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  • Journals  (33)
  • Other Sources  (970)
  • Institut für Meereskunde  (964)
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  • Journals  (33)
  • Articles  (177,403)
  • Other Sources  (970)
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  • 1
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    Polar Low Workshop (2019)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100 (2). ES89-ES92.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The workshop on polar lows (PLs) and mesoscale weather extremes attracted 30 scientists from China, France, Germany, Japan, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States to present the most recent findings on PL research and to summarize our present understanding of PLs and mesocyclones (MCs) as well as mesoscale weather extremes in the Arctic and Antarctic (see sidebar for the definition of PLs). The workshop had the following main themes: PL studies using satellite data and in situ observations, climatological aspects, PLs in reanalyses and model simulations, environments for PL genesis and operational aspects, polar mesoscale weather phenomena, and air–ocean–ice interactions. The workshop was concluded by a roundtable discussion resulting in recommendations for future research and actions.
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  • 2
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    Discontinuous Daily Temperatures in the WATCH Forcing Datasets (2015)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Journal of Hydrometeorology, 16 (1). pp. 465-472.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-23
    Description: The Water and Global Change (WATCH) forcing datasets have been created to support the use of hydrological and land surface models for the assessment of the water cycle within climate change studies. They are based on 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) or ECMWF interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) with temperatures (among other variables) adjusted such that their monthly means match the monthly temperature dataset from the Climatic Research Unit. To this end, daily minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures within one calendar month have been subjected to a correction involving monthly means of the respective month. As these corrections can be largely different for adjacent months, this procedure potentially leads to implausible differences in daily temperatures across the boundaries of calendar months. We analyze day-to-day temperature fluctuations within and across months and find that across-months differences are significantly larger, mostly in the tropics and frigid zones. Average across-months differences in daily mean temperature are typically between 10% and 40% larger than their corresponding within-months average temperature differences. However, regions with differences up to 200% can be found in tropical Africa. Particularly in regions where snowmelt is a relevant player for hydrology, a few degrees Celsius difference can be decisive for triggering this process. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures are affected in the same regions, but in a less severe way.
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  • 3
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    A Comparative Stability Analysis of Atlantic and Pacific Nino Modes (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Journal of Climate, 26 (16). pp. 5965-5980.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific and the analogous Atlantic Niño mode are generated by processes involving coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions known as the Bjerknes feedback. It has been argued that the Atlantic Niño mode is more strongly damped than ENSO, which is presumed to be closer to neutrally stable. In this study the stability of ENSO and the Atlantic Niño mode is compared via an analysis of the Bjerknes stability index. This index is based on recharge oscillator theory and can be interpreted as the growth rate for coupled modes of ocean–atmosphere variability. Using observational data, an ocean reanalysis product, and output from an ocean general circulation model, the individual terms of the Bjerknes index are calculated for the first time for the Atlantic and then compared to results for the Pacific. Positive thermocline feedbacks in response to wind stress forcing favor anomaly growth in both basins, but they are twice as large in the Pacific compared to the Atlantic. Thermocline feedback is related to the fetch of the zonal winds, which is much greater in the equatorial Pacific than in the equatorial Atlantic due to larger basin size. Negative feedbacks are dominated by thermal damping of sea surface temperature anomalies in both basins. Overall, it is found that both ENSO and the Atlantic Niño mode are damped oscillators, but the Atlantic is more strongly damped than the Pacific primarily because of the weaker thermocline feedback.
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  • 4
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    Cruise Report F.S. ALKOR Cruise No. 229 (2003)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Alkor-Berichte, AL229 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 30 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-28
    Description: Dates of Cruise: 15.09. to 18.09.2003 Projects: BASEWECS and Student course in physical oceanography; Port Calls: Warnemünde (15.09. and 18.09.2003)
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  • 5
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    Cruise Report F.S. ALKOR Cruise No. 223 (2003)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Alkor-Berichte, AL223 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 22 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-28
    Description: Dates of Cruise: 07.07. - 09.07.2003 Projects: BASEWECS and Student course in physical oceanography; Port Calls: Warnemünde, 07.07.-08.07.2003
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  • 6
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    A comparison of the impact of major mesozooplankton taxa on marine, brackish and freshwater phytoplankton during summer (2003)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-30
    Description: The impact by freshwater and marine mesozooplankton on phytoplankton particle size and stoichiometry was studied. Additionally, zooplankton d15N were determined as an inidicator of trophic level. Mesocosm studies, using logarithmically scaled zooplankton density gradients, were performed at three locations (lake Schoehsee, the marine Hopavagen lagoon, Norway, and Kiel Fjord) in August 2000, July 2001 and September 2002. In two of the three studies (Schoehsee, Hopavagen), zooplankton shifted phytoplankton size structure predictably to small or large species, respectively, with freshwater zooplankton (copepods, Daphnia) being complementary in their impact. Stoichiometrically, both Daphnia and marine copepods increased the carbon to nutrient ratios (C:P or C:N) of POM, indicative of phytoplankton nutrient limitation. Yet, while the depletion of P in freshwater POM was due to its retention in ‘new’ Daphnia biomass (numerical increase), the mechanism for marine copepods was different: copepods triggered the growth of nanoflagellates via a a trophic cascade (‘copepods-ciliates-nanoflagellates’), which increased at the expense of their intracellular nitrogen pool. Measurements of zooplankton d15N showed that differences were large between Daphnia and freshwater copepods (3.2 to 4.8‰), while negligible between marine copepods and the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica. Moreover, stable isotope analysis revealed different patterns of d15N enrichment for cruising versus stationary suspension feeding copepods, and also traced the (indirect) transfer of isotopically ‘light’ nitrogen from diazotrophic cyanobacteria to zooplankton.
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  • 7
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    Mikrowellenfernerkundung bei inhomogener Bewölkung (2001)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 321 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 137 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-03
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  • 8
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    KAPEX RAFOS Float Data Report 1997-1999, part A: The Agulhas- and South Atlantic Current Components (2000)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 318 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 194 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    The Extended OMP Analysis: An Analysis Package for MATLAB Version 1 (1999)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Technical report / Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, 99,1 . Institut für Meereskunde, Hamburg, Germany, 28 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-15
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Checklist of metazoan fish parasites of German coastal waters (1999)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 307 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 148 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
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  • 11
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    Bildung, Zusammensetzung und Sinkgeschwindigkeiten mariner Aggregate (1998)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 145 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 300 . DOI 10.3289/IFM_BER_300 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/IFM_BER_300〉.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-31
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 12
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    SI-Einheiten in der Ozeanographie = SI units in oceanography (1998)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 101C . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 18 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-14
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  • 13
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    Modellierung der mittleren Zirkulation im Südatlantik (1997)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 287 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, IV, 130 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-18
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  • 14
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    DYNAMO : dynamics of North Atlantic models : simulation and assimilation with high resolution models (1997)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 294 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 334 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 15
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    Data report to "Estimation of the total fish biomass in the Baltic Sea during the 20th century" : with addition to "Estimation of some fish species' biomasses in the Baltic Sea during the 20th century" (1997)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 285 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 82 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-19
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  • 16
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    The Impact of Data Assimilation on ENSO Simulations and Predictions (1997)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Monthly Weather Review, 125 (5). pp. 819-830.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: In this study, the impact of oceanic data assimilation on ENSO simulations and predictions is investigated. The authors’ main objective is to compare the impact of the assimilation of sea level observations and three-dimensional temperature measurements relative to each other. Three experiments were performed. In a control run the ocean model was forced with observed winds only, and in two assimilation runs three-dimensional temperatures and sea levels were assimilated one by one. The root-mean-square differences between the model solution and observations were computed and heat content anomalies of the upper 275 m compared to each other. Three ensembles of ENSO forecasts were performed additionally to investigate the impact of data assimilation on ENSO predictions. In a control ensemble a hybrid coupled ocean–atmosphere model was initialized with observed winds only, while either three-dimensional temperatures or sea level data were assimilated during the initialization phase in two additional forecast ensembles. The predicted sea surface temperature anomalies were averaged over the eastern equatorial Pacific and compared to observations. Two different objective skill measures were computed to evaluate the impact of data assimilation on ENSO forecasts. The authors’ experiments indicate that sea level observations contain useful information and that this information can be inserted successfully into an oceanic general circulation model. It is inferred from the forecast ensembles that the benefit of sea level and temperature assimilation is comparable. However, the positive impact of sea level assimilation could be shown more clearly when the forecasted temperature differences rather than the temperature anomalies themselves were compared with observations.
