained. Among them, 19 records involved 19 baleen whales (5 mysticeti species) and 93 records involved 134 toothed whales (12 odontoceti species). More stranding events occurred in the waters along the east coast than in the waters along the west coast, which was especially true for toothed whales stranding events. This may reflect the distribution patterns of cetaceans around Hainan Island. The spatial distribution of stranding events might be driven by different oceanographic features between the east and west offshore waters of the Hainan Island. The number of stranding events increased gradually from 1978 to 2000 and more rapidly from 2000 to 2016, which is likely due to both increasing public attentions and increasing anthropogenic activities within the SCS in recent decades. Stranding events were recorded throughout the year but peaked in spring (〈em〉p〈/em〉 = 0.016). In sum, cetacean stranding events occurred rather frequently around Hainan Island. The establishment of a regional stranding network in the SCS is conducive for further research, conservation and management of cetaceans in this region. More scientific data about the survival status of cetaceans and threats to them in the SCS are also needed.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Ready for co-management? Portuguese artisanal octopus fishers’ preferences for management and knowledge about the resource (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Priscila Silva, Henrique Cabral, Mafalda Rangel, João Pereira, Cristina Pita〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In Portugal, the common octopus (〈em〉Octopus vulgaris)〈/em〉 dominates the total catches and landings from small scale fisheries. The small-scale fisheries have been targeting the common octopus for a long time and it is consistently one of the most important commercial fishing resources in the country. Questionnaires were conducted in 13 fishing ports in the south and southwest coasts of Portugal, from November 2014 to December 2016, to explore octopus artisanal fishers’ preferences for management and their knowledge about the biology and ecology of octopus. The survey revealed that fishers are generally not satisfied with the current management of the octopus fisheries. Some differences in preferences for management were found between regions, but in general, fishers strongly supported biological closures and local management plans developed by themselves. Fishers seemed to be interest in being more involved in the decision-making process, but only seem to have a moderate knowledge about the biology and ecology of the resource they exploit. A greater involvement of fishers in decision-making process will contribute to increase their awareness and knowledge about the resource, their receptivity to and acceptance of management measures, as well as increase their feeling of responsibility towards, and ownership of the resource.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Assessing the social and economic impact of small scale fisheries management measures in a marine protected area with limited data (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Leyre Goti-Aralucea〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The European Union requires that major legislative actions undergo an impact assessment (IA), but this methodology is often not adapted to policy measures in complex situations, as the coexistence of marine protected areas and small scale fisheries.〈/p〉 〈p〉The appropriateness of the IA methodology currently in use is tested on the example of a small scale fishery in a protected area in the German coast in the Baltic Sea (Fehmarn island). The impact of the fisheries management measures is first assessed using the available data and the results are then checked with the local fishermen and a producer organization representative using a focus group. Given the discrepancies identified in the focus group, additional methodologies are explored.〈/p〉 〈p〉By performing a literature review and a workshop with scientists, fishermen representatives, environmental organizations and managers, inputs from political science (the “wicked problem” approach) and philosophy of science (the NUSAP matrix) are applied to cope with the context of high uncertainty driven by poor ecological, economic and social data.〈/p〉 〈p〉This case study brings the opportunity to identify challenges as the assessment of biodiversity and potentially conflictive differences in national policy objectives under different EU policies (including the Common Fisheries Policy), in a way that goes beyond the contribution of other commonly used management tools as impact assessment and spatial planning. The usefulness of the approach resides both in a better identification of impacts on small scale fisheries and the unveiling of hidden governance conflicts that prevent the fulfilment of the objectives of policy measures.〈/p〉 〈/div〉
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    Socioecological changes in data-poor S-fisheries: A hidden shellfisheries crisis in Galicia (NW Spain) (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Pablo Pita, Diana Fernández-Márquez, Manel Antelo, Gonzalo Macho, Sebastián Villasante〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉We combined different data sources to analyse key changes in the shellfisheries of Galicia (NW Spain). The shellfishing capacity of this region, a major fishing power in Europe, has been severely reduced in recent decades. The number of vessels has fallen by 13%, vessel length, capacity and engine power have decreased by 10%, 7% and 3%, respectively, while the number of on-foot shellfishers has halved. Landings and sale value of shellfish species have declined in the last decade by 16% and by 13%, respectively. This decline follows a period of recovery from the mid-1980s, when coastal fishery management were transferred from the Spanish to the regional government. Production of local clam species has been progressively abandoned in favour of the foreign Japanese carpet shell 〈em〉Ruditapes philippinarum〈/em〉, leading to losses in sales value and increasing market risks. Overfishing, poaching, degradation of habitats, pollution, disease outbreaks and ocean warming may be responsible for the drop in landings and sales value of key species like edible cockle 〈em〉Cerastoderma edule〈/em〉 and Atlantic goose barnacle 〈em〉Pollicipes pollicipes〈/em〉. Despite the development of new fisheries, e.g. algae, anemone and polychaete harvesting, the overall declining trend has important socioecological implications for Galician society, because of the traditional link between shellfishing and coastal communities. The socioecological sustainability of this sector requires policies to be developed by the regional government regarding the support of multidisciplinary research and surveillance, increase control over pollution and poaching, a greater focus on the production of native species and the strengthening of co-management frameworks.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Do fisher associations really represent their members’ needs and opinions? The case study of the octopus fishery in the Algarve (south Portugal) (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mafalda Rangel, Cristina Pita, Manuela Maria de Oliveira, Maria Helena Guimarães, Rita Rainha, Carlos Sonderblohm, Pedro Monteiro, Frederico Oliveira, Marta Ballesteros, Jorge M.S. Gonçalves, Graham J. Pierce, Karim Erzini〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fishers’ participation in the fishery management decision-making process is generally low, particularly in small-scale fisheries (SSF). Within the overarching goal of improving fisheries governance, fishers’ participation is crucial. Yet, how can fishers participate in the decision-making processes which affect their actions, and to what extent do fisher associations represent their interests? These questions were tackled by means of an empirical case study in the “Tertúlia do Polvo” project, focusing on the octopus SSF in the Algarve region (south Portugal), where the octopus fishery is managed top-down with sporadic participation of fishers. During the study (2014 and 2015), seven participatory workshops (〈em〉tertúlias〈/em〉) were held, involving fisher associations, management authorities and researchers, to propose and discuss management measures for the fishery. Also, a face-to-face questionnaire survey (121 valid replies) was undertaken with local fishers to gauge their opinions about the management measures proposed during the workshops. Results show a strong agreement between the outcomes achieved during the workshops and the main concerns and possible solutions identified by fishers. Taking into consideration the difficulty in structuring and assuring a transparent and effective participation of fishers in the management of their activity, the results obtained are promising. In this study, the use of a participatory process (restricted to a small group of stakeholders) combined with consultation (targeting a sample of the fisher population) allowed the validation of the overall results obtained. Such a methodological approach can be tried in other fishing communities to implement efficient and effective collaborative management, contributing to improved fisheries governance.