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  • Articles  (14,895)
  • Springer  (14,895)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (14,895)
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Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Robert Honeyman Jr. Collection Digital Archive: EAD and the Use of Library and Museum Descriptive Standards (1998)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 205-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) has ledto increased access to primary source materials such as personal and corporate papers, and government archives.Though initially developed to electronically encode such paper-based archives, EAD is now being exploredas a tool for cataloging large collections of primarysource visual materials, such as photographs and worksof art, and making them accessible on the internet.The Honeyman Collection Digital Archive project,carried out by The Bancroft Library at the Universityof California at Berkeley, was one of the first largecollections of primary source visual materials to be fullycataloged and encoded using EAD. In cataloging the collection,the project sought to incorporate cross-community descriptivestandards and practices, as well as providing highly detailedrecords for each item in the collection. This paper will describe that project and the standards that wereemployed. The resulting digital archive has demonstratedthat EAD is a viable option for handling large collectionsof primary source visual materials, and that implementationof shared standards and practices is possible and can move uscloser to the goal of improved access.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009055219892
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Access to Special Collections Registers in the Gerald R. Sherratt Library, Southern Utah University (1998)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Ever since the card catalog gave way to the on-linepublic access catalog (OPAC) archivists and specialcollections librarians have longed to provide theirpatrons with the same level of computer searchingpower enjoyed by users of library main collections.In 1997 the Library of Congress announced thedevelopment of a new system designed to do just that:the Encoded Archival Description (EAD). The SpecialCollections at Southern Utah University's Gerald R.Sherratt Library adopted the new standard and used abasic wordprocessor, free open source software andin-house programming to create an efficient coding,search and display system for our photograph andmanuscript collections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009015505779
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Contributors (1998)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 299-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017250807596
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume Contents (1998)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 303-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017241024824
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectrum – a Review (1999)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009094008720
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Nomadic Information System for Adaptive Exhibition Guidance (1999)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: adaptive information selection ; location awareness ; nomadic information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the electronic guide HIPS that can be used duringthe process of a visit in a museum, i.e., for preparation, execution andevaluation. Users can access the system via the Web to prepare a visitby receiving information about the content and organization of anexhibition and practical issues like location and opening hours. Thevisitor can also prepare a tour for the actual visit or define hotspotswith important exhibits. The system should remind the user when on site.Once the user is in the museum he or she has two specific options to usethe system: the visitor can walk around in the museum and remainstanding where he or she finds an item of interest. The current locationin the room identified by infrared emitters at all exhibits triggers anindicator for the information presentation. Or, the visitor can select atour prepared by a curator, prepared by the user in advance (at home) orgenerated by the user ad hoc. In the museum, the information access isprovided via wireless technologies. This allows the user to accessinformation by moving in the physical space and navigating in theinformation space concurrently. The Web-based server approach allows foradaptive information selection and presentation based on a user modelevaluating the history of the usage of the system. The user canaccelerate the adaptation by specifying interests and preferences in theuser model. Before the visit the user can define tours and hotspots andenter annotations that will be presented or activated by the system inthe appropriate physical environment. After a visit in the museum theuser can evaluate the experience at home for further own inquiries orfor communication with other interested people. Thebefore-during-after-the-visit-support of visitors via nomadicinformation system has been designed based on evidence from ourquestionnaire pre-study, which showed that visitors actually useinformation available in or about museums before and also after avisit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016619506241
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Museum Informatics and Information Infrastructures: Supporting Collaboration across Intra-Museum Boundaries (1999)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: boundary objects ; collaboration ; cscw ; information infrastructures ; museum informatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of an information infrastructure involving collaborative technologies at the Spurlock Museum, a museum of world history and culture at the University of Illinois. It details a socio-technological system that was designed to pack and re-locate 45,000 artifacts across campus to a new museum facility. It addresses the question of how the information infrastructure of the Spurlock promotes collaboration among the various departments at the museum working on this move and encourages the sharing of common data resources across internal museum boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016623607149
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technologies for Wood Preservation in Historic Preservation (1999)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 273-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Because of the abundant forests of the world, wood is one of the most common materials found in historic buildings. Wood is relatively easy to fabricate into beams, columns, and roof systems using simple hand tools. However, because of its biological origin, wood is one of the most complex constructions materials. It is produced by thousands of different species of trees, and each type of wood has unique properties. Wood has an affinity for moisture and this can lead to biological deterioration caused by insects and decay fungi. This chapter presents information on understanding and preventing the mechanisms of wood deterioration in historic buildings. The chapter includes a discussion of wood preservation and technology, including wood finishes and wood preservative treatments, diffusible preservatives, and naturally durable wood species. A brief discussion about the repair of deteriorated timbers in buildings is also included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012468326445
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographic Information Systems in Historic Preservation (1999)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 325-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a rapidly developing suite of computer based technologies that allow the storage, manipulation, display and integration of a wide range of spatially based data. This chapter reviews some of the more significant applications of these technologies in archaeology and historic preservation and suggests future trends. It is arguably the case that space and time are the two central dimensions of our record of the past. Science has fundamentally influenced our understanding of this record through the development and improvement of ways to measure and understand time. GIS and related methodologies present methodologies that are improving our abilities to measure and understand space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012472528263
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Use of Computers in Cultural Resource Management (1999)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 341-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This chapter discusses computer software applications in the Cultural Resource Management field. It outlines some of the major areas of the field where computer applications may be productive, and discusses the nature of software development in the historic preservation field. Specific applications are identified and discussed in four areas: building support, archaeology, collections management, and multiple resource management. Each application is reviewed for its purpose, developer, technical basis and status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012428712333
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cultural Resource Management in Context (1999)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 359-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the United States, much of historic preservation is carried out in a framework of cultural resource management. Cultural resource management is increasingly being conducted as heritage management in the larger context of ecosystem management or ecological stewardship. Cultural resources are an important factor in the human environment, and must be managed in the context of all other biological, social, and geophysical elements in that environment or ecosystem. Good environmental stewardship requires affirmative resource management, including management of our tangible and intangible cultural resources. Many scientists are involved in cultural resource management, either directly or indirectly and either consciously or unconsciously. There is increased public awareness of the value of cultural resources, and their protection involves the knowledgeable and caring collaboration of resource specialists (e.g., anthropologists, archaeologists, architects, archivists, engineers, folklorists, historians), material scientists, decision-making land managers, and the living community with ties to the heritage resources. This in turn involves each participating community and individual (including the scientists) managing the interfaces among themselves. This is done by learning something about (and learning to appreciate) other groups' values and special languages and their operating constraints and opportunities, and about the overall public benefits and costs of cultural resource management decisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012480729171
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Uncertain Future for Digital Visual Collections in the University (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: digital images ; digital image copyright ; digital visual collections ; authoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Digital documents in the networked information environment fundamentally change the ways that visual materials can be used in education and scholarly discourse. These new uses raise questions about research library strategies with regard to digitized visual materials as a part of their collections, challenge assumptions underlying intellectual property rights for images and their scope, and offer ways in which visual literacy can become a more integral part of the common educational experience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009031004180
