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  • Artikel  (1.157)
  • Artikel: DFG Deutsche Nationallizenzen  (1.157)
  • Springer  (1.157)
  • 1990-1994  (1.157)
  • Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft  (1.157)
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  • 1
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 365-407 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 2
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 409-416 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 3
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Matrizenmechanik ; Bothe-Geiger-Experiment ; Born ; Jordan ; Heisenberg
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Remarks on Interpretation, Confirmation and Progressiveness of Early Matrix Mechanics. Our note discusses a case study in view of questions of theory-choice. We examine the extent to which the first ‘complete, consistent exposition’ of matrix mechanics in 1925 can be claimed to be reasonably confirmed, well interpreted and fruitful. Various strategies, by means of deductions and otherwise, by Born, Jordan and Heisenberg to establish these claims are critically assessed. It is shown that the outcome of the Bothe-Geiger experiment does not represent a ‘direct’ confirmation of the theory. Finally we pose the question of progressiveness and argue for a low over-all ‘problem-solving effectiveness’.
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  • 4
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 17-49 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Indirect Solution ; Justification ; Meta-epistemological ; Petitio Principii ; Theoretical Level ; Transcendental
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary The article analyses the meta-epistemological problem of the justification of a theory of knowledge. The first section is dedicated to the morphological reconstruction of the problem, the second presents a diagnosis of the problem in terms of a metatheoretical and logically non-contradictorypetitio principii and the third delineates the limits within which strategies for the treatment of the problem could be elaborated.
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  • 5
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 71-87 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): philosophy of science ; chemistry ; protochemistry ; constructivism ; methodical philosophy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Protochmeistry. The Program of a Methodical Foundation of Chemistry. “Protochemistry” — in analogy to protophysics — is sketched as the program of a methodical foundation of chemistry. “Foundation” means to reconstruct the methods (both linguistic and poietic) which lead from the prescientific every-day-practice of mastering properties of substances to scientific theories of modern chemistry. Four types of chemical terms are distinguished, depending on different methods of definition and different areas of reference. Consequences of the program if realized are pointed out.
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  • 6
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 51-70 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): constructive philosophy of science ; proto-theories ; quantification and prediction: differences in natural and social sciences ; role of descriptive and normative propositions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Philosophy of Technology Assessment: Problems of Quantification and Prediction. Technology Assessment (TA) as an interdiscipline project to assist decision-making in the area of technology politics is well-established. A critical analysis based on the constructive philosophy of science, however, uncovers several deficiencies of the philosophical foundation of TA. Especially the fundamental differences between natural and social sciences are neglected by the TA, for example by treating normative problems of decision-making with descriptive techniques of quantification and prediction. It is shown that in TA the philosophical limitations for quantifications and predictions — based on elements of acting theory and a reflection on the nature of descriptive and normative propositions — are ignored. Consequently, a revision of the foundations of technology assessment is suggested.
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  • 7
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Hobbes ; Naturzustand ; natürliche Gestze ; Präferenzen ; Nutzen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary A Hobbesian Model. If ever possible the modelling of the abstract pattern of the item of a philosophical theory belongs, alas!, to its interpretation. In the case of the Hobbesian theory of the natural right and the natural laws (Lev c. XIV, XV) the mathematics of the covenant-model and of its interpretation by an model of preferences and utilities is a neglect task till now. Its performence shows certain shortcomings of the Hobbesian theory.
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  • 8
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): definition of life ; Schrödinger
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Schrödinger's definition of life needs a slight modification to absorb the criticism of it. It is the comparison of the entropy level of a system before and after a process which makes one view it as living: we consider the stability of the deviation from the probable a sign of life. This explains why we do not hesitate to consider as remnants of living systems skeletons and fossils anywhere and physical culture on any archeological site.
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  • 9
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Probability measure ; axioms ofKolmogoroff ; Choquet-capacity, upper- and lower probabilities ; lower predicate calculus ; modal lower predicate calculus ; systemS 5 of modal lower predicate calculus ; Kripke-models of systems of modal lower predicate calculus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary This approach does not define a probability measure by syntactical structures. It reveals a link between modal logic and mathematical probability theory. This is shown (1) by adding an operator (and two further connectives and constants) to a system of lower predicate calculus and (2) regarding the models of that extended system. These models are models of the modal systemS 5 (without the Barcan formula), where a usual probability measure is defined on their set of possible worlds. Mathematical probability models can be seen as models ofS 5.
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  • 10
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 135-156 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Erkenntnistheorie ; Radikaler Konstruktivismus ; Evolutionäre Erkenntnistheorie ; Piaget ; genetische Erkenntnistheorie ; Selbstorganisation ; Selbstreferentialität ; erkenntnistheoretischer Realismus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Self-Reference and Correspondence. How Constructive is Our Knowledge? Basing on scientific results Radical Constructivism and Evolutionary Epistemology claim to be able to answer the question concerning the epistemological status of our knowledge — but they arrive at opposite conditions regarding the constructive or realistic character of our worldview. A critical discussion of these two positions reveals that they don't satisfy their own demands. The limits of an exclusively scientifically based epistemology are getting obvious when we bring up the genetic epistemology of Jean Piaget who ties the knowledge of the world down to acting in the world, which brings the actor back into epistemology and transcends the realm of science. This discloses at the same time the insufficiency of a bipolar questioning that turns constructivism and realism into an unsuperable antogonism. In a concluding reflection the necessity of a sociological enlargement of the analysis of the process of knowledge is being established.
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  • 11
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 177-178 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 12
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 157-175 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy ; science ; linguistics ; psychology ; history ; progress of science ; incommensurability ; paradigm ; paradigm-change ; methodology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary The report gives a survey of the Hungarian philosophy of science after 1973. The report throws some light on the history of Hungarian philosophy in the context of the political circumstances of the late sixties and seventies. It starts with the not so well-known history of ‘persecution of philosophers’ in 1973. Then it treats the emergence of the philosophy of science focussing on the most significant representatives of this branch of philosophy, which was up to that time almost unknown in Hungary. Due to the fact that the important results in Hungarian philosophy of science run parallel with the reception and translation of the significant products of Western philosophy, such as Wittgenstein's, Popper's, Kuhn's, or Polanyi's works, the report gives relatively significant room to treat these achievements. The last part of the report presents a survey of the younger generation of the philosophers of science, concentrating on the most important insights.
