ALBERT

Description: 1. The chromosome numbers of 10 species of the genus Viola in the Netherlands were determined. 2. Viola riviniana has various chromosome numbers: 2n = 35, 40, 45, 46, 47 (most often 2n = 40). 3. It was not possible to find a correlation between the external morphology and the various chromosome numbers in V. riviniana. 4. Despite the variability of V. riviniana it proved impossible to divide the Dutch material into subspecies. 5. Some differential characters of V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana are described. 6. V. canina is not variable in cytological respect in the Netherlands. 7. V. calaminaria is not related to V. lutea but to the V. tricolor complex.

Description: 1. The Orchids in the Netherlands have been subjected to a cytological investigation. 2. The division of the genera Orchis (L.) Klinge into two new genera: Orchis (L.) Vermln. and Dactylorchis (Kl.) Vermln. (Vermeulen, 1947), could be confirmed. 3. In Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. the diploid chromosome number is 34. Deviating numbers 2n = 35 and 2n = 36 were counted. Because aberations in chromosome number do not cause morphological differences these aberations seem to be unimportant. 4. Out of the material investigated it might be concluded that for the moment it does not seem to be correct to consider Dactylorchis fuchsii (Druce) Vermln, as a separate species besides Dactylorchis maculata (L.) Vermln. It seems more likely that D. fuchsii and D. maculata represent two types within a complex-species.

Description: As a student, I used to enjoy ’Karsten and Schenck’ propped up on the breakfast-table. With equal familiarity I treated ’Kerner’, 'Schimper', and other great picture-books of botany. The time came to translate the dreams of youth into vocation. ”Protista”, said the professor of zoology, ”are the pivot of biology”. I substituted my breakfast-reading with the Archiv für Protistenkunde, and hesitated at the coming call of biophysics. Ever since I have been rent, like the morning toast, by two forces which would make of me a student of the microcosm of protoplasm and a disciple of its greatness. They are the forces splitting biology into macromolecules and macro-organisms, and I do not know how this rift may be spanned. I cannot conceive what energy level, chemical bond, or carbon-grouping can decide whether it is insect-pollination or curiosity that will be inherited. But the pendulum has swung. The young botanist no longer looks at these books? he models molecules and chromosomes, and works very largely in vitro. Nevertheless, if biology is not to stand still, the pendulum will return and its amplitude will be the strength of those who have put their trust in the macrocosm. These were the thoughts which I vaguely entertained, when I found myself in the forests of Malaya and I measured my insignificance against the quiet majesty of the trees. All botanists should be humble. From trampling weeds and cutting lawns they should go where they are lost in the immense structure of the forest. It is built in surpassing beauty without any of the necessities of human endeavour; no muscle or machine, no sense-organ or instrument, no thought or blueprint has hoisted it up. It has grown by plant-nature to a stature and complexity exceeding any presentiment that can be gathered from books, and it is one of the most baffling problems of biology.

Description: Different trees have different sorts of hark, the variation is of two main kinds. The hark of an individual changes as it grows, and there are differences between mature trees of different species. The recognition of large trees in tropical forest depends on living as opposed to herbarium characters and amongst living characters baric is important. Botanists are slowly coming to realise that living characters are of importance to taxonomy and can supplement the characters visible on herbarium sheets but often hard to see in the forest (Corner 1940, Symington 1943, Henderson & Wyatt-Smith 1956). At present many living characters are used empirically if at all.

Description: Archer, Mildred: Natural History drawings in the India Office Library. London. H.M. Stat. Office 1962. ix + 116 pp., 25 pl. Clothbound Sh. 27/6. This is a catalogue of the c. 5000 drawings still extant in the India Office Library of which only a few hundreds are of plants, the rest representing animals. There is an extensive introduction in which the activities of the persons involved in their donation are explained, which gives the book an interesting biographical and historical aspect. A beautifully executed work showing wide knowledge of its author. -- v. St. Fleming, Charles A.: New Zealand Biogeography. Tuatara 10, 1962, 53-108, 15 fig.

