ALBERT

Description: Verslag van een doctoraal onderwerp bij de Vakgroep Systematische Dierkunde en Evolutiebiologie van de Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, september 1976

Description: Op 27 mei 1976 overleed Dr. P.A. Florsohütz op de leeftijd van 53 jaar. Het bericht van zijn overlijden kwam zelfs voor diegenen die gedurende de laatste weken van zijn leven regelmatig kontakt met hem hadden onverwacht. Tijdens de middelbare-sohooltijd kwam zijn interesse in de biologie al duidelijk naar voren. Zowel plant als dier had zijn belangstelling. Na het behalen van het diploma HBS liet Florsohütz zich als student in de biologie aan onze universiteit in schrijven en legde in 1945 bet kandidaatsexamen af. Spoedig daama werd hij kandidaat-assistent bij Prof. Pulle, hoogleraar-directeur van het toenmalige Botanisch Museum en Herbarium. Hét doctoraal-examen werd in 1949 afgelegd.

Description: Floristische und soziologische Beobachtungen über die Flechtenvegetation von Isla Persa, einer Gletscherinsel in der SO-Schweiz (Berainagebiet), in Höhe von 2450-2850 m, werden beschrieben. Die Artenliste nennt 156 Arten. Die interessantesten Funde werden kurz besprochen. Deutlich höher als bekannt aus der Literatur wurden gefunden: Cladonia cyanipes auf 2550 m. Coniocybe furfuracea auf 2650 m. Leprocaulon microscopicum auf 2500 m. Weiter werden einige Flechtengesellschaften auf Isla Persa kurz besprochen: a) epiphytisch: Parmeliopsidetum ambiguae Hilitzer 1925 b) epilithisch: Umbilicarietum cylindricae Frey 1923 Umbilicarietum microphyllae Frey 1923 Sporastatietum testudineae Frey 1922 Sporastatietum polysporae Frey 1922 Ramalinetum capitatae Frey 1923 Umbilicarietum ruebelianae Frey 1925 Dimelaenetum oreinae Frey 1923 Umbilicarietum deustae Frey 1933 c) terrestrisch: Stereocauletum alpini Frey 1937 ? Cladonietum alpestris Frey 1937 Thamnolietum vermicularis Gams 1927 Lecideetum demissae Frey 1923

Description: The African members of the Conocephaloideae are revised. Musanga comprises two species: M. cecropioides and M. leo-errerae. In Myrianthus seven species are recognized: M. arboreus, M. holstii, M. preussii (with ssp. preussii and ssp. seretii), M. libericus, M. serratus (with var. serratus and var. letestui), and M. cuneifolius. M. serratus var. letestui is described as new.

Description: The first record of Lophozia perssonii for the Netherlands, from an old and deep limestone-quarry near Cadier en Keer, S. Limburg. Sterile L. perssonii grows here as a pioneer on shaded, calcareous tufa blocks together with Leiocolea badensis and other bryophytes. The differences with related species are discussed, and a description of the ecology is given.

Description: The South Asia Institute (see note on page 2342) has changed its address in Heidelberg, Germany: now P.O. Box 10 30 66. Work is in progress on the geography – with a botanical inclination – on Nepal, Ceylon, Java, Sumba, Timor, Papua New Guinea, and Stewart Island, New Zealand. New policy of NUFFIC. The two projects executed by the Rijksherbarium for the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation: seedlings in Bogor and Flora of Thailand, have been completed and discontinued respectively. Both were conceived in the early days of NUFFIC, when initiatives of interested parties were welcomed. Election of a socialist government in Holland in 1973 brought a gradual change in policy, towards larger, multidisciplinary projects for the benefit of the poorest, and we were informed that small projects like the above would not be accepted. We will see what the next elections bring, in 1977.

Description: Tabula Rasa. In 1963 as a missionary I arrived in the Flora Malesiana region, notably in the Lesser Sunda Islands. A certain ’sensus botanicus’ was my only equipment for botanical surveys, and the next thing to do was to walk the arduous but occasionally quite entertaining road to discovery. I often felt like Mr. Columbus when he was discovering America. I entered the New World at Port Said. A lovely ’pine avenue’ drew me, which turned out to consist of arborescent Equisetes! I now realize that it must have been Casuarina, and still these trees, which I grow in my garden are a source of delight to me. Later it was the tropical gardens with their ’unending splendor of flowers’ that captivated my interest, until one day I learnt that Canna indica is of American origin and that there is indeed a kind of commonplace tropical assortment. For meanwhile I had found occasion to set foot in a genuine Asian primary forest, where reality turned out to be a tedious green monotony. This ’dead point’ must perhaps be reached and passed by anyone who finds himself unprepared like me in the Malesian plant kingdom before, step by step, he can learn to know and love the true ’Flora Malesiana’.

Description: Take almost any profile diagram of rain forest and it reveals you the neglect: nothing but trees. Even in Flora Malesiana* the manner of their climbing is not always indicated. Foresters regard them as weeds and persecute them systematically (see FOX 1968), which subjects them to extra dangers beyond the ’normal’ forest devastation. This makes them perhaps the most threatened life form amongst plants. Yet it is good to remember that two of the main climber families, Menispermaceae and Piperaceae, contain an extraordinary variety of interesting chemical substances (see HEGNAUER in the reference list). For this same reason it is risky to drink water from Menispermaceae trunks, as can be done by holding up a fresh-cut piece of 1-1½ m (Piperaceae are slenderer). Rattans, which are largely bound to primary forest, are of course well known, also economically. Horticulturists have taken hundreds of ornamental climbers in cultivation, on which MENNINGER produced a large popular book, with quite a body of practical knowledge. Lianas (i.e. the larger woody vines) occur in a great number of families, although concentrated in about a dozen; taxonomically as well as morphologically they are heterogeneous. They are a main feature of the tropical forests, where according to an old estimate, they make up 8% of the flora, far less so in the temperate forest (about 2% of a much poorer flora). MEIJER (quoted by FOX, 1968) estimated their number for Sabah alone at 150 genera: 13 in the Asclepiadaceae, 12 in the Menispermaceae, 10 in the Rubiaceae, 9 in the Apocynaceae, 9 in the Leguminosae, 8 in the Annonaceae. As for numbers of individuals, in Sabah, FOX (1969) found on ten plots of 0.4 hectares in typical lowland dipterocarp forest an average of 839 climbers (range 472-1146); out of these 690 (range 380-1003) were thinner than 2½ cm, while 56 (range 28-91) were thicker than 5 cm.

Description: Applied Ecology Abstracts, compiled and published by Information Retrieval Ltd. 1 Falconberg Court, London W1V 5FG, U.K. A monthly, each issue carrying c. 800 abstracts and author index. Price vol. 1, Jan.-Dec. 1975, surface mail £ 60, airmail £ 73. It is claimed that 4300 journals and other publications are scanned annually. Coverage is world-wide.

Description: Fungi producing ornamented asexual structures and belonging to the Oomycetes (Trachysphaera) or Zygomycetes (Azygozygum, Mortierella) are described. They were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy while also mating experiments and carbohydrate analyses were performed. Azygozygum chlamydosporum is closely related to Mortierella indohii and therefore Azygozygum is considered to be a synonym of Mortierella. Mortierella echinosphaera spec. nov. is also closely related, but no zygotes are known, only ornamented chlamydospores have been observed. Absence of glucuronic acid and fucose and a low glucosamine content in Trachysphaera fructigena show that it belongs to the Oomycetes.

Description: The genus Mycoacia Donk (1931) originally contained four species, viz. M. fuscoatra (Fr. ex Fr.) Donk (type), M. uda (Fr.) Donk, M. stenodon (Pers.) Donk, and M. setosa (Pers.) Donk. This last species, however, is the type species of Sarcodontia S. Schulzer 1866. Later (1952) Donk considered M. setosa as generically distinct. The monotypic genus Sarcodontia has globose to subglobose spores with thickened walls and is parasitic, while Mycoacia has ellipsoid to allantoid thin-walled spores and is saprophytic. When Mycoacia and Sarcodontia are considered as congeneric (e.g. Nikolajeva, 1961), Sarcodontia is the correct name for the genus. Mycoacia and Sarcodontia are both classified in the Corticiaceae (Donk, 1964; Parmasto, 1968); they are characterized by the resupinate hydnoid ceraceous basidiocarp, the monomitic hyphal system and the smooth non-amyloid spores. The genera are closely related to Phlebia.