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  • 13
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 125-133 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Konstruktivismus ; konsensorientierte Argumentationskultur ; praktizistische Wende der Wissenschaftstheorie ; freie Wissenschaften ; Notwissenschaften ; ethisch-politische Wissenschaften ; Technik ; empraktisches Lernen ; Parasprache ; Orthosprache ; Pluralität verträglicher Lebensformen ; Ideal eines Weltbundes pluraler Republiken
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Constructivism. This is an unpublished lecture read 5 years ago stating the program of constructive ‘Wissenschaftstheorie’ (i.e. philosophy of the sciences and humanities). Its publication now is an attempt to clarify the muddle documented in the issue 23/2 of this journal, which discussed radical constructivism (referring to biological evolution) and constructionism (referring to psychological genesis). The muddle is caused by the uncritical use of ‘elaborated’ speech (Bildungssprache) with terms such as: empirical, metaphysical, explanation, description, reality, actuality, object, entity, etc.). Constructivism as first tought in Erlangen reconstructs its own elaborated code for use in the constructive Wissenschaftstheorie. All constructions (reconstructions) start from practice with the language reduced to unelaborated talk within practice. This is called the ‘practicist’ turn of Wissenschaftstheorie. This turn is limited to scientific or humanistic disciplines supporting common action in response to precritical needs, especially war and hunger. Traditional disciplines can be reformed to serve this purpose. The lecture sketches the beginnings of such a reform for mathematics and technology (including physics as a step towards better technology) and for ethical politics — in contrast to strategies for more power — (including history as a step towards more consensus). The sketch follows the terminological proposal worked out in my ‘Lehrbuch’ of constructive Wissenschaftstheorie (1987). Logical particles are introduced dialogically, modalities are defined syntactically. The compatibility of relativistic physics with constructive theories of space and time (protophysics) is shown. For ethical politics the starting point is, that we live in states with laws enforced with respect to all citizens alike — and that we live in a post-traditional pluralism of ways of life (Lebensformen). Without the rhetoric of values and without the abstraction of human rights, it is shown how an enlightened style of argumentation can transform our states into ‘republics’ with a compatible plurality of ways of life. Whether such enlightened argumentation has a chance of being accepted by intellectuals (before they have destroyed our world) — this question remains unanswered.
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  • 14
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 179-193 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 15
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 16
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 201-201 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 17
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 18
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 207-222 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): methodology ; history of 19th century physics ; history of electromagnetism ; subjective activity in research process ; bifurcations in science ; principles of theory valuation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Alternatives in the History of Science. The paper deals with the function of the scientist's subjective activity in the research process. This will be discussed at the background of the discourse between distant action and narrow action theories of electromagnetism in 19th century physics. The analysis shows in which high degree the protagonists of these theories (Weber, Maxwell) regarded this situation consciously as a bifurcation (alternative) in the development of their science. This article describes then how the history of science values the case. The result of this valuation is dependent on the different philosophical points of view. Finally we point out some desiderata for the further discussion on methodology of science that would be the consequence of the acknowledgement of real bifurcations in scientific thought.
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  • 19
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 223-240 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Possible worlds ; theory of models ; formal languages ; ontology ; philosophy of language
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary The Reduction of the Possible to the Real. Modern philosophy cannot avoid dealing with possible worlds — neither in the field of intensional logic nor in other fields not directly connected with logical investigations. This paper attempts to develop a method to substitute possible worlds by the real world, referring to the works of Stig Kanger and Nino B. Cocchiarella. This is done by investigating the metaphorical and dynamical functions of natural languages. It is proved that this new technique is adequate for use in the semantics of intensional languages. As an example a language is constructed, which is based on the aristotelian view of universal concepts.
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  • 20
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 261-277 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Metaphilosophy ; philosophical structure ; hermeneutic science ; concept of reflection ; communication of the unequal ; idealization of the idealized ; method of fiction ; method of selection ; „De-Ontologisierung“
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Philosophy and Structure. On why it is necessary for hermeneutic philosophy to make use of structural theory. In this essay I give reasons for the thesis that hermeneutic philosophy has to adopt considerations on structural theory in order to avoid the paradox of historism. Concepts of structure like ‘criticism’, ‘centralism’, ‘creativity’ etc. possess both a metaphilosophical and an empirical status which enables us to compare and to combine differend and opposed philosophies by means of common structures. Such an hermeneutic reflection on philosophical structures requires the methodical work of fiction and selection. Otherwise relativism concerning the evaluation of philosophical traditions would be the result.
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  • 21
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 241-259 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Intentionality ; history ; biosemantics ; teleology ; function ; cosmic accident ; computationalism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary One of the main problems of current theory of intentionality concerns the possibility of ahistorical intentional content, that is, content in the absence of any developmental history of the respective item. Biosemanticists like Millikan (1984) argue that content is essentially historical, while computationalists like Cummins (1989) hold that a system's current ahistorical state alone determines content. In the present paper, this problem is discussed in terms of some popular ‘cosmic accident’ thought experiments, and the conceptual framework of these experiments is enriched by some new versions like accidental ‘duplicates’ without any preexisting original. As a result of these evaluations, it is argued that for an item to bear intentional content it is necessary to have a ‘function’ in the forward-looking sense introduced by Bigelow & Pargetter (1987). Since historicity is not necessary for functionality, ahistorical states can be intentional as long as they have functions. This result does not support computationalism, since functionality cannot be determined in terms of current ashistorical state alone, but only with reference to the present and future environmental context of the cognitive system that harbours these states.
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  • 22
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 337-363 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 23
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Ethical value ; science ; vagueness ; induction ; education ; wide reflective equilibrium ; falsification ; utilitarianism ; deontologism ; ethical description ; ethical methodology ; ethical axiology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary What is the difference between the just and the unjust, the courageous and the cowardly, the ethically valuable and the ethically not valuable? To answer these and similar questions, a critical theory of ethical value is advanced. Using sample sentences that include ethical value terms, normative and descriptive components of the theory are identified, and the normative component is developed in some detail. Three levels of normative ethical discourse, adapted from Laudan's levels of scientific discourse, are then distinguished: descriptive, methodological, and axiological. Each sample sentence is assigned to a level, and the subsequent discussion illustrates how to proceed rationally at that level. The rational techniques appropriate to each level include inductive inference, falsification, and causal inference. These techniques are likewise appropriate to the corresponding level of the sciences.
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  • 24
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 293-325 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): The impact of Darwinian theory on the scientific world view ; mechanisms of evolution and of psychogenesis ; relation between adaptation and truth ; human cognitive capacities in general ; the EE's and GE's interpretation of scientific knowledge ; the EE's and GE's viewpoint on analytic and synthetic, a priori and a posteriori ; genesis of mathematical knowledge
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary The viewpoint of Evolutionary Epistemology (EE) and of Genetic Epistemology (GE) on classical epistemological questions is strikingly different: EE starts with Evolutionary Biology, the subject of which is population's dynamics. GE, however, starts with Developmental Psychology and thus focusses the development of individuals. By EE knowledge is seen as portraying or copying process, and truth is interpreted as a product of adaptation, whereas for GE knowledge is due to a construction process in which the production of true insights is only one possibility among others: Like falsity, error and deception, true knowledge goes back to a free relationship to reality. The difference between scientific and common knowledge is hard to be checked by EE, since both result ultimately from human hereditary structures. The study of how scientific knowledge emerges from everyday cognition is rather the task of GE.
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  • 25
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): Threshold model ; continuity of knowledge ; Poznań School
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary The continuity thesis of the Poznań school threshold model of the growth of scientific knowledge is considered in the light of the example of Van der Waals' and Boyle-Mariotte's laws. It is argued — using both traditional logical means and the structuralist reconstruction of the example — that the continuity thesis does not hold. A distinction between ‘a historical and a systematic point of view’ is introduced and it is argued that the continuity thesis of the threshold model presupposes the systematic point of view. However, looking at matters from the systematic point of view need not yield the original theory, looked at from the historical point of view. Applied to the case of Van der Waals/Boyle-Mariotte laws, it turns out that the latter law is not a true idealizing special case of the former, contrary to the continuity thesis. The structuralist analysis of the example indicates that Boyle-Mariotte's law is a false factual law from the historical point of view. However, viewed from the systematic point of view, Boyle-Mariotte's law turns out to be a law which is expandable, adding the relevant new concepts, to an idealized version of Van der Waals' law. This idealizing version of Van der Waals' law in turn is a structuralist specialization of the (general) Van der Waals' law.