Description: The present investigation arose from a discussion between Dr van Steenis and Mr C. T. White in July 1950 concerning a plant from North Queensland, collected by Mr L. J. Brass. The specimen was pre-identified as an Aristotelia but also showed similarity with the Papuan genus Sericolea. The need was felt to investigate the distinction between the two genera. Mr White was very keen to investigate the problem himself but this was unfortunately prevented by his untimely death, only two weeks after this discussion. The problem has rested ever since, until in 1963 I had to verify the distinction between the two genera for my work on the Pacific flora, a work executed under a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

Description: The flowering specimens of Glyptopetalum are very difficult to separate from those of Euonymus except by examining the number of ovules in each cell of the ovary. The ovules are mostly 2, rarely 3—12, per cell in Euonymus and there is only one in Glyptopetalum. However, the genus Glyptopetalum can be easily distinguished from Euonymus, or recognized, by the characteristic persistent columella of the fruit and the branched raphe of the seed (cf. also Fl. Mai. 1, 5, 1963, 256 and fig. 711). In preparing the Celastraceae for the Flora Malesiana, two additional extra-Malaysian species of Glyptopetalum have been found: a new one from Thailand and a new combination for the flora of China. The range of distribution of this genus is now extending to southwestern China.

Description: There is a great diversity of opinion regarding the interpretation of the genera and some species in the former Hippocrateaceae. If one reads the comprehensive and detailed revision of the New World Hippocrateaceae by A. C. Smith (Brittonia 3, 1940, 341—555), one may have an impression of it. For example, A. C. Smith in his monotypic genus Hemiangium, under H. excelsum, has united species which were recognized as belonging to three different genera by Miers; he has also limited Hippocratea L. to a single species, H. volubilis L., and placed more than 40 names of species and varieties in the synonymy of it. A detailed review of the history and generic delimitation of the family Hippocrateaceae has already ably been summarized and discussed by A. C. Smith in the above mentioned publication. I shall make only a brief account of those works which contain genera, species, or discussions related to the Malaysian flora.

Description: Dacryodes nervosa (H. J. Lam) Leenhouts, nov. comb. — Santiria nervosa H. J. Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 42 (1932) 206; Leenh., Fl. Males. 1, 5 (1956) 233. Though the fruits were unknown, this species was included in Santiria, probably on account of the stellate hairs, in the Burseraceae furthermore known then only from Santiria conferta ¹). Only recently a fruiting specimen came at hand from Sarawak, Borneo ( Sarawak For. Dep. 13389), and the fruits mark it to be typical Dacryodes. As it is not identical with any known species of the latter genus, a new combination had to be made.

Description: The holothurians from the southern end of the Caribbean area are incompletely known. CLARK (1919) discussed a few specimens taken from Tobago, British West Indies, and DEICHMANN (1926) prepared a report on the holothurians from the Barbados-Antigua Expedition. ADA TEN BROEKE (1927) listed 7 holothurians from Curaçao, collected by C. J. VAN DER HORST. This list constituted the first mention of holothurians from the area. CLARK (1933) listed one additional specimen in his “Handbook of the Littoral Echinoderms of Porto Rico and the Other West Indian Islands”. ENGEL (1939), included three additional sea cucumbers in his report on the echinoderms which were gathered by P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK. Neither ENGEL (1939) nor TEN BROEKE (1927) described their specimens. I have found three additional species new to the fauna of the above islands. Two of these specimens, Thyoneria cognata and Trachythonidium occidentale are the first Dendrochirota to be reported from the Netherlands Antilles. After this report has been completed, ELISABETH DEICHMANN (1963) produced a short survey of the ‘Shallow water Holothurians known from the Caribbean Waters’ in which several new data are to be found gathered from material which was collected by WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1948/49 and 1955.