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  • 17
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    The Coupled GCM ECHO-2. Part I: The Tropical Pacific (1997)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Monthly Weather Review, 125 . pp. 703-720.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: In this paper the performance of the global coupled general circulation model (CGCM) ECHO-2, which was integrated for 10 years without the application of flux correction, is described. Although the integration is rather short, strong and weak points of this CGCM can be clearly identified, especially in view of the model's performance of the annual cycle in the tropical Pacific. The latter is simulated with more success relative to the earlier version, ECHO-I. A better representation of the low-level stratus clouds in the atmosphere model associated with a reduction in the shortwave radiative flux at the air-sea interface improved the coupled model's performance in the southeastern tropical oceans, with a strongly reduced warm bias in these regions. Modifications in the atmospheric convection scheme also eliminated the AGCM's tendency to simulate a double ITCZ, and this behavior is maintained in the CGCM simulation. Finally, a new numerical scheme for active tracer advection in the ocean model strongly reduced the numerical mixing, which seems to enhance considerably the level of interannual variability in the equatorial Pacific. One weak point is an overall cold bias in the Tropics and midlatitudes, which typically amounts to 1°C in open ocean regions. Another weak point is the still too strong equatorial cold tongue, which penetrates too far into the western equatorial Pacific. Although this model deficiency is not as pronounced as in ECHO-1, the too strong cold tongue reduces the level of interannual rainfall variability in the western and central equatorial Pacific. Finally, the interannual fluctuations in equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are too equatorially trapped, a problem that is also found in ocean-only simulations. Overall, however, the authors believe that the ECHO-2 CGCM has been considerably improved relative to ECHO-1.
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  • 18
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    Niederschlagsmessung auf dem Ozean von fahrenden Schiffen (1996)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 112 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 278 . DOI 10.3289/ifm_ber_278 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/ifm_ber_278〉.
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-30
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 19
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    Systematische Einflüsse auf die Bestimmung der Schubspannung mit der "Dissipationsmethode" auf See (1996)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 116 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 279 . DOI 10.3289/IFM_BER_279 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/IFM_BER_279〉.
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-19
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  • 20
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    Study of passive remote sensing of the atmosphere and surface ice (1996)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 297 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 241 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-07
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 21
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    The Seasonal Cycle over the Tropical Pacific in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Models (1995)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Monthly Weather Review, 123 (9). pp. 2825-2838.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific simulated by 11 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs) is examined. Each model consists of a high-resolution ocean GCM of either the tropical Pacific or near-global means coupled to a moderate- or high-resolution atmospheric GCM, without the use of flux correction. The seasonal behavior of sea surface temperature (SST) and eastern Pacific rainfall is presented for each model. The results show that current state-of-the-art coupled GCMs share important successes and troublesome systematic errors. All 11 models are able to simulate the mean zonal gradient in SST at the equator over the central Pacific. The simulated equatorial cold tongue generally tends to be too strong, too narrow, and extend too far west. SSTs are generally too warm in a broad region west of Peru and in a band near 10°S. This is accompanied in some models by a double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) straddling the equator over the eastern Pacific, and in others by an ITCZ that migrates across the equator with the seasons; neither behavior is realistic. There is considerable spread in the simulated seasonal cycles of equatorial SST in the eastern Pacific. Some simulations do capture the annual harmonic quite realistically, although the seasonal cold tongue tends to appear prematurely. Others overestimate the amplitude of the semiannual harmonic. Nonetheless, the results constitute a marked improvement over the simulations of only a few years ago when serious climate drift was still widespread and simulated zonal gradients of SST along the equator were often very weak.
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  • 22
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    Untersuchungen zur Systematik von Rüsselbandwürmern (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) aus atlantischen Fischen (1995)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 238 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 275 . DOI 10.3289/ifm_ber_275 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/ifm_ber_275〉.
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-31
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  • 23
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    Bio-C-Flux : biologischer Kohlenstofffluß in der bodennahen Wasserschicht des küstenfernen Ozeans ; Schlußbericht für den Förderzeitraum 1.1.1990 - 31.12.1994 (1995)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 280 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 114 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
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  • 24
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    Anthropogenes CO2 im Nordatlantik - Methodische Entwicklungen und Messungen zur Quantifizierung des anthropogenen CO2-Signals (1995)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
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  • 25
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    Samuel REYHER (1635-1714) und sein "Experimentum Novum" (1994)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  In: 300 Jahre Meeresforschung an der Universität Kiel : ein historischer Rückblick. Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 246 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, pp. 3-12.
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-26
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  • 26
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    Leichtflüchtige Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe: Austauschprozesse zwischen Atmosphäre und Meerwasser (1994)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 145 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 247 . DOI 10.3289/ifm_ber_247 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/ifm_ber_247〉.
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-14
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  • 27
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    Großräumige Zirkulation und meridionale Transporte im Südatlantik (1994)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 96 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 260 . DOI 10.3289/ifm_ber_260 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/ifm_ber_260〉.
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-22
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  • 28
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    300 Jahre Meeresforschung an der Universität Kiel (1994)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 246 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 58 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-12
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  • 29
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    Sonderforschungsbereich 133 Warmwassersphäre des Atlantiks - Eine Dokumentation - (1994)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 258 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 129 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-13
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  • 30
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    Fahrtbericht zur Aal-Expedition mit FS Poseidon (Reise 200/1) in die Sargasso-See im Frühjahr 1993 (1994)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 248 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 33 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
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  • 31
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    A moared array along the southern boundary of the Brazil Basin for the Deep Basin Experiment - Report on a joint experiment 1991-1992 (1994)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 243 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 107 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-11
    Description: The Deep Basin Experiment (DBE) is an international effort and apart of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment with the principal objective of improving our knowledge of the subthermocline circulation. The DBE fieldwork is focussed on the Brazil Basin and this report is concemed with a moored array situated along its southem boundary which was installed in early 1991 to measure the inflow and outflow to the Basin and to investigate the Brazil Current near 30S. This moored array was a joint undertaking by the Institut für Meereskunde of the University of Kiel and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Moorings were deployed on Meteor Cruise 15, leg I and retrieved on Meteor cruise 22, legs 3 and 4. A total of 57 conventional current meters and two Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers were set on 13 moarings with some concentration within the Brazil Current and the Vema Channel. CTDs were taken at each mooring site as well as in between. Some of the recovered instruments were reset in the Hunter Channel, a suspected additional connection between the Argentine Basin and the Brazil Basin. A later report will summarize this data after it is recovered in May 1994.