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Step Beyond Reading in Archaeological Publication (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009095406906
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic Generation of Museum Web Pages: The Intelligent Labelling Explorer (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: anaphora〉 ; artificial intelligence ; coherence ; hypertext ; labels ; simulated museum tour ; text generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The first phase of the Intelligent Labelling Explorer project has built the ILEX-1.1 system, which uses artificial intelligence technology to generate descriptions of objects displayed in a museum gallery. Each description appears on a World Wide Web page, and the user can move from page to page, viewing the objects in any order, mimicking the experience of someone walking through the museum. Crucially, these descriptions aren't simply retrieved from a storage space, but are generated on demand by combining canned text with fully generated text in a coherent way. This use of dynamic hypertext allows ILEX-1.1 to generate descriptions appropriate to the expertise level of the user and to refer back to objects the user has already seen or to suggest objects the user might be interested in based on what objects they've chosen to look at so far. This paper discusses the advantages of dynamic hypertext and issues related to generating a text that hangs together well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009099015843
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Future of the Past: Archaeology and Anthropology on the World Wide Web (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 87-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archaeology ; anthropology ; databases ; catalogues ; networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the final scene of “Raiders of the Lost Ark”, a crate containing the object of Indiana Jones' quest is wheeled into an immense warehouse for indefinite storage and questionable research access. Unfortunately, this fate is not all that far from reality. Collections of archaeological and ethnographic materials ranging from stone axes, broken potsherds, and carved monuments to baskets, ceremonial masks, and skin canoes have been held by museums collections since the Renaissance. However, their inestimable value and unique conservation and curatorial requirements often conspire to remove them from the reach of all but the most diligent scholars. The potential of the Web to enhance the quality of research on archaeological and ethnographic collections is enormous. This paper will examine ways that one can use the Web to enhance research and improve access to a variety of materials; while there are many other resources for archaeology available on the Web, this paper focusses on museum-related sites. It will also explore the potential of the Web for innovative research strategies. Digitization of catalogs, associated documents, and images to help one locate and study collections and specific artifacts are just one approach. Others include the connection of devices to the Web, such as cameras and microscopes, the creation of virtual reference collections, and the establishment of research networks that will enhance the identification and analysis of material culture. This paper will also consider the role the Web could play in issues of cultural property, contributing to and in many ways intensifying ongoing debates of ownership, curation, conservation, and repatriation of sensitive materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009055232682
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Situated Knowledge and the Virtual Science and Industry Museum: Problems in the Social-Technical Interface (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; user/visitor ; technology ; WWW (World Wide Web) CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) ; HCI (Human Computer Interaction) Internet ; ICT (Information and Communication Technology) culture ; sociology ; ethnomethodology ; situated knowledge ; local practices ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Museum is a perspicuous site for analysing the complex interplay between social, organisational, cultural and political factors which have relevance to the design and use of ‘virtual’ technologies. Specifically, the introduction of virtual technologies in museums runs up against the issue of the situated character of information use. Across a number of disciplines (anthropology, sociology, psychology, cognitive science) there is growing recognition of the ‘situatedness’ of knowledge and its importance for the design and use of technology. This awareness is fostered by the fact that technological developments are often associated with disappointing gains for users. The effective use of technology relies on the degree to which it can be embedded in or congruent with the ‘local’ practices of museum users. Drawing upon field research in two museums of science and technology, both of which are in the process of introducing virtual technologies and exploring the possibilities of on-line access, findings are presented which suggest that the success of such developments will depend on the extent to which they are informed by detailed understanding of practice-practices that are essentially socially constituted in the activities of museum visitors and the daily work of museum professionals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009007316752
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial: Museums and the Web (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009003421470
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The MoU – Mouse or Momentous? An Update and Evaluation of the EC Memorandum of Understanding (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: standards ; copyright ; intellectual property rights ; European Commission ; Memorandum of Understanding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Over 200 institutions have recently signed the European Commission's Multi-Media Access to Europe's Cultural Heritage: A Memorandum of Understanding and European Charter, an initiative launched by Directorate Generales (DG's), DG XIII (Telematics, Information Market and Exploitation of Research) and DG X (Information, Communication, Culture and Audio-Visual Media). This report summarises the goals of the Memorandum and offers thoughts on its implications and potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009091222836
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of David Bearman on Modern Archival Thinking: An Essay of Personal Reflection and Critique (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 15-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archival electronic records ; archival appraisal ; archival theory ; David Bearman
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This essay is a preliminary assessment of David Bearman as the leading archival thinker of the late twentieth century. Bearman has revolutionized thinking in archival circles around the world by offering a defence of traditional archival notions of provenance, evidence, recordness, and contextuality that equals the noblest statements of a Hilary Jenkinson, and by positing a relevant, dynamic, engaged future for archivists to transform the Information Age into a Record-Keeping Age. The essay is both a personal reflection and critical analysis. There are three main themes: an assessment of Bearman's ideas and their overall importance to general archival theory; a more specific exposition of the nature and importance of the University of Pittsburgh Project and of where Bearman sees that its results are leading archivists and their profession and institutions in future; and a critique of some of the implications, if not the conscious intentions, of his ideas and methods that seem to exclude the cultural, historical, and heritage dimensions and uses of archives, public or private. The overall aim of the essay is to push the archival discourse to the next stage by challenging and constructively critiquing as well as extolling the work of this archival pioneer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009035121019
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Contributors (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 65-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009047507815
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Where Are We Going, and How Do We Get There? Geographic Information and Museums (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009022830864
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pricing and Licensing for Museum Digital Content (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 165-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: licensing ; rights ; reproduction ; policy ; use fees and prices ; museums ; image ; art ; on-line publications ; World Wide Web ; digital content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Museums' rights and reproduction departments are overwhelmed by and underprepared for requests for image use in electronic media. This article will evaluate related models for pricing and fees used by non-art industries, and provide some interim guidelines for museums while they make the transition to supplying requests for electronic media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009059415148
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Wired Museum: Emerging Technology and Changing Paradigms. A Review (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009034031986
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Building Integrated Museum Information Retrieval Systems: Practical Approaches to Data Organization and Access (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 117-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009096811050
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Contributors (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 197-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017180609059
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Web and the Unassailable Voice (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: museums ; technology ; education ; communication ; social change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In most existing art museum Web pages, the values of the museum dominate the values of the Web. Therefore, museum Web pages often electronically duplicate familiar museum products – floor plans, collection catalogues, event calendars – rather than transforming the idea of the museum by adapting the values of the Web. This paper will seek to show how art museums and technologists can come to understand each other and use their differences productively by: 1. Orienting museum Web sites towards projects that can only be done on the Web and not on paper. 2. Using the Web to overcome the many limitations to understanding imposed by the physical art museum. 3. Using the interactive potentials of the Web to change the one-way flow of information from art museum to visitor to a two-way flow which also moves from visitor to museum. 4. Infusing the orientation towards constant change into the art museum so that the Web helps the art museum to reinvent itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009086030363