Description: The material on which the present paper is based consists of a small number of Streptaxidae collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK during his visits to the Caribbean Islands and the mainland of Venezuela since 1930, and further of some specimens which, at various times, have reached the author through the generosity of Mr. SERGIO ARIAS, Caracas, Dr. G. MARCUZZI, Padova, Professor S. JAECKEL, Berlin, and Mr. TJOA TJIEN MO, Bogor. Besides this material I also investigated some material present in the following collections and kindly put at my disposal: Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel; Zoologisches Staatsinstitut und Museum, Hamburg; British Museum (N.H.), London; American Museum of Natural History, New York; United States National Museum, Washington. I have to thank for their kind assistance: Dr. L. FORCART, Basel; Professor G. WEIDNER and Dr. P. KAISER, Hamburg; Dr. W. J. REES and Dr. GALBRAITH, London; Miss D. E. BLISS, New York; Dr. H. A. REHDER, Washington; and last but not least the late Mr. HUGH WATSON, Cambridge, England, for his most valuable and expert advice. I am also greatly obliged to Mr. PAUL KESSELS, Tilburg, Netherlands, for his help in composing the histograms.

Description: Von den “Inseln unter dem Winde”, dem südlichsten, in Ost-Westrichtung dem Festland von Venezuela vorgelagerten Teil des Antillenbogens, waren bisher keiner Gyriniden bekannt. Erst kürzlich erfuhr ich durch Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, dass auf Curaçao, einer der westlichsten dieser Inseln, Vertreter dieser Käferfamilie erbeutet worden seien, deren Sammler, Ir. R. H. COBBEN von der Landbouwhogeschool in Wageningen, mir seine Ausbeute entgegenkommend zum Studium zur Verfügung stellte. Beiden Herren danke ich hiermit bestens für ihre Freundlichkeit. Das Material war besonders interessant hinsichtlich seiner faunistischen Zusammensetzung, denn während die eine der in ihm enthaltenen Arten festländischen Ursprungs ist, gehört die andere zur karibischen Fauna. Bemerkenswert ist auch, dass beide Arten trotz des abgelegenen Fundorts keine wesentlichen rassischen Besonderheiten aufweisen.

Description: Von Herrn Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, erhielt ich über siebzig Röhrchen mit der Bitte, die darin enthaltenen und von ihm in Westindien gesammelten Landmilben zu bestimmen. Ich komme dieser Aufforderung gerne nach. Nach einem kurzen Besuch Floridas im Frühling 1960 ist es für mich interessant, auch die Milbenfauna der Antillen kennen zu lernen und mit der Floridas zu vergleichen. Ich werde zunächst einige Mitteilungen veröffentlichen über die Uropodina, welche in 13 Fundorten mit 140 Exemplaren vertreten waren:

Description: The solution of the problem whether the ultrabasic inclusions in lavas are accumulation products of early crystallized minerals of the lavas in which they occur, or fragments of the earth’s peridotite shell carried to the surface by the eruptive force of the lavas, largely depends on the answer to the question whether these inclusions are tectonites or not. The structure of the specimens from Auvergne (France), which formed the main subject of this study, has been proved conclusively to be of a tectonic nature, from the macroscopically visible intersecting slip planes which are definitely younger than the banding of the specimen, as well as from microscopic evidence that suggests that both the olivine and enstatite crystals are concentrated in the intersecting slip planes. The fabric of olivine and enstatite proved to be symmetrical in respect of these slip planes, although remnants of an initial, predeformational orientation related with the banding still persist. In order to establish the relation between the old and the new fabric a comparative study of the fabric of a nodule from Dreiser Weiher (chapter II) and the crystal orientation of the banded sample from Auvergne (chapter III) has been made. It was concluded that the tectonic fabric of the sample from Auvergne could be interpreted as the result of a mechanical rotation of the composing crystals around two rotation axes, from their earlier orientation which is observed in the German specimen, into their new orientation which is symmetrical in respect of the intersecting slip planes. The rotation axis of olivine proved to be parallel to the intersection of the banding and a slip plane (S1), the rotation axis of enstatite is parallel to the intersection of the second slip planes (S2) and a plane normal to the banding, which is characterized by the X01—Yen girdle in the pre-deformational fabric. The geometry of the observed fabric further suggests that the crystals rotated in opposite sense over supplementary angles around the rotation axes. The distribution of olivine in the intersecting planes as well as the above mentioned rotation were further proved in a second sample from Auvergne on which an axial distribution analysis was carried out. The results of this analysis confirmed the expectations that crystals of a specific orientation are concentrated in intersecting directions in the plane of observation. The lattice orientation of olivine proved to be dominated by an orientation of {010} parallel to S1 and [010] sub-parallel to S2, while the enstatite crystals showed a strong preferred orientation of [001] sub-parallel to S1 and [100] in S2. The comparison of the preferred orientation of the X01 axes in five samples of different mineralogical composition has demonstrated that the preferred orientation of the X01 axes increases with increasing olivine content. All these results point to a tectonic nature of the structure of the ultrabasic inclusions in the lavas of Auvergne. Since the Mg/Fe distribution in the pyroxenes of the nodules suggests that these minerals crystallized at temperatures well above those of magmatic assemblages, it was concluded that the studied specimens are not derived by crystal fractionation from the lavas in which they occur, but are likely to be fragments of the earth’s peridotite shell. The fabric of the type-locality of the lherzolites in the French Pyrenees proved to be secondary and symmetrical in respect of the local Alpine stress field in such a way that the Z axes of both olivine and enstatite are parallel to the major axis of the stress deviator. The interpretation of this tectonic fabric of olivine has been based on the translation mechanism of olivine, described by Chudoba and Frechen (1950). In the last chapter attention has been paid to some recent theories and experiments which all lead to the conclusion that the orientation of crystals during growth, either in a uniaxial stress field or under a temperature gradient, is governed by the lattice of the crystals involved, a conclusion that might be useful for the interpretation of olivine fabrics, for the results of this study suggest that the crystal structure and not the grain shape governs he fabric of many ultrabasic rocks.

Description: For the identification of certain of the mollusks with which the copepods to be described were associated we wish to thank Dr. RUTH D. TURNER, Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard College, Cambridge, and Mr. C. J. VAN EEKEN, Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam. We also express our appreciation to Mr. J. A. VAN DREVELDT (Amsterdam) for his assistance in the preparation of the drawings of the last two species. This study has been supported by grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam, and from the National Science Foundation of the United States, Washington.

Description: In continuation of my examination of the Neotropical Acanthocinini, the occasion arises to deal with certain Caribbean species, because of material from various sources, sent to me by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, of the Zoölogisch Laboratorium der Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht; Ir. R. H. COBBEN, of the Laboratorium voor Entomologie der Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen; Dr. T. H. FARR, of the Museum of Science, Kingston, Jamaica, and the Museum Frey, Tutzing bei München, as well as material from my own collection. The material covered in this paper comprises the following species: Lagocheirus araneiformis guadeloupensis Dillon, from St. John, St. Martin, and St. Eustatius; Fisherostylus bruneri (Fisher) gen. nov., from Cuba; Leplostyloides turbidus gen. nov., sp. n., from Saba, and St. Eustatius (pl. I 1—2); Styloleptus nigrofasciatus sp. n., from Hispaniola (pl. I 3); Styloleptus divisus sp. n., from Hispaniola (pl. I 4); Antilleptostylus nigricans (Fisher) gen. nov., from Puerto Rico; Pygmaleptostylus pygmaeus (Fisher) gen. nov., from Cuba; Atrypanius trinidadensis sp. n., from Trinidad (Pl. II 3); Urgleptes sandersoni sp. n., from Puerto Rico (Pl. II 2); Urgleptes haitiensis sp. n., from Hispaniola (Pl. II 1); Urgleptes cobbeni sp. n., from Saba, and St. Eustatius (Pl. III 1—3); Urgleptes puertoricensis sp. n., from Puerto Rico (Pl. IV 1—3); Pentheochaetes trinidadensis sp. n., from Trinidad (Pl. IV 4); Nyssodrystes freyorum sp. n., from Trinidad and Venezuela (Pl. IV 5).