Description: In Malesian Sterculiaceae there was still one enigmatic monotypic genus unsolved, Leptonychiopsis (parviflora) Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 82 (1920) 173; Fl. Mai. Pen. 1 (1922) 290, described after a specimen collected by a Malayan, 10 Dec. 1892, filed under Ridley 3743. Ridley distinguished this from Leptonychia by its 3-merous flowers. Recently I could borrow a type sheet from the Kew Herbarium to which is attached an ample pencil-drawn analysis. Unfortunately, it is hardly feasible to check this, as there is only one small bud on the specimen, which I did not dare to analyse.

Description: In a comprehensive treatment of Caltha, Petra Smit (Blumea 21: 119—150. 1973) unfortunately chose an incorrect name for her fourth variety under C. palustris L. Instead of var. radicans (Forst.) Beck, this taxon should be called C. palustris var. flabellifolia (Pursh) Torrey & Gray (Fl. N. Am. I: 27. 1838). Forster’s C. radicans was described in 1807 (Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 324) and reduced to varietal status by Beck in 1886 (Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien 36: 350). According to the current International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, no name has priority outside of its rank (cf. Art. 60). Inasmuch as C. palustris var. flabellifolia was the name first established for Smit’s variety d’, as such it has priority over C. palustris var. radicans (Forst.) Beck by 30 years.

Description: On 11 September 1976 dr. Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brink will reach the age of 65 and so he must retire from his position as a senior botanist at the Rijksherbarium. He has worked in our institute since December 1943, after having obtained his doctor’s degree in Utrecht. At the Rijksherbarium he became heavily involved in the preparation of the so-called ‘emergency edition’ of C. A. Backer’s Beknopte Flora van Java, which was mimeographed during the war in order to restrict the chances of destroyal of Backer’s valuable manuscripts. When after the war it was decided to translate Backer’s concise flora into English and to update and complete it, he gradually took over the burden from Backer who in 1945 was already over seventy. As a consequence the Flora of Java, published in three parts between 1963 and 1968, bears both names as authors on the title-page. Quite appropriately too, seeing that he devoted so much of his time, energy, and knowledge to this piece of work.

Description: The factors influencing the development of brashness in timber are discussed. These are reduction in density; changes in moisture content and temperature; ultrastructural changes; changes in chemical composition; and the presence of compression damage. Examples are cited and illustrated. Attention is paid to the recognition of the causes of brashness in the field and in the laboratory.

Description: The duration of cambial activity, and change in wood structure from early to latewood, are considered in relation to the initiation of scale and foliage leaves, and shoot extension, in Picea abies, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, and Fagus sylvatica. The initiation of cambial activity appears to be associated with the production of the first scales at the shoot apex, but the cessation of cambial activity does not appear to coincide with the end of primordial initiation at the apex. In P. abies and P. menziesii leaf initiation continues at a rapid rate for several weeks after cambial activity has ceased. In Q. robur, F. excelsior, and F. sylvatica cambial activity continues longer than leaf initiation. The decline in vessel or tracheid diameter is not consistently related to the change from initiation of scales to initiation of foliage leaves. In the ring porous hardwoods the rapid decline in vessel diameter at the end of the earlywood coincides with the cessation of shoot elongation, but in the other species vessel or tracheid diameter declines steadily from the beginning of the earlywood.

Description: A list is provided of the species, subspecies and synonyms of the tipulid genus Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803. The distribution of each species is given in subregional quotations.

Description: Variability in the anatomy of root wood of selected specimens particularly Fraxinus excelsior L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L. in the Kew reference microscope slide collection is discussed in relation to generalised statements in the literature on root wood anatomy.

Description: The variation in wood anatomy within 30 hardwood species, each with a distribution covering both rain forest and savanna areas of the Ivory Coast, Africa, has been studied. Compared to specimens from the rain forest, material from the savanna tends to have more wood ray tissue (rays are higher, wider, and more numerous) and slightly more vessel tissue (vessels are more numerous and wider, although they are often composed of shorter vessel members). Within any one species the total amount of axial wood parenchyma in the material from both areas is practically constant. The results are discussed with reference to latitudinal variation and major trends of phylogenetic wood specialization.

Description: A theoretical flow model shortly to be published elsewhere describes the rate of axial flow of liquids, through conifer wood in response to known pressure differentials. This is based on certain assumptions as to the structure and ultrastructure of wood. The model predicts very different flow conditions for earlywood and latewood cells. While these predicted conditions are approximately similar to those observed experimentally by tree physiologists, it is not yet clear what advantages the reduced conductivity of latewood cells could convey to the tree.

Description: The shedding of branches along a preformed layer is a complex phenomenon in which several types of xylem elements are involved. The abscission layers in Perebea mollis and Naucleopsis guianensis are distinguished from the normally developed xylem by the presence of shorter unlignified fibres with small simple pits. Most of these fibres show large nuclei. In this zone containing abnormal fibres, the vessels, rays and parenchyma are conspicuously different from those of the normal tissue. The transition in anatomy from the main branch to the abscission layer is much more abrupt than that from the abscission layer to the secondary branch. Contrary to what is generally seen in other Moraceous tribes, natural pruning seems to occur in all genera of Olmedieae with the sole exception of the genus Olmedia. The correlation with other morphological and anatomical characters and the complexity of the phenomenon of branch abscission seem to justify Berg’s decision to use this character in defining the new tribe Castilleae, containing all the genera formerly placed in Olmedieae except Olmedia.

Description: The author supposes that the fossil content of thin carbonate units in the Upper La Vid shales (Lower Devonian) of Colle was influenced by heavy storms like hurricanes. Apart from microplankton (Cramer, 1964) no fossils are found in the shales. Together with the very well developed fissility of the shales this points to abiotic conditions, probably caused by the lack of oxygen in the deposition area. Alterations, e.g. by storms, of the water circulation pattern in the basin destroyed this situation, and a pioneer fauna was able to develop. Sometimes storm debris, probably deposited by hurricanes, served as a substrate for larvae which settled in the area. Little by little the former situation of lack of oxygen returned and the communities died.

Description: In the delta of the rivers Fluvia and Muga, the Quaternary is hydrogeologically the most important deposit. It is underlain by Pliocene marls and clays. From geo-electrical soundings and bore-hole data a map with depth contours of the Quaternary-Pliocene boundary plane was constructed. Near the coast the Quaternary consists of two aquifers. One of the restrictions of the resistivity method is that the second aquifer is too thin in respect to its depth. Therefore only the formation resistivities of the complete Quaternary were calculated. By comparing the map of formation resistivities with maps of the clay percentage and the water resistivities in the Quaternary, prospective areas for waterwinning can be delineated. To the north of the delta, Silurian granites and schists crop out. A gravimetric survey over the contact shows a gently sloping boundary of the granite and schist with the Eocene-Pliocene of ca. 15°. From geo-electrical data a comparable inclination of 10° was found. The pre-Eocene topography here is thought to have been formed under tectonic control but the inclination of the Eocene-Pliocene to granite/schist would seem to be too shallow to correspond to a normal fault plane.

Description: Otoliths of 10 new species, including nine Gadidae from different localities in the North Sea Basin (Middle Oligocene — Upper Pliocene) are described: Gadus parallelus, Trisopterus concavus, T. incognitus, Colliolus parvus, C. johannettae, C. schwarzhansi, Palaeoraniceps regularis, Molva primaeva, Brosme heinrichi and ? Macruridarum deurnensis. Three new genera are established: Protocolliolus, Neocolliolus and Palaeoraniceps. Type material of some fossil otoliths of Gadidae described by Koken (1884, 1891) has been studied; as a result some systematic errors are corrected. The existence of two recent species of coal-fishes (Pollachius virens (L.) and Pollachius carbonarius (L.)) is ascertained by study of their otoliths.

Description: To explain the typical form of the anuran body, the following hypothesis is proposed: The ancestors of Anura, Urodela and Gymnophiona, having probably much in common, were potential competitors, so they each had to develop in a different ecological direction: Gymnophiona in the soil, Urodela on the surface of the soil specializing in the capture of slow moving prey and the Anura on the surface of the soil in the hunting of swift moving prey. Presumably the ancestors of the anurans were slow animals themselves and had to wait hiding until prey passed by. Also, to protect the body against dehydration it was necessary to dig into the soil and — because of the need to catch swift moving prey — to dig backwards, so that the head remained free. In the following discussion several characteristics of recent anurans and of probable ancestral anurans are examined in the light of this hypothesis.

Description: (1) D. rathkei exhibits negative phototaxis during the whole day. It never leaves the sediment as long as there is any light. (2) The vertical migrations into the pelagic environment, as observed in Aug and Oct, start ca.1 h after sunset; they have their maximum intensity from ca. 22.00 h to 23.00 h and end at midnight. D.rathkei reacts positively to light during this time. (3) Fish and other predatory animals are almost inactive during this period. Population loss by predation is thus negligible or even lacking. (4) The literature on the 'hyperbenthos' is critically discussed in relation to the method mostly employed, the use of Beyer's epibenthic closing net. This gear is not considered to be useful, and the results obtained by it are doubted. (5) D. rathkei has no significance at all for the 'hyperbenthos'. The existence of this community in the Western Baltic Sea is doubted.