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  • 26
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 419-420 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 27
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 417-418 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 28
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 393-396 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 29
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 429-447 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the independent and conditional effects of organizational culture type and level of mission agreement on the organizational effectiveness of four-year colleges and universities. While significant differences are found for both culture type and mission agreement, there are important conditional effects on two of the effectiveness measures. The implications of these findings for efforts to enhance the effectiveness of colleges and universities are discussed.
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  • 30
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 59-73 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract We describe the introduction of task-orientated cooperative group work in a second year Botany course in Phycology (the study of algae) to accommodate a large class of students with varying academic and linguistic skills and a tendency to learn by rote. Students were issued with workbooks, containing study questions, readings, a discussion worksheet, and a “test yourself” quiz. Each of six weekly topics was introduced by a lecture or slide-tape presentation, after which students were asked to answer study questions as homework. This was followed by group discussion work in the classroom. Group discussion worksheets were collected weekly and used together with a 10-question multiple choice spot test for continuous evaluation. Interviews with students, and the results of a questionnaire indicated that they enjoyed the approach, and found that it stimulated their interest in the subject. A subjective assessment by the lecturer, based on student performance, suggests that they improved their use of higher intellectual processes.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A survey of 2000 final year students in secondary schools in Western Australia indicates that, although moderately performing students are unlikely to gain entry to university, the majority have a strong preference to attend university rather than vocational training (TAFE). Their actual institutional preferences are highly correlated with their self-perceived, level of academic achievement and their decisions on institutional preferences strongly influence their overall image of individual universities, across a number of dimensions. The research suggests that university marketing might benefit from a more thorough consideration of aspects of the marketing exercise, particularly in relation to the effectiveness of printed promotional material and whether it might more usefully target parents of prospective students.
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  • 32
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 163-190 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Scholarly productivity and the research reputation of academic staff frequently dominate as criteria in the review of higher education courses, disciplines and institutions, a bias which represents a profound hazard for plausible evaluation. Three distinct outcome constructs were identified from analyses of performance indicator data gathered on the accounting discipline in Australia. They were the scholarly productivity of the academic staff involved, the quality of teaching and learning as perceived by students and graduates, and the academic efficiency, in terms of subject completion rates, with which the courses were conducted. Each outcome was shown to be related in a different manner to various characteristics of the courses investigated. The results challenge the orthodox view that scholarly productivity will lead naturally to other desired outcomes of higher education, question the usual “surface level” interpretation of performance indicators, and suggest that evaluation in higher education might combine connoisseur and performance indicator approaches within the framework of a realist epistemology, placing emphasis on the structures and mechanisms which generate the diverse and distinct outcomes of different courses.
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  • 33
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 261-270 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 34
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 297-312 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Based on case studies of a private and a public Mexican university, this research studied the economic strategies adopted by institutions of higher education to respond to financial stress. Rather than assuming that these strategies were selected primarily on the basis of their economic efficiency, the social processes that led to their adoption were explored. Economic development theory was employed to describe and conceptualize the universities' responses to financial difficulties. The concepts of institutional rules and rational myths in the environment and the processes that lead organizations to become similar to their environment were utilized to explore the role of the institutional environment on decision-making in times of fiscal uncertainty. Results indicate that financial stress was managed through economic measures, however the universities' institutional environment filtered and gave specific meaning to particular decision strategies. Institutional rules in the environment, acquiring the character of rationalized myths, pemeated and determined decision-making choices, and were evidenced in and sustained by mimetic, normative and coercive processes. In this light, the institutional environment pervaded and predicted rational decisions.
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  • 35
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 399-415 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Underlying the steady expansion of Japanese education is a strong public faith that success in schooling leads to a secure adult career with permanent employment in an organization. The Japanese work contract emphasizing stability and security pervades all walks of life including universities and research laboratories. This strength of the Japanese system is also its major weakness. It induces a penchant towards conformity and uniformity that sometimes conflicts with the creativity and initiative required in the best scientific and technical work. Thus, a major concern in the present reform effort is to bring greater flexibility and instability to a system that is premised on limited choice and stability. Japan's university challenge is to identify the structural reforms required to reverse the traditional focus of the educational sector. The current concern to expand graduate education, break down the chair system, expand university-industry collaboration, and increase the number of foreign researchers in Japanese laboratories is all part of the thrust for a new more stimulating educational process. But even bolder reforms are required if Japan hopes to move the educational sector to a new knowledge creation paradigm.
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  • 36
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 37
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 503-511 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 38
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 3-23 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Summary Research councils began as channels for state patronage of science (a widespread phenomenon after World War II) and were captured by the scientists: peer review of proposals, panels, board membership. In this way, they became an important organ of the ‘Republic of Science’ (Michael Polanyi's concept). Being awarded a grant is now as important for the reputation or status of a scientist as the money value per se: research councils have become part of the reward system of science. Credibility-cycle analysis (Latour and Woolgar) is used to show this; and then applied to the research council itself, between the State and the national scientific community. Current concerns about proposal success rates and conservatism are analysed in terms of dynamics of this research world. This sociological approach to research councils allows analysis of changes in the reward system of science (where ‘relevance’ is becoming an accepted criterion world-wide) and of the complex environment of research councils, where many actors now compete for the intermediary role. Research councils must also become entrepreneurial-or become obsolete.
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  • 39
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 189-205 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Shifts in the labor market require adaptive responses on the part of formal organizations. Such organizational responses are shown in changes in recruitment strategies. This study examines how departments in comprehensive colleges and universities formulate their faculty recruitment strategies and set standards for new faculty personnel. Comprehensive institutions are neither research universities nor liberal arts colleges. Even though most offer graduate degrees at the master's level in such areas as teacher training and business programs, they are predominantly devoted to undergraduate education. Lacking strong ties to distinctive beliefs and identities, these institutions have become increasingly vulnerable to environmental changes. Based on extensive fieldwork at four institutions, this paper focuses on twenty faculty searches conducted over a period of substantial changes in academic labor markets. Several common search episodes are identified. The general pattern of recruitment strategies is shaped by the rule of status competition in a prestige hierarchy: less prestigious organizations compete for institutional legitimacy by adopting the norms of more prestigious organizations. Search-related practices in these comprehensive institutions are, therefore, organized around the institutional rituals that conform to the standards of more prestigious research universities and elite liberal arts colleges. Search and recruitment practices often reflect a ritualized form of preoccupation with credentials, specialities, and procedures. Despite their initial emphasis on specific goals, those involved in the search were less concerned about search outcomes than about processes.