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Evaluating formal and informal rules as a basis for implementing coastal marine artisanal fisheries management in Colombia (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jesús M. Jiménez, Lina M. Saavedra-Díaz〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In artisanal fisheries, rules are essential elements for controlling access to and using resources, regulating the behavior of users and contributing to successful management. In Colombia, the management of the coastal marine artisanal fishing sector has utilized a centralized approach, limiting the implementation of rules and generating the need to look for alternatives that facilitate rule enforcement and contribute to the sustainability of fishing. Therefore, this study evaluates the enforcement of formal (regulations) and informal rules related to fisheries based on the perspective of 120 Colombian fishers from two case study coastal communities: 〈em〉Taganga〈/em〉 (Caribbean) and 〈em〉Bahía Solano〈/em〉 (Pacific). The implementation of an ancestral rule based on the allocation of fishing turns to beach seine nets in specific locations (ancones), stands out in the Caribbean community, while the implementation of an Exclusive Zone of Artisanal Fishing is stands out in the Pacific community. The results indicate that fishers recognize several regulations and have created informal rules within their territories, and the enforcement of these rules varies according to the context of each community. However, there are factors that influence the enforcement of both types of rules, such as participation of users in decision-making, the congruence of the rules with the socioeconomic context of the communities, the organization of the fishers and the monitoring, control and surveillance by the National Fisheries Authority. This study shows the urgency of managing the artisanal fishing sector in Colombia using a participatory approach and strengthening the empowerment of communities as alternatives to improving the implementation of rules.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0308597X18302276-fx1.jpg" width="304" alt="fx1" title="fx1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Reply to Ziegler et al. “Adding perspectives to: Global trends in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fuel combustion in marine fisheries from 1950-2016” and addressing concerns of using fishing effort to predict carbon dioxide emissions (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 29 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Krista Greer, Dirk Zeller, Jessika Woroniak, Angie Coulter, Maeve Winchester, M.L. Deng Palomares, Daniel Pauly〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉There are currently two separate approaches for estimating global CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions from marine fishing. One approach uses catch-based fuel use intensity (FUI) estimates for well-studied areas/fisheries to estimate FUI in data poor regions. The second approach, effort-based FUI, uses reconstructed fishing effort data to estimate fuel use based on vessel size and fishing times. Both methods utilize assumptions which are inherently uncertain; the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. The two approaches are found to be complementary to one another, not contradictory, and global estimates of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions from marine fishing should be based on a combination of both approaches, depending on the data locally available.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Fisheries Improvement Projects and small-scale fisheries: The need for a modified approach (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 28 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Rhona Barr, Aaron Bruner, Scott Edwards〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fishery improvement projects (FIPs) have recently emerged as a mechanism to assist fishery recovery. Yet successfully expanding the FIP model into small-scale fisheries (SSF) will require modifying its design in order that it might best work within these more complex social and economic environments. Drawing on a growing understanding of what contributes to successful SSF management, as well as other similar smallholder market-based instruments, this article distils a core set of recommendations for a revised “FIP+” approach. The ‘+’ denotes a broader set of integrated and complimentary interventions that recognize the complex social and economic landscape inherent within SSF, and that SSF reform will not occur through simply raising fishers' income alone. In order to be successful the FIP + model will need to consider investing in the following: strengthening tenure and community governance; covering upfront opportunity costs; reducing fisher vulnerability to market shocks by supporting a broader livelihood portfolio; and relaxing credit, social and human constraints within the wider context of SSFs. In addition it should do so in a manner that is conditional on improving fisheries management.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Governance and assessment of small-scale data-limited Arctic Charr fisheries using productivity-susceptibility analysis coupled with life history invariant models (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ross F. Tallman, Marie-Julie Roux, Zoya A. Martin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Governance of fisheries in Canada’s North is shared between communities, Inuit land claim management boards and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans under co-management systems outlined in the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement and the Inuvialuit Final Agreement. The management, conservation and optimization of Arctic Charr resources remain complicated by data paucity; by biological complexity of Arctic Charr stocks; climate change impacts; and by the lack of adapted stock assessment tools and co-management frameworks linking Inuit traditional knowledge with scientific expertise. The current state of Arctic Charr fisheries in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories is reviewed and alternatives presented for the evaluation of Arctic Charr stocks using intra-specific life history diversity as a basis for risk and quantitative assessments. The approach fits well with the shared governance model in that the biological characteristics at the root of the analysis, such as size at spawning and maximum length (life history metrics), can be observed through Inuit knowledge and/or through scientific sampling carried out by community members. Assessment is developed as a two stage process using productivity-susceptibility analysis and life history invariant models to determine the maximum sustainable production. The resulting analytical model can but updated through further ecological observations from the community and field sampling. The approach provides for active engagement by the fishers in the process of stock assessment. These science alternatives can be used by managers within the co-management framework to maximize sustainability of Arctic Charr fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Making the most of data-poor fisheries: Low cost mapping of small island fisheries to inform policy (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): David A. Gill, Hazel A. Oxenford, Rachel A. Turner, Peter W. Schuhmann〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Data scarcity in small-scale fisheries hinders the effective management of marine resources. This is particularly true within small island developing states that often have limited capacity for monitoring activities that could inform policy decisions. This study estimates the spatial distribution of fishing activity in the data-poor nearshore reef fisheries of Barbados using low cost interview surveys of fishers combined with a geospatial platform. With data from over 150 fishers in the island's major reef fisheries, the estimated total annual yield ranged from 272.6 to 409.0 mt, with seine fishing accounting for 65% of landings. This estimate is substantially higher than the recorded landings in official databases. Fishing activity is concentrated on the sheltered and heavily populated West Coast of the island. Reef fishing effort decreases markedly during the months associated with the offshore pelagic fishery season, as many fishers switch fisheries during this time and rough sea conditions restrict access to the nearshore windward reefs. The high levels of fishing intensity and low yields per unit of reef area appear to validate anecdotal evidence that the nearshore reefs of Barbados are heavily overexploited. The qualitative nature of interview data and other data gaps hinder the precise estimation of fishing effort and yield, where relative values are likely to be more accurate than absolute values. Nonetheless, the spatially and temporally explicit data generated here demonstrates how simple cost-effective methods can be used to fill important information gaps for marine resource management and spatial planning.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Adaptation strategies of small-scale fisheries within changing market and regulatory conditions in the EU (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Paolo Prosperi, James Kirwan, Damian Maye, Fabio Bartolini, Daniele Vergamini, Gianluca Brunori〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper presents an analysis of the diversification and non-productivist practices and strategies deployed by European small-scale fishers vis-à-vis contextual regulatory and market factors. Building on resilience thinking – combined with a qualitative case study approach involving primary producers and associated stakeholders – the strategies of primary producers in two specific contexts are examined: inshore fisheries in Cornwall (UK) and coastal fisheries in Tuscany (Italy). In so doing, the analysis identifies possible adaptation strategies that can help support the sustainability of the fisheries involved. The strategies adopted by fishers include, for example, investing in innovation, reorganising the supply chain, multifunctionality and diversification, and implementing environmentally friendly activities.