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration Strategies within an Electronic Archive: Practical Experience and Future Research (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: Pfizer ; archive ; preservation ; migration ; retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, England has developed an Electronic Archive to support the maintenance and preservation of electronic records used in the discovery and development of new medicines. The Archive has been developed to meet regulatory, scientific and business requirements. The long-term preservation of electronic records requires that migration strategies be developed both for the Archive and the records held within the Archive. The modular design of the Archive will facilitate the migration of hardware components. Selecting an appropriate migration strategy for electronic records requires careful project management skills allied to appraisal and retention management. Having identified when the migration of records is necessary, it is crucial that alternative technical solutions remain open.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009093604632
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    Review of A Virtual Exhibition of the Ravages of Dust, Water, Moulds, Fungi, Bookworms and other Pests (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 89-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009031127073
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    Review of Workshop on Electronic Archiving, An Evaluation of the SESAM Report (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 147-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009037825447
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    Warrant and the Definition of Electronic Records: Questions Arising from the Pittsburgh Project (1997)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: warrant-based recordkeeping ; electronic records research ; personal recordkeeping ; organizational recordkeeping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The University of Pittsburgh Electronic Recordkeeping Research Project established a model for developing functional requirements and metadata specifications based on warrant, defined as the laws, regulations, best practices, and customs that regulate recordkeeping. Research has shown that warrant can also increase the acceptance by records creators and others of functional requirements for recordkeeping. This article identifies areas related to warrant that require future study. The authors conclude by suggesting that requirements for recordkeeping may vary from country to country and industry to industry because of differing warrant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009008706990
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    Preface (1997)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 201-204 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009004606082
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    Electronic Records Research Issues (1997)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 205-211 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records research ; research agenda ; research issues ; problem statements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an overview of the issues and concerns in the last decade of electronic records research. It highlights some achievement and identifies areas in which there remains a need for work, but mostly it examines the changing perception of what constituted the important questions in a field which was evolving quickly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009052522011
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    Definitions of Electronic Records: Commentary (1997)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 233-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009060723829
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    Sailing on the Silicon Sea – The Design of a Virtual Maritime Museum (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 17-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: examples of web museums ; maritime museum ; project design and analysis ; shipwrecks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Following the development of a virtual museum this paper theorises the implications this has had for the Western Australian Maritime Museum (http://www.mm.wa.gov.au/). It is an opportunity to explore the relationship between both theory and praxis. The context for the analysis is the Diving into Shipwrecks internet project (http://www.mm.wa.gov.au/Museum/excavate/intro/intro_frame.html) developed as a constellation of shipwreck excavations. The success of the project is highlighted through an assessment of statistical data and more qualitative forms of feedback. Having established one model in a virtual museum this paper then reflects upon other forms of the web museums that are appearing on the internet. The discussion has implications for cultural organisations that seek to create on-line environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009099116304
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    Description of Collections and Encyclopaedias on the Web using XML (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 39-79 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: classification ; thesauri ; encyclopedia ; Web ; XML
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Cataloguing artworks relies on availability of classification schemes, often represented by hierarchical thesauri. After commenting on the limitation of current practices and tools, we propose a new approach for the cooperative production of multilingual and multicultural classification schemes, exploiting some features of the oncoming XML-based Web.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009076406097
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    Editorial: Standard Issues (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009041314740
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    Hall of Mirrors: The Dilemmas of Presenting Information Technology Culture Through Information Technology Interactives and Artifacts (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 83-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: interactive multimedia ; computer ; exhibition ; prior knowledge ; multiple intelligence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines how the problem of exhibiting computing artifacts was confronted by the development team of the Powerhouse Museum's new computing exhibition: Universal Machine. Universal Machine uses a mix of objects, activity trails and computer-based audiovisual and interactive technologies to take visitors on a journey through the origins, meaning and impact of contemporary information technology. It explores the interpretive partnerships developed between objects, new and traditional media, as well as the ways in which experience-based and multiple intelligence education theory informed design and content development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016611304423
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    Using & Re-using Archive Information for Multimedia Applications: The Virtual Museum of Italian Computer Science History (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; hypermedia ; reuse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The quality of content is a key attribute for assessing the globalquality of a museum application. Unfortunately, producing good content,especially in multimedia digital form, is expensive and time-consuming.One way to reduce the costs without sacrificing quality is to exploitthe concept of information reuse. The idea is to use (portions of) thesame multimedia material in different applications, possibly adapting itfor different contexts, for different categories of users, and fordifferent delivery channels (e.g., on-line and off-line). Informationreuse does not come free. To be effective, it requires a well-organizedenvironment in which information can be easily stored, inspected,retrieved, and adapted for different purposes. This paper describes theapproach adopted in the project ``The Virtual Museum of Italian ComputerScience History'', funded by the Italian National Council of Research(CNR). In this project, all the digital material (documents, images,video interviews, etc.) is stored in a digital archive based on amultimedia database with a WWW front-end. The archive is designed forspecialists only: members of the editorial board of the project;researchers in the history of science; application developers (whoare looking for interesting content to include in their CD-ROMs or Websites). Each research group involved in the project extracted andadapted from the digital archive the multimedia material needed to builda different hypermedia application in two ``versions'' – WWW andCD-ROM. These applications, both on-line and off-line, strongly reuse(portions of) the digital archive content, but organize and present itwith a totally different style, to address the needs of non-specialists(e.g., people who have some interest, or curiosity, in the history ofItalian computer science).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016663321262
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    Hypermedia in Archaeological Exhibitions: Different Kinds ofInteractivity and Visualization (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 139-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes possibilities of hypermedia inarchaeological exhibitions concerning aspects of visualizationand interactivity. It explains two very different kiosk systems,which supported exhibitions at the Kunst- und Ausstellungshalleder Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Bonn) in 1997 and 1998. The firstprogram deals with a very specific problem in (pre-) historyregarding demographic data of the Scythians (nomadic horse-ridingwarriors who lived in the northern Black Sea region, ca. 7th–4thcentury B.C.). It offers both an adventure-like experimentalsituation (including a simulation) and a small database tocompare the experimental results with real archaeological data.The second program covers general aspects of a wholearchaeological culture (the Iberians, former inhabitants of theMediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, ca. 8th–1st centuryB.C.). The visitors can explore seven themes (``daily life'',``environment'', ``economy'', ``art'', ``religion'', ``settlements'',``foreigners'') and a time line with important events. One of themain tasks of this program is the ability to allow the visitorsrealistic impressions of archaeological sites. This is achievedby providing interactive panorama technology – without a ``lost inspace''-feeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016671523079
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    Cultural Heritage and Technologies in the Third Millenium: ICHIM 2001 (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 203-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016679724896
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    Artwork as Interface (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 191-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Artworks are highly coded power objects. At best, they serve aswindows onto profound and unspeakable experience; at worst,they're simply ``wall obstructions.'' In this paper, two issueswill be addressed: (1) What do artists, in their role asextremely subtle information designers, have to teach us abouthow deep knowledge is conveyed? What do their visual strategiesteach us about interface? And (2) how can a digital program bedesigned that respects the properties inherent in each artwork,and yet harnesses the power of multimedia to make connectionsacross space and time?