Description: The annual cycle and distribution of the benthic copepod fauna of a shallow inshore area in the south of podfauna of a shallow inshore area in the south of Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea) were investigated. The spp composition found is not typical for medium fine sand, but resembles that characteristic of a mixture of coarser sand, phytal and even soft bottoms. The mean population density was ca. 10 times smaller than in off shore stations. Obvious maxima were observed in July and Nov, and attributable to different spp. The dominant harpacticoid spp change several times during the year. Spp diversity was highest in summer, lowest in winter, when only 2 spp, Paraleptastacus holsaticus and Scottopsyllus minor, were dominant. Many spp show breeding maxima in spring and summer, a few in autumn (e.g. Ameira parvula) or winter (e.g. Scottopsyllus minor). The effect of sewage pollution manifests itself significantly only in the immediate vicinity of the outfall: spp diversity decrease; Scottopsyllus minor, Nitocra spec., N. tuypica, Paraleptastacus holsaticus, Parastenhelia spinosa, as well as Tachidius disciples are rather frequent in this zone. The potential value oft hese spp as indicators of water quality is discussed. Most of the harpacticoids in the investigated area are rather tolerant to domestic waste products.

Description: Distribution patterns, frequency, size, shape, and surface texture of silica grains in the secondary xylem of neotropical taxa, especially from Surinam were studied extensively. Over 2000 samples were examined. Silica grains occur in about 300 species (32 families and about 90 genera). The grains proved to be present in many taxa so far considered as non-siliceous. They are most frequently found in the parenchymatous tissues (in 80% of siliceous material studied, grains were present in the ray cells). Their distribution is very constant, especially when they are restricted to one type of tissue, although some exceptions exist. The diagnostic value of the silica grains, often neglected, appears to be very high. The shape of the grains is usually variable though, in a few cases it is very characteristic. Various types of surface structures are recognized. Size of the grains is reported. The great variation in grain size greatly reduces its importance as a diagnostic tool.

Description: Some details are given on the bryophyte vegetation in an old clay pit near Venlo. Due to burrowing activities, the bottom of the pit has a very broken surface, and in the upper soil layer sand, sandy clay and pure clay (from the Tiglien formation) replace each other. On some places water comes out of the soil. Some locally important bryophyte unions (in the sense of Barkman 1973) are described. An impoverished form of the Haplomitrium- Fossombronia incurva union occurs on moist sandy ground. On a steep, south-exposed, dry clay edge a fragment of the Aloinetum rigidae was found. The wet clayey parts are occupied by a vegetation mainly consisting of Leiocolea badensis and Anisothecium varium, for which a new union is proposed, the Leiocolea badensis- Anisothecium varium union. On a steep sandy side the rare species Anisothecium rufescens, Mniobryum lutescens and Trichodon cylindricus were found; the last two species have not been reported from the Netherlands before. In conclusion, the importance of such clay pits in general and this one in particular as refugia for bryophyte flora and vegation is stressed.

Description: Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. is reported from Southeast Greenland. Its distribution in Greenland is mapped. A note is made on its ecology and distribution.

Description: A list of 296 ecologists of various description but more or less connected with Malesia occurs in Wallaceana no. 3 (Oct. 1974), a supplement of 183 in no. 4 (April 1975). Editor Dr. J.I. Furtado, School of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur. Please notify the Editor of the FMBulletin of any change in address, which he will be glad to communicate here.

Description: Arithmetics and Economy. The cover plate was drawn by the editor himself and shows some parts of a dissected flower, the whole page measuring 20 by 15 cm. The flower thus analyzed was first boiled up and examined under water against a grid. This can be found on so-called millimetre paper, or be engraved in plastic petri-dishes (like the glass one figured on page 431 but smaller and the lines 2 mm apart), which are quite cheap and available from Dr. J. van Brummelen, Rijksherbarium. They are mostly used for counting colonies of bacteria. The parts are drawn under a standard magnification of 5, 10, 15, or 20, on a paper which has a 1 cm grid; such paper is now also on sale. Such drawing can indeed, as Corner says, be learnt like arithmetic. In (too sporadic) use since at least one century, and only in degree perfected since C.B. Clarke, F. Gagnepain and others drew their dissections on a small strip of paper which they later stuck to the sheet, this method serves to make a 3-dimensional flower visible in one plane. It takes about 1-1½ hour to make a thorough, annotated analysis of a flower, and ideally, for each species, several have to be prepared. All this is well-known. Yet more than one fellow-taxonomist who had prepared a number of such sketches, put them away among his notes. Even if he took care to preserve the dissected flower fragments, it is evident that his labours thus are lost to others. The place where such an analysis belongs is with the specimen from which it was drawn, and which only then can be easier and more fruitfully examined. If we realize that each drawing easily costs taxonomist-time equivalent to $ 6-12, it seems even economical to have the sketches xeroxed (which can be done very well if sharp pencils are used) and copies glued to all duplicates, as a kind of service to other institutes, who often went to great expense to send materials on loan. It is much better for the specimens, too, if they only need to be plundered once.

Description: The naturally large annual fluctuation in the number of flowering individuals of Anacamptis pyramidalis in the water catchment- and conservation area the „Noordhollands Duinreservaat” tends to obscure the alternative possibility that this species, which was formerly locally very abundant, is at present severely threatened by drought, and now is almost extinct. The author argues that this, as well as the depauperation of the whole dune flora, is caused directly and indirectly by the excessive withdrawal of the groundwater.

Description: While preparing some of the earlier parts of this series I was inclined to the view that Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn., as it had come to be understood, should be divided into several genera. I now feel that a wider concept is advisable at this time, although further information, particularly from other lines of evidence, may eventually lead to subdivision. The present concept includes Mearnsia Merrill, but excludes Nani Adanson and Kania Schlecht. The first two were reviewed in Parts 3 and 4 of this series (Dawson, 1970b, 1972a) and the last will be the topic of a later part.

Description: The tribe Cephalantheae is here reinstated; a full taxonomic treatment of all species is given, including a key to all species. The architecture and systematic relations are discussed.

Description: When Corner described the genus Dacrydium in Malaya in 1939 he recognized four kinds, three species and a marked variety, but he expressed considerable doubt about their distinctiveness because the available specimens showed all degrees of variation of leaves between one species and another. He finally concluded that D. comosum was, in fact, unmistakable, because of its large needles, but that his variety subelatum of D. beccarii lay exactly between that species and D. elatum. During a recent collecting trip to Malaya, I was able to distinguish four distinct species and to identify the cause of the confusion which Comer described. The confusion in distinguishing Malayan species of Dacrydium results primarily from a misinterpretation of the form of D. elatum. This species is characterized by imbricate scale leaves in the adult form but with spreading acicular leaves in the juvenile form. Before I had seen living specimens of this species I was under die impression that the change in leaf form was abrupt and stated this in print (1969). There are many herbarium specimens with sharply contrasting juvenile and adult branches often actually attached to one another. In fact, there is a gradual change as a plant matures to shorter more adpressed leaves and different individuals mature at different rates. Trees with mature leaves, however, frequently bear occasional shoots with juvenile leaves making possible the collection of both juvenile and mature leaves attached on the same specimen. I myself collected specimens of this type before I realized what this collection strategy suggests to the herbarium user. Not only is there a gradual change in leaf form as a plant matures, but it is also common for a plant to become fertile before the transition is complete. Fertile specimens with spreading needles are well known throughout the range of this species including areas where it is the only Dacrydium species present. A male specimen, for example, Balansa 596 (K), comes from Tonkin; both male and female with spreading leaves as well as scale-leaved specimens were carefully assembled by Abbe & Smitinand (9459, 9460, 9461, A) from Phu Kradang in Thailand; and I myself collected a female specimen, de Laubenfels P532 (A, L, SING), at Ulu Kali in Malaya.

Description: The Princes Risborough card key for the identification of hardwoods has been in use for almost forty years. As first described by S. H. Clarke, it comprised sixty-four anatomical features and fourteen others, to cover geographical origin, colour, weight, etc.; but, with new knowledge and in the light of experience, it was modified and some additions made in 1961. No further change has been made since but it has been in daily use and some observations are given on the confidence with which some of the selected features can be used. In preparing the key for publication, it was sometimes necessary to make comparative studies of groups of timbers, often including others than those finally incorporated in the key, which was restricted, for publication purposes, to woods of commercial significance. In this work, not only the diagnostic but also the taxonomic value of some features was reviewed and comment is made on this. Examples are given of variability within units of classification; some causes for this are suggested, and examples cited where the evidence of wood anatomy is of special interest in respect of current classification.