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  • 32
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    Assimilation hydrographischer Daten in ein Zirkulationsmodell des Atlantiks auf der Grundlage des adjungierten Verfahrens (1993)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 157 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 235 . DOI 10.3289/ifm_ber_235 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/ifm_ber_235〉.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-01
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 33
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    Spatial and temporal variability of selected trace metals in Kiel Bight and Mecklenburg Bight : data report from 1990/92 = Räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität ausgewählter Spurenmetalle in der Kieler und Mecklenburger Bucht (1993)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 238 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 83 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-05
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 34
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    Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen für ökosystem-orientiertes Fischereimanagement in den Gewässern vor Grönland (1993)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 234 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 78 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-19
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 35
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    BIO-C-FLUX : biologischer Kohlenstofffluß in der bodennahen Wasserschicht des küstenfernen Ozeans ; Abschlußbericht für den Förderzeitraum 1.1.1990 - 31.12.1992 (1993)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 242 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 130 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-14
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 36
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    Das biologische Monitoring der Ostsee im Institut für Meereskunde Kiel 1985-1992 (1993)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 240 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 207 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 37
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    Saisonale und langzeitliche Veränderungen chemisch-hdyrographischer Parameter in der Kieler Bucht (1993)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2023-03-09
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 38
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    Beitrag zum Schwermetallgehalts-Monitoring (Zn, Cd, Hg, Cn, Ag, Pb, Cr, Ni)in Miesmuscheln an der schleswig-holsteinischen Ostseeküste (1988/89) (1992)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 221 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 146 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-03
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 39
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    Principles of RAFOS technology at the Institut für Meereskunde Kiel (1992)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 222 . Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, 99 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-03
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 40
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    Detection of limiting factors for bacterial activity using protease activity (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Responses in protease activity, caused by adding nutrients to batch cultures of a Vibrio sp., grown to equilibria in a chemostat system at 5 °C with C, N or P-limited media, was measured after O, 6 - 8 and 24 C±) hrs. Addition of the limiting nutrient gave the largest response in activity, due to an increase in bacterial numbers. Reduction in activity per cell was, however, observed in some cases. In field samples from the Skagerak, clear responses within 24 hrs were either absent or found when both C, N and P-sources were added. In the field samples, less changes were found in activity per cell. At three coastal stations, detectable responses were found to additions of P04 3- alone, or in some combinations. When measured, leucine incorporation gave a response pattern to P04 3- additions similar to that of protease activity.
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  • 41
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    Denitrifying Blastobacter sp. from marine intertidal sediments (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
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  • 42
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    Limitations of nalidixic acid dependent viable direct counts in sediment samples (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: A direct microscopic method based on the response of bacterial cells to inhibition of DNA synthesis by nalidixic acid in the presence of growth-supporting yeast extract and designed to determine the number of viable bacteria, was tested in marine sediments bioturbated by the deposit-feeding polychaete Arenicola marina. The number of responsive cells in sediment samples ingested and egested by the polychaete, reflected similar differences and trends as total direct counts or plate counts. Nevertheless, application of that viable direct count technique in marine sediments suffered also from considerable systematic errors.
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  • 43
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    Phytoplankton : bacteria relationship and incidence of vibrios in brackish coastal waters (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: For brackish water bodies at the North Sea coast which harbor red tide algal blooms during the summer months, phytoplankton densities and chlorophyll a data were compared with bacterial counts including plate counts of TCBS-agar-selected vibrios. Concentrations of chlorophyll a, the ratios of total viable counts on ZoBell agar to acridine orange direct counts (CFU/ AODC), and vibrio counts on TCBS-agar followed largely the same trends suggesting a strong linkage between phytoplankton biomass and heterotrophic cacteria. Enrichment experiments based on macroalgal extracts confirmed the extremely copiotrophic nature of TCBS-selected vibrios. Vibrio counts peaked during the bloom of a Cryptomonas sp. that was presumably grazed upon by a ciliate, Strombidium sp.. On the other hand, there were no indications of an analogous coincidence during mass developments of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Glenodinium foliaceum.
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  • 44
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    Isolation and identification of anaerobic sulfur dependent thermophilic bacteria from two new hydrothermal sites in SW Pacific (Lau Basin and North Fiji Basin) (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 45
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    Resistance to cadmium in a marine bacterium (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
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  • 46
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    Seasonal variation in bacterial activity in the near-bottom water layer of Kiel Bight (Western Baltic Sea) (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: The near-bottom water layer is influenced by events in the sediment and by sedimentation from the productive surface layer. Microbial activity in this layer shows occasionally strong gradients from the pycnocline down to the sediment and it reacts to seasonal variations in oxygen content in the adjacent to the sediment. Comparison of mean values of bacterial stock and activity parameters in the productive surface layer and in the near-bottom layer shows, that despite of similar patterns of bacterial biomass and bacterial production in both layers, uptake velocity of leucine, peptidase activity, as well as turnover rates of leucine and hydrolysis rates of peptides are considerably lower in the near-bottom water layer. This is explained by effects of temperature, nutrient quality and oxygen depletion.
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  • 47
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    Fatty acid composition of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent (13° N, East Pacific Rise) (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Five strains of vibrio-shaped, mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria were isolated from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent site at 13° N on the East Pacific Rise. Phospholipid analyses demonstrated a high percentage of branched-chain fatty acids, including the known biomarker for Desulfovibrio, in all five strains. The cell-wall lipids showed a fatty acid composition markedly different from the phospholipids. While straight-chain fatty acids were predominant the biomarker fatty acid was absent. Based on the morphological characteristics and the fatty acid composition, we tentatively have assigned the isolates to the genus Desulfovibrio.
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  • 48
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    Degradation of p-nitrophenol by natural microbial communities from the estuary of the river Elbe (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: The test compound p-nitrophenol during summer normally is rapidly degraded in the freshwater area of the Elbe river. In contrast, degradation of PNP is decreased significantly during periods of low temperature or low oxygen content. Thus the xenobiotic compound is carried to the North Sea. In estuarine and marine environments the degradation of PNP is diminished step by step towards the open sea and is finally ceased completely, mostly as a result of increasing salinity.
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  • 49
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    Spatial and temporal variation of bacterioplankton abundance and biomass in a coastal lagoon (Ria Formosa, southeastern Portugal) (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Water samples were taken at bimonthly intervals (April - October 88) from three stations located in the Ria Formosa, a coastal lagoon in SE Portugal. Bacterial abundance and biovolume ranged between 1.2 - 18 x 106 cells/ml and 0.107 - 0.216 µm3 /cell, respectively. Lowest values were detected at the station close to the ocean and highest values at the station near a domestic effluent. Total bacterial counts showed slight temporal fluctuations while saprophyte numbers presented a much stronger variation, with maxima in summer. The biovolume exhibited minimal values in summer. Reasons for the different patterns of spatial and temporal variability of the bacterial population are discussed.
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  • 50
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    Seasonal changes of Antarctic marine bacterioplankton (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: During a one-year period the development of the Antarctic coastal seawater bacterioplankton was followed. Two field stations (surface and deep water = 20 m, respectively) were sampled daily in 1989 in " Terre Adelie area". The survey included physicochemical (temperature and particulate organic matter) and bacteriological (total and heterotrophic bacteria, bacterial production) measurements. Whereas bacterial parameters at the deep water station remained fairly constant, bacterial parameters in surface waters generally increased during the year obviously related to the formation of sea ice.
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  • 51
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    Fecal coliform accumulation and depuration in the oyster Crassostrea gigas (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Experiments on fecal coliform accumulation and depuration in the oyster Crassostrea gigas were performed under two seasons (winter, summer), under various conditions of bacterial concentration (from 101 to 103 CFU ml-1) and suspended matter (10 to 50 mg l-1). Contamination process in the bivalve is mainly influenced by the bacterial density in the seawater. Influence of suspended matter concentration was less effective. Maximal bacterial accumulation was reached within 30 min. in summer (18 °C) and 5 hours in winter (11 °C). Concerning depuration process a 10 fold decrease of initial contamination required 3 hours and a 100 fold decrease was achieved within 10 hours. Time required for depuration was mainly dependent on the initial bacterial concentration in the oyster.