Description: The notes on Cerambycidae in this paper are based on small collections of material sent to me by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK of the Zoölogisch Laboratorium, Utrecht; Ir. R. H. COBBEN of the Laboratorium voor Entomologie, Wageningen; Dr. H. F. HOWDEN of the Entomological Research Institute, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa; the Museum Frey, Tutzing bei München; Dr. T. H. FARR of the Institute of Science, Kingston, Jamaica, as well as specimens from my own collection. The opportunity is taken of listing material from new localities and of figuring a few species which have not previously been figured so far as I am aware, as well as describing a number of new genera and species.

Description: 3. An account is given of sound conductivity experiments which were carried out on the auditory structures in a very fresh, dead specimen of Tursiops. 4. The probable function of the external auditory meatus is discussed in relationship to the arrangement of the accessory air sinuses of the middle ear. 5. The so-called ”auditory scanning” behaviour in odontocete cetaceans is commented upon in the light of preliminary experimental evidence of a vocal sound diffraction pattern.

Description: 1. The chromosome numbers of 42 species of the genus Campanula were determined. 2. A survey is given of the crossing-experiments carried out up to the present.

Description: 154 plant species, chosen at random, and collected in the Netherlands were investigated cytologically. The chromosome numbers determined were compared with data known from other countries.

Description: Cyatheaceae. The MS of the Flora Malesiana revision by Dr. R. E. Holttum is now in the press. Lomariopsis Group. Mr. E. Hennipman started a revision of Egenolfia and Bolbitis at the Rijksherbarium, as part of the project on this group by Dr. Holttum.

Description: In Persoonia 2: 389. 1962, the new combination Hydnellum piperatum (Coker) Maas G. was proposed, but it escaped my attention that the basionym, Sarcodon piperatus, had not been provided with a Latin description, rendering the new combination invalid. The following diagnosis, taken from Coker’s description and augmented with a few notes of my own, should validate the name.

Description: 1. Navarretia squarrosa (Eschsch.) Hook. & Arn. is mentioned here in addition to our last paper on the Netherlands adventitious flora, published in Gorteria 1, no. 10, 1963, p. 113—117. The species was found in 1962 near Joure, prov. Friesland, and was most probably introduced with bird-seed. 2. All Dutch specimens formerly named Erodium chium (Burm. f.) Willd. and E. cygnorum Nees appear to belong to the Australian E. crinitum Carolin. This species was found as an alien near the wool-mills at Tilburg, prov. N. Brabant and along the river Meuse near Meers, Grevenbicht, and Itteren, prov. Limburg. In the last named localities it was most probably introduced from the wool-factories along the Vesdre in Belgium. Differences between E. cygnorum and E. crinitum are discussed.

Description: Michelia pilifera Bakh. ƒ., nom. nou. Michelia velutina Bl., Fl. Jav. (1829) Magn., p. 17, non DC., Prod. 1 (1824) 79.

Description: The amount of both living and herbarium material of Ericaceae, which has become accessible to the author in and from Malaysia since his various precursory papers on the family have been published, are the reason for this supplement. In Borneo, collecting in the last years has increased considerably in its northern part. In Sarawak, J. A. R. Anderson and E. F. W. Brunig collected a large number of Ericaceae on various mountains, partly not yet previously visited both within the ‘kerangas’ and the mossy forest. In N. Borneo it was Mrs Sheila Collenette who in 1960 climbed Mt Trus Madi, with c. 2620 m altitude the highest peak there next to Mt Kinabalu, and found on it a new species of Rhododendron besides other species, described from and thought to be limited to Mt Kinabalu up to now. Mt Kinabalu was visited again by W. Meijer in the lower part and the eastern shoulder above Kundasan, by Mrs Collenette in 1960 on a new path, the so-called Mesilau East route, and by the R. Society Expedition in 1961 under E. J. H. Corner (together with W. L. Chew and A. Stainton) on a new trail via the eastern shoulder towards the point, where it meets the Mesilau East route at c. 3440 m.