Description: Distribution patterns, frequency, size, shape, and surface texture of silica grains in the secondary xylem of neotropical taxa, especially from Surinam were studied extensively. Over 2000 samples were examined. Silica grains occur in about 300 species (32 families and about 90 genera). The grains proved to be present in many taxa so far considered as non-siliceous. They are most frequently found in the parenchymatous tissues (in 80% of siliceous material studied, grains were present in the ray cells). Their distribution is very constant, especially when they are restricted to one type of tissue, although some exceptions exist. The diagnostic value of the silica grains, often neglected, appears to be very high. The shape of the grains is usually variable though, in a few cases it is very characteristic. Various types of surface structures are recognized. Size of the grains is reported. The great variation in grain size greatly reduces its importance as a diagnostic tool.

Description: The Hymenoptera collected in the Forêt domaniale de Campet (Department Lot-et-Garonne, France) from 1965 through 1975 are listed. Large numbers of females of Philanthus triangulum (Fabricius) were collected on behalf of a study of the mechanism of action and chemical composition of the paralysing venom produced by this species.

Description: A description of the xylem anatomy of the genera Archytaea, Ploiarium, Bonnetia, Neblinaria, Neotatea, Caraipa, Haploclathra, Mahurea, Marila, Kielmeyera, and Asteropeia is given. All these genera except Asteropeia, were included in the family of the Bonnetiaceae by Maguire (1972). He considered the position of Asteropeia to be a doubtful one. Wood anatomy indicates that the genera Archytaea, Ploiarium, Bonnetia, Neblinaria, and Neotatea form a homogeneous group, which differs markedly from the Theaceae, as is concluded from comparisons with representatives of all groups of that family. The taxonomic position of the genera Caraipa, Haploclathra, Mahurea, Marila, and Kielmeyera, formerly referred to the Guttiferae, is discussed. The genera Caraipa and Haploclathra are wood anatomically similar to the other genera of the Bonnetiaceae; the genera Mahurea and Marila less so. Kielmeyera fits wood anatomically better in the Guttiferae than in the Bonnetiaceae. These conclusions are based on comparisons with all tribes of the Guttiferae. Asteropeia does not fit in with the Theaceae or Bonnetiaceae, and its wood anatomy supports the family status for this genus. Poeciloneuron is wood anatomically similar to the Bonnetiaceae. The taxonomic position of Pelliciera and of the Tetrameristaceae, in Melchior’s concept (1964) belonging to the Theaceae, is also considered. A general wood anatomical description of the Bonnetiaceae excluding Kielmeyera and Asteropeia concludes this paper. Bonnetiaceae are wood anatomically intermediate between Theaceae and Guttiferae.

Description: This paper deals with Foraminifera from 1) shallow water samples gathered by dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in the Florida Keys, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, several Lesser Antillean islands from St. Martin as far as Tobago, Margarita, Bonaire, and Curaçao; 2) a sample collected by dr. P.J. BERMÚDEZ off La Habana, Cuba, at a depth of 2—5 fathoms; 3) samples gathered by dr. TH. MORTENSEN off St. Croix (= Santa Cruz), W. of Frederiksted, at about 17.5°N 64°W, depths 100, 150 and 500 fathoms; off Thatch Island, between St. Croix and St. John, depth 14—16 fathoms, and a sample taken between Tortola and Jost van Dyke, at a depth of about 20 fathoms. The species belonging to the samples W. of St. Croix of the families Valvulinidae, the Protoforaminata, the Biforaminata and the Deuteroforaminata including the Globigerinidae and other planktonic groups were already described in my paper on the “Foraminifera dentata; Foraminifera of Santa Cruz and Thatch-Island” (1956). Many other species, however, occurring in the MORTENSEN-samples have not yet been described and will be discussed here.

Description: Coral fragments, crinoidal debris and foraminifers found in limestone beds near Moeche (Galicia) are evidence of a Devonian-Silurian age for the strata in the greenschist facies belt around Cabo Ortegal, hitherto considered on the Spanish 1:200,000 map-La Coruña Hoja 1 (IGME), to be Precambrian in age. Their deposition by turbidity currents into troughs on an ancient ocean floor is being suggested.

Description: There are two species of sea anemone occurring on the floating sea weed Sargassum natans in the Caribbean sea: Bunodeopsis pelagica (Quoy & Gaimard) and Anemonia sargassensis Hargitt. The anemones are readily distinguished from one another by their colour and the nature of their tentacles. B. pelagica is pale brown with a characteristic ring of violet colour around the mouth; the tentacles are long and rough due to the presence of batteries of nematocysts along their lengths. A. sargassensis is darker brown, often with white or creamy yellow radiating markings on the oral disc. The tentacles are smooth, medium length and are very adhesive. They are usually irregular in arrangement and are 54-60 in number. In B. pelagica they are regularly arranged with the larger ones in the inner cycle, are usually in multiples of 6 and 12-36 in number. The tentacles are retractile in B. pelagica but not so in A. sargassensis. Both species are found on Sargassum natans, but occasionally A. sargassensis occurs in shallow water on Thalassia testudinum and on rocks along the shoreline.

Description: The fruit bat genus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899, is considered to contain only two valid taxa: the species M. torquata (Dobson, 1878) inhabiting the forest blocks in West Africa and Central Africa, and M. brachycephala (Bocage, 1889) from the island of São Tomé. M. wroughtoni Andersen, 1908, and M. leptodon Andersen, 1908, are considered synonyms of M. torquata. The subgenus Phygetis Andersen, 1912, proposed for the species brachycephala only, is sunk into the synonymy of Myonycteris. A number of new (collecting) localities for torquata is recorded, among which the first one in Nigeria. Data are included on morphological variability, sexual dimorphism, ecology and biology. The possible type locality of torquata, and some evolutionary trends within the genus are discussed.

Description: Description of three Zoanthids new to the Tulear region (S.W. Madagascar): a macrocnemic species, Epizoanthus cf. minutus Duerden, 1898, and two brachycnemic species, Zoanthus pacificus Walsh & Bowers, 1971, and Z. vietnamensis Pax, 1957. These new records bring the number of zoanthids known from the reefs in the Tuléar region to thirteen.

Description: 12 New species of Costus and 22 new species of Renealmia are described and various new combinations are made. All these species will be more intensively dealt with by the author in his forthcoming treatment of the genera Renealmia and Costus for Flora Neotropica (to be published in 1976).

Description: Cetraria delisei is reported for the first time from the Alps.

Description: The shedding of branches along a preformed layer is a complex phenomenon in which several types of xylem elements are involved. The abscission layers in Perebea mollis and Naucleopsis guianensis are distinguished from the normally developed xylem by the presence of shorter unlignified fibres with small simple pits. Most of these fibres show large nuclei. In this zone containing abnormal fibres, the vessels, rays and parenchyma are conspicuously different from those of the normal tissue. The transition in anatomy from the main branch to the abscission layer is much more abrupt than that from the abscission layer to the secondary branch. Contrary to what is generally seen in other Moraceous tribes, natural pruning seems to occur in all genera of Olmedieae with the sole exception of the genus Olmedia. The correlation with other morphological and anatomical characters and the complexity of the phenomenon of branch abscission seem to justify Berg’s decision to use this character in defining the new tribe Castilleae, containing all the genera formerly placed in Olmedieae except Olmedia.

Description: Spiral thickenings in the axial parenchyma, seldom recorded in the secondary xylem of the dicotyledons so far, are described for a number of genera and/or species of Chrysobalanaceae. In 66 out of 99 samples investigated, representing most genera of the Chrysobalanaceae, spiral thickenings proved to be present. Some genera, such as Parinari, lack spirals while others like Chrysobalanus, Exellodendron and Hirtella comprise only species with spiral thickenings. In Acioa, Couepia, Cyclandrophora, Licania and Maranthes only a part of the species have spirals in their parenchyma cells. Data on distribution and appearance are given. No connection with tension wood could be demonstrated, neither is the presence related to juvenile wood. Taxonomic value of the spirals in the axial parenchyma is discussed.