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  • 52
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    Marine petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria : distribution and activity in the North Sea and Baltic Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: In 1988 and 1989 data about the distribution and activity of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in the North Sea and Baltic Sea were collected. Crude oil degrading bacteria and the number of bacteria which especially degrade naphthalene were quantified using a modified dilution (MPN) method. Crude oil degrading bacteria were present in all of about 100 water samples, with as many as 103 ml-1 in sum. Naphthalene degrading bacteria were present in at least tenfold fewer numbers which corresponded with petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) concentrations (ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy method, UVF) in more highly polluted areas. There is obviously a greater connection between this bacteria group and PHC pollutiori determined by UVF than between the more nonspecific group of crude oil degrading bacteria and UVF-determined PHC pollution. Data from the North Sea show an extremely high abundance of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, even in winter, while in the southern Baltic Sea low numbers of bacteria were found and a slower crude oil degradation was observed.
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  • 53
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    A synoptic survey on bacterial numbers, biomass and activity along the middle line of the Baltic Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Between 28 August and 5 September 1982 thirty water samples (5 m depth) were taken on a transect between the Bothnian Bay and the Kiel Bight. Despite substantially differing hydrographical situations within the different subregions of the Baltic Sea, the total bacterial numbers showed a remarkable regional uniformity. Bacterial numbers fluctuated between 3 and 4 x 106 cells ml-1. A distinct pattern was observed: mean bacterial cell volumes were high in the Bothnian Bay (0.145 µm3) and low in the Gotland- and Bornholm Sea (0.094 and 0.091 µm3, respectively). The bacterial biomass fell in the range of 184 - 117 µg C 1-1. The activity parameters were somewhat more variable than bacterial numbers and biomass.
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  • 54
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    Anaerobic starvation survival of marine bacteria (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: Starvation affects marine bacteria also under anaerobic conditions. Some basic data obtained for anaerobic starvation survival of a fermentative and a sulfaterespiring strain indicate substantial differences. The fermentative strain, Listonella (= Vibrio) anguillarum, responded to, nutrient depletion with rapid reduction of their cell size (dwarfing) and decline of viable cell counts by three orders of magnitude. The sulfate-respiring Desulfovibrio vulgaris showed only minor reductions of the cell sizes and no loss of viability. Whereas a drastic decline of cellular protein concentrations in this strain indicated strong endogeneous respiration, starved cells of the fermenting Vibrio sp. showed increasing levels of protein after an initial decrease.
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  • 55
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    Interactions within biofilms : the disruption of biofilm structure by protozoa (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: The structure of biofilms on various surfaces exposed in Spain, England and Denmark was examined. The majority of the surfaces examined were antifouling paints. At all times a wide variety of protozoan species were present. Typical forms included ciliates and choanoflagellates, attached to the surface of the paint or an adherent biofilm of bacteria and diatoms. Closer examination of many films indicated an abundance of amoeboid protozoa, that were able to move about within the biofilm. The staining and examination of sections of biofilms under the light microscope indicated that the amoeboid protozoa were distributed throughout the biofilm. These protozoa moved through the film grazing on the other organisms present and showed several different patterns of activity. Ultimately this caused the disruption and subsequent sloughing of the biofilm.
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  • 56
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    Fine-scale in situ measurements of oxygen distribution in marine sediments (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: A new profiling bottom lander (Profiluren) mounted with microelectrodes can measure oxygen profiles through the undisturbed sediment-water interface with 25-50 µm spatial resolution. The high spatial resolution of the in situ profiles reveal the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) and allow calculations of: 1) the diffusive oxygen flux through the DBL, 2) the limitation of mass transfer between sediment and water due to the DBL and, 3) the oxygen consumption in discrete layers of the mm thick aerobic zone of marine sediments. The lander is thus an excellent tool for in situ analysis of oxygen dynamics at the sediment-water interface. Here we demonstrate two in situ oxygen profiles from a Danish coastal sediment at 15 m water depth, and discuss the impact of high resolution oxygen measurements.
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  • 57
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    Susceptibility to heavy metals and antibiotics of eight deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria carrying a 51.7 kb plasmid (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: Eight Pseudomonas-like bacteria isolated from the tube of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent Polychaete Alvinella pompejana were found to carry a 51.7 kb plasmid. All isolates but one were resistant to zinc (3 mM or more) and arsenate ions (200 mM or more). The strains were resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol.
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  • 58
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    Indications fpr low net productivity of pelagic bacterioplankton (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: In contrast to the current view on the trophic role of bacteria in pelagic environments, the impression of a rather unproductive bacterioplankton arose from an example of the deep mesotrophic Lake Constance. Based on measurements of bacterial DNA, thymidine incorporation rates and grazing rates, turnover times of bacterial biomass exceeding 10 days were estimated during the growth period. Similarly, low productivity of bacterioplankton was indicated by low RNA/DNA ratios (〈 1). Additional indications for a rather inactive bacterioplankton were provided by the observation of long lag phases in lake water cultures. Low bacterial productivity has also to be expected from energetic considerations. There is increasing evidence for low bacterial growth efficiencies under natural conditions. The presented material points to the possible need for reconsideration of current estimates of bacterial in situ growth.
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  • 59
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    Effect of temperature on extracellular enzymes occurring in permanently cold marine environments (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
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  • 60
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    Epizoic bacterial growth on a benthic macro-invertebrate Halicryptus spinulosus (Priapulida) (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: The priapulid worm Halicryptus spinulosus which occurs in sulfide-rich mud of Kiel Bight is covered with a dense epizoic biofilm. Several types of filamentous microorganisms can be distinguished by SEM confirming previous conclusions based on TEM investigations. The most conspicuous forms are firmly attached filaments resembling Thiothrix that accumulate at the cuticular setae. Enrichment experiments indicate the presence of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. A vector hypothesis is postulated which implies that the redox requirements of the (S)­-oxidizing constituents of the biofilm are matched by the worm's frequent moves between oxic and anoxic layers of the sediment.
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  • 61
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    Annual changes in some bacteriological parameters of a eutrophic estuary in the Southern Baltic Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: The frequency distributions not only of the most bacteriological parameters measured are proved as bimodal. According to this the values should be subdivided into summer and winter values. The changes of bacterial number, biomass and some functional parameters like Vmax of glucose and production during the years 1980/81 could be described by a simple time series analysis. These results were compared with values from the same location measured during 1989/90. The application of different statist.ical methods for analyzing such data and the usefulness of nonparametric tests are discussed.
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  • 62
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    Synthesis of the major unsaturated fatty acids of an estuarine Flexibacterium (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: Fatty acid composition of the Flexibacter strains Inp2 and Inp3 were found to be influenced by the presence of cAMP. Whilst cAMP inhibited the synthesis of linoleic and linolenic acid in Inp2, cerulenin inhibited the synthesis of Cl6:l. This suggests that lnp strains possess both the aerobic and anaerobic pathway for synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs).
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  • 63
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    Viral and bacterial contamination of shellfish harvested in the natural environment (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: Fecal coliforms, Salmonella and antigens linked to hepatitis A virus were searched for in shellfish collected in farms or natural beds along the French coast. Statistical analysis was performed on 176 test samples harvested at 8 different stations. For fecal coliforms, there were significant statistical differences between stations (F = 44.39; p 〈 0.001). Salmonella was found more frequently in 2 of the stations and was isolated more often in stations where mean fecal coliform contamination was high. The presence of antigens linked to hepatitis A virus was low (detection in only 2 stations where mean fecal coliform contamination was also low). No relation between viral and bacterial markers was observed at any of the stations.