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  • 40
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 207-226 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This article describes results from a study of academic productivity in Australian higher education. It estimates the output (in terms of quantity of publications) of individual staff and academic departments across different subject areas and types of institution. Concerning research productivity, Australian academics resemble their colleagues in other countries: the average is low, while the range of variation is high. Most papers are produced by few academic staff. Several potential correlates of productivity, including level of research activity, subject area, institutional type, gender, age, early interest in research, and satisfaction with the promotions system, are examined. A model linking departmental context to personal research performance through department and personal research activity is developed and tested. The results support the view that structural factors (such as how academic departments are managed and led) combine with personal variables (such as intrinsic interest in the subject matter of one's discipline) to determine levels of productivity. There is also evidence that research and teaching do not form a single dimension of academic performance.
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  • 41
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 355-371 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In this article a number of elements of a general model of quality assessment in higher education are presented. On the one hand these elements are put in a historical context of quality assessment in Medieval universities and, on the other hand, deduced from the recent experiences with quality assessment in both North-American and Western European countries. With respect to the historical context a distinction is made between the intrinsic and the extrinsic values of higher education. Two types of quality assessment related to these values are also distinguished. Concerning the recent experiences with quality assessment systems, the practices in the U.S.A., Canada, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are explored. In the final section the general mode of quality assessment is discussed in the context of the distinction between the intrinsic and the extrinsic values of higher education.
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  • 42
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 169-187 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract How much does a successful collaboration between a university researcher and a funding source affect the researcher's future preference of that source? To examine this relationship, another crucial variable is added, namely, the individual's level of dependency on funding sources. It is hypothesized that given a low level of dependency, if researchers have had a satisfactory experience with a funding source, they will be more likely to prefer collaboration with that source than if they did not have a satisfactory relationship. Given a high level of dependency, past experience will not make a difference on preference. The effects of past experience on people's preferences are examined based on a survey of American university researchers. The data show that past experience has a strong impact on one's preference, but this effect is true for all researchers, regardless of their level of dependency on external support. Implications for funding sources, and social scientists using resource dependency as the theoretical framework are discussed.
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  • 43
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 227-239 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This article examines the relationship between the supervision of graduate students and university faculty research performance. We find that the supervision of Ph.D. students who have projects related to their supervisor's research has an independent effect on faculty members' scientific productivity in the natural and medical sciences and technology, but not in the humanities and social sciences. The relationship between the supervision of project related major subject students and the faculty members' productivity is only significant in the social sciences. These results are generally supported by data on faculty attitudes toward the supervision of graduate students. Those who supervised Ph.D. students gave a considerably more favourable assessment of the importance of supervision for their own research than those who only supervised major subject students, and the proportion of faculty members who answered that supervision of Ph.D. students was part of their own research to a great extent, was very much higher in the natural and medical sciences and technology than in the humanities and social sciences.
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  • 44
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 265-282 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Action research was used as a means of introducing adult learning principles into the teaching of an optometry department. The department took as an overall development theme the move from teacher-directed to leamer-directed activities. Pilot studies were used as a mechanism for trialling particular innovations. Lessons learnt from the pilot studies are shared with the remainder of the department for incorporation into other subjects, thus evolving a mechanism for departmental change. The paper shows how change occurred by reporting briefly two pilot studies as examples. The first used group project teams to prepare class presentations for specified topics. Some novel presentation methods were used by the student teams. Peer assessment was introduced into this subject in the second cycle of the pilot study as a result of feedback from the first cycle. The second pilot study introduced active learning methods in place of lectures.
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  • 45
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper draws on data relating to the field of business studies from four Western Australian universities to illustrate differences between institutions in the Australian Unified National System (UNS) of Universities. Large differences exist between universities in the input characteristics of students which may be expected to affect student progress and presumably student outcomes. These differences have implications for issues like credit transfer where the transferring student may have come from an institution with a much lower entry criterion and presumably different learning culture.
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  • 47
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 373-386 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Mature students are sometimes said to be deficient in the basic skills needed for effective studying in higher education or to be impaired by age-related intellectual deficits. However, the research literature on the academic performance of mature students contains no good evidence that mature students perform any less well than younger students on courses of study in higher education. Moreover, the idea that normal ageing impairs the capacity for learning in higher education is most questionable: even the oldest mature students can obtain good results when assessed by means of both examinations and coursework.
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  • 48
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 427-435 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This study looks at the importance of refereed and nonrefereed publications in tenure and promotion decisions within 26 English speaking graduate colleges, faculties or schools of education in Canada. One hundred and thirty-nine administrators, within both master and doctoral degree-granting institutions, were polled. The first part of the questionnaire asked respondents to rate the importance of publication in 40 pre-listed Canadian serials on tenure and promotion decisions. The second part allowed respondents to add a maximum of 15 Canadian serials which, in turn, were to be rated as in Part I. An analysis of variance revealed that publications in refereed serials were significantly more important than publications in nonrefereed serials. Neither the title of the respondent nor the graduate designation affected the results. It was tentatively concluded that there is a community of Englishspeaking scholars in Canada and that this community distinguishes between the importance of refereed and nonrefereed publications in tenure and promotion decisions. Recommendations for further research are proposed.
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  • 49
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 471-482 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In the problem-based curriculum of the faculty of Law, students of the first year are guided by staff tutors or undergraduate student tutors in small tutorial groups. In this study, academic achievement of staff tutor-guided groups are compared with student tutor-guided groups. After an eight-week course students' level of academic achievement was tested by essay questions. Two methods of assessing students' performance are used: expert judgements and propositional analysis. Results of both methods used indicate that no differences in academic achievement occur. Students guided by student tutors perform as well as students guided by staff tutors. Several explanations are proposed to account for these results.
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  • 50
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 469-485 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The present study examines the manifestation of structural differences in the manner in which men and women students perceive and engage the content and context of learning. These differences are explored, and shown to be consistent, within a hierarchy of progressively more complex conceptual models of student learning. Conclusions are that structural gender variation differences emerge in terms of deep/strategic rather than surface, forms of learning behaviour: men students distinctively manifest and qualify deep/strategic learning behaviour in terms of operation and comprehension learning styles, while women students integrate these styles in a manifestation of style versatility that is clearly organised and not achievement motivated. An apparently separate female trait is distinguishable in terms of comprehension learning style and achievement motivation. It is argued that gender differences constitute a potentially important and neglected source of variation in student learning which, when detected in context, can and should be explicitly managed by academic practitioners.
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  • 51
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 59-83 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The Netherlands form a consensus democracy. In such a society the legitimacy of decisions is of great concern to all. An elaborate system of checks and balances tends to exist and the pressure to join an emerging consensus at meetings is both subtle and tremendously powerful. In the Dutch system of higher education and research the manifestations of the consensus ideal are numerous. This paper highlights them where appropriate. It reviews the Dutch research effort in an international perspective and concludes that R&D expenditure in the Netherlands, measured as a proportion of GDP, is declining. Fairly radical changes in science policy orientation since the 1960s are reviewed and the current frameworks for policy formulation, academic foresight and the organisation of support are sketched. After discussing NWO's different funding instruments, the practices of “picking the winners” are described in some detail. Three different peer review models are then discussed with special attention to their strengths and weaknesses. The paper's final section is focussed on the evaluation practices in force.