Description: ASHTON, Peter & Mary (ed.), The quaternary era in Malesia, being the Transactions of the Second Aberdeen-Hull Symposium on Malesian Ecology, Aberdeen 1971, 122 pp. (Dept. of Geography, Univ. of Hull, 1972). A paper to elucidate the late-Tertiary history was delivered by J. Muller. The era itself is the subject of papers by P.S. Ashton, by J.R. Flenley (see Bibliography), and by Lord Medway on the animals. Plenty of maps, pollen diagrams, and references are given; the discussions, long and high-level, have been recorded. The ’Epilogue’ gives a fine summary of the Quaternary era, here copied: ”Though this review emphasises how fragmentary our knowledge of the Quaternary history of South-east Asia is, it nevertheless presents what are probably all the essential events of that period which have determined the nature of the biomes that now exists there. These build up what at first appears to be a conflicting picture: On the one hand Lord Medway, with additional support from Dr. Wells in discussion, has provided indisputable evidence that a significant part of the obligate grassland fauna of the Continental Asiatic Middle Pleistocene Savanna penetrated to Java; the essentially seasonal climate of this habitat must therefore at least once also have straddled the equator through Sundaland during the Pleistocene. Further, Dr. Flenley has shown that significantly lower mean annual temperatures, perhaps as much as 5° C less than at present, obtained in the mountains of New Guinea as recently as c. 12000-8500 years B.P.

Description: Index to J.J. Smith: Enumeration of the Orchidaceae of Sumatra (publ. in Fedde, Repert. 32, 1933, 130-386). — Stenciled 32 pp. Gratis. Index to C.L. Blume: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum vol. 2 (1856-1857). — Offset 24 pp. Gratis.

Description: Mycobonia flava and Epithele typhae are described. Two new genera are introduced, viz. Mycothele (for Mycobonia disciformis Cunn.) and Epithelopsis (for Epithele fulva Cunn.).

Description: Poria phellinoides Pilát in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 51: 383. 1935 — Poria pseudoobducens Pilát in Sb. nár. Mus. Praze 9B (2) (Bot. I): 107 1953 — Xylodon versiporus (Pers.) Bond. var. microporus Komarova in Bot. Mater. Inst. spor. Rast 12: 249. 1959. — Schizopora phellinoides (Pilát) Domanski in Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 38: 255. 1969. Fruit-body mainly resupinate, rarely effused-reflexed with a smooth brownish orange superior surface; on almost vertical substrates the lower surface looks like the underside of a staircase, composed of 1.5-2.5 mm wide horizontal pore areas and 4-5 mm high vertical surfaces made up of tube walls. Margin well defined. Subiculum and context soft-fibrous when fresh, hard-coriaceous after drying. Subiculum cream-coloured, up to 0.5 mm thick. Tubes 4-5 mm long, brownish orange, except for cream-coloured lower part, pores 0.1-0.2 mm diameter, averaging 5-6 per mm, rather regularly circular or slightly elongated, dissepiments 0.05-0.1 mm thick, covered with a white pruina, pore surface cream-coloured.

Description: In the introduction a history is given of the development of the knowledge of the taxonomy of the genus Peliosanthes in the wide sense, including the generic names Teta, Bulbospermum, Lourya and Neolourya, in which altogether 35 specific epithets have been validly published, ranging from the Dcccan Peninsula through S. E. Asia to West Malesia. The characters defining these genera are scrutinized and it is found that only one genus can be distinguished. The affinity of Peliosanthes, which is maintained in Liliaceae, is discussed and it is concluded that it should be arranged in the same tribe as Ophiopogon and Liriope. A thorough examination is made of specific delimitation on the basis of the gross morphology which has shown that no satisfactory correlations can be found in the variability; this is illustrated by several histograms. This has led to the conclusion that only one variable species, Peliosanthes teta Andr., can be distinguished, falling into two entities, the subspecies teta, confined to continental Asia with 2—6 flowers per bract and a subspecies humilis with only one flower per bract which is found throughout the range of the genus. A full description of the genus and species is given, with their synonymy, and information is given on habitat and distribution; localities are mapped. The few chromosome counts published agree in 2n = 36.

Description: A synopsis is given of the genus Osmoxylon, Araliaceae, in Malesia and the Bismarck Archipelago, including also one species of the Solomon Islands. In the introduction arguments are given why the genus Boerlagiodendron is merged with Osmoxylon. In all 41 species are recognized and are keyed out. Of each species the synonymy is given, as well as the distribution and collections examined; sometimes critical notes on affinity and variability are added. Two names of which the types are apparently lost and which could not be satisfactorily placed are added as insufficiently known. Nine new species have been described and 20 new combinations appeared to be necessary. Full descriptions of all species will appear in the Flora Malesiana treatment of Araliaceae to which this paper is a precursor.

Description: This book contains the proceedings of the Anglo-Dutch wood anatomy meeting organized by the Materials Section of the Royal Microscopical Society at Oxford and Kew from 5th to 8th April 1976. In fact, it contains more than just the written record of the papers delivered during the meeting. The largely original studies of most authors have been presented here as comprehensive publications which contain much more information than could have been conveyed during the lectures. The wood anatomists contributing to this issue represent a diversity of specializations, this would seem to justify the somewhat pretentious title: ‘Wood Structure in Biological and Technological Research’. It is hoped that this book will help to bridge the gap between students of wood structure who approach wood from a technological, sylvicultural or purely botanical standpoint. The increased understanding and the stimulation which resulted from the discussions between representatives of various disciplines was a most encouraging feature of the meeting.

Description: The hypothesis of functionally adaptive diversification of wood structure in the course of evolution as advanced by Carlquist is critically tested for vessel member length and type of perforation plate. The functional significance of within-tree variation in vessel member morphology is discussed first, and a criticism of Philipson & Butterfield’s theory for explaining classical length-on-age curves for fusiform initial length is given. At the genus and family level examples are cited which contradict the hypothesis that specialization of the perforation plate has a strong selective advantage for the occupation of more xeric environments or for high conductive rates. Other examples, however, seem to support this. The functional interpretation of correlations between vessel member length and ecological conditions is criticised. A comparison is made between whole woody floras or vegetation types with respect to the proportion of genera with scalariform perforation plates (Tables 1 and 2, Fig. 2). In tropical lowland rain forests the percentage of genera with scalariform plates is rather low. It strongly increases for tropical montane forests and for temperate to arctic floras. It is lowest in seasonally dry to arid regions. These trends support Carlquist’s idea that scalariform plates are, in general, only successful for conditions which require low rates of water conduction. In addition, the role of temperature is stressed. The total evidence presented in this paper is discussed in terms of random ‘patio ludens’ evolution which has to a considerable extent been canalized through selective pressures by environmental factors.

Description: The work of fracture of wood has been measured and the experimental results have been discussed in relation to a model based on various morphological aspects of wood structure. The asymmetrical helical structure of the S2 wall layers appears to be relevant to the fracture behaviour of wood in tension.

Description: An examination was made of the dimensions of each individual cell along radial files of tracheids. Groups of neighbouring cells were found to have large diameters and thick walls. It is suggested that cambial development proceeds in a series of ‘episodes’ of enhanced activity.

Description: HYDROBIOLOGIE OF THE “POLDER WESTZAAN”. Investigations into the macrofauna and water quality of a brackish water area in the Dutch province North-Holland. Part I. Water quality of the “Polder Westzaan”. From February till June 1974 macrofauna samples were taken with monthly intervalls at 9 Stations scattered in the “Polder Westzaan”, municipality Zaanstad (for position of the Stations see map). In three of the Stations samples were also taken in July, August, and September. From March till October 1974 the 02-saturations percentage and the water temperature were measured and water samples were taken at monthly intervalls. These water samples were analysed by the Dienst Milieuhygiene Zaanstad for the presence of Cl-, nitrate, nitrite, Ammonium, phoshate, sulphate, and heavy metals as well as for the pH; total hardness and COD values. Conclusions: Stations G5 and G7 “Het Guisveld” gives a highly polluted impression, especially when we consider the high COD,PO3- 4, and NH4+ -values. Likewise Station W6 (situated in the “Westzijderveld”) makes a polluted impression, especially because of its high NO-2 -percentage. – According to the saprobical index of Pantle and Buck (1955) all stations must be considered as β-mesosaprobic. – According to the saprobical index of Zelinka & Marvan (1961) most stations are poly-to α-mesosaprobic. Stations R5 and R7 (“De Reef”) and Station W7 (“Westzijderveld”) have a more βmesosaprobic to α-mesosaprobic character. – Station W6, according to both indices, is the most saprobic Station. – According to the species-diversity- index of Shannon (see Odum, 1971) Stations R5 and R7 (“De Reef”) are the most diverse, Station W 6 the least diverse. – The polder is poor in species. A number of taxa, including Chironomus spec., Tubifex tubifex, Gammarus tigrinus and Neomysis integer appear frequently in very large numbers. Many taxa are only found occasionally. A possible explanation may be found in: a) the oligohaline character of the water (mean Chlorinity above 850 mg/l) with strong fluctuations (from 225 to 1370 mg/l). b) the almost total absence of higher water plants. c) the serious pollution of the polder. Part II. Methodological investigations in two brackish water ditches. In these experiments the relations between the composition of a macrofauna-sample and the actual place of sampling in an uniform ditch (as far as water quality is concerned) as well as the sampling distance were investigated. Macrofauna- (samples were taken in 28 Stations distributed along both banks of a ditch in “De Reef” (september, 1974) and in 16 Stations distributed along both banks of a ditch in the province of Friesland (October, 1974). Conclusions: – The composition of a macrofauna sample is not highly dependant on the place of sampling within the same ditch. – The differences found between samples taken at the opposite banks appear to be of no greater importance than the mutual differences between the samples taken at the same bank. – No significant increase in species number was found when comparing samples taken over a length of 4 or 6 meter with those taken over a length of only 2 meter. – The actual place of sampling (in a uniform ditch) has the smallest influence on the composition of the fauna sample if the sampling methods are standardized. – To obtain the best representative sample it is recommended to sample in several places of the same ditch over relatively short distances. More technical suggestions are made. – Comparing the saprobic valuation, according to the Zelinka & Marvan-index of the individual samples with that of the total catch, one finds out that the first valuation can show a perversion of the reality because of the small number of species involved.