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  • 64
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    Vertical distribution and activity of bacteria in the Central Arabian Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-07
    Description: During the RV "Meteor" expedition in the Central Arabian Sea (MINDIK 87) the vertical distribution of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, bacterial abundance, heterotrophic activity for glucose and the bacterial production determined by [3H-methyl]-thymidine incorporation were surveyed. At the time of observation (April-May) the study area was characterized by a stable pycnocline at 35 m and a nutricline at 50 to 55 m depth. Maxima for all biomass measurements were observed in the nutricline, whereas highest rates were detected in the nutrient-depleted surface layer above the nutricline. Based on these hydrographic conditions, a double vertical zonation was established also for microbiological and planktological events in the water column. The integrated bacterial production in the mixed surface layer (0-30 m) was half that in the layer underneath (30-100 m). This upper zone can be considered as a more or less closed sub-system and a significant amount of primary production (approximately 30 %) was channelled through the bacteria. Corresponding to the higher biomass in the lower zone the turnover of organic material was somewhat slower. This observation together with the presence of nutrients in the chemocline indicated a subsystem of more open character for exchange processes with underlying waters.
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  • 65
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    Influence of nutrients on bnacterial production in closure experiments (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
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  • 66
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    Annual variation of bacterial number, production and activity in Central Kiel Bight (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: In connection with the international monitoring programme of the Baltic Sea, supervised by the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) microbiological investigations were carried out at 5 stations situated in the Western Baltic Sea. Data from the 3 most frequently monitored stations are presented with a special regard to station Kiel Bight. Total bacterial number shows a maximum value of 3 x 106 cells x ml-1 in July 1988 and 3.8 x 106 cells x ml-1 at 2 m depth in June 1989 and exhibits nearly the same pattern in annual variation as bacterial production, measured by thymidine incorporation. Number of saprophytic bacteria turned out to be a fraction of ≈ 0.1 % of total bacterial number. While maximum of total bacterial number was found to coincide with shortest turnover times of glucose and maximum of bacterial production, this was not observed with the number of saprophytes.
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  • 67
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    Distribution of the microbial population in the Gulf of Finland and in the Baltic Proper (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: During a monitoring cruise in May 1989 the vertical distribution of the total bacterial numbers and the numbers of saprophytic bacteria in the Gulf of Finland and in the Baltic Proper were surveyed. Water for microbiological analyses was taken at 12 stations from 8 - 15 different depths. In addition, the diurnal variation of the vertical distribution of saprophytic bacteria was examined at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland. The spatial and temporal variability of the saprophytic bacteria (CFU) was larger than the variability of the total- bacterial numbers. Vertically, the highest bacterial numbers were always found in the photic zone, with maximum values often above the thermocline. The saprophytic bacteria constituted less than 0,5 % of the total bacterial number.
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  • 68
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    Bacteria and their distribution under red-tide conditions (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Survey of the density of red-tide organisms and bacterioplankton as well as simultaneous determinations of temperature, salinity, pH, secchi disc and dissolved oxygen were carried out at four stations in the Kaštela Bay (middle Adriatic Sea) on a weekly basis between June 15 and September 20, 1989. A close connection between bacterioplankton and Gonyaulax polyedra was observed during the bloom manifested by high coefficients of correlation between them in the surface layers. No correlation was established in the bottom layers since vertical gradients of bacterioplankton density were considerably weaker than in phytoplankton. These differences were also shown in strong vertical gradient of pH and 02-saturation.
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  • 69
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    Bacterial number, heterotrophy and extracellular enzyme activity in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: To study the structure and function of bacterial populations in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, which is located between S 62°-64° and W 56°-62°, twenty nine sampling stations were chosen. Samples were collected from seawater and sediment during austral summer (1989 Dec. - 1990 Jan.) and analyzed for total bacterial number, total saprophytic bacterial number, heterotrophic activity and extracellular enzyme activities. The number of total bacteria in seawater was between 1.0 x 104 cells/ml and 1.6 x 105 cells/ml, and total saprophytic bacteria were between 0.5 x 102 CFU/l and 8.0 x 104 CFU/l. The population density of saprophytic bacteria was significantly low, giving less than 10-4 of the total bacterial number, in this region. Turnover times of glucose and leucine in seawater were in the ranges of 41 to 2094 hrs, and 56 to 980 hrs, respectively. Turnover times of these organic matters were extremely variable depending on the sampling station and water depth. In the sediments, the enzyme activities of α-glucosidase, N-acetyl- β -glucosaminidase and aminopeptidase of the fast growing bacterial population were higher than those of the slow growing bacterial population, β-glucosidase activities, however, were higher in the slow growing bacterial population.
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  • 70
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    Availability of nutrients to a deep-sea benthic microbial community : results from a ship-board experiment (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Intact sediment cores from the Vøring-Plateau (Norwegian Sea) were incubated under in situ temperature on board ship with and without the addition of natural detritus to follow the reaction of deep-sea benthic microbial communities to nutrient enrichment. Concentration and enzymatic decomposition of organic material, total microbial number, biomass and production were followed in timecourse experiments. The addition of decomposable organic material caused an immediate stimulation of microbial metabolic processes: following the induction of enzymatic activity, microbial biomass production increased. During the initial period of incubation metabolic processes were also stimulated in the untreated "control" sediments. This "incubation effect" competed with the "feeding effect" caused by the enrichment with organic material.
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  • 71
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    On the interaction of the two mat forming cyanobacteria Microcoleus chthonoplastes and Oscillatoria limosa and laboratory experiments on bundle formation and de novo genesis of microbial mats (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: It is demonstrated that Microcoleus chthonoplastes forms typical bundles and a glycocalyx encasing several trichomes not only in nature but also under certain laboratory conditions if the appropriate sediments, light conditions and humidities are used. Mat formation, population dynamics, composition and vertical mobility of the two major mat forming cyanobacteria of the Mellum "Farbstreifen-Sandwatt" were studied using pure cultures and wild type material from Mellum. Nitrogen fixation by natural field populations, lab systems and isolated cultures were studied and the possibility of interspecies nitrogen transfer was tested. The colonization of sediments completely free of combined nitrogen by 0. limosa or M. chthonoplastes was not possible. Bi-partitioning of individual strata of 0. limosa in freshly inoculated sediments and individual developments of photoprotective pigments, curl and pinnacle structures in the course of laboratory experiments were observed. Although it is possible that two different strains of 0. limosa were inoculated repeatedly we can conclude from the experiments that adaptational pleomorphy (KRUMBEIN et al. 1989) within one clone is a possible explanation of the formation of two layers and differently reacting Oscillatoria-trichomes in laboratory experiments. These results are in agreement with "comet" structures described by CASTENHOLZ (1982).
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  • 72
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    Estimation of picoplankton (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: The method proposed for the measurement of the picoplankton density, uses epifluorescence microscopy, which allows the detection of all the cells with their own or/and induced fluorescence. Direct counts may lead to an overestimation of the viable counts since we cannot discriminate between living and dead cells. We appropriately modified the method of KOGURE et al. (1979) for the fraction of cells capable of division. This method is applied both to autofluorescent organisms and to all the cells stained by fluorochrome (DAPI). Direct counts are compared with those obtained from Marine Agar, a selective medium for marine heterotrophic bacteria. The results obtained in different Mediterranean areas allow us to realize how effective this method is in comparatively evaluating different planktonic dimensional fractions occurring in the marine ecosystem.