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Fishing for profit or food? Socio-economic drivers and fishers’ attitudes towards sharks in Fiji (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kerstin B.J. Glaus, Irene Adrian-Kalchhauser, Susanna Piovano, Sharon A. Appleyard, Juerg M. Brunnschweiler, Ciro Rico〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Sharks are an important component of coastal fisheries. Accordingly, the impacts of small-scale shark fisheries are likely significant, but data, including socio-economic drivers, are often scarce. Fiji features active but largely unregulated and unmonitored artisanal fisheries. Data suggest that the country's small-scale shark fisheries have the potential to become more targeted. This study considers the socio-economic value of shark fisheries across stakeholder groups. In 2017, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 211 fishers throughout Fiji, out of which 66.8% reported catching sharks of 11 species. Of those who caught sharks, 19.9% stated to release them dead or alive, while 78.7% retained the sharks. Various reasons were cited for shark retention with the most common explanation being to meet dietary needs. Only 19.8% of the participants who retained sharks sold them, yet fishers who gain additional income from the sale of sharks had significantly higher mean maximum catch rates compared to fishers who retained sharks for consumption. Fewer fishers reported selling shark fins compared to a previous comparable survey. This study indicates a decreasing relevance of small-scale coastal shark fisheries for income generation but an increasing utilisation of shark meat as a substitute for traditional food fishes.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Area expansion versus effective and equitable management in international marine protected areas goals and targets (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Lisa M. Campbell, Noella J. Gray〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper draws on the published literature on marine protected areas (MPAs) and marine protected areas targets to argue that the MPA target (14.5) will dominate in the pursuit, measurement, and evaluation of the much broader ‘oceans’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG14) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2015. MPAs are a ‘privileged solution’ in marine conservation, in part because their expansion is relatively easy to measure and there is opportunity for further expansion in the mostly unprotected global ocean. However, the evolution of MPA targets over time in organizations like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) illustrates the importance of other means for achieving conservation and of elements other than area coverage, including the need to ensure MPAs are effectively and equitably managed. By excluding these important, but contested, complex, and difficult to measure components, Target 14.5 is likely to be met. However, the meaning of this success will be limited without concerted efforts get beyond area coverage.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    (Blue) Growth accounting in small-scale European Union fleets (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): José-María Da-Rocha, Jordi Guillen, Raúl Prellezo〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fisheries account for one-third of the total jobs in the world's ocean economies. In the European Union (EU), small-scale fleets account for over 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si0049.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈mrow〉〈mn〉40〈/mn〉〈mo〉%〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 of employment in the fisheries sector. Given this marine employment source, it is important to analyse SSF productivity growth. This is done here using Total Factor Productivity (TFP), defined as the portion of output not explained by the traditionally measured inputs of labour, energy and capital used in production. Calculating TFP is relevant to understanding the development of technology in fisheries. It is calculated for SSF in two main EU sea areas: the Mediterranean (FAO area 37) and the North-East Atlantic (FAO area 27). Constant elasticity production functions are used to analyse the intensity of the use of production factors and how they are substituted or complemented when producing. Additionally, TFP is corrected by stock evolution indices to assess EU conservation policy. The results show that there is complementarity between capital and energy and external factors affecting them and that the productivity increase observed in the Atlantic can be attributed mainly to stock recovery and resource availability rather than to production factors. This suggests that technological development has been limited and that the use of production factors should be decreased in the coming years. It is concluded that in the North-East Atlantic the EU conservation policy is fulfilling the objective of restoring fish stocks and contributing to a productivity growth of 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si0050.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈mrow〉〈mn〉4〈/mn〉〈mo〉%〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 per year. In the Mediterranean, stocks are not being restored, so they do not contribute to growth as a production factor. Finally, it is concluded that the conservation policy does not suffice in either area to provide positive productivity trends.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Evaluating bioeconomic tradeoffs of fishing reserves via spatial optimization (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zack S. Oyafuso, PingSun Leung, Erik C. Franklin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉No-take marine reserves are common strategies used in spatial fisheries management. There are at least four general objectives for marine reserve design: (1) maximizing conservation, (2) minimizing total reserve area, (3) maximizing reserve compactness, and (4) minimizing socioeconomic opportunity cost (e.g., fisheries revenue). A spatial optimization model was developed to solve for reserve placements under those four objectives, while evaluating the bioeconomic tradeoffs and potential gaps of a subset of bottomfish restricted fishing areas (BRFAs) for the Hawaiian bottomfish fishery. Optimized reserve placements with minimal opportunity costs had little overlap (〈 9%) with the placements of the BRFAs, opportunity cost values 50–83% less than that of the BRFAs with 40–54% higher potential conservation value. When reserve placements were optimized to provide a maximal opportunity cost, solutions had up to 49% overlap with the BRFAs, highlighting a potential drawback of the BRFA system with respect to socioeconomic impacts. When opportunity cost was instead calculated as total area, the optimized placements also had considerable overlap (up to 42%) with the BRFAs, highlighting the importance of socioeconomic data to the reserve design process. The solutions that provided maximal reserve compactness may be the most pragmatic for a reserve design team with specific area and/or conservation targets, as these solutions produced compact reserve placements that best matched those targets at a minimal opportunity cost. This analysis emphasized the use of spatial optimization models to not only guide the reserve design process, but to highlight tradeoffs of conflicting fisheries objectives in reserve design.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    A spatial and environmental analysis of shark attacks on Reunion Island (1980–2017) (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): François Taglioni, Sébastien Guiltat, Magali Teurlai, Mathieu Delsaut, Denis Payet〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉This paper analyses data related to the 57 shark attacks that were recorded on Reunion from 1980 to 2017, against the backdrop of an Indian Ocean island that is particularly vulnerable to shark attacks. To address this issue of vulnerability, the discussion focuses on the respective weight of environmental, contextual and individual variables. The most pertinent parameters to explain the occurrence of attacks on Reunion are as follows: time of day, month and turbidity. Two specific features of Reunion Island can be added to those: first, the high mortality rate of the attacks (46% vs a world average of 11%), and secondly, the average increase in the number of attacks between 2011 and 2017, despite the average drop in the number of ocean users. To understand and explain this rise, three variables are identified: water turbidity, swell height and victim activity.〈/p〉 〈p〉In addition, the multiple correspondence analysis, despite the limited number of attacks, provides correlations between some variables: on the one hand, attack outcome, turbidity, swell height, and, as regards attacks before or after 2011, board sports and swell height.〈/p〉 〈/div〉