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016627708058
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    Volume Contents (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 407-409 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016618815081
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    The Opportunities and Challenges of Preservation Technologies (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 211-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The pace of technology development in fields other than historic preservation has generally outstripped that of historic preservation, resulting in a predominant flow from those fields into historic preservation practice. This chapter summarizes some of the major trends in technology transfer and explores some of the issues that the increased use of advanced technologies brings to the practice of historic preservation. It also examines the relationship of the development of technologies for historic preservation to public policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012455131472
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    Nondestructive Testing of Historic Structures (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 249-271 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Nondestructive testing (NDT) of historic structures can be used for architectural archaeology, structural stability analysis, or materials characterization. Four types of physical probes are available: sound, penetrating radiation, visible light, and electromagnetism. Each of these can be utilized in several ways. Additional options involve hybrid techniques that combine probe methods. Widespread application in architectural conservation depends upon overcoming institutional barriers including the lack of standardization, fragmented decision-making, and restrictive contracting procedures that do not take into account the benefits of NDT.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012416309607
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    Editorial: Communication, Criticism and Community (1997)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 1-3 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023803272
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    Capturing Records' Metadata: Unresolved Questions and Proposals for Research (1997)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 271-276 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: metadata ; Business Acceptable Communications ; evidence ; Dublin Core ; Reference Model ; recordness ; standards ; communications systems architectures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The author reviews a range of the research questions still unanswered by research on the capture of metadata required for recordness. These include how to maintain inviolable linkages between records and their metadata in a variety of architectures, what structure metadata content should take, the semantics of records metadata and that of other electronic sources, how new metadata can be acquired by records over time, maintaining the meaning of contextual metadata over time, the use of metadata in records management and the design of environments in which Business Acceptable Communications – BAC – (those with appropriate evidential metadata) can persist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009051605173
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    Research: Towards Testable Specificity (1997)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 309-321 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009056622920
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    Research Issues in Australian Approaches to Policy Development (1997)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 251-257 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records policy ; implementation strategy ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Drawing on his experience at the Australian Archives in policy development on electronic records and recordkeeping for the Australian Federal Government sector the author argues for greater emphasis on the implementation side of electronic records management. The author questions whether more research is a priority over implementation. The author also argues that if archival institutions wish to be taken seriously by their clients they need to pay greater attention to getting their own organisations in order. He suggests the way to do this is by improving internal recordkeeping practices and systems and developing a resource and skills base suitable for the delivery of electronic recordkeeping policies and services to clients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009012824737
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    A comparison of Australian university output using journal impact factors (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 45-58 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We weighted the output of SCI items from Australian universities using journal impact factors. This provides us with an accessible quality indicator of science journal publishing, and allow us to scale for institutional size in terms of output and research staff. Use of this indicator for the 20 pre-1987 Australian universities demonstrates that although some universities rank highly on output, when scaled for institutional size they are overtaken by some of the smaller, more recently established universities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018232
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    Quantitative measurement of public opinions on new technologies (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 71-92 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The article presents the methodology of structural equation modeling (SEM) to study social perceptions of new technologies. It argues that the SEM-methodology offers a better statistical approach for the analysis of technology-related attitudes than the techniques most often applied in the field of public opinion research. SEM eliminates, compensates for, or at least reduces many problems raised by common surveying practices researching attitudes on new technologies. In particular, SEM-methodology reduces difficulties of testing the validity and reliability of measuring instruments when those are applied to vague and weakly established opinions on new technologies. To demonstrate these advantages of SEM the research presented here concentrates on the cognitive formation of public attitudes toward the particular gene technologies of prenatal genetic testing (pGT) and prenatal genetic engineering (pGE). The study explores whether a statistical analysis of various opinions on these technologies can reveal a set of underlying, structured attitudes, and if so, whether these attitudes form an entire syndrome or are differentiated into several distinct, coherent complexes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018234
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    Measuring the impact of scientific publications. The case of the biomedical sciences (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 119-132 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The bibliometric indicators currently used to assess scientific production have a serious flaw: a notable bias is produced when different subfields are compared. In this paper we demonstrate the existence of this bias using the impact factor (IF) indicator. The impact factor is related to the quality of a published article, but only when each specific subfield is taken separately: only 15.6% of the subfields we studied were found to have homogeneous means. The bias involved can be very misleading when bibliometric estimators are used as a basis for assigning research funds. To improve this situation, we propose a new estimator, the RPU, based on a normalization of the impact factor that minimizes bias and permits comparison among subfields. The RPU of a journal is calculated with the formula: RPU=10(1-exp (-IF/x)), where IF is the impact factor of the journal and x the mean IF for the subfield in which the journal belongs. The RPU retains the advantages of the impact factor: simplicity of calculation, immediacy and objectivity, and increases homogeneous subfields from 15.6% to 93.7%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018236
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    Two measures for identifying the perception of risk associated with the introduction of transgenic plants (1999)
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    Scientometrics 44 (1999), S. 401-426 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The interweaving of three different sorts of software based on different algorithms (co-world analysis and downward hierarchical classification) and applied on a file (in the field of risk assessment through the introduction of transgenic plants) extracted from the CAB (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau) data base, has enable us to provide three types of results: Leximappe provides a synthetic image from clusters of key-words. The main themes were identified. Alceste improves a corpus' characterization and allows a logical reading of it, thanks to the creation of categories, along with their mutual dependencies, the peculiar, meaning of each and their division in time. Moreover, Alceste allows us to perceive the contexts of the contents previously identified under Leximappe. Sampler allows us to go into the details of the terms association in graphical form and detail the specific orientations of the corpus, especially with the inscription of weak signals. Finally, this software, applied from the categories drawn from Alceste, offers for each category a meaningful graphic representation. We can argue that the different ways of measuring and presenting results are complementary since they highlight different aspects of risk assessment carried by different actors, as it is underlined in social science studies of public controversy. Moreover we can follow these actors through the categories and clusters (socioeconomic, scientific and risk assessment linked to regulation and policy) which are more and more differenciated in time. This methodology allows the study of emerging processes in the social construction of issues within controversies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458487
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    An item-by-item subject classification of papers published in multidisciplinary and general journals using reference analysis (1999)
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    Scientometrics 44 (1999), S. 427-439 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A serious shortcoming of bibliometric studies based on the(Social) Science (s) Citation Index is the lack of an universally applicable subject classification scheme as individual papers are concerned. Subject classification of papers on the basis of assigning journals to subject categories (like those found in the various supplements of ISI databases) works well in case of highly specialised journals, but fails for multidisciplinary journals such asNature, Science andPNAS—and so far as subfields are taken into consideration-also for “general” journals (e.g.JACS orAngewandte Chemie). This study presents the results of a pilot project attempting to overcome this shortcoming by delimiting the subject of papers published in multidisciplinary and general journals by an item-by-item subject classification scheme, where assignment is based on the analysis of the subject classification of reference literature. The results clearly confirmed the conclusions of earlier studies by the authors in the field of reference analysis. For the really important journals (sufficiently high number of annual publications and high impact with respect to the field), the share of classifiable papers was surprisingly high, and the assignment proved reliable as well. Since papers in the leading general and multidisciplinary journals are frequently citing general and multidisciplinary journals, an iterated application of the procedure is expected to increase the number of classifiable publications. The results of the new methodology may improve the validity of bibliometric studies for research evaluation purposes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458488
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    Gaining scientific recognition by position: Does editorship increase citation rates? (1999)
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    Scientometrics 44 (1999), S. 459-486 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We investigated three rival hypotheses concerning scientific communication and recognition: the performance hypothesis and two alternative assumptions, the reputation hypothesis and the resource hypothesis. The performance hypothesis reflects the norm of universalism in the sense given byMerton, the reputation hypothesis predicts a Matthew Effect (scientists receive communications and recognition on the basis of their reputation), and the resource hypothesis assumes that communication with other scientitis is used as a form of asset to defend one's own research results. Using bibliometric methods, we assessed whether assuming an important scientific position enhances scientific impact and prestige. Specifically, we explored whether a person's assumption of editorship responsibilities of a psychology journal increases the frequency with which that person is cited in theSocial Sciences Citation Index. The data base consisted of ten psychology journals, seven premier American and three German journals, covering the years 1981 to 1995. Citation rates for the years prior to, during, and following periods of editorship were compared for three groups: editors cited in the journal they edited, editors cited in a journal they did not edit, and non-editors. The results showed that during their editorship, editors showed an increased citation rate in the journal edited; this result was found for American journals, but not for German journals. These findings indicate that, for American journals, assuming editorship responsibilities for a major psychology journal increases one's scientific impact, at least as reflected by a measure of citation rate. A careful examination of ages of the non-editors' citations reveals that the post-editorship citation rates of editors and comparable non-editors do not differ significantly. The reputation hypothesis (Matthew Effect) is therefore preferred for interpreting the results, because it shows the cumulative nature of prestige-oriented citations. The results contradict the convention of using citation rates as pure performance measures.