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  • 73
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    Seasonal distribution and character of heterotrophic marine bacteria in the intertidal zone of the Yellow Sea near Kunsan, Korea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Annual distribution of heterotrophic marine bacteria and seasonal characteristics were investigated in the intertidal water and sediments of the Yellow Sea near Kunsan, Korea. The heterotrophic marine bacteria ranged from 7.5 x 102 to 1.1 x 105 CFU ml-1 in water and 1.62 x 104 to 4.78 x 106 CFU g-1 dry sediment. As for the morphological distribution measured by epifluorescence microscopy, rod-shaped bacteria were more than 74 % of all cells during the investigation period. Average biovolume of sampled bacteria ranged from 3.19 ± 0.59 x 10-2 to 6.19 ± O.76 x 10-2 µm3 for coccoid bacteria, and from 4.57 ± 0.17 x 10-2 to 12.94 ± 0.21 x 10-2 µm3 for rod-shaped ones. Isolated bacteria showed utilization of various carbon sources such as glucose, maltose, lactose, xylose and arabinose, and tolerance to a range of salinities. In total 82 strains were isolated from seawater and 114 strains from sediments. Dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Flavobacterium and Acinetobacter in seawater, and Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Vibrio and Mycobacterium in sediments.
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  • 74
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    On novel halophilic and extremely halotolerant bacteria from environments near the North Sea coast and the Steinhuder Meer (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Ecophysiological investigations on inner walls from two churches near the North Sea coast (Eilsum, Ostfriesland) and the inland lake Steinhuder Meer (Idensen, near Hannover) have shown that even in these environments hypersaline and highly alcaline conditions can occur. Thus the microorganisms occurring in such environments will have many relations with marine microorganisms. Halophilic and extremely halotolerant chemoorganotrophic bacteria have been isolated from these areas under conditions near the crystallization point of halite and at pH-values as high as pH 9.0. Some of these isolates are growing only under elevated sodium chloride or sulfate levels. Many of the isolates need salt concentrations highly above those of normal marine bacteria. They also adapt their internal and external (exudates) fatty acid patterns and metabolism to the changing salinities caused by brine seeping and evaporative forces. Many of the investigated bacteria are coccoid or coryneform. In many cases they considerably interfere with the mineral compounds of their immediate environment. In this way, they drastically change their own microenvironment as well as the character of the mineralogy. The typical pattern of fatty acids and compatible solute production under changing salinities are presently under investigation.
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  • 75
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    Observation on the microbial incorporation of thymidine and leicine in marine sediments (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: The simultaneous incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine and leucine was followed in intact muddy sand sediments from the North Sea. As it could be shown, incorporation activities covaried over sediment depth. Parallel analysis of the enzymatic decomposition of organic material (by means of the hydrolysis of fluoresceindiacetate) revealed that stimulations of microbial biomass production coincided with stimulations of enzymatic activities although maxima of both processes occurred at different sediment depths.
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  • 76
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    The geophysiology of marine cyanobacterial mats and biofilms (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Microbial mats and microbial biofilms covering sedimentary environments of the deep sea, sea-marginal hypersaline systems and of intertidal sediments of the Wadden Sea are some of the most interesting objects of study for global and local fluxes of solutes and gases, as for the stabilization and transformation and diagenesis of recent and ancient sedimentary deposits. In their fossilized state as "stromatolites" they are the most reliable traces of life history on earth between 3. 7 and 0.45 billion years (GA) ago. The light transmittance into such systems is often a limiting factor for the development of microbial mats and films. The salt environment of hypersaline estuaries as well as the siliciclastic environment of the so-called Farbstreifen-Sandwatt, however, belong to those systems that have the deepest penetration of light in comparison to other mat systems. Both systems have been studied extensively by us. The processes within such mats are multiple and represent practically the total spectrum of biochemical and physical or fractal physical reactions of microorganisms. In this contribution the intimate interaction between oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis, aerobic and anaerobic respirations, anaerobic and aerobic fermentation and the phenomenon of physical reactions within such mats is summarized on the basis of our work in hypersaline and in moderately saline conditions. Special emphasis is given to micro-environments and to the change from vertical to concentric orientation of physical and chemical processes within such mats. Several examples are given of fossil occurrences of similar mat systems.
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  • 77
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    Investigations about the potential nitrification and denitrification capacity in inner coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: With different box and bottle experiments in situ and in the laboratory as well the potential capacity of the system for nitrification and denitrification was evaluated. With these measurements the efficiency of bacteria involved in these processes can be estimated. The reactivity of the systems was investigated in relation to different influencing factors, e.g. availability of nutrients, various sediment types and temperature. Dependent on the available nitrate denitrification rates between O-73 mg N m-2d-1 were observed.
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  • 78
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    Fine-scale distribution of hydrolytic activity associated with foraminiferans and bacteria in deep-sea sediments of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Pronounced fine-scale gradients of enzymatic degradation of organic material were observed in the uppermost horizons of deep-sea sediments of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Since these gradients coincided with the occurrence of dense populations of epibenthic agglutinated foraminiferans, it was hypothesized that the foraminiferans were the main contributors to the large pool of hydrolytic enzymes observed. Parallel analyses of the enzymatic activity associated with individual foraminiferans selected from the sediments confirmed this hypothesis. Measurements of bacterial biomass (by epifluorescence microscopy) and production (incorporation of tritiated leucine) suggest that in the specific ecological situation analysed, bacteria benefit from the metabolism of foraminiferans rather than being the main decomposers. The immediate degradation at the sediment surface without incorporation of the sedimented particles into the sediment may have an impact on the early diagenesis of organic material and its sedimentary record in these deep-sea sediments.
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  • 79
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    Common antigens in Desulfovibrio sp. and Thermodesulfobacterium mobile (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Two common antigens were found among all the SRB tested. These antigens were also found in other bacteria and were therefore not specific for the SRB group. Cluster analysis of the antigen profiles showed that the injection water system from an oil rig contained one homogeneous serological group of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.
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  • 80
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    Heterotrophic activities and estimation of bacterial growth rates during a bloom of halobacteria in the Dead Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: The activity of the community of heterotrophic bacteria in the Dead Sea water column was measured during a bloom of halobacteria in 1980-1981. With the development of the bloom, rates of incorporation of amino acids, glycerol and acetate increased. Concomitant with the decline in bacterial numbers, the incorporation rate of amino acids and acetate decreased, while glycerol uptake rates remained high. The thymidine incorporation rate was low even at the peak of the bloom, and became negligible afterwards. The results presented suggest that the bacterial community in the Dead Sea is not subjected to rapid turnover, and may remain static in a state of low activity for prolonged periods.
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  • 81
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    Microbiotests with marine organisms for studying the toxic potential of biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: During the last decade several surface active substances produced by microorganisms (biogenic surfactants, biosurfactants) have been described. Most of them are glycolipids composed of a hydrophilic sugar and one ore more lipophilic corynomycolic acids. A better biodegradability and lower toxicity of biosurfactants should be expected, because of their biogenic origin. However, data in this regard are missing. This paper presents results of toxicity testing series, in which four synthetic surfactants, two commercial oil dispersants, and six biosurfactants have been examinated. The test systems were 1. bacterial growth inhibition. 2. microalgae growth inhibition. 3. microflagellate growth inhibition. 4. biodegradation rate, and 5. bioluminescence inhibition (Microtox test). The multiplication of bacteria was stimulated by surfactants, whilst that of microflagellates and microalgae was inhibited. This may be due to the metabolic usage of surfactants, especially biosurfactants, by the bacteria. The bioluminescence was very sensitive to surfactants. No toxicity could be detected with the glucoselipid GL, produced by the marine bacterium Alcaligenes sp. MMl. Most biosurfactants were degraded faster and possess higher EC50-values than synthetic dispersants.