Description: A single specimen of an ingolfiellid was found in a slightly brackish well (locally called a “pos”) on the Bacuna estate in the island of Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles). The specimen differs from all other 21 ingolfiellid taxa, and is described as a new species, Ingolfiella (Gevgeliella) putealis. The two classification systems in use for the Ingolfiellidea, that of KARAMAN (1959) and that of RUFFO (1970), are compared and both are found not entirely satisfactory in the light of recent discoveries. A new system is devised, in which the suborder is divided into 2 families, together with 3 genera and 5 subgenera. The genera and subgenera do not only represent morphological unities, but also combine species with similar habitat requirements. Within the series, the marine genera are distinctly plesiomorph, the limnic genera show various degrees of apomorphy.

Description: The cirripede fauna of the island of Trinidad has been little investigated. SOUTHWARD (1962) recorded five species collected in north-west Trinidad for experimental studies; he listed Chthamalus fragilis Darwin on mangroves, Balanus amphitrite var. on mangroves and harbour piles, B. tintinnabulum Linnaeus on piles and Tetraclita radiata Blainville and T. squamosa Bruguiere on rocks. The determinations for all these species have been revised recently (SOUTHWARD, 1975). Specimens of Newmanella radiata Blainville from the collections described below were included by Ross (1969) in his revision of the genus Tetraclita. A provisional list of the Trinidad cirripedes was given in an appendix to a report on a local swamp (BACON, 1970a) and reports have also been published on the fouling of mangrove oysters by barnacles (BACON, 1970b), barnacles commensal on leatherback turtles nesting in Trinidad (BACON, 1970c), the seasonal occurrence of cirripede larvae in local estuarine plankton (BACON, 1971a) and the ecology of B. eburneus Gould in a west coast mangrove area (BACON, 1971b). Barnacles from the mangrove areas assigned provisionally in these reports to “B. amphitrite” and “C. fragilis” required further taxonomic study.

Description: A description of the xylem anatomy of the genera Archytaea, Ploiarium, Bonnetia, Neblinaria, Neotatea, Caraipa, Haploclathra, Mahurea, Marila, Kielmeyera, and Asteropeia is given. All these genera except Asteropeia, were included in the family of the Bonnetiaceae by Maguire (1972). He considered the position of Asteropeia to be a doubtful one. Wood anatomy indicates that the genera Archytaea, Ploiarium, Bonnetia, Neblinaria, and Neotatea form a homogeneous group, which differs markedly from the Theaceae, as is concluded from comparisons with representatives of all groups of that family. The taxonomic position of the genera Caraipa, Haploclathra, Mahurea, Marila, and Kielmeyera, formerly referred to the Guttiferae, is discussed. The genera Caraipa and Haploclathra are wood anatomically similar to the other genera of the Bonnetiaceae; the genera Mahurea and Marila less so. Kielmeyera fits wood anatomically better in the Guttiferae than in the Bonnetiaceae. These conclusions are based on comparisons with all tribes of the Guttiferae. Asteropeia does not fit in with the Theaceae or Bonnetiaceae, and its wood anatomy supports the family status for this genus. Poeciloneuron is wood anatomically similar to the Bonnetiaceae. The taxonomic position of Pelliciera and of the Tetrameristaceae, in Melchior’s concept (1964) belonging to the Theaceae, is also considered. A general wood anatomical description of the Bonnetiaceae excluding Kielmeyera and Asteropeia concludes this paper. Bonnetiaceae are wood anatomically intermediate between Theaceae and Guttiferae.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae – b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: Since the time of Linnaeus taxonomists have said that Zingiberaceae need to be studied from living plants, and as though to emphasize this, too many collectors have thrust leafy shoots and inflorescences into the press, jotted down a few rather obvious field notes (or none) and left the taxonomist to do his worst. At first the trouble experienced was simply that of understanding the structure of a flower in which most of the petaloid parts are staminodal in origin. Individual flowers of many Zingiberaceae are soft and watery and often surrounded by mucilage. Roughly pressed, especially if pressed in the inflorescence, their structure is lost beyond recall. As time went on the basic structural problems were elucidated. But the number of known Zingiberaceae has been constantly rising and with it the taxonomist’s cry that material is still too often inadequate. Now it is not only floral form that is so often lost; the structure of the inflorescence, or of the cincinni making up the compound inflorescence, cannot be easily elucidated in the herbarium, and in more recent classifications (Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg ii 17, 1918; Holttum, Gard. Bull. 13, 1950) this has come to play a more and more important part.

Description: Acanthaceae from New Caledonia, revised at Paris by Dr. H. Heine, are in the press. Anacardiaceae. At Leiden, Dr. Ding Hou completed the FM-manuscript. A precursory paper on the whole family chiefly of Malesia has been presented to Blumea.

Description: Allen, Caroline K. (1904-1975) Student of Lauraceae, mainly American but also of SE. Asia and New Guinea, on the Arnold Arboretum staff from 1933 to 1948, later in New York Botanical Garden, where, when the Flora Malesiana in 1968 suddenly was in difficulties, she made considerable efforts to save the project. Obituary Note in J. Arn. Arb. 56 (1975) 264. Bailey, F.M. Australian botanist who in 1879-1915 collected many fungi in Queensland, and wrote a number of papers on them. A list of these and whereabouts of his material given by S.L. Everist & L.J. Alcorn in Taxon 24 (1975) 44.

Description: ”A dramatic offering of three new Paphiopedilum species from the remote jungles of central Viet Nam (Annam) ... India ... Philippines. VIET NAM (ANNAM): The story of how our collectors managed to locate, collect and transport this rare species from the ravaged jungles of Viet Nam is still cloaked in total secrecy ... Paphiopedilum anamensis (sic), well-established mature jungle plant $ 35.00.

Description: The western part of Manipur State and the Gandhamardan Hills in Orissa were botanized for about one month each by Shri K. C. Malick of the Calcutta Museum, who took 900 and 400 numbers respectively. Forest in N. Bengal was botanized by Shri B. Krishna, who in 3 weeks took 400 numbers. The Botanical Survey of India reports that a many-discipline expedition to Subansiri District in Arunachal Pradesh yielded over 8000 specimens. Collections were also made in the Garo Hills, south-western parts of Khasi Hills in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mussoorie, remote areas of Ladakh, Chamoli Garhwal and Kumaon in NW. Himalaya; Seoni District in Madhya Pradesh; Ranjagarh Kapilas hills, Koraput District, Gandhamardan hills in Orissa; Bikaner, Pali & Barmer Districts in Rajasthan; semi-arid regions of Karnataka State; Periyar Wild Life Sanctuary, Neyyar Wild Life Sanctuary in Kerala, Nilgiris; Katchal and Viper Islands, Nicobar Islands, Car Nicobar Islands, Little Andamans, Great Nicobar, Baratang and Long Islands.