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    Examination of the Peruvian Anchovy Individual Vessel Quota (IVQ) system (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kailin Kroetz, James N. Sanchirico, Elsa Galarza Contreras, David Corderi Novoa, Nestor Collado, Elaine W. Swiedler〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The implementation of rights-based management programs is increasing worldwide yet there are few ex post evaluations, especially in developing country contexts. This paper examines changes following the implementation of a catch share system in the Peruvian anchovy fishery, which is the world's largest commercial fishery by volume. After implementation of the Individual Vessel Quota (IVQ) management system, there was a shift toward higher value product and a 105% increase in per-unit revenue with the IVQ program. Additionally, landings are more spread out over the fishing season with an increase in the number of fishing days and fleet consolidation occurs over time with a shift toward larger vessels in the steel fleet. Finally, using cost estimates from a large fishing firm on the cost of steel vessel operation, variable harvesting profit is estimated to have increased from 34% to 41% of the ex-vessel revenue pre-IVQ to 63–65% post.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    The current state of marine renewable energy policy in China (2019)
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    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xiangbo Yang, Ning Liu, Peidong Zhang, Zhen Guo, Changlei Ma, Peipei Hu, Xuanzhao Zhang〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The advancement of the Marine renewable energy (MRE) industry will contribute to actualizing sustainable development in China. However, the Chinese MRE industry is still in its nascent stage. Therefore, effective policies are needed to improve the development of this emerging sector and facilitate its maturation. Focusing on MRE policies, this article provides constructive suggestions for the establishment and reform of Chinese MRE policy. It summarizes current MRE policies in both China and in nations with a relatively mature MRE industry, identifying the challenges in China's current MRE policy in the process. While several market incentive strategies have been found to be incomplete and have faced significant limitations during implementation, several non-market incentive strategies are entirely absent. Examining these deficiencies and their causes, this paper suggests corresponding improvement strategies: notably the need to reform the Marine Renewable Energy Funds, refine feed-in tariffs and subsidy policy, introduce a tradable renewable certificate, enact special laws for this field, and strengthen its publicity campaign.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Examining public support for international agreements on tuna management and conservation (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mihoko Wakamatsu, Shunsuke Managi〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Many tuna stocks are being depleted, and the bluefin tuna stock is of particular concern because it has been designated endangered or severely overexploited. Japan's actions are pivotal in protecting bluefin tuna stocks because high volumes are caught for sushi/sashimi. However, the efforts of the Japanese government to conserve these valuable stocks have been limited or even counterproductive, as the government currently seems to prioritise the short-term interests of the domestic fishing industry. In this study, public preferences are revealed, potentially affecting the position of the Japanese government in the long run by quantifying the extent to which public support could be generated with changes in specific features of the international agreement on the conservation and management of tuna resources. With a choice experiment that focused on the catch limits, target species, and parties who would be responsible for the expenses of monitoring, this paper finds that a fishery closure is the scenario least likely to inspire public support for tuna conservation. Japanese consumers favour a prompt management response to the overfishing of tuna fisheries beginning immediately when the exploitation of the stocks reaches an unsustainable level. Atlantic/Pacific bluefin tuna, compared to other tuna species, is a top conservation priority for Japanese consumers. These results indicate that although the current movement towards conserving bluefin tuna is publicly supported, conservation actions should have been initiated sufficiently early to avoid a drastic catch reduction before the stock was overfished or the population became endangered.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Comparing self-reported incidental catch among fishermen targeting Pacific halibut and a fishery independent survey (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Elizabeth Figus, Keith R. Criddle〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper compares observations of commercial fishermen with a fishery-independent survey, and explores putative relationships between characteristics of fishing operations and incidental catch in the Pacific halibut fishery in Southeast Alaska. Results from a multiple factor analysis demonstrate statistically significant relationships between fishing characteristics and the incidental catch of various species. Results from a proportional odds logistic regression model indicate the presence of a strong unavoidable component of incidental catch in the halibut fishery. Consequently, patterns of incidental catch in this fishery generally paralleled patterns of incidental catch in a fishery-independent stock assessment survey that uses similar gear. This suggests that increased onboard monitoring of this fleet by cameras or human observers is unlikely to reveal broad trends in incidental catch that are not already apparent in the fishery-independent stock assessment survey. Nevertheless, weaker statistically significant relationships in the model indicate that incidental catch may be influenced by observable and controllable characteristics of fishing operations (e.g., fishing grounds, season, vessel length, gear configuration). This suggests a proportional odds model like the one presented in this paper could be used to generate operation-specific estimates of incidental catch by species from incidental catches observed in fishery-independent surveys based on known characteristics of fishing operations.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    The human side of marine ecosystem-based management (EBM): ‘Sectoral interplay’ as a challenge to implementing EBM (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): K.A. Alexander, M. Haward〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Although ecosystem-based management (EBM) has been adopted by many management organisations in principle, operationalising EBM has been problematic. A mismatch in institutional arrangements, created by the traditional sectoral focus of marine environmental and resource management, may be one factor acting against EBM implementation. To investigate this potential issue, this study focused on ‘sectoral interplay’, the challenges and tensions that prevent ‘whole of government’ cooperation, political consensus among conflicting user and interest groups, and collaboration between government and stakeholders that preconditon implementation of EBM. Four key challenges/tensions to sectoral interplay in marine EBM were found, including: governance structures and mechanisms, communication and sharing, participation and exclusion and fragmentation. Several ways in which these challenges/tensions could be addressed are proposed such as creating co-ordinating structures which operate across sectors and clarifying mandates and precedence between decision-making agencies. There are myriad case study examples from which to learn how to manage, and how not to manage, sectoral interplay in marine governance, and this should be the focus of future research.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Taking stock of the status of implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries: A country-level assessment framework (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Catherine A. Courtney, Robert Pomeroy, Stephen H. Brooks〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉With the growing recognition of the significance of small-scale fisheries, the FAO working member states developed the 〈em〉Voluntary Guidelines on Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication〈/em〉 (SSF Guidelines). In order to increase awareness and catalyze the uptake of the guidelines by national governments, a simpler framework and process was developed and tested in two countries for use by governments to assess their progress in meeting the guidelines. These SSF Guidelines were re-structured into an assessment framework to enable a country-level assessment of the status of implementation and to inform development programming and project design. The assessment process consisted of a combination of desk reviews, expert consultations, and workshops. The SSF assessment framework and process provides a step forward to increase awareness and application of the SSF Guidelines in support of sustainable small-scale fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Agreeing with FAO: Comments on SOFIA 2018 (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Daniel Pauly, Dirk Zeller〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The last three bi-annual State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) reports by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) gave the impression that they downplayed the stark reality of declining trends in global marine fisheries catches. In contrast, the most recent SOFIA 2018 deserves praise for seemingly striking a different tone, and for more directly and clearly identifying the key issues faced by marine fisheries. This includes the acknowledgment of globally declining catches and several data deficiencies, such as the ‘presentist’ bias in official data reported by countries to FAO, and the utility of catch data reconstructions in informing such data deficiencies, as advocated by the 〈em〉Sea Around Us〈/em〉 for nearly two decades. FAO also acknowledges its personnel limitations and hence the need to collaborate with non-governmental entities. Further, we congratulate FAO on explicitly addressing in SOFIA 2018 two major challenges in global marine fisheries, namely the effects of climate change and the problems related to subsidies for the enormous Chinese fishing fleets. We applaud FAO for this different, more open tone in SOFIA 2018, which even includes animal welfare consideration, and we hope that it signals a new period of increased FAO engagement with Civil Society and academia, to address the important fisheries and sustainability challenges facing our world.