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  • 82
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    Formation of glycolipids by n-alkanes utilizing marine bacteria (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: During a screening for biosurfactants among marine microorganisms it was possible to isolate two marine bacteria producing glycolipids. One strain was identified as Arthrobacter sp. EK l which produced trehalose lipids, mainly a 2,3,4,2'­-trehalose tetraester. From the other pure culture identified as Alcaligenes sp. MM l a new glucose lipid was isolated.
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  • 83
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    Burrowing macrozoobenthos as major determinant of bacteria in sediments (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Deposit-feeding benthic macrofauna withdraw substantial amounts of bacterial biomass from marine sediments. On the other hand, burrowing macro-invertebrates can mediate epizoic and perizoic enrichment of bacteria by tapping or "conditioning" energy carriers (for heterotrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria) that are stored in the sediment. Selected examples show how this applies particularly to reduced sediments.
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  • 84
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    Do sulfate-reducing bacteria respond to thymidine incorporation assays in marine sediments (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: In anoxic sediment from Kiel Bight short-term incorporation of tritiated thymidine (tdr) into DNA was partly reduced by molybdate, a fairly specific inhibitor of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Preliminary incorporation experiments with cultures of SRB, however, failed to provide substantial clues if and how SRB account for incorporation of tdr in anoxic sediments. One single positive response in four strains tested was by two orders of magnitude too low to compare with aerobic heterotrophic bacteria.
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  • 85
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    Determination and significance of nitrate reductase in marine fungi (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: A previous investigation has shown that many terrestrial fungi do not produce nitrate reductase (Na-R). Recently, an examination of marine fungi revealed that all strains tested produce Na-R. Other authors, however, showed absence of this enzyme in a few marine strains. Our reinvestigation of an even broader spectrum of over 80 strains of marine fungi showed the presence of Na-R with only a few exceptions. Since the test was based on determination of nitrite, the first metabolite of Na-R activity, it cannot be excluded that the apparent absence of Na-R in these few cases was due only to a rapid turnover of nitrite by a very active nitrite reductase (Ni-R). Therefore, in all cases in which the presence of Na-R in this test was uncertain, the experiments were repeated by a method inhibiting Ni-R by fluoride and therefore accumulating nitrite which could then be detected. Using this method, it could be shown that in fact all marine fungi tested produce Na-R. Nitrogen often constitutes a limiting factor for growth of fungi. Natural seawater contains considerable amounts of nitrogen in the form of nitrate (up to 600 µg/l). If, however, marine fungi possess Na-R, they could use nitrate as a nitrogen source. Possession of Na-R therefore would constitute an important selective advantage explaining our results that all marine fungi investigated so far contain this enzyme.
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  • 86
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    Interactions between bacteria and other organisms in the marine environment (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Interactions between bacteria and other organisms have been reported for almost all the taxonomic groups of plants and animals (from unicellular eukaryotes to marine mammals) living in the marine environment. However, in most cases, only few different types of interactions have been investigated or described for a particular organism. As an exception, bivalve mollusks, probably because they are appreciated as seafood in many countries, have been extensively studied by microbiologists. Taking this group of invertebrates as a significant model, the following types of interactions will be reviewed: trophic relationships, gut microflora, pathology, tegument and external skeleton epibiosis, endobiotic bacteria, human pathogen vectors, chemical mediated interactions. According to the techniques used to demonstrate the interactions, the level of information available for a particular case is highly variable, ranging from morphological descriptions to functional analysis of an interaction process. The significance of bacteria/organisms interactions for the surrounding environment will also be considered.
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  • 87
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    Influence of microbial mats on heavy metal interstitial water gradients in versicolored tidal flat sediments of the North Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: In the Wadden Sea certain microbial mats occur in the sandy versicolored tidal flat sediments (e.g., SW' Mellum Island). Gradients of Fe, Cd, Cu and Pb in interstitial water indicate a succession of different bioinduced physicochemical environments from the surface to the buried mats, which causes a transfer of heavy metal species amongst different host minerals and carriers downcore.
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  • 88
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    Screening for biosurfactants among crude oil degrading marine microorganisms (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Cellbound and extracellular biosurfactants were detected by thin-layer chromatography, tensiometric measurements, blood agar lysis and their capability of stabilizing oil in water emulsions. Known trehalose lipids (RAPP et al. 1979, RISTAU et al. 1983) and one glucose lipid, formerly unknown, with excellent properties were isolated. Also emulsifying agents were found. They seemed to be high molecular weight substances. Mixtures of hydrocarbons containing aliphatics and aromatics were efficiently emulsified. Reduced activity after digestion by several proteases gives a first indication of the nature of the emulsifiers. Preliminary results with several marine microorganisms showed that most biogenic surfactants possess a good environmental compatibility (v. BERNEM 1984, LANG et al. 1986).
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  • 89
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    Contribution of heterotrophic bacteria to the formation of CaCO3-aggregates in hypersaline microbial mats (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Bacteria isolated from hypersaline microbial mats were tested for their ability to precipitate CaC03 under various growth conditions in artificial seawater. The amount of acetate transferred into CaC03 by bacterial metabolism was measured by acid base titration and Ca2+-determinations in liquid cultures. Addition of HC03- to sterile controls was used to estimate the contribution of abiogenic factors to CaCO:,-precipitation. In both cases, with bacteria or with HC03-, spindle, dumpbell, and spherical CaC03-aggregates were formed. The model derived from these experiments with and without bacteria can be used in more complicated systems to estimate the influence of other factors. The formation of CaC03 -particles in microbial mats in a saltern on Lanzarote ( Spain) not fitting into a general evaporation/precipitation pattern can be explained by this mechanism.
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  • 90
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    Unusual ultrastructure of bacterial endosymbionts in the bivalve Thyasira sarsi from Central Skagerrak (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: An ultrastructural investigation was made of the symbiotic bacteria in the gills of the bivalve Thyasira sarsi from the Central Skagerrak. The bacteria were characterized by sulphur globules in the periplasmic space and by peripheral intracellular membrane stacks. Apart from the membrane system they were very similar to previously described sulphur-oxidizing symbionts of the same species from Bergen, Norway. Stable carbon isotope data and lack of C1 -metabolism enzymes gave additional evidence for sulphur-oxidizing symbionts in T. sarsi in the Skagerrak, too.
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  • 91
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    Colony growth and fruitbody production of monokaryotic and dikaryotic strains of the marine Basidiomycete Nia vibrissa (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Isolates of the marine wood-inhabiting Basidiomycete Nia vibrissa from various marine zones were investigated for nuclear status, colony growth and fructification. Eight of the eleven strains tested by microfluorimetry proved to be dikaryotic, three were monokaryotic. Investigation of colony growth showed better growth at 22°C than at 18°C; the addition of wood and incubation under light had no significant effect on growth. The combined influence of temperature (18, 22, 27°C) and salinity (O, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300 % of natural seawater) was tested and an increase of salinity optimum with increasing incubation temperature (PHOMA-PA TTERN) was shown for almost all strains. All dikaryotic strains showed clamp connections. Fructification occurred in both dikaryotic and monokaryotic strains and more frequently on seawater media than on deionized water media. Addition of wood increased fructification only slightly. Generally, the best fructification occurred around 18°C and in the salinity range with a concentration of between 25% - 150% seawater. Light and electron microscopy showed the typical structure of a gasteroid fructification with spores and both with and without peridia.