Description: All known species of this genus are described, with synonymy for each and a key for identification. Seventeen new species are described: C. andersonii, C. andreae, C. arthrotricha, C. atjehensis, C. athyrioides, C. borealis, C. brevipilosa, C. hubrechtensis, C. iwatsukii, C. kolombangarae, C. meiobasis, C. microlepigera, C. seemannii, C. subbipinnata, C. tahanensis, C. tanggamensis, C. vitiensis. All other species, except C. hirsutipes, C. pectiniformis, and C. viscosa, are transferred from other genera to Coryphopteris. The following names are reduced to synonymy: Dryopteris megalocarpa v. A. v. R., D. indochinensis Chr., D. subviscosa v. A. v. R., D. supravillosa C. Chr., D. kinabaluensis Copel., D. linearis Copel., D. villosipes Gepp, D. rigidifolia v. A. v. R.; Lastrea ridleyi Bedd., L. robinsonii Ridl.; Nephrodium macgregorii Bak.; Thelypteris angulariloba Ching, T. simozawae Tagawa, T. herbacea Holttum, T. subglanduligera Ching. New varieties are described in C. viscosa, C. gymnopoda, C. pectiniformis, and C. pubirachis.

Description: A revision of the genus in its entire range of distribution is presented. Out of more than 50 published specific names, 9 species (with 13 subspecies or varieties) are recognized, in addition to 4 new species and one new subspecies. The two subgenera Pentamastixia and Tetramastixia of Wangerin (1910) are shown to be artificial. Two new subgenera, Manglesia Matthew (2 species) and Mastixia (II species) are established. The former is separated on the basis, among others, of stamens (8), calyx (subtruncate), inflorescence branches (4- angular), and fruits (with swollen septum). The last character is expected to be of value in identifying fossil fruits. This subgenus has a disjunct distribution, broken up into two small areas, one continental, the other W. Malesian. It is possible that the two species are relics. Within the subgenus Mastixia, the two series Oppositae and Alternae are proposed, based on the arrangement of the first order branches of the inflorescence. This character has a two-fold merit: 1) that it divides the constituent taxa into 2 clear groups, almost without exception; 2) that this is an obvious character verifiable in flowering and fruiting materials of all ages. On the basis of this character, the constituent taxa show a clear pattern of distribution, with the eastern part (New Guinea and the Solomon Islands) exclusively occupied by the Oppositae and the western part (Ceylon and the Asian Continent except its Malayan extremity) entirely occupied by the Alternae, with western and central Malesia being occupied by both. It is claimed that these two series reflect two trends in evolution in the subgenus, as confirmed by the distinct pattern of distribution. From the maximum density of occurrence of members of both series, and the richest development of forms in N. Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, it is suggested that the subgenus radiated from this centre. Three other notable trends are: 1) M. rostrata has its ssp. rostrata in Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands with (sub) opposite phyllotaxis while the other ssp. caudatifolia in Borneo has alternate phyllotaxis; 2) among the Oppositae, its eastern members (New Guinea and the Solomon Islands) have 5-merous flowers while the western counterparts have 4-merous flowers; 3) the tendency to fluctuation of number of sepals, petals, and stamens, frequent in the subgenus, reaches its peak in the New Guinea—Solomon Islands area. A section devoted to ‘Notes on characters’ from analysis of numerous specimens is given as a record of information newly obtained. An appreciation of relative value of characters was reached through this search. Among the more diagnostic features in the genus (in the order of usefulness as elaborated in the keys) are: 1) phyllotaxis; 2) number of sepals, petals, and stamens; 3) length/width ratio of sepals; 4) shape and length of bracts; and 5) shape and size of fruits.

Description: The botanical studies carried out in the Jodrell Laboratory over the last century are reviewed, with special emphasis on the systematic anatomical work. The routine identifications of wood are discussed in connection with the reference wood and slide collection at Kew.

Description: Test-pieces of spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were vacuum-impregnated with commercial grade methylmethacrylate which was then polymerized by the application of heat. The position of the polymer (pMMA) was identified fight microscopically and with the aid of the scanning electron microscope; in the latter work macerated material was also used. In general, the lumina of longitudinal tracheids and raytracheids and of the pit cavities were well filled with the plastic; parenchymatous cells were only rarely filled. Although the polymer may be in contact with (attached to) the cell walls, there are no signs of a close interaction of cell wall and polymer. By means of interference microscopy a varying, but low-averaged, value of volume percentage of polymer in the cell wall was determined. Swelling tests have been carried out on sections of untreated material and of wood impregnated in the oven-dry state and at 14% moisture content. Results of these tests indicate that pMMA does not influence, especially reduce, the hydrophyllic nature of the cell wall substantially. The considerable reduction of swelling in radial and tangential direction of solid wood-plastic test pieces must be ascribed to mechanical hindrance by the polymer, in which the presence of non-aspirated bordered pit pairs must play a very important role. Additional data are presented for Scots pine.

Description: The wood anatomy of 127 samples of 65 species of all 18 genera of the Rhizophoraceae is described in detail; features not observed here, but recorded in the literature are added. Wood anatomically several groups can be recognized. Three distinct groups are very homogeneous, coinciding with the Rhizophoreae ( Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, and Rhizophora), the Anisophylleae ( Anisophyllea, Combretocarpus, Poga, and Polygonathus), and the Macarisieae ( Anopyxis, Blepharistemma, Cassipourea, Comiphyton, Macarisia, and Sterigmapetalum), as recognized by several taxonomists. One group, the Gynotrocheae (Carallia, Crossostylis, Gynotroches, and Pellacalyx), is rather heterogeneous. The family as a whole is wood anatomically very heterogeneous, but this diversity can be interpreted as the result of divergent xylem specialisation in the different groups. Although the woods of the mangrove genera (Rhizophoreae) are very different from all inland representatives of the family, there are no arguments to regard their character complex as a special adaptation to an unusual environment. Other ecological considerations are also discussed. A key to the woods is presented. Most of the genera can easily be identified, using xylem characters only. Some are, however, difficult to separate wood anatomically.

Description: The foraging activity of Common Tern Sterna hirundo and Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea was studied on the low sandy island of Engelsmanplaat in the Dutch Waddensea area (53°28’N – 06°30’E). The foraging activity was measured by counting birds carrying food to the colony and birds flying towards the colony but not carrying food. Separate counts lasted 5 minutes and were made from various points around a mixed colony in low dunes (these points are called sectors, see fig. 4). The influence of several variables on the foraging activity of both species was tested: progress of the breeding season (period), sector, time of day, tidal rhythm, water level, temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, wind direction, and wind speed. Of these only progress of season, sector, time of day, tidal rhythm, and water level had a demonstrable influence on foraging activity. Common and Arctic Tern were very similar in their reactions on the studied variables: During the incubation period the number of birds carrying food is lower than during the subsequent feeding period, although the maximum activity is about the same. This is caused by a higher activity during less suitable stages of the tidal cycle by terns looking after chicks. The number of terns flying without food is equal in both periods. The Arctic Tern is less strictly limited to certain sectors than the Common Tern. The Common Tern forages almost exclusively in the sectors “West” and “Rif” (see fig. 4, and table 3). Activity is maximal in the early morning and just prior to sunset. These peaks of activity are mainly due to an increase in birds carrying food. In the early afternoon there is also a slight increase in activity (see fig. 7). Common and Arctic Tern are most actively fishing from 130 minutes after high water to low water (Common Tern) or to 1 hour before low water (Arctic Tern). The activity is minimal just before high water. Bird without prey show much less fluctuations with the tidal cycle (see fig. 8). In the Discussions our results are compared with literature references from other study areas.

Description: The Pompilids (Hymenoptera) of the Pharmacological Laboratory collected from 1965 to and including 1975 are listed.

Description: Of the four endemic Hispaniolan genera of colubrid snakes, the least known is Ialtris Cope. Two species of Ialtris are recognized, each monotypic – dorsalis Günther and parishi Cochran. Neither has been commonly collected. COCHRAN (1941 : 375) listed 12 specimens of I. dorsalis in American collections and presented data from five specimens in the British Museum and the Hamburg Museum. parishi has been known only from the holotype. Our interest in Ialtris stems from a variety of sources. First, collections made by the senior author in Haiti and the República Dominicana since 1962 and latterly under the sponsorship of National Science Foundation grants GB-7977 and B-023603 have included a few specimens of Ialtris. In addition, collections at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard University) made under NSF grant GB2444 to ERNEST E. WILLIAMS likewise have included some Ialtris. Thus there has been a gradual increase of specimens of the genus from these two sources. Secondly, C. RHEA WARREN has been active in the past few years on the Haitian islands of Gonave and Tortue and at both sites he secured Ialtris. Most remarkably, he took a series of I. parishi on lie de la Tortue, a locality far removed from the type-locality of the species on the southern Tiburon Peninsula in Haiti. Thirdly, the collections made by the senior author include two specimens of a new species of Ialtris. A third specimen of this species was taken in 1974 by the party of FRED G. THOMPSON of the Florida State Museum. Finally, MAGLIO (1970), in his discussion of the affinities of the Antillean “xenodontine” snakes, had relatively little to say about Ialtris and its relationships to other Antillean colubrids. All these facts suggested to us that perhaps this is the time to review what little is known of Ialtris, if for no other reason than our need for comparative data on parishi and dorsalis in respect to the description of the new taxon noted above.