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    A tale of two standards: A case study of the Fair Trade USA certified Maluku handline yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fishery (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Meghan E. Borland, Megan Bailey〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fishery certification programs and ecolabels have emerged to promote fisheries and seafood sustainability. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification program is considered the largest, most recognized seafood certification program, yet has been criticized for its lack of accessibility to small-scale fisheries in developing countries and its purely ecological focus. New to the seafood industry, and in part filling the accessibility and social sustainability gap, is Fair Trade USA's (FTUSA) Capture Fisheries Program. Sixty percent of internationally-traded seafood products originate from developing regions of the world, so it is imperative to gain an understanding of how to best utilize seafood certifications in developing countries to promote ecological, economic, and social sustainability. This research focused on Maluku, Indonesia, which has a FT Certified™ handline yellowfin tuna fishery and is also working towards achieving wide-scale MSC certification across tuna fisheries, to understand the role of FTUSA in relation to MSC. The relevance and appropriateness of both the FTUSA and MSC standards in relation to the FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries was assessed, and focus groups and interviews with key informants were conducted. Results from this study suggest that FTUSA better aligns with the FAO Guidelines, delivers benefits more quickly to fishing communities, and seems to rely less on national level requirements. There is therefore merit in FTUSA standing alone as a credible certification for developing world small-scale fisheries, as opposed to being used as a kind of fisheries improvement project towards MSC, as some currently view it.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    The managed decline of British Columbia's commercial salmon fishery (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Carl Walters, Karl English, Josh Korman, Ray Hilborn〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Commercial salmon harvests have declined dramatically for all Pacific salmon species in British Columbia, mainly over the period 1995–2000. Much of this decline is attributable to declining abundance, but some of it has been due to deliberate reduction in allowable exploitation rates. Various reasons have been given for this reduction, but the main rationale appears to have been concern about declines in a few relatively small and unproductive stocks that are intercepted in mixed-stock fisheries. Reductions in exploitation rate have generally not been followed by the increases in stock size that would be expected if overfishing had been the main cause of the declines. Current procedures for setting exploitation rate goals do not appear to involve explicit analysis of the risk-reward trade off relationship between mixed stock exploitation rates and yields.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    PACT or no PACT are tourists willing to contribute to the Protected Areas Conservation Trust in order to enhance marine resource conservation in Belize? (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): James F. Casey, Peter W. Schuhmann〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The primary objective of this paper is to determine whether tourists are willing to pay (WTP) fees to support conservation in Belize and, if so, to determine their maximum willingness to pay. This is an important issue for Belize and for all countries that heavily rely on the quality of their environmental resources to attract tourists. From 1996 to 2017, the Protected Areas Conservation Trust (PACT) has charged a $3.75US conservation fee to all tourists upon their departure from Belize. In April of 2017, this fee was raised to $20.00US, but not without controversy. In May 2012, February 2013, and again in May 2014 almost 400 tourists were surveyed to determine if raising the fee was possible and by how much. Results suggest a significant percentage of tourists are willing to pay for conservation in Belize; many in excess of the current fee of $20.00US. So far, the increased fee does appear to have had any impact on tourism arrivals. This empirical observation, combined with the results of this paper, are important pieces of information as it relates to conservation finance in Belize and has potential implications for conservation finance in other tropical destinations.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Publicised scrutiny and mediatised environmental conflict: The case of Tasmanian salmon aquaculture (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): C. Cullen-Knox, A. Fleming, L. Lester, E. Ogier〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper analyses mediatised environmental conflict over the Tasmanian salmon aquaculture industry's performance. It compares the Senate Inquiry into the “Regulation of the fin-fish aquaculture industry in Tasmania”, the influential 〈em〉Four Corners〈/em〉 investigative journalism television program ‘Big Fish’ and news media coverage following each of these mediatised public investigations. The concept of “mediatised environmental conflict” is applied to reveal how these different modes of investigation influence public debate. Both the Senate Inquiry and the 〈em〉Four Corners〈/em〉 program allowed previously invisible actors and networks to be made visible, while rendering others largely silent, particularly scientists despite strong references to science within the debate. Also, the traditional role of ENGOs in holding industries and Governments to account has shifted in this case to an industry player. Considerable differences in the discourses was observed, raising further questions concerning accountability and transparency in public-policy decision-making in relation to management of marine resources.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Not out of sight but out of mind: Developing a multi-criteria evaluation structure for green fishery harbors (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chung-Ling Chen, Ya-Chieh Chuang, Tuey-Chih Lee, Chien-Ho Liu, Cheng-Lang Yang〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In light of a gap in the area of fishery harbor greening, the objective of this paper is to identify potential environmental issues associated with fishery harbor operations and establish a multi-criteria evaluation structure for green fishery harbors. This structure is intended to bring an environmental dimension into the management of fishery harbors and facilitate informed decision-making in achieving environmental sustainability. A review of literature related to harbor environments, the modified Delphi technique and the AHP method were used to establish an evaluation structure for high-use fishery harbors in Taiwan. Results show that 〈em〉vessel and harbor management〈/em〉, 〈em〉hygiene〈/em〉, and 〈em〉waste and energy management〈/em〉 are considered relatively important criteria at the second level. Among 15 indicators, 〈em〉safety of equipment and facilities〈/em〉, 〈em〉management of vessels and catches〈/em〉, 〈em〉clean harbors〈/em〉, 〈em〉catch hygiene〈/em〉, 〈em〉a management committee〈/em〉, 〈em〉fish market sanitation〈/em〉, 〈em〉controlled waste discharge〈/em〉, and 〈em〉energy saving and green energy〈/em〉 are the top half rankings at the third level. Management implications from the findings were discussed, with an emphasis on feasible options to advance green fishery harbors, including managing harbors in an integral manner, implementing a HACCP system to enhance catch hygiene levels, controlling waste, developing green energy and establishing harbors an education and outreach outposts. At last, a three-step model was highlighted as a practical way to assist policy makers to find priority factors and engage in effective management to achieve fishery harbor greening.