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  • 92
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    Enzyme activities of monokaryotic and dikaryotic strains of the marine Basidiomycete Nia vibrissa (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Mono- and dikaryotic isolates of the marine wood-inhabiting Basidiomycete Nia vibrissa from various marine zones were investigated in semiquantitative tests for 15 enzymes in redox metabolism (laccase, peroxidase, tyrosinase), carbohydrate metabolism (amylase, cellulase, chitinase, β-glucosidase, laminarinase, pectate transeliminase, xylanase), fat metabolism (lipase), nitrogen metabolism (caseinase, gelatinase, nitrate reductase, urease). All experiments were conducted at 22°C on agar plates or test tubes wiU qedia containing synthetic seawater or deionized water. Most of the strains showed an identical enzyme pattern. Amylase, caseinase, cellulase, gelatinase, laminarinase, lipase, nitrate reductase, peroxidase and xylanase were found in all strains, tyrosinase in none. The production of enzymes did not show any significant differences as regards the nuclear status (mono- or dikaryon) or the biogeographical origin of the strains.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 93
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    Ingestion of microbially-synthesized organic aggregates and egestion of fecal pellets by marine harpacticoid copepods (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Bacteria convert dissolved organic matter (DOM) into detrituslike particles and clump small particles into larger ones, which may then become available to higher consumers. Microbial aggregates produced in the laboratory from DOM and particles 〈100 µm (both sources derived from freshly collected North Sea macroalgae), were ingested by the epibenthic harpacticoid copepods Paramphiascella vararensis and Tisbe holothuriae in short-term laboratory experiments. The production of fecal pellets was used as an indicator of aggregate consumption. Results showed that between 1-3 pellets copepod-1 h-1 were produced by P. vararensis, independently of algal aggregate source and age. In contrast, T. holothuriae produced between 5-13 pellets copepod-1 h-1 depending on the type of algal aggregate source. Microscopical examination of ageing aggregates and pellets confirmed the presence of a rich bacterial flora as well as some protozoans that may provide nutrients for copepods. Enriched fecal material may also be disaggregated and transformed by microbial action into smaller particles and DOM ("fecal pellet loop"), demonstrating the various pathways for carbon flow within detritus-based nearshore food webs.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 94
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    Fate of autochthonous and fecal bacteria in marine ecosystems (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Usually, the rate of disappearance of fecal bacteria in natural aquatic ecosystems is followed by the plate count method. When released in seawater, fecal bacteria enter a viable but non culturable state so that plate count method does not seem to be a suitable method for studying mortality of fecal bacteria. A method which consists in following the disappearance of radioactive tracer from bacterial DNA of 3H-thymidine labelled natural assemblages of bacteria has been proposed in the literature (SERVAIS et al. 1985) for measuring the mortality rate of autochthonous bacteria in aquatic ecosystems. A slight modification of this method allows its application to the study of the mortality of fecal bacteria in natural aquatic ecosystems. Mortality rates of autochthonous bacteria and Escherichia coli in the Belgian coastal zone of the North Sea have been compared. They are in the range 0.0001-0.0129 h-1 for the former and in the range 0.0065-0.027 h-1 for the latter. Grazing by microzooplankton has been identified as the major process responsible for bacterial (fecal and autochthonous) mortality.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 95
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    Sediment bacteria attached to sand grains - indications to a protection from feeding by ciliates (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Microbiological investigations of a marine, brackish sandy sediment area in a water depth of 10 to 12 m showed relatively high numbers of bacteria (4 x 108 - 2,4 x 109 bacteria g-1 dry weight of sediment). Benthic ciliates were estimated too. Their numbers varied between 1 and 87, with a mean of 21 individuals per gram dry weight of sediment. In general, the overwhelming part (80%), were small forms of about 30 µm length. 54% of the ciliates were predominantly bacterivorous. In feeding experiments using a fluorescent dye (DT AF), stained bacteria could be seen directly within the food vacuoles of the small ciliates, but this was the case only when free suspended bacteria were present. No uptake was visible if sand grains were added, which were colonized with stained bacteria. From these results, indications can be seen that small benthic ciliates cannot remove attached sediment bacteria. Taking into account that ciliates choose distinct size classes and certain strains of bacteria, less than a fraction of the total mass of bacteria is probably available as a potential food. This fact, together with a permanent reduction of ciliates by metazoa, ciliates themselves and hydrodynamic perturbations can explain the relatively low, but more or less constant number of the ciliate fauna at such locations.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 96
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    Microbial food web dynamics in tideless eutrophic estuaries of the Baltic Sea (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Microbial food webs represent an important part of the carbon flow in tideless eutrophic estuaries of the Baltic Sea. Results from three different localities are presented: - the shallow eutrophic Darss-Zingst estuary - the waste water influenced eutrophic Warnow river estuary - the eutrophic freshwater region of the Warnow river. In all ecosystems investigated the detritus is an integral carbon source. Bacteria are the main heterotrophic biomass component. Changes in interactions are analyzed up to eight weeks in field mesocosms and lab microcosms. The observed developments are caused by bottom-up and top-down mechanisms in the microbial food web.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 97
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    Distribution of heterotrophic bacteria as affected by eutrophication and fluctuations of environmental factors (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: A 21-year time series of heterotrophic bacteria density (CFU on agar plates) at one coastal and one open sea station in the central Adriatic Sea was analysed. A trend of increasing numbers of bacteria was established. A trend-component free spectral analysis of the data showed oscillation periods of 2.3 and 14 years, and 3.5 and 14 years, for the open and coastal sea respectively. Seasonal distribution of heterotrophic bacteria was also analysed for the 1968-1988 period.
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  • 98
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    Effect of temperature on autotrophic enzyme activity of bacteria symbiotic in clams and tube worms (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Bacteria-containing tissues of invertebrate species living in symbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria were assayed for ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activity over a range of temperatures. There was a wide disparity in the temperature optima, which were not closely related to the environmental conditions. Bacteria from some clams, from both shallow water habitats and deep hydrothermal vents, appeared to be cold-adapted, with optima below 30°C. Other clams had higher optima. In the tube worms, including hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans and a cold water fjord-living perviate pogonophoran, the bacterial RubisCo showed optima between 40 and 50°C, indicating mesophilic character. From this and other evidence it is inferred that the symbionts are 'inherited' and not picked up casually from the environment.
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  • 99
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    Examination of bacterial fish diseases of wild fish in the Elbe and Eider estuaries (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: Bacterial infections of fish caused by pathogenic bacteria lead to high losses in aquaculture but are also important in wild fish. Field investigations showed that such diseases are also present in the estuaries of the rivers Elbe and Eider (Germany). Three diseases apparently induced by pathogenic bacteria could be observed: "ULCER DISEASE", "FIN ROT" and the so called "YELLOW PEST", a newly described cod disease. Until now, epidemiological and histopathological examinations, as well as isolations and determinations of potential bacterial agents have been done. Investigations on the relationship between environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, organic pollution, and the appearence of these diseases are in process.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 100
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    Production of exopolysaccharides by bacteria from deep-sea hydrotermal vents (1991)
    Institut für Meereskunde
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: About 500 marine bacterial strains isolated in 1987 during the "Hydronaut cruise" on the East Pacific Rise, from various deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples, were screened for the ability to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS). All the EPS-producing bacterial strains (17) were isolated from alvinellid polychaete samples on metal-amended media containing zinc, cadmium, silver, or arsenste. Sixteen of these strains belong to a same phenon (cluster l formed at 82%) on a strain similarity basis. Many strains of this cluster displayed single or multiple resistance to the 5 metals studied (zinc, copper, arsenate, selenate and cadmium), but correlation with EPS-production was not evident. Strains 1545 and 1582, for instance, gave good EPS-production but appeared to be sensitive to heavy metals.
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