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    Temporal differences in self-citation rates of scientific journals (1999)
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    Scientometrics 44 (1999), S. 521-531 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Temporal differences in self-citing and self-cited rates of journals are studied. It is concluded that the citation curve of a journal is composed of two curves with different characteristics: a self-citation (or self-cited) curve and a curve representing external citations.
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    Scientometrics in Medicine-Related Fields 1990–1999 (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 251-284 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005600922922
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    Critical Aspects of the Danish Welfare State — as Revealed by Issue Tracking (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 237-250 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper examines the applicability of informetric methods to trace the pattern of debate about the three main critical issues of the modern Welfare State in Denmark: economic aspects, legitimacy and functionality. The methodology of issue tracking is used to follow the developments of these issues in periods through national databases of various types covering information about the research, implementation, press and legislation aspects. The approach taken is novel in that it implements and tests issue tracking in this area of social sciences, and tries to reduce subjectivity in the analysis of trends influencing social policy and public opinion. The study aims to show how the emerging data and text mining techniques can be applied to integrate downloaded bibliographic data with other types of information in a strategic mix.
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    A bibliometric approach to social sciences. National research performances in 6 selected social science areas, 1990–1992 (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 291-307 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016902
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    Type of empirical research reports as an explanatory factor in citation performance of psychiatric research (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 309-320 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In all fields of human sciences there has long been a debate whether research of these fields should closely follow the traditional method with accurate measurements and statistical inference. More qualitative approaches have been proposed, by which is ment that the research aim is to use the data in their qualitative form. The purpose of this study was to describe the differences in citations between qualitative and quantitative empirical reports. A total of 262 published reports of research pertaining to the therapeutic community and psychiatric wards in a variety of treatment settings from 1987 to 1992 were analyzed. The main finding of this study was that quantitative reports were more frequently cited than qualitative ones — also when some confounding factors were controlled.
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    The CED—le DEC: Common European doctorate, or doctorate Europeen commune or dissertations on the internet (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 347-353 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An international electronic thesis system is proposed to provide ready access to doctoral dissertations and ensure uniform standards. To establish common criteria, the publication-based Dutch doctoral degree system was assessed and compared with studies of other national systems. Current Dutch doctoral theses in biomedical fields were of a high standard. 93% of theses were based on published work. The median number of papers per thesis was four, with five authors per paper. The candidate was the key author on 84%. Representative journals of publication ranked in the top quartile of theScience Citation Index with a median rank of 241.
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    Relationships between the rate of scientific development and citations. The chance for citedness model (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 375-386 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Chances for information to be cited (CC) depend on disciplines and topics because of different publication and referencing practices. However, the developmental rate of knowledge strongly influences CC as well. By a simple model it has been concluded that CC are the greater the faster the publication rate.
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    Scientometrics: A citation based bibliography, 1991 (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 393-399 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Author productivity patterns in theoretical population genetics (1900–1980) (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 19-41 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Focuses on the validity of Lotka's law and the negative binomial distribution model to author productivity data in different time periods in theoretical population genetics speciality. Finds out if there is any relation between applicability of a statistical distribution and the development of speciality. Looks at the linkages between inequality/concentration measures and the development of speciality. Explores the relevance and applicability of the two generalisations, namely Price Square, Root Law and 80/20 Rule to the author productivity data and their relation with development of theoretical population genetics. Finally, a study of the growth of practitioners in the field with different productivity levels is conducted, and the emergence of core authors in the speciality is explored.
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    National Systems of Innovation: Institutional Linkages and Performances in the Case of Korea and Taiwan (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 413-426 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the measurement of scientific and technological performance of Korea and Taiwan in what has been the most successful technology catch-up within developing economies context. The performance measures are based on the publication data for scientific knowledge production and patent data for technological capabilities. In addition, this analysis also reveals on the features of innovation system of these two countries, focusing on the linkages between public and private sector in the scientific and technological knowledge creation. By examining the scientific and technological performance and the changing structure of innovation system, it provides empirical evidence on the positive interaction between scientific and technological activities.
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    Highly dynamic specialities in climate research (1999)
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    Scientometrics 44 (1999), S. 547-560 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the identification and analysis of highly dynamic, rapidly developing research fronts of climate research are demonstrated. The underlying method based on co-citation analysis is described, and two selected highly dynamic specialities (HDS) are analysed using journal profiles, co-citation maps, and actor profiles as information elements. The two examples demonstrate how co-citation analysis can be used to identify and analyse highly dynamic specialities.
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    Beyond the holy grail: From citation theory to indicator theories (1999)
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    Scientometrics 44 (1999), S. 561-580 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A recurring theme in the use of science and technology indicators, as well as in the construction of new ones, is the interpretation of these indicators. Given the dependence on citation data in the majority of interesting science and technology indicators, a general citation theory would make the meaning of S&T indicators more transparent. Hence the continuing call for a citation theory in scientometrics. So far, such a theory has not yet been accepted by the experts in the field. This paper suggests an explanation for this. It also tries to sketch the outline of a generalindicator theory by discussing new implications of an earlier proposal (Wouters, 1998) in relation to existing citation and indicator theories.
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    The International Visibility and Citation Impact of Scandinavian Research Articles in Selected Social Science Fields: The Decay of a Myth (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 39-61 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The article covers the period 1989–1998. It investigates the results and meaningfulness of applying the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI, ISI, USA) to publication and citation studies of nine selected Social Science research areas in Scandinavia by analysing the international visibility, the research profiles, and relative citation impact. The study demonstrates that the areas Economics, Political Science, Sociology & Anthropology, Social Policy, Language & Linguistics, and, for Denmark and Finland, Information & Library Science as well as, for Sweden, Management studies, are well anchored internationally with a visibility in line with common S&T domains. The journal article world share of the region is increasing rapidly. Other small European countries, like the Netherlands, are even more substantially represented as regards citation analyses. The conclusion is that SSCI, although biased towards Anglo-American publications, actually makes room for valid bibliometric and scientometric analyses of research published by Scandinavian and other smaller countries with English as the second language in journals regarded international by ISI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005657107901
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    Stratification among Journals in Management Research: A Bibliometric Study of Interaction between European and American Journals (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 23-38 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Tho key features of science are its rapid growth and its continuous differentiation. The establishment of new journals can be seen as an expression of both growth and differentiation. In this study of the network among management journals, the focus is on forms of differentiation, i.e., the relationship between stratification and specialization in a network of journals. The question asked in this study is whether the different position of American and European journals corresponds with different levels of specialization. A tendency toward such a structuration of the journal network would indicate an interregional integration of management research. Articles published in six of the most influential American and European journals covering the period from 1981 to 1998 have been downloaded. The findings in this study indicate that even though European journals formed a periphery in relation to the American journals in terms of clearly asymmetrical exchange relations, it was the European journals that seemed to be more comprehensive in scope. The tendency during the investigated period indicated differentiation in terms of segmentation rather than specialization.