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Exploring the causes of seafood fraud: A meta-analysis on mislabeling and price (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): C. Josh Donlan, Gloria M. Luque〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Seafood mislabeling is receiving increased attention by civil society, and programs and policies to address it are being implemented widely. Yet, evidence for the causes of mislabeling are largely limited to anecdotes and untested hypotheses. Mislabeling is commonly assumed to be motivated by the desire to label a lesser value product as a higher value one. Using price data from mislabeling studies, Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉 is estimated (i.e., the difference between the price of a labeled seafood product and its substitute when it was not mislabeled) and a meta-analysis is conducted to evaluate the evidence for an overall 〈em〉mislabeling for profit〈/em〉 driver for seafood fraud. Evidence is lacking; rather, Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉 is highly variable. Country nor location in the supply chain do not account for the observed heterogeneity. The Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉 of substitute species, however, provides insights. Some species, such a sturgeon caviar, Atlantic Salmon, and Yellowfin Tuna have a positive Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉, and may have the sufficient characteristics to motivate 〈em〉mislabeling for profit〈/em〉. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna and Patagonian Toothfish have a negative Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉, which could represent an incentive to mislabel in order to facilitate market access for illegally-landed seafood. Most species have price differentials close to zero—suggesting other incentives may be influencing seafood mislabeling. Less than 10% of studies report price information; doing so more often could provide insights into the motivations for fraud. The causes of mislabeling appear to be diverse and context dependent, as opposed to being driven primarily by one incentive.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Charter fishing in Hawaii: A multi-region analysis of the economic linkages and contributions within and outside Hawaii (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Emily Rollins, Sabrina Lovell〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This study develops several single- and multi-region input-output models in IMPLAN using the annual expenditure data from a 2012 survey of charter fishing operations in the state of Hawaii. The survey reached out to 207 charter vessel operators, with a response rate of 36%, and collected demographic, trip, catch, and economic information across islands and vessel sizes. Four separate county models are built to observe regional effects, and one state model to observe total state effects. The state model is linked to secondary regions (the mainland west coast made up of Oregon, California, and Washington, as well as the rest of the mainland U.S.) to observe the economic effects occurring outside the state of Hawaii. This is especially relevant to Hawaii because of its dependence on the mainland to supply many of its raw materials and finished products. The multi-region approach allows us to observe spillover effects (effects occurring in the secondary regions in response to a demand in the study region) and feedback effects (further effects that occur in the study region as a result of purchasing goods and services by the secondary regions). The results from this multi-region model method are more informative and broad reaching as they capture the spillover and feedback effects that would otherwise be lost as leakages.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    China's Arctic policy on the basis of international law: Identification, goals, principles and positions (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): MA Xinmin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉China's Arctic policy attracts highly attention worldwide, especially on how China views the current legal framework of the Arctic, how China defines its role, interests and priorities in the Arctic and how China engages in the Arctic international governance. The aim of this paper is, through analyzing China's first white paper on Arctic policy from the perspective of international law, to provide a comprehensive overview of China's perceptions on the legal status and framework of the Arctic, China's identification, policy goals, basic principles, policies and positions as well as practices relating to its participation in Arctic affairs. It concludes with two distinct characteristics of China's Arctic Policy.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Defining and quantifying the sea-based economy to support regional blue growth strategies – Case Gulf of Bothnia (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jenny Katila, Katariina Ala-Rämi, Sari Repka, Esteban Rendon, Janne Törrönen〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉European Union (EU) strategy on blue growth has directed interest in the debate on utilizing marine resources. At the same time, EU Member States are taking the first steps in doing maritime spatial planning (MSP). For strategic planning such as MSP and prioritizing future investments, governments and policy makers are in need of economic indicators for the blue economy. Although in all parts of the world the sea has traditionally been the driver for the growing economy, research on the economic value of the blue economy has been limited. However, when MSP is becoming the norm, evaluating the existing blue economy becomes more important. In this paper, the economic significance of blue economies is estimated for the Gulf of Bothnia (GoB) region of Finland. By conducting a case study on the current situation of the blue economy in a specific region it is possible to bring the discussion of blue growth to a practical and local level. The GoB was seen as a potential area to study blue growth or the blue economy because of the already existing active maritime sector and the relatively pristine environment. The core problems of defining and quantifying multi-sector resources such as the blue economy will be discussed, and comprehensive data to scrutinize the blue economy sector in the GoB will be provided. This study stresses the importance of local economic data to be able to understand the potential of blue economies.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Realising the food security benefits of canned fish for Pacific Island countries (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Johann D. Bell, Michael K. Sharp, Elizabeth Havice, Michael Batty, Karen E. Charlton, Joanna Russell, Wayne Adams, Kamal Azmi, Alessandro Romeo, Colette C.C. Wabnitz, Neil L. Andrew, Leonard Rodwell, Steve Gu’urau, Robert Gillett〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Canned fish is a healthy alternative to the poor-quality, imported, processed foods implicated in the rise of non-communicable diseases in Pacific Island countries. Increased availability and consumption of canned fish also promises to help fill the gap between sustainable coastal fish production and recommended intake of fish for good nutrition. This study estimates the recent contribution of canned products to fish supply in Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Solomon Islands, based on the quantities of imported and locally-produced canned fish sold on domestic markets. The greatest quantities of canned fish were sold in PNG, however, average annual consumption of canned fish per capita was highest in Fiji (8.8 ± 1.3 kg) and Solomon Islands (5.9 ± 0.6 kg), where it supplied an average of 25 ± 4% and 17 ± 2% of recommended dietary fish intake, respectively. Canned tuna comprised an average of 53 ± 2% of the canned fish consumption in Fiji and 92 ± 1% in Solomon Islands. Key actions needed to maintain/increase per capita consumption of canned fish in Pacific Island countries include promoting the health benefits of canned tuna to help combat non-communicable diseases, and facilitating distribution of locally-canned products, especially to the inland population of PNG. Increasing the market share of locally-canned tuna by assisting national canneries to obtain sufficient supplies of tuna to achieve economies of scale and compete effectively in both domestic and intra-regional canned fish trade, could create more employment and contribute indirectly to local food security.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    The link between risk taking, fish catches, and social standing: Untangling a complex cultural landscape (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Helven Naranjo-Madrigal, Ingrid van Putten〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Understanding linkages between socio-cultural and environmental factors in fisheries promotes a successful response to conflicts. Misunderstanding of resource user's drivers and goals in management interventions can lead to unintended consequences. Holistic analysis approaches are required in order to resolve conflicts for these complex socio-ecological systems. An empirical study of small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica analyses the relationships between fishers and their environment using a Cultural Landscape approach. The cultural landscape is described on three dimensions i) lifestyle and cultural identity ii) fishers´ perceptions of the local environment, and iii) dependence on subsistence catch. A heuristic model was built to improve the understanding of links between these three dimensions facilitating the inclusion of fishers´ expectations in the policy making process. Bi-variate and non-parametric statistics was applied to subsistence catch data and ethnographic attributes to determine the relationships in the cultural landscape. The three-dimensional analysis uncovers that high catch levels are associated with social status, and both are also linked to drug and alcohol use and risk taking. Social status and substance abuse are also linked to lifestyle and job satisfaction. Even though an important ethical consideration arises in this particular fishery with respect to drug and alcohol use, it is evident that taking account of the cultural landscape in fisheries management interventions is likely to improve outcomes. Knowledge of the cultural landscape enhances the understanding of positive feedback links between the social, cultural, and the ecological dimensions of fisheries systems, which may increase the likelihood of sustainable use of fisheries resources.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Political Science , Law