Description: The Nansa-Deva map sheet of the Geological Map of the Southern Cantabrian Mountains is published. The accompanying thesis deals with the stratigraphy and structures of the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Mesozoic rocks which constitute the mapped area. A condensed sequence of nodular limestones and shales was deposited in the larger part of the area during Middle-Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous. The rocks of this time interval are preserved badly, occurring for a large part as exotics in Upper Carboniferous ‘Wildflysch’ deposits. The establishment of a stratigraphic record for these largely allochthonous occurrences was enabled by examination of their conodont content and by comparing them lithostratigraphically and biostratigraphically with the known sequence of the Cardaño area south of the mapped area. The condensed sequence, the thickness of which normally does not exceed 500 m, is followed in the central part of the area by an Upper Carboniferous flysch sequence which may amount to a thickness of 10 km. This sequence becomes intercalated with, and gradually replaced by, a more shallow facies of siliciclastics and biogenetic limestone lenses to the south. Deposition of limestone in a stable shelf environment occurred in the northern part of the area, the Picos de Europa, during the same time interval. The stratigraphy of these Upper Carboniferous rocks was solved mainly by examination of the fusulinid content of the limestone bodies. Biostratigraphical dating of limestone pebbles occurring in conglomerate lenses in the flysch sequence and of exotics from ‘Wildflysch’ units resulted in a number of maximum ages providing the base for the stratigraphic record of this sequence. A pronounced unconformity separates the Upper Carboniferous and older rocks from the clearly postorogenic Permian and Mesozoic rocks. Upper Carboniferous sedimentary facies boundaries coincide with the boundaries between areas with a different structural development. The structural development in the Picos de Europa, characterized by the formation of large nappes, was independent of, and started much later than, the deformation in the remaining area. There, the Upper Carboniferous was not a time of undisturbed subsidence and sedimentation. Local uplift and erosion, faulting, bending and collapse folding are contemporaneous with the flysch sedimentation in the central part of the area. This contemporaneity is less obvious in the southern area. Several deformation types can be distinguished in the flysch rocks: sedimentary deformation (slumping), early tectonical synsedimentary deformation (bending and collapse) and eutectonical deformation (buckling, kinking and cleavage). All kinds of transitions between these main types were also observed. Unravelling the history of sedimentation and deformation, the spatial limitedness of individual deformation processes, the contemporaneity of deformation and sedimentation and the noncontemporaneity of deformation processes in different parts of the area have to be inferred. Most unconformities that originated during the structural development of the subject area have only a local extent. No unconformity could be traced over the entire area. The establishment of a number of folding phases does not seem an appropriate generalization for the structural history of the subject area.

Description: Five lichomolgid copepods belonging to the genus Stellicola are reported from three species of the sea star genus Linckia in the Moluccas: Stellicola flexilis n. sp. from Linckia guildingi. L. laevigata, and L. multiflora, S. caeruleus (Stebbing, 1900) from L. laevigata, L. guildingi, and L. multiflora, S. illgi Humes & Stock, 1973, from L. laevigata, S. novaecaledoniae Humes, 1976, from L. laevigata, L. multiflora, and L. guildingi, and S. pollex from L. laevigata, L. guildingi, and L. multiflora. The distribution and hosts of Stellicola on Linckia in the Indo-West Pacific are summarized.

Description: In a schist area south of the Lalín Unit in the provinces of Orense and Pontevedra, a lithostratigraphy has been established. The disposition of some stratigraphic horizons shows the existence of a large-scale synformal F2-structure. Metamorphic porphyroblasts have grown mainly between the two main folding phases F1 and F2. Special attention has been given to the garnet porphyroblasts. Probably two types of garnet are present: a Hercynian garnet and an earlier garnet. There are some indications of a tectonic contact within the schists. Probably schists of Lower Palaeozoic age are overlain by older, polymetamorphic schists.

Description: In a continuation of Richard Finsterwalder's work of 1950 eight selected glaciers in the Eastern Alps have been photogrammetrically surveyed and mapped on a scale of 1:10.000 in the years 1959 and 1969 in order to establish a record of glacier variation. From a comparison of isohypses of the 1950, 1959 and 1969 surveys the height changes of the glacier surfaces have been determined for approximately two decades. This yielded an average raise of 0,1 m per year, while an average sinking of glacier surfaces of 0,6 m per year had been found for the period 1920-1950.

Description: The extent of snow cover at the end of the ablation season on glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps in 1972 and 1973 was determined from Landsat-1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images. For snow mapping the MSS-images with a ground resolution of 80 meters were enlarged to a scale of 1:100.000 by photographic methods. Different appearance of snow cover in the 4 MSS-channels is discussed in connection with ground truth control. The accuracy of snow and ice mapping from Landsat images was checked on 15 glaciers with an area from 1 to 10 km**2 by aerial photography and/or ground truth control. These comparisons imply the usefulness of Landsat images for snow mapping on glaciers of a few square kilometers. The altitude of the equilibrium line was determined from Landsat images for 53 glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps. The regional differences in the equilibrium line altitude correspond to the regional precipitation patterns. The equilibrium line was identical with the snow line at the end of the budget year 1971/1972; therefore it was possible to determine the equilibrium line from satellite images. For 1968/69 the equilibrium line was mapped from aerial photographs for several glaciers. In 1972/73 mass balance was strongly negative and the equilibrium line was within the firn area of the glaciers. Therefore it was not possible to distinguish between accumulation and ablation areas from the Landsat images of September 1973; however, snow and ice areas could be clearly differentiated. The ratios of accumulation area or snow area to the total area of the glaciers were determined from satellite images and aerial photography separately for advancing and for retreating glaciers and were related to the mass balance. In the budget years 1968/69 and 1972/73 with negative mass balance the accumulation area ratios of the advancing glaciers were clearly different from the ratios of the retreating glaciers, in 1971/72 with positive or balanced mass budget the differences between advancing and retreating glaciers were not significant.

Description: This paper describes the extraordinary difficulties met in gauging glacier streams and establishes criteria that have to be fulfilled for a correct determination of glacier run off. Discussion of the hydraulic principles of gauging in tranquil and rapid flow shows why the latter is to be favored for glacier streams. The concept of the station at Vernagtbach, the original stream bed, considerations of proper dimensioning and characteristics of the construction of the gauging channel are described in detail. A brief history is given of planning, organization and technology involved. The water level is recorded by two floats and one pneumatic gauge which together provide uninterrupted and trouble-free records. The rating curve was determined with current meters and shows an unambiguous relation between water level and discharge with little scattering of calibration values. Temporary changes of flow conditions up-stream of the station do not have any noticeable effect on the water level in the channel. The discharge records of the summers 1974-1976 are presented and discussed. The maximum mean summer discharge was 1.33 m**3/s in June-September 1975; extreme mean monthly discharge was found in July 1976 with 2.51 m**3/s, the highest daily mean was 4.76 m**3/s and the maximum hourly mean was found at 7.23 m**3/s. The discharge conditions of the summers of 1974 and 1975 are very simiIar, while in the summer of 1976 they differed completely as far as seasonal and mean daily hydrographs are concerned: in 1975, 42 % of summer discharge was recorded in June and July compared to 76 % in 1976. The analysis of the hydrographs gives valuable clues to the mass and heat balances of the glacier.

Description: The statistical record of the length of Austrian glaciers is continued with an improved classification scheme. The tendency of increasing glacier advance is maintained since 1965. 54 glaciers, or 58% of the 93 observed, were advancing in 1975. A relation that is noticed between the behavior of the terminus and mean air temperature of the ablation period is discussed in qualitative terms.

Description: A series of K-Ar dates from Mt Giluwe volcano is reported and its relevance to the Quaternary history of the volcano is discussed. The period between about 380 000 and 220 000 years BP seems to have been one of major volcanic activity. During the volcanic activity there were periods of ice cover probably of short duration. The oldest evidence of glacial action predates a lava flow dated at between 340 000 and 380 000 years. At about 290 000 years an ice cap of a thickness of at least 100 m covered the summit area and one or a series of subglacial eruption(s) led to the formation of palagonitic breccia. This event was probably associated with a complete melting of the ice since it was followed almost immediately by the eruption of a thick sequence of normal lava flows which range in age from ab out 289 000 years to about 220 000 years. Subsequent volcanic activity was less significant and no dates are available on this.