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    Socio-Bibliometric Mapping of Intra-Departmental Networks (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 81-91 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The mapping of author networks at academic departments is the focus of this study. Papers from two departments at two different universities, but within the same field of research, were analyzed in terms of co-authorship, direct and indirect citations among the authors. Considerable overlap was found between the co-authorship and the citation based networks. The paper also introduces the idea of socio-bibliometric maps that can be used to make social interpretations of bibliometric networks. The nodes of the networks were labeled by sex and seniority and supervisor-student links were also indicated. When reading the maps and tabulating the links it could be concluded that the two departmental networks were structured differently by sex and seniority.
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    What is Special about Patent Citations? Differences between Scientific and Patent Citations (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 93-123 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of pattent bibliometrics as a new branch of scientometrics necessitates a deeper understanding of the relationship between patents and papers. As this connection is established through the linkage between patents and research papers, one must have a clear idea of similarities and differences between patent and paper citations. This paper will investigate to what extent one can not only apply bibliometric methods to patents but also extend the existing interpretative framework for citations in research papers to the field of patent citations. After pointing out some parallels in the debates about the nature of citations in patents and scientific articles, the paper outlines those parts of bibliometric theory covering scientific citations that could be relevant to patent citations too. Then it highlights the specialties and peculiarities of patent citations. One major conclusion is that the general nature of a common framework for both scientific and patent citations would severely limit its usefulness, but research on academic citations might still be a great source of inspiration to the study of patent citations.
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    External Research Collaboration in Two Small Science Systems (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 145-160 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper compares external research collaboration in small science systems. The design involves studying research collaboration in an independent country (Iceland) and a region of a large country (Newfoundland, Canada). The objective of the paper is firstly to gain a deeper understanding of external research collaboration in small science systems by using both quantitative and qualitative methods and secondly to examine if it is justifiable to compare small regions and small independent countries in terms of their scientific activities. The two science systems are compared with respect to their publication patterns in order to explore how comparable they are in their scientific profiles. External collaboration rates for both science systems are then measured and compared, and it is shown that research collaboration plays an important part in the two science systems. The role of research collaboration is examined further with a combination of bibliometric analysis and interview data. It was found that scientists in small science systems do not collaborate only because they lack economic resources, but an important reason for their collaboration was the availability of research material which was in demand by scientists in the wider scientific world.
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    Bradford's Law in the Context of Information Provision (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 161-186 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study is to study empirical use of Bradford's law for decisions concerning information systems in problem based fields, were journals from different disciplines cover relevant information. Results of comparison of the cores in different fields can be used as a base for tailoring an information system. Bradford's law is in the study applied on five databases in the topic "Information retrieval and seeking" in order to compare the size and titles of the core journals. These databases give different views of the same interdisciplinary topic. Problems are relevance judgments, which change the shape of the graphs, and consistency of concepts in the analysis. The results show that Bradford analyses can be useful tools in developing information systems.
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    The scenario of Brazilian health sciences in the period of 1981 to 1995 (1999)
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    Scientometrics 45 (1999), S. 95-105 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Ensuing a previous study of Brazilian sciences production for the period 1981–95, health sciences were taken apart for scrutiny. ISI data was obtained in an aggregate format comprising 40 health research fields recording their yearly number of papers, proportion out of the country, proportion out of the field, and impact relative to field. Simple linear regression was used to examine time trends in production and impact of research fields. A complementary variable representing growth trend was computed as the regression slope. Data were then analysed by means of Factor and Correspondence Analysis. Results allowed the production of location maps of research fields so that hierarchy and relationships among them could be examined in the form of geometric distances. It was found that health sciences represent 42% of the Brazilian scientific production and that their trends in both production and impact do not differ from other sciences taken altogether. Measurements of production were found negatively correlated with impact and factor analysis revealed that the major distinction between fields is attributable to production (64% of measurement variations against 19% due to impact). Experimental Biology & Medicine largely exceeds other fields in production, though at ordinary levels of impact. Correspondence analysis refined the study of impact allowing the identification of the best performers as Clinical Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Environmental & Social Medicine, and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine. The information provided can advise national policy makers on science & technology about priorities concerning the improvement of the country's competitiveness.
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    The “own-language preference”: Measures of relative language self-citation (1999)
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    Scientometrics 45 (1999), S. 217-232 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It has already been pointed out that the foreign language barrier is probably the greatest impediment to the free flow and transfer of information. This barrier is even growing as scientists of more and more countries publish in their own languages. Almost all studies addressing the language barrier problem were conducted from an Anglo-Saxon perspective, limiting their scope to English-language sources or English speakers. Little research has been devoted to studying and measuring language preference among non-English-speaking scholars. This article reviews measures proposed in former studies such as the “relative own-language preference” indicator, and the “straight odds ratio”, pointing out their advantages and drawbacks. Two new refined measures (in both “raw” and normalised versions) are offered, claiming to be free of these drawbacks, and thus enabling a better and more reliable comparison between journals of different languages. Practical use of the proposed measures is illustrated by applying them to findings of a former language-citation study done on nine sociology journals.
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    Language use patterns in the fisheries periodical literature (1983)
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 245-255 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A cross-sectional examination of the fisheries literature for 1978 was made to see how language use patterns were related to communicating research information. An analysis of 884 articles indicated that despite the dominance of English as an international communicative medium, there was a strong national language usage pattern. National language usage was not confined to local fisheries problems, but cut across issues of international importance. For most of the articles the language of publication was directly predictable from the first author's country of residence. However the mismatch between these variables for about six percent of the sample suggested the need for a detailed study of individual cases.
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    News (1983)
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 273-276 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
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    The author cocitation structure of macroeconomics (1983)
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 277-289 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Cocitations of the work of 42 prominent macroeconomists (past and present) were examined, using multidimensional scaling and clustering techniques. Author clusters, corresponding primarily to current schools of thought in macroeconomics, are arranged along two dimensions of scholarly style; 1) a relative orientation toward quantitative or mathematical models and issues and 2) a continuum of active concern with older scholarship in the field. Social relationships demonstrated by these techniques include joint journal editorship, mentor-student links and institutional affiliation. New to this study is evidence of the cocitation of prominent authors as ‘concept symbols’.