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    Busting myths that hinder an agreement to end harmful fisheries subsidies (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 109〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor, U. Rashid Sumaila〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The World Trade Organization's (WTO) has committed to achieving a multilateral and legally binding agreement to eliminate fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfished stocks, and to illegal, unreported, and unregulated fisheries. This agreement is due in December of 2019 and also represents UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.6. A strong agreement would benefit fishers and marine environments, represent a milestone for multilateralism and both international and national fisheries policy, and become the first global achievement of a SDG target. To help discussions and negotiations focus on real challenges, we briefly dispel five myths related to harmful fisheries subsidies. Harmful fisheries subsidies are not effective at competing with large fishing nations and worsen poverty in the long-term. The worst effects of harmful subsidies occur when management capacity is limited, and overexploitation and overcapacity in one region can impact others. Because most global stocks are already exploited at least at maximum sustainable levels, more fishing capacity is unnecessary. Turning away from harmful subsidies can enable new investments to benefit fishing communities, national economies, and marine ecosystems.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Evaluation of unavoidable unwanted catches valorisation options: The Bay of Biscay case study (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 26 September 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bruno Iñarra, Carlos Bald, Marta Cebrián, Irene Peral, Raquel Llorente, Jaime Zufía〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The European legislation establishes that all unavoidable unwanted catches (UUC) must be landed and properly managed, but that their uses should not incentivise their capture. This means that the fishery sector needs to find technically and economically feasible valorisation options for their UUC. This paper uses one representative harbour of the Basque Country as a case study in the Bay of Biscay (BoB) in order to evaluate the profitability of several scenarios. Historical estimations of discards in this case study show that the main UUC, over 95% of them are horse mackerel, mackerel, hake, blue whiting, black-bellied angler, anglerfish and megrim. Following a Multi-criteria Decision Analysis methodology, three valorisation options were selected as potentially the most suitable solution for these discards: minced fish derived products for mackerel or blue whiting, protein hydrolysates for hake and fishmeal and fish oil for all discards. In this paper these valorisation options are the subject of an economic feasibility study. Main economic indicators were calculated for each process in a theoretical simulation for the case study using unfavourable economic criteria, and different scenarios for each solution. Results show that the production of fish burgers from mackerel, hake hydrolysates (as flavouring agent) and fishmeal and fish oil can be profitable within the stated scenario. A sensitivity analysis of main parameters has been also performed. However, despite all these solutions being profitable, the current uncertainties regarding the LO application do not favour investment in new facilities and the use of existing management infrastructures is preferred.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Caught by the fuzz: Using FCM to prevent coastal adaptation stakeholders from fleeing the scene (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 109〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): S.R.J. Gray, C. O'Mahony, B. O'Dwyer, S.A. Gray, J. Gault〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Adaptation to climate change is an increasingly urgent priority for coastal managers. At the highest levels of governance, European Union and Member State adaptation policies and strategies are now well established, but meaningful adaptation interventions illustrating tangible gains in resilience remain scarce. A clear framework for generic adaptation processes, along with barriers to their smooth progress, have now been identified in the literature, and equally generic scenario analysis tools have been put forward to strengthen adaptation delivery by assisting coastal managers to overcome them. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) is a relatively novel option in this respect, having yet to achieve the kind of widespread uptake and trial that more orthodox futures approaches such as intuitive logic scenarios have. FCM is however growing rapidly in its range of uses and breadth of uptake, and its utility in overcoming the barriers to adaptation among coastal managers is therefore worthy of analysis. This case study, in which FCM was employed in place of intuitive logic scenario analysis within an adaptation strategy development process, found FCM to carry a number of key strengths that intuitive logic scenario analysis has been found to lack. Through enabling a more detailed and granular level of participatory development of the ‘engine’ of the futures process than possible under an intuitive logic approach, the level of buy-in and commitment to the adaptation strategy development process achieved among coastal managers and stakeholders was significantly greater.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Quantifying shark depredation events while commercial, charter and recreational fishing in Western Australia (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 109〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Karina L. Ryan, Stephen M. Taylor, Rory McAuley, Gary Jackson, Brett W. Molony〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Shark encounters while fishing in Western Australian waters have been perceived to be increasing by some fishers in recent years. A lack of quantitative information remains a significant obstacle to determining the nature and magnitude of these encounters. A probability-based survey was implemented to assess the occurrence of and attitudes toward shark encounters by commercial fishers, charter tour operators and private boat-based recreational fishers during 2015/16. Of the 906 fishers interviewed, 52% indicated they had experienced at least one shark encounter while fishing during the previous year. The loss or damage of fish was involved in over half of these encounters while charter fishing and nearly a third while recreational fishing. The level of concern towards shark depredation was highest among charter tour operators state-wide and all sectors in the Gascoyne bioregion. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated fishing method and bioregion were the most important predictors of encounters. Depredation through fish loss below or at the surface was highest for pelagic or demersal line fishing in the North Coast and Gascoyne bioregions. Overwhelmingly, the majority of fishers in all sectors were satisfied with their fishing experience despite the occurrence of shark encounters. Future research on shark depredation would benefit from focusing on fishing methods and bioregions where depredation events were highest, with consideration of associated behavioural and environmental characteristics likely to influence depredation rates. The approach outlined here could easily be applied to other human-wildlife interaction studies where representative views of stakeholders are required for policy development and effective management.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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    Rezensionen (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
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    Topics: Computer Science , Law
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    DSK-Zwischenkonferenz am 12. September 2019 in Mainz (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 87
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    Polizei und Datenschutz (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Datenverarbeitung ist ein integraler Bestandteil polizeilicher Tätigkeit. Ihre Rechtmäßigkeit beschäftigt immer wieder deutsche Gerichte. Dabei steht regelmäßig die Frage im Vordergrund, ob eine ausreichende gesetzliche Erlaubnis für die Datenverarbeitung vorliegt. Ein effektiver Schutz natürlicher Personen bei der Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten setzt aber auch technische und organisatorische Maßnahmen voraus, um sicherzustellen, dass die gesetzlichen Vorgaben eingehalten und Betroffenenrechte geschützt werden. Dies betrifft unter anderem die Einbindung des behördlichen Datenschutzbeauftragten, die Zusammenarbeit mit der Aufsichtsbehörde, das Führen eines Verarbeitungsverzeichnisses, die Durchführung einer Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzung, die Gewährleistung von Datensicherheit, die Beachtung von Protokollierungspflichten, die Vornahme von Maßnahmen zum Datenschutz durch Technikgestaltung und schließlich auch die Einhaltung von Benachrichtigungspflichten bei Verletzung des Schutzes personenbezogener Daten. 〈/p〉