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  • 52
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The publicly funded component of New Zealand's science system, which accounts for about two-thirds of the national R&D expenditure, has been almost completely restructured in the last five years. Like other far-reaching public sector reform in New Zealand, this has resulted in a separation of the policy, purchasing and operations roles and their placement in different organisations. The purchasing role is undertaken by the Foundation for Research, Science & Technology, which invests ca $287 million annually in R&D in line with broad priorities set by the government and more detailed Research Strategies of its own device. The Foundation has been required to establish a system of contestable funding, similar in principle to that in most other countries but previously absent from New Zealand. The Public Good Science Fund is described and compared with other systems for public funding of R&D. Remaining structural problems in the system, some of which constrain progress towards implementing the government's priorities, are identified and likely solutions are indicated. Future developments in the system will see increasing use ofex-post evaluation of research performance to complementex-ante peer review of research proposals, and the development of close linkages among research providers and research users, and between public investment and private investment in R&D.
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  • 53
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Direct Government funding of higher education research began in 1965 with the establishment of the Australian Research Grants Committee. The emphasis was on (pure) basic research and excellence was the sole selection criterion. The emphasis shifted in 1988 with the establishment of the Australian Research Council and the enunciation by Government of a research policy which focused on the relevance of research to Australia's social and economic development. The Council's 1992 Mission Statement identified the five major benefits which the council's programs should deliver to the community. Two “structural” priorities, international links and higher education-industry links, were identified and new programs established. A third, research training, was given additional emphasis in an existing program. Thematic priorities will be addressed in all programs following an analysis of the balance of funding between research and research training strategies being developed jointly by researchers and research users.
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  • 54
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 41-58 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This article focuses on the linkages between class, gender and student aspirations in the Nigerian and Thai cultural contexts. Building upon critical and feminist theory that employs class and patriarchal relationships to explain the role of educational institutions, this study examines the educational and career aspirations of 741 university students from two different cultural and academic settings. Based on qualitative and statistical analyses of the perceptions, family backgrounds, and expectations of a random sample of Nigerian and Thai university undergraduates, the study concludes that class and gender affect both university access, and students' educational and career aspirations once admitted to university. However, the results of this study also suggest that the specific effects of class and gender remain dependent upon the cultural milieu of which they are a part.
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  • 55
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 123-124 
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    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 56
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 125-140 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Hong Kong is now engaged in implementing a programme designed rapidly to expand its Higher Education sector. This policy will effectively shift the role of higher education away from providing for the needs of a small and elite segment of school leavers to one which provides for a significant proportion of the relevant age cohort. The paper initially identifies the factors which have contributed to the emergence of the new policy. Central amongst these is the impending return of Hong Kong's sovereignty to the PRC in 1997. Subsequently the policy is analysed with reference to the context within which it will be implemented. This includes the shifting demographic structure, the level of emigration and the number of students who study overseas. Finally the paper anticipates the probable impact of the expansion on both higher education itself and on other sectors within the education system.
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This research investigated factors perceived to be influential for faculty members at selected Nigerian institutions of higher learning leaving their jobs voluntarily. The six factors of the Job Descriptive Index developed by Smith, Kendall, and Hulin (1985) and a questionnaire about commitment developed by Mowday, Porter and Steers (1982) elicited data concerning: work, pay, promotion, supervision, co-workers, job in general, and commitment. Two hundred and eight (84.21%) of 247 full-time faculty members participated in this study. Based on the findings of this study, it could be established that full-time faculty members in the selected Nigerian institutions of higher learning are dissatisfied with their conditions of service, most especially in the areas of pay and promotion opportunities. The demographic characteristics — gender, age, level of education, years of college teaching experience, and salary grade level — all have impact on full-time faculty members' work attitudes. Further research is recommended to examine and determine policies and practices suitable for retaining the most capable faculty members in the Nigerian institutions of higher learning.
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  • 58
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 271-295 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Using a survey of Cusco secondary students from 1985, and data from a survey of Peruvian workers in 1991, this essay discusses the degree of “realism” in students' expectations of the economic benefits of going to university. Public universities, like national school systems, are often seen as socially integrative institutions in countries which are marked by ethnic and class inequality. This view prevails even when university education is known to confer rewards unequally among ethnic groups, e.g., in Peru to the Spanish-speaking and minority Quechua-speaking populations. The puzzle of the continued high expectations of university, even among indigenous, Quechua-speaking students, is explored in this article. It is found that students' access to information, and their academic ability, both increase the realism of expectations among Spanish- and Quechua-language boys from Cusco. Yet, tellingly, this realism reduces the university benefits that are expected among Quechua students with higher grades in Peruvian history, and among Quechua speakers who read newspapers frequently. The opposite pattern is seen among Spanish speakers: more frequent readers of newspapers, and better history students, expect higher salaries as a result of going to university. The implications of the findings for social integration in societies such as Peru are discussed in the conclusion.
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  • 59
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 341-357 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Entry of men and women to an academic career was studied through a survey of 230 men and women who in 1991 held a full-time appointment at lecturer level or above in Arts and Science disciplines in an Australian university. The women more often than the men had learned about the position they obtained from a source inside the department in which the job was being filled, had been encouraged by senior members of the department to apply, and had gained a position that was filled without advertisement. However, these differences arose because more of the women than the men had been a tutor in the department where they gained a lectureship. There were no differences in terms of how men and women had been recruited when allowance was made for this factor and whether a person had been residing within Australia immediately prior to appointment. The results are discussed with reference to why men have in the past and now do substantially outnumber women among academics in Australian universities. Although the survey suggests men and women who gained positions were recruited on similar bases, successful applicants need to be compared with unsuccessful applicants to obtain comprehensive understanding whether selection practices have disadvantaged women.
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  • 60
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 417-427 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In the UK, interest in measuring the performance of higher education institutions has developed as part of an increasing performance culture in the public sector. This paper looks at development of national systems of indicators in both the University and former Polytechnic section in the light of this trend. The pressures leading up to the development of each system are examined together with an outline of the indicators chosen and forthcoming critical reaction. The use of performance indicators to compare institutional performance is explored. Regression methods that have been developed to try to enable meaningful comparison of indicators to be made between different insititutional types and environments are critically examined. A number of case studies of the use of performance indicators in both the University and former Polytechnic sector are presented. In each case the benefit and drawbacks of the application are commented on. The paper concludes by recommending a change from the league table approach to one based on adopting indicators for each institution which are consistent with its mission. The role of peer review in complementing the use of performance indicators is covered.
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  • 61
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 487-501 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This article reviews research on gender and learning styles of students, 18 and older, conducted after 1980. Curry's onion model (1983) is used to classify definitions of learning styles and to reconstruct the theoretical frameworks used. The extent to which learning style is considered stable or variable in different learning contexts determines its position in the model. Most studies used theoretical frameworks that belonged in the middle or outer layers of the model. This location indicates the strong influence of learning context on women's and men's learning styles. While there were differences between learning styles, research designs rarely included learning contexts. In addition to the narrative review, we performed a quantitative meta-analysis on two instruments (Kolb's Learning Style Inventory and Entwistle's Approaches to Studying Inventory) to determine the direction and magnitude of gender differences in various samples. A search for these two instruments resulted in 26 studies for which the necessary statistics were available. On Kolb's instrument, the results showed that men were more likely than women to prefer the abstract conceptualisation mode of learning. On Entwistle's ASI a difference was found on the affective components of approaches to studying.