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    Sciences and cultures (1983)
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 329-331 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Scientific research areas in Mexico: Growth patterns in the late seventies (1986)
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    Scientometrics 9 (1986), S. 209-221 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A longitudinal study of ten Mexican research areas was carried out in the late 1970s. In the study, research institutions were classified by a group of experts as primary and secondary, depending on the quality and quantity of research output. New institutions created during this time period were also classified as primary or secondary. Examination of the data shows a greater growth in the number of research personnel in primary institutions, evidence of uneven distribution of resources. Furthermore, due to the high turnover of qualified personnel observed in secondary institutions, they are at a disadvantage in forming mature, stable research groups, and are often precluded from becoming first rate research center. Since the national science and technology system does not facilitate the movement of institutions from secondary to primary positions, it is recommended that whenever a new institution is created, it should be provided with appropriate resources, both human and material, to make sure it will be considered as first rank from its inception. Also, in order to reduce the gap between primary and secondary institutions, long range strategies, including the provision of high quality researchers, should be developed to facilitate the upgrading of the secondary institutions.
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    Analysis of the structure of international scientific cooperation networks through bibliometric indicators (1999)
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    Scientometrics 44 (1999), S. 441-457 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract International scientific cooperation of Latin American countries amongst themselves, with the USA and with the European Union in the period 1991–1995 was studied. The analysis deepens in the differences per subject area and the influence of the regional axis involved. Collaboration patterns differ according to the scientific size of the latin American countries, the thematic areas and whether a bilateral collaboration or a participation in a multilateral network takes place. Some special characteristics of multi-regional cooperation networks are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458489
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    A systemic view of British science (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 133-154 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Systemic analyses of national research systems are now within the reach of bibliometricians. By systemic we mean comprehensive, time series, institutionally based, sectoral level analyses of national research output. This paper describes such an analysis for the UK, a system comprising 8% of world scientific output. The paper analyses publishing size and the number of publishing institutions for each sector. Then each sector's intra-sectoral, inter-sectoral and international collaboration is assessed. The paper then examines the data by field, looking at sector publishing profiles across fields, and at how the collaborative patterns vary between fields. It concludes with a summary profile of each institutional sector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018237
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    Bibliometric standards: Personal experience and lessons learned (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 193-197 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Bibliometric standards are essential for comparative research. However, these standards can not be set by committee but must evolve through an on-going debate. Perhaps, the Scientometric community needs a refereed forum more dedicated to methodological issues than policy matters in which the standards debate can proceed in a focused and professional manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018477
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    The need for standards in bibliometric research and technology (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 167-176 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The need for standardisation in bibliometric research and technology is discussed in the context of failing communication within the scientific community, the unsatisfactory impact of bibliometric research outside the community and the observed incompatibility of bibliometric indicators produced by different institutes. The development of bibliometric standards is necessary to improve the reliability of bibliometric results, to guarantee the validity of bibliometric methods and to make bibliometric data compatible. Both conceptual and technical questions are raised. Consequences of lacking standards are illustrated by typical examples. Finally, particular topics of standardisation are proposed based on experiences made at ISSRU.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018475
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  • 84
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    Standards issues in a national bibliometric database: The Australian case (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 199-207 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In recent years researchers in the Performance Indicators Project at the Australian National University have undertaken a number of projects involving collaboration with colleagues in England or attempts to replicate results obtained by others. All projects have necessitated close scrutiny of the methodologies previously used or to be used and have made clear the urgent need for comparable standards. In this paper we have focused on two projects: one, an analysis of Australia's shares of publications and citations, where we sought to learn from the debate on methodology that surrounded the question of decline in British science; the second, an analysis of astronomy publications in Australia where we sought to replicate methodology used in a previous European study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018478
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  • 85
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    On chaos in bibliometric terminology (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 271-277 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract On behalf of a case study of articles on bibliometric selection and ranking the variance in terminology of the properties of journals is shown: the same properties are called in various manners, while one and the same terms have different meanings. Similar inconsistencies are found in the terms denoting readers' activities which are studied in bibliometrics for the assessment of the use of periodicals. The author concludes that there are actually only two properties of periodicals that are quantitatively assessed, viz. “productivity”, and “value”. Their definitions are suggested for terminology standardization of general properties of journals and of readers' activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018485
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  • 86
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    Bibliometric Analysis of the Welfare Topic (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 203-236 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The article is reporting the results of the first part of an extensive informetric analysis of the Welfare topic, carried out in 1998–1999. The aim was to analyse the structure of the literature of international Welfare research, to provide a detailed picture of its basic theoretical and empirical concepts and the mutual relations existing between these concepts. The approach is novel in that through the application of quantitative (i.e., bibliometric) techniques it tries to reduce subjectivity in domain analysis and in the mapping of the developments and segmentation in special topical areas. The analysis used the technique of co-ordinated online searches in a cluster of international bibliographic databases in DIALOG. The identified 13 sub-topics have been in detail analysed, in three time intervals. By measuring trends and developments in the number of publications, term occurrences, similarity between the subject terms and formation of clusters among the subject segments the analysis provides a comprehensive review of such a complex research field as the Welfare State is. The study, which primary aim is to improve the methodology of quantitative analysis in the so called "soft" sciences, will increase the interest among social scientists, scholars of the humanities and library and information science to use databases as analytical tools and to apply the modern text mining techniques for the extraction of knowledge from bibliographic data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005696722014
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    Some Features of Colombian Research Population (1983–1994) (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 285-305 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We present some features that characterise the mobility and interaction of researchers within a given S&T environment. The variable of interest is the number of research proposals submitted for funding. The model is applied to the case of Colombia and the following results are exhibited: a) a "flux matrix" that characterises the "interactions" as a function of time between researchers and COLCIENCIAS (national S&T funding agency). Some properties of the matrix are established and a "probability" for a researcher who has previously submitted a proposal to re-enter is calculated as a function of time. It is found that this probability is approximately time-independent, at least for the next 7 years after first researcher's appearance; b) patterns of interaction between researchers/institutions and COLCIENCIAS, seen through the number of presented proposals. The interaction assumes the well-known form encountered in these kinds of distributions: a small set of actors (researchers/institutions) is responsible for most of the interaction; c) a temporal pattern for mean researcher's age is established and it is found that by the end of the observed period researchers start to interact in ages that are significantly greater than those observed at the beginning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005684303869
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    To Screen or Not to Screen? Science Discourse in Two Health Policy Controversies, As Seen through Three Approaches to the Citation Evidence (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 307-344 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article is an empirical study of two science and health policy controversies — "to screen or not to screen" with ultrasound in pregnancy and with mammography for breast cancer. In each case, conflicting experimental results have been published. Which of the results have been accepted within the medical science community? The article is also a theoretical and methodological study of three views of science — an institutional view, an interests view, and a semiotic view. How might each approach scientific publications as evidence? Could they be eclectically combined in a more complex view of science discourse?