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    Schmerzensgeld bei Verstößen gegen die DSGVO (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Mit der seit dem 25.05.2018 geltenden Datenschutzgrundverordnung (DS-GVO) hat der europäische Gesetzgeber neben den Bußgeldvorschriften auch zivilrechtliche Anspruchsgrundlagen normiert. Gemäß Art. 288 Abs. 2 AEUV gelten diese unmittelbar und sind gegenüber nationalen Rechtsvorschriften der Mitgliedstaaten vorranging anwendbar. Im Folgenden sollen der in Art. 82 Abs. 1 DS-GVO geregelte Ersatz des immateriellen Schadens und dessen Voraussetzungen genauer beleuchtet werden. Die praktische Anwendung wird anhand zweier Beispiele aus der Rechtsprechung illustriert und kritisch gewürdigt. 〈/p〉
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    Datenschutzkonzepte für Zeitreihendaten (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Obwohl das Internet der Dinge (IoT) die Voraussetzung für smarte Anwendungen schafft, die signifikante Vorteile gegenüber traditionellen Anwendungen bieten, stellt die zunehmende Verbreitung von IoT-fähigen Geräten auch eine immense Gefährdung der Privatheit dar. IoT-Anwendungen sammeln eine Vielzahl an Daten und senden diese zur Verarbeitung an ein Back-End. Hierbei werden umfangreiche Erkenntnisse über den Nutzer1 gewonnen. Erst dieses Wissen ermöglicht die Servicevielfalt, die IoT-Anwendungen bieten. Der Nutzer muss daher einen Kompromiss aus Servicequalität und Datenschutz treffen. Heutige Datenschutzansätze berücksichtigen dies unzureichend und sind dadurch häufig zu restriktiv. Daher stellen wir neue Konzepte zum Schutz privater Daten für das IoT vor. Diese berücksichtigen die speziellen Eigenschaften von IoT-Zeitreihendaten. So kann die Privatheit des Nutzers gewährleistet werden, ohne die Servicequalität unnötig einzuschränken. 〈/p〉
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    Das Löschen nach der DSGVO (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Die DSGVO schreibt Verantwortlichen vor, personenbezogene Daten nach Erreichung des Zwecks ihrer Verarbeitung zu löschen. Einer Löschpflicht stehen häufig zahlreiche (spezial-) gesetzliche Aufbewahrungspflichten gegenüber. In der betrieblichen Praxis ist die E-Mail eines der wichtigsten Kommunikationsmittel, das gezielte Bewerten und Löschen von tausenden E-Mails stellt jedoch eine komplexe Herausforderung dar. Der Beitrag diskutiert verschiedene Lösungsmöglichkeiten, diese Herausforderung zu meistern. 〈/p〉
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    Implementierungsstrategien für effektiven Datenschutz (2019)
    Springer
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    Report (2019)
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    The Layered Privacy Language Art. 12 – 14 GDPR Extension – Privacy Enhancing User Interfaces (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Since 25th May 2018, the EU-wide General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies in order to strengthen the rights of Data Subjects. Although the GDPR specifies the required information, which has to be presented to a Data Subject, it can still be argued for a lack of transparency due to unfavourable presentation of the privacy policy. Furthermore, no systematic approach for the enforcement of privacy policies in technical systems is deployed. These issues are tackled by the both human- and machine-readable Layered Privacy Language (LPL), which models legal privacy policies. This work introduces an extension for LPL to comply with Art. 12 – 14 GDPR. Additionally, user interface prototypes will be introduced to allow the creation of LPL privacy policies by the Data Protection Officer as well as a structured presentation of the LPL privacy policy for web-applications. 〈/p〉
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    Die DSGVO als internationales Vorbild? (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Im Fahrwasser der EU-Datenschutzgrundverordnung (DSGVO) entstehen derzeit in mehreren Ländern neue Datenschutzgesetze, die sich teilweise an Konzepten der DSGVO orientieren. Parallel rücken die Datenverarbeitungspraktiken großer Technologiefirmen in den Fokus von Datenschutzbehörden und Medien, was die Frage aufwirft, inwieweit die Mechanismen der DSGVO als ,,Vorbilder‘‘ für weitere Gesetze dienen könnten oder sollten. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt erste Forschungsergebnisse zu Auswirkungen der DSGVO auf Internetdienste und diskutiert Impulse für Gesetzgebungsvorhaben weltweit. 〈/p〉
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    Stoffbezogene Anforderungen an Elektromotoren (2019)
    Springer
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    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Das Stoffrecht mit seinen Verboten, bestimmte Stoffe in bestimmten Konzentration zu überschreiten, führt mitunter zu harten Konsequenzen. Dem nicht entsprechende Produkte dürfen nicht auf dem Markt bereitgestellt werden. Kontrolliert wird das durch die Marktaufsicht. Betroffen sind davon auch Hersteller von Elektromotoren, die im Zuge der Energiewende immer stärker nachgefragt werden. Wie komplex die zu beachtenden Regelungen sind, zeigt der nachfolgende Beitrag. 〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0172-1631
    Electronic ISSN: 1439-0515
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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    Agrar-Digitalrecht für eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft 4.0 (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Das Ziel einer effizienten, sozialen und ressourcenleichteren nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft dient die Sicherung der (Welt-)Ernährung und dem ökologischen Systemerhalt gleichermaßen. Die Digitalisierung leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag, solche SDG-bezogenen Agrarsysteme der Zukunft zu entwickeln. Den zentralen Rahmen für eine Landwirtschaft 4.0 bildet das sich entwickelnde Agrar-Digitalrecht. Bei der Anwendung von Digitaltechnologien müssen rechtliche Regelungen zu Datennutzung und Datenschutz in eine biointelligente Wertschöpfung integriert werden. Digitale Agrarinnovation und das Agrarrecht 4.0 sind Teil einer nachhaltigen zukunftsorientierten Lösung. 〈/p〉
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    Normenkontrolleilantrag gegen die Ausschlusswirkung im Flächennutzungsplan (2019)
    Springer
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    Videoüberwachung in Schlachthöfen – Datenschutzrechtliche Zulässigkeit (2019)
    Springer
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    Description: 〈h3〉Zusammenfassung〈/h3〉 〈p〉Der Datenschutz ist mit dem 25.5.2018, seit dem die EU-Datenschutz-Grundverordnung in der Europäischen Union unmittelbare Anwendung findet, wieder vermehrt in das Bewusstsein von Firmen, Behörden und auch Vereinen und Privatpersonen gerückt. Datenschutzrecht ist nichts Neues, muss aber nun im Lichte der vielbeachteten Datenschutz-Grundverordnung betrachtet und angewendet werden. Der folgende Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit einer seit langem bestehenden Forderung nach einer Videoüberwachung (in bestimmten Bereichen) in Schlachthöfen. Anlass dazu geben die ebenfalls seit langem immer wieder aufgedeckten Skandale, die sich dort – hinter hohen Mauern und den Blicken der Öffentlichkeit entzogen – abspielten und bis heute abspielen und doch in vielen Fällen ans Licht kamen. 〈/p〉
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    Anfechtung einer immissionsschutzrechtlichen Genehmigung; FFH-Verträglichkeitsprüfung (2019)
    Springer
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    What does ‘beyond compliance’ look like for the Scottish salmon aquaculture industry? (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 109〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Clara McGhee, Lynne Falconer, Trevor Telfer〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Salmon farming has developed significantly since its inception in Scotland. It is now an established part of the rural communities in which it operates, is a key contributor to the Scottish and UK economies and has an important role in meeting the growing global demand for food. However, the Scottish salmon industry is subject to a number of regulatory, environmental and social licence challenges, amongst others, that must be overcome if it is to continue to develop and expand to meet ambitious targets for increasing production. Beyond compliance is one way in which the industry can seek to overcome such challenges. Based on qualitative data gathered from analysis of industry reports, stakeholder interviews and questionnaires, this paper i) provides an overview of challenges currently facing Scottish salmon farming, ii) presents beyond compliance measures already taking place, iii) discusses industry opportunities and challenges in terms of beyond compliance, and iv) offers suggestions for the future of beyond compliance, including incentives and ways in which it could be effectively measured.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉
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