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  • 62
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 39-57 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Strategic planning and priority-setting have become inevitable for UK research funding agencies in the 1990's. But it is an activity which is viewed with some suspicion by the scientific community, in which it is an aphorism that discovery cannot be planned. There is considerable interest therefore, in the promise offoresight analysis as an alternative to conventional strategic planning. Most previous experience with foresight has been at a macro level, with a focus on national direction-setting. But what role can foresight have at amicro level; how can it help individual funding agencies develop strategies for specific scientific fields? This paper explores the problem by describing an experiment, supported jointly by three UK funding agencies, to apply foresight techniques in a review of a single field (cardiovascular research). The methodology developed for objective consultation with scientists and users is described, and preliminary results presented. Science-push and demand-pull factors emerged clearly, aa did a desire within the scientific community for a number of infrastructural changes to strengthen the future of the field. The study has shown that systematic surveys of users and researchers are capable of detecting coherent views on a number of issues that are relevant to forward planning in research funding agencies. The paper concludes by summarising the limitations of this approach to strategic planning, and presenting some general lessons that may be useful for consideration in other micro-level foresight exercises.
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  • 63
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    Digitale Medien
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract During the past several years, budgetary problems and increased attention to the problem of improving US economic competitiveness have led to pressures to change the system through which priorities for federal funding of basic research are set. A numberof reports and policy statements have challenged the long-accepted practice of allowing priorities among disciplines and board areas of research to be set in a decentralised manner in which political factors predominate and groups of scientists in different fields advocate their interests more or less independently of one another. The challenge to policymakers and the scientific community is to learn how to allocate resources in a manner that improves economic performance without restricting the freedom of individual scientists to set their own research directions. This paper reviews the central elements of the debate over priority-setting and the contribution of basic research to economic competitiveness in the United States, discusses lessons that have been learned, and considers how the issues might eventually be resolved.
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  • 64
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Australia invests a smaller percentage of its GDP, and a smaller percentage of total health expenditure, on medical and health research, than nations with which it often compares itself: some 16% of total national R&D expenditure is in the medical and health area (ASTEC). The National Health and Medical Research Council (NH&MRC) is an independent statutory body, with Principal Committees in medical and health research, health care, public health, and ethics. The Council is widely representative, meets in public, and is formally reviewed triennially. Its Medical Research Committee (MRC) advises on the distribution of $106 M for research projects, programs, units, and major institutes. Features of MRC's allocative procedures are emphasis on investigator-initiated proposals, extensive review, interviews, reporting in full, and “blind” determination of funding cut-offs. An extensive training and career support system is maintained, but no NH&MRC funded posts are tenured. There are extensive guidelines on Conflict of Interest, Good Scientific Practice, and Human and Animal Ethics.
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  • 65
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    Digitale Medien
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 241-264 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper applies the mathematical technique of Data Envelopment Analysis to the problem of appraisal in Higher Education. The technique can be understood as an idealised self and peer appraisal: evaluating others in the same way that we would optimally evaluate ourselves relative to those others. The technique is applied to examples of student and staff appraisal. Although the main focus of this article is on the technique itself (its rationale, the prerequisites for use, and the insights that it yields), we also discuss the wider implications of having and using such a technique to assist appraisal.
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  • 66
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The Cooperative Research Centres Program aims to enhance the effectiveness of the overall Australian R&D effort by drawing together researchers from several institutions to create the concentrations of resources which are needed, in many research fields, to keep pace with the rapid scientific and technological progress which is occurring internationally. The Centres link together outstanding groups of researchers, from both the public and private sectors, with the users of research from appropriate industry sectors and other sectors of the economy and provide opportunities for research users to participate actively in the planning and operation of the research activities. The Program was started in 1990. Fifty-two Centres have now been approved across six major R&D and industry sectors representing, when these Centres are fully established, a commitment by the government of some $100 million per year and, from the participants, of some $200 million per year. This constitutes some six percent of the national R&D effort.
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  • 67
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract What output indicator is it appropriate to take for economically purposive research? Is it the successful completion of the research, or its successful commercialisation, or its commercialisation in such a way that benefits accrue to the nation? This paper explores the divergence between the second and third of these “bottom lines”. For taxpayers it is the third that counts. Five items are suggested for a research and training agenda to improve performance from this point of view.
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  • 68
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 301-323 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This article is concerned with reactions to systemic change as Australian higher education was transformed from a binary system (of Colleges of Advanced Education, CAEs, and universities) to a unitary system of universities. It, in turn, was part of the much more influential role which government now played in higher education affairs. The ‘counter images’ relate to the expressive positions of those who were either opposed to, or had deep reservations about, this transformation. The ‘counter imagists’ offer a perspective, worthy of study, of the impact of profound change upon higher education. Further, since reform, in Australia, had similar causes to that in other OECD countries (the impact of mass higher education, economic rationalism, an official view of higher education as an instrument of national economic revival), its manifestations in one national setting, and reactions to it, are likely to be of international interest. More specifically, the ‘counter imagists’ were concerned about the loss of differentiation in the new unitary system: To them, it would affect total higher education delivery by making is less specialised, introduce an artificial ‘egalitarianism’ into higher education affairs and have an adverse bearing upon the effectiveness of traditional universities, particularly their research contribution. There was also anxiety about direct role played by government in institutional funding and related management decisions, as well as the setting of a wider higher education agenda, through measures such as national priorities and social equity goals. The ‘counter imagists’, then, are those who took a prominent, but conservative role, in the debates during the half decade of great change in Australian higher education, 1988–1993, and were vigorous in their defence of the autonomy of universities. The article is introduced by placing systemic change in its historic setting, including the rise and fall of the binary system and perceptions of the university legacy.
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  • 69
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 403-418 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Claims have been made that computer mediated communication (CMC) is a potentially highly participatory and democratic medium because it reduces the requirement to interrupt or wait your turn to speak. Such aspects of discussion have been shown to be relevant to differences in male and female participation in group discussions. In general, men have been found to take more turns and to speak longer than women in mixed sex groups. Men are also said to characteristically speak about “things”, take centre stage and give opinions. Women on the other hand are more likely to emphasis people rather than things, and to build and maintain relations in the way they talk. These two styles have been described as “report talk” of men and “rapport talk” of women. In this paper we describe some preliminary findings on the impact of using CMC and its effect on traditional gender participation differences. We look first at turn taking by men and women in computer conferences, and then how women in particular experience differences in the kind of contributions made to the conferences by men and women. Finally, we look at the actual contributions made by men and women and the extent they differ from each other.
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  • 70
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 437-452 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This research links two important higher education phenomena: potential “brain drain” among academics abroad and the U.S. academic labor market. The inquiry draws on the “brain drain” literature and is grounded primarily on a secondary analysis of a major survey (1989) of British university and polytechnic faculty members. The anlaysis shows that fully 40.0 percent of university faculty are “seriously considering” a move abroad with the substantial majority favoring the United States as a destination. Faculty characteristics—including academic field, research versus teaching orientation, rank, age, gender, and political identification—are correlated with faculty members' professed interest in emigration. The analysis also compares (former) polytechnic to university faculty as well as to a subset of Oxford and Cambridge faculty.