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005636420708
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    A Heuristic Study of the First-Citation Distribution (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 345-359 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The first-citation distribution, i.e. the cumulative distribution of the time period between publication of an article and the time it receives its first citation, has never been modelled by using well-known informetric distributions. An attempt to this is given in this paper. For the diachronous aging distribution we use a simple decreasing exponential model. For the distribution of the total number of received citations we use a classical Lotka function. The combination of these two tools yield new first-citation distributions. The model is then tested by applying nonlinear regression techniques. The obtained fits are very good and comparable with older experimental results of Rousseau and of Gupta and Rousseau. However our single model is capable of fitting all first-citation graphs, concave as well as S-shaped; in the older results one needed two different models for it. Our model is the function $$\Phi {\text{(t}}_{\text{1}} {\text{) = }}\gamma (1 - a^{{\text{t}}_{\text{1}} } )^{\alpha - 1} {\text{ }}.$$ Here γ is the fraction of the papers that eventually get cited, t1 is the time of the first citation, a is the aging rate and α is Lotka's exponent. The combination of a and α in one formula is, to the best of our knowledge, new. The model hence provides estimates for these two important parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005688404778
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    Threaded Email Messages in Self-Organization and Science & Technology Studies Oriented Mailing Lists (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 361-380 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper addresses the potential of Internet mailing lists to enhance academic research with respect to Gibbons' distinction between Mode I and Mode II knowledge production (Gibbons et al., 1994). We examine threaded email messages in a selection of Self-Organization and Science & Technology Studies oriented Internet mailing lists to illustrate the internal dynamics involved in the electronic production of knowledge. Of particular interest is the EuroCon-Knowflow mailing list which houses the electronic communication of the Self-Organization of the European Information Society (SOEIS) research group. The research focuses upon the discussion threads of mailing lists. The use of threaded messages as our hermeneutic units of analysis provides the basis for a reflection upon three key theoretical positions: Medium Theory, Actor-Network Theory, and Self-Organization Theory. With respect to the latter, we measure for self-organized criticality by comparing the frequency and size of threaded messages. Using this and other methods as operationalized modes of theorizing we reveal network dynamics particular to the Internet mailing list.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005640521616
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  • 91
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    Multivariate statistical analysis of the bibliographic output from a research institution, in relation to the measures of scientific policy (1986)
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    Scientometrics 9 (1986), S. 223-230 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The publications produced in a medical research institute in a 16 year interval were classified into five categories (scientific papers in the journals covered byCurrent Contents orScience Citation Index, scientific papers in other journals, books and monographs, technical papers, congress and symposia communications) and counted for each year separately. The number of researchers and yearly budgets were also recorded. The data were analysed by contingency table, correlation and factor-analytical methods. It was shown that, upon introducing quantitative minimal criteria for job promotions, the proportion of scientific papers increased. Principal component analysis indicated that the data can be approximately represented as linear combinations of three mutually independent factors. The approach used is recommended for evaluating the production of scientific information in research institutions and for assessing the effects of the measures of scientific policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02017245
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    Publication potential—An indicator of scientific strength for cross-national comparisons (1986)
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    Scientometrics 9 (1986), S. 231-238 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A new indicator, called thepublication potential, is proposed to measure scientific strength of different countries. The indicator is based onSCI author counts and publication frequency distributions. Not depending on national statistical reports, it avoids the ambiguities of statistical definitions and methods, thereby providing a solid ground for cross-national comparisons. Publication based and statistical survey data for 34 countries are compared and some of the most conspicuous discrepancies are pinpointed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02017246
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    Technology, finance and development: An analysis of the World Bank as a technological institution (1986)
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    Scientometrics 9 (1986), S. 305-306 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02017251
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    News (1986)
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    Scientometrics 9 (1986), S. 307-313 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications, etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr.J. Farkas.
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    A compendium of issues for citation analysis (1999)
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    Scientometrics 45 (1999), S. 117-136 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines a number of the criticisms that citation analysis has been subjected to over the years. It is argued that many of these criticisms have been based on only limited examinations of data in particular contexts and it remains unclear how broadly applicable these problems are to research conducted at different levels of analysis, in specific field, and among various national data sets. Relevant evidence is provided from analysis of Australian and international data. Citation analysis is likely to be most reliable when data is aggregated and at the highly-cited end of the distribution. It is possible to make valid inferences about individual cases, although considerable caution should be used. Bibliometric measures should be viewed as a useful supplement to other research evaluation measures rather than as a replacement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458472
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    History matters: The inherited disciplinary structure of the post-communist science in countries of central and eastern Europe and its restructuring (1999)
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    Scientometrics 45 (1999), S. 137-166 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The inherited disciplinary structure of the science of post-communist countries of CEE carries a strong common features of its past. The communist heritage is present in: a) a relatively homogeneous research profile among post-communist countries; b) the similar structure of disciplinary comparative advantages of post-communist countries; c) the unbalanced and concentrated disciplinary structure of comparative advantages. The analysis is based on ISI databases and uses statistics on papers and citations for the 1992–1997 period for all central and eastern European countries as well as for other world regions. In the conclusions we discuss the relevance of the results for the restructuring of science in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458473
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    The interest of scientific communities in sea-related research topics (1999)
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    Scientometrics 45 (1999), S. 167-183 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Articles on sea-related topics such as ocean, fishery, crimes at sea, law of the sea, distress at sea and others were counted for journals in the fields supposedly comprising sea-related specialties such as policy/political science, law and its enforcement, agriculture, transportation, and operational research. The number of such articles was found very few in all the surveyed journals. The follow-up search was made for other journals of the same specialties, obtaining the same result. Further, the same result was found to hold for other issues of the journals published in different years: That is, this phenomenon was found stable for years. Its reasons were discussed, and some interpretation and their policy implications were presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458431
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    A bibliometric analysis of international scientific cooperation of the European Union (1985–1995) (1999)
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    Scientometrics 45 (1999), S. 185-202 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Scientific cooperation of the EU countries with other developed regions, with Economies in Transition and with Developing Countries is analysed as it is reflected in the bibliometric indicators of internationally co-authored publications. The citation attractivity of these publications shows that international scientific collaboration is particularly advantageous for less advanced countries, but also highly industrialised countries benefit from it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458432
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    The role of domestic journals in geographically-oriented disciplines: The case of Spanish journals on earth sciences (1999)
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    Scientometrics 45 (1999), S. 203-216 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The role of domestic journals in disseminating research results in the filed of Earth Sciences in Spain is discussed. The analysis is based on bibliometric indicators of Spanish scientific production, as well as on the opinion of Spanish researchers in this field, obtained through a specially designed survey. A reasonable correspondence has been found between the results of bibliometric analysis and scientists' judgements. Results show that 69% of Spanish articles in Earth Sciences were published in Spanish journals during the period 1990–1994. Scientists use both national and international journals to communicate, their research results, although due to the nature of the discipline, geographically oriented and therefore mostly devoted to local problems, they use basically domestic journals. In terms of international visibility, although none of the Spanish journals in this field is covered by the SCI, most of them are covered by some of the most representative international databases in the field concerned. The study points out the importance of domestic journals in the field of Earth Sciences in Spain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458433
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    Representation of a complex structure measure for social groups and its application to the structure of citations in a journal (1983)
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 5-30 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A complex structure measure for social groups was established with a view to reflecting the degree of interaction within a social group. The quantitative degrees of relationship between two group members each and their distributions within the group are considered. These distributions can be characterized quantitatively on different hierarchical levels to which a specific meaning can be attributed. The complex structure measure is a combination of measures for the different hierarchical levels. A stratification of scientists based on the number of publications in a journal is reflected in the results obtained by the complex structure measure. Specific information is provided both by the complex structure measure and by the measure on different levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02097175
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