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  • 71
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 483-498 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The project upon which this paper is based is a qualitative study of the supervision [thesis advising]1 of research students [graduate students] in departments of education and psychology in three British universities. Two models are apparent in the literature of supervision. Thetechnical rationality model gives priority to issues of procedure or technique, while thenegotiated order model conceptualizes supervision as a process open to negotiation and change. We look at supervisory style, reporting findings on the nature of tutorials [meetings] between supervisor and student, the extent of direction given by the supervisor to the project, and the nature of the interpersonal relationship between the parties. We also consider student strategies. Our findings suggest that although the technical rationality model has much to recommend it, a negotiated order model is a better description of what happens in practice.
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  • 72
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Changing lecturers' teaching strategies to improve learning in higher education may mean first having to address the intentions associated with those strategies. The study reported in this paper used a phenomenographic approach to explore the intentions associated with the teaching strategies of first year physical science lecturers. Approaches found ranged from those involving information transmission to those where the intention was to develop learning through conceptual change, but in all approaches, logical relations were found between intention and strategy. The implications for attempts to improve teaching through developing strategies are discussed.
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  • 73
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 95-117 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two studies on monitoring and assisting students at risk are presented against a contemporary perspective in higher education: that of monitoring and developing the quality of student learning. A basis for risk categorisation at an individual level is outlined, and the effects of an intervention aimed at students at risk are evaluated in two contrasting settings. ‘At risk’ in the present study represents, in conceptual terms, a relatively extreme set of learning behaviours. The first study approximates an ideal set of circumstances in which an individual-level intervention for students conceptually at risk is described. The second study reflects the uncompromising reality of a large first-year service course, in which a reduced form of the same intervention was pragmatically attempted. In both interventions the emphasis was on assisting students to engage manifestations of their own self-reported, contextualised study behaviour. This was the starting point of a developmental and reflective programme in which students were not taught ‘study skills’, but were rather assisted to develop deeper contextual perceptions, metalearning awareness, and internal locus. The targeted students in these studies, and the basic nature of the intervention employed, differ considerably from those used in other intervention studies. The first study produced positive results, while the second study did not. An overall conclusion is that, while interventions of the type described can assist students to develop their learning potential, they can only do so in carefully managed circumstances that are sensitive to individual students' learning problems and the discipline-specific context in which these occur.
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  • 74
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In this article, the relationship between individual productivity in research, as measured by an index of publications produced, and their preferences and perceptions about research-related issues is explored. A sample of 134 Australian university economists were classified as low, average and high in respect of their publication performance using cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis was then used to see whether membership of these groups was associated with items representing individuals' preferred research approach, their involvement in a range of research-related activities, the things which they felt constrained their research and their perceptions of the benefits of their position which might be conducive to research. Our results show that there was a relationship between these items and group membership, and therefore productivity. Highly productive researchers made deliberate choices about the type of research they undertook in order to enhance their career advancement; they were heavily involved in a number of areas of research activity; they felt relatively few constraints on their research by comparison with low producers; and they enjoyed the freedom and challenge of their positions. These results imply that research performance is more a function of individual motivation than resource support.
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  • 75
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 239-260 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La recherche dans le domaine de stratégies et des styles d'apprentissage chez les étudiants universitaires à abouti à de nombreuses études et a developpé divers instruments de mesures d'apprentissage, mais san ce rapport indispensable entre études et entre instruments. Le but de cette recherche a été d'examiner l'interdepéndence entre les instruments les plus connus provenants de différentes théories. Un echantillonage de 991 étudiants universitaires de première annèe, de dix disciplines différentes ont repondu à 4 tests: ILP, LASSI, ASI et LSQ. Les échelles de chaque test, prises comme unité d'analyse ont été soumises à une analyse factorielle d'après les méthodes de composantes principales et de facteurs principaux. Celle-ci revèle una structure commune composée des 4 facteurs suivants: Méthodes d'étude traditionelles, Traitement profond, Traitement élaboratif et Styles génériques d'apprentissage. Les rapports entre aux confirment l'existence de trois dimensions, impliquées dans l'apprentissage, avec des élèments de motivations et d'approches; et ils montrent aussi une séparation entre le Traitement profond et l'Approche profonde. Finalement, nous avons réalisé une analyse factorielle d'après le méthode de facteurs principaux pour les tests ASI et LASSI, obtenant deux facteurs pour chacun des ces tests.
    Notizen: Abstract Research in the area of learning strategies and styles of university students has led to many studies as well as to the development of many research tools for measuring learning, but without the necessary interrelationships among the tools or within the research. The aim of this study has been to examine the interdependence among the best-known tools coming from different theoretical bases. A sample of 991 university students in their first and last years, from ten different disciplines, completed four tests: ILP, LASSI, ASI and LSQ. The scales of each test, taken as the unit of analysis, were submitted to a factor analysis by the principal-components and the principal-factors methods. The latter method revealed an overarching structure composed of the following four factors: Traditional Study Methods; Deep Processing; Elaborative Processing; and General Learning Styles. These relationships confirmed the existence of three dimensions, or paths involved in learning, with clear motivational and approach elements, and also showed a separation between Deep Processing and the Deep Approach. Finally, we carried out principal-factor analyses of ASI and LASSI, obtaining two factors for each inventory.
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  • 76
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) is the principal source of funds for university-based research and scholarship in the social sciences and the humanities in Canada. Hence, its funding practices have a significant impact on what research is conducted and how that research is performed. At the same time, high levels of demand for research funding in the face of a limited budget accentuate the need to ensure the best use of funds available. Consequently, the SSHRC pursues a range of evaluation activities ranging from the peer-based adjudication of grant requests for operational purposes, to program evaluations for strategic purposes.
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  • 77
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 325-353 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The University of the Air of Japan (UAJ) was established to provide all people access to university level education. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate from several different perspectives the cost-effectiveness of UAJ and its nationwide expansion. Even when considering only direct cost, the per student cost of UAJ is lower than that of any conventional campus-based university program. When indirect cost such as opportunity cost and study expenses are also considered, the economic advantage of UAJ is especially apparent. Much of UAJ's economic advantage is the result of the very low opportunity cost to UAJ students. The economic advantage of UAJ as indicated by cost per graduate and cost per credit is smaller than that indicated by cost per student. When both direct and indirect cost are considered, the cost per credit of UAJ is 0.51 and 0.53 of that at national and public universities; 0.65, 0.86 and 2.8 of that of day programs, evening programs and correspondence programs respectively at private universities. Simulations of a nationwide expansion demonstrate that UAJ will be more economical if a satellite broadcasting system is used. Although it will require high initial and fixed costs, the cost per credit will decrease with an increase in the number of students. The most economical method of expansion may be to send video tapes to study centers and students until the number of students reaches economical levels, and to increase cooperation with conventional universities in the cooperative use of classrooms for study centers and credit transfer.
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  • 78
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 387-402 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper is a report of the analysis of statements by 869 students and their 21 lecturers in 12 courses in 5 Faculties in the Queensland University of Technology (QUT). The students and lecturers were asked to write a page about learning. The objectives were to collect data to devise a taxonomy of levels of knowledge of learning held by tertiary students and lecturers and to use this to describe student knowledge to lecturers as a basis for planning for teaching. The statements were categorised, using the SOLO Taxonomy as a model (c.f., Biggs and Collis 1982, 1989), by two trained researchers and checked by the author and a consultant. The majority of responses for both students and lecturers were multistructural. A MANOVA for SOLO levels by deep, surface and achieving motives and strategies showed that as SOLO levels increased surface motives declined and deep motives and strategies assumed more importance. The key concepts in learning identified by a random sample of 100 students were further analysed and described for each SOLO level. A SOLO type model of levels of knowledge of learning is proposed, based on the structure of the responses.
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  • 79
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 419-426 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 80
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 453-470 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Conclusion The significance of this study is reflected in the interdependence of the variables involved as shown by the emergence of total and indirect effects. Elsewhere, the importance of obtaining “ecological” maps of classroms to provide a macro level understanding of what is happening has been stressed (Clarke and Dart, 1991b). This study has illustrated how the LISREL procedure provides the facility to obtain an insight into the complex of inter-relationships that exist in ecological maps. The study provides reasonable support for the revised structural model. It also indicates ways in which lecturers may intervene in the classroom to increase the likelihood that students will use learning strategies associated with a deep approach to learning.
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  • 81
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 499-506 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 82
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 1-40 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Only the liberal (or “open”) universities in South Africa publicly opposed the National Government and itsapartheid policies, but for the most part only over issues of university and, later, academic freedom. The history of the period is not simply one of conflict between state and universities, however. It is also one of co-operation in, for example, a programme of state-financed university expansion (from which all “races” benefited). This article explores the bases for both conflict and co-operation. These include a degree of government respect for higher education and, on the other hand, the availability to the universities of certain political resources. The universities came under considerable pressure from a repressive government, but the story is not a simple one of good against evil or freedom against totalitarianism. It is both more complex and (in my view) more interesting.
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  • 83
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 119-121 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 85
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 203-227 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This article reports on the changing work-related attitudes and demographics of academic staff in Australia, in four universities and four former colleges of advanced education (CAEs, comparable to polytechnics), surveyed in 1979, 1984 and 1990. The surveys were of all academic staff in each institution, with response rates averaging 47%. As in other countries, the former binary system of education has recently been ended by reconstituting colleges of advanced education as universities. Differences in work-related attitude are examined, and shown to differ consistently between the types of institution, across the elapsed time, and between the sexes, ranks and academic disciplines of the respondents. In particular, each institution has shown a sustained increase in academic staff alienation and dissatisfaction over the eleven-year period. The differences in demographics and in work-related attitudes between original universities and former colleges of advanced education remain after the ending of the binary system. The differences are discussed in relation to a number of current policy issues, including the ending of the binary system of higher education. Since similar policy changes and similar pressures are occurring in a number of countries, the findings of the study have implications beyond Australia.
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  • 86
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 313-339 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Student selection and admission for higher education in the Asian region are matters of concern at a time when there is rapid growth in enrolments and mounting pressure for changes, and when public funds are unable to match demands for expansion. This paper provides a broad review of policies and practices in developing and newly industrialised countries of the Asian region, paying particular attention to access, selection, the admission process, equity and links to the labour market. It attempts an evaluation and provides suggestions for policymakers.
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  • 87
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The Unified National System of Australian Universities was created out of universities, institutes of technology and colleges of advanced education. In this study similarity clustering of universities within this system is attempted based on two data sets: one based on evaluative ratings and the other on quantitative performance indicators. With the exception of three traditional universities that tended to cluster together across data sets no consistent clustering emerged. Within data sets there was no tendency for the emergent clusters to reflect the origins of the institutions in any consistent manner. It is suggested that the Unified National System has not reduced diversity.
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  • 88
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    Higher education 27 (1994), S. 449-468 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Students in higher education exhibit different approaches to learning, but there is evidence that these vary systematically from one culture to another. The broad distinction between an orientation towards comprehending the meaning of learning materials and an orientation towards merely reproducing those materials seems to be a universal feature of all systems of higher education. The former is both consistent and coherent, apparently reflecting the relatively high degree of agreement that exists across different cultures with regard to the goals and purposes of higher education. The latter reflects students' attempts to cope with academic practices that are inappropriate to those goals and purposes; it is more fragmented and more likely to be constructed in a way that is distinctive to each particular cultural context.
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  • 89
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reports the results of a study commissioned by the Australian National Board of Employment, Education and Training, which examines in detail the effect of resource concentration on research performance, and the basis for critical mass, economies of scale, critical time and risk strategy hypotheses. The widespread introduction of policies of resource concentration around the world are found to have been based on little examined assumptions, and in operation to be at times counter-productive. In general relationships between group size and productivity are found to be linear, though there does appear to be evidence for an optimal size of 5–8. Detailed results and policy implications of these findings are presented.
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  • 90
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    Higher education 28 (1994), S. 85-94 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The NSF's practice of relying on scientifically qualified program directors, some of them “rotators” from university laboratories, to make grant-giving recommendations independent of external peer reviewers is a marked difference from the practice in Australia, the UK and Canada, and in other US agencies such as the National Institutes of Health. I will discuss the features of the NSF grants management practices in the context of the US Federal research system, with particular emphasis on the benefits and problems that arise from having relatively powerful program directors, and will appraise the practice begun in 1990 of permitting each program director to make a limited number of small grants for exploratory work with no external peer review.
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  • 91
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 92
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 53-78 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 93
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 79-98 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 94
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 99-117 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 95
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 121-143 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 96
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 158-185 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 97
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 25-52 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Conclusion The Allison Commission focused attention on the administration of the scientific bureaux and its relation to the jurisdictional system in the Congress. The commission also had a more considerable influence on congressional policy towards the scientific bureaux than was previously thought. Legislative recommendations offered by the Allison Commission became law, even if they avoided the notice of congressional opponents through the strategic manipulation of the appropriations process. Hilary Herbert was not a crude enemy of science, but a staunch defender of the obligations of Congress to scrutinise the expenditure of funds it allocated. This detailed political history of the Allison Commission is a necessary part of any history of American science policy. William Boyd Allison and Hilary Herbert were, no less than scientists like Powell, initiators of a tradition which has continued to be important in American governmental science policy. The form of the special committee devoted to scientific issues was initiated by the Allison Commission. It prefigured more recent and familiar congressional inquiries like the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, the Government Operations Committee under Representative Fountain, the House Science Policy Task Force, and the Energy and Commerce Committee under Representative Dingell. The attentiveness to details like pay, printing, food and morale—as small but manageable parts of the larger enterprise—foreshadows more contemporary inquiries into the details of the procedures for awarding grants and contracts and the assurances of financial and scientific integrity. The mechanisms of control applied to governmental science by the Allison Commission—particularly itemised appropriations, but also control over personnel through promotions and control of bureaucratic organisation by virtue of congressional rather than disciplinary organisation—stand as early examples of how Congress may continue to exert its constitutional authority to scrutinise an innovative and entrepreneurial scientific community.
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 186-187 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 99
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 188-193 
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    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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    Minerva 32 (1994), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Pädagogik , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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