Description: For a long time, the genus Stixis has been known in the Indian Floras under the name Roydsia, until Pierre monographed it in 1887. Several of Pierre’s species have in the present paper been reduced, leaving Stixis a genus comprising 7 species and 1 subspecies. The genus, which is very uniform, extends from the eastern Himalayas to Hainan and western Malaysia, its centre being in Indo-China.

Description: While studying the generic delimitation between the New Guinea Sericolea and the Subantarctic genus Aristotelia of the Elaeocarpaceae I got the impression from the descriptions that all but one species of Aristotelia described from Australia would belong to Aceratium. Also in Australia obviously doubts had arisen concerning their proper generic disposition. C. T. White (Kew Bull. 1932: 42) had already reduced his Aristotelia pubescens to Aceratium. Moreover, all Queensland “Aristotelias” I received from Brisbane had been relabelled“ Aceratium”. As unfortunately no material of these species is represented in the Leyden Herbarium, my study is mainly based on material from the Brisbane and Melbourne Herbaria. This study confirmed that only Aristotelia australasica F. v. M. from New South Wales had been described in the proper genus. In the present paper one new species and one new variety are described and one new combination is made in Aceratium, increasing the total of Australian species to five. As a fair amount of material has now become available, amplified descriptions are here presented of all species.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the extra-Australian Epacridaceae except Lebetanthus (South America), of which a part forms the base for my revision of the family for the ‘Flora Malesiana’ and for ‘Pacific Plant Areas’. Key to the subgenera and sections of the genus Styphelia, to the Malaysian species of Styphelia, to all species of Styphelia subgen. Cyathodes, and to the species of the genus Trochocarpa are added. During visits to the following herbaria specimens have been examined: Natural History Museum, London (BM), Brisbane (BRI), Berkeley (UC), Geneva (G), Gray Herbarium, Cambridge (A, GH), Honolulu (BISH), Kew (K), Lae (LAE), Manila (PNH), New York (NY), Paris (P), Sydney (SYD) and Utrecht (U), besides the specimens at Leiden (L) and the ones sent on loan from Bogor (BO) and Singapore (SING).

Description: In 1864 an anonymous list of species of the West Indian marine mollusks was published in Denmark. There were only twenty copies printed, seven of which were lost during transportation to the West Indies (CLENCH et al., 1947—1948, p. 23). The author was HENDRIK JOHANNES KREBS (1821—1907), Fig. 117, a Danish apothecary who lived on St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, from 1843 to 1870. Being the owner of a wholesale firm, he travelled throughout the West Indies, which gave him an opportunity to collect shells and plants. His species list was entitled: “The West-Indian Marine Shells with some remarks. A manuscript printed for circulation between collectors.” It was published by W. Laub’s Widow & Chr. Jorgensen, at Nykjöbing, Falster. As this work is very rare, a republication was issued by CLENCH, AGUAYO & TURNER (1947—1948). The republication is preceded by some remarks, and concludes with a portrait of KREBS, a biography and a bibliography. For more data concerning KREBS, reference should be made to this republication.

Description: All species treated in this paper were collected by me between January and June 1962, during my stay at the “Caraïbisch Marien-Biologisch Instituut” (Caribbean Marine Biological Institute), Curaçao. I am deeply indebted to the Government of the Netherlands, which awarded me a grant enabling me to work in Curaçao; to Dr. INGVAR KRISTENSEN, Director of the Institute mentioned, for the kind hospitality shown to me; and to my friend Miss HERTHA CAPRILES, who spared no effort to make my stay on “dushi Corsou” as pleasant as possible.

Description: The animal remains (mostly of shells, fish, and turtles) collected by Mr. H. R. VAN HEEKEREN and Mr. C. J. DU RY at the Indian site Sint Jan II, Curaçao, in March, 1960, include a few specimens of mammals. As was the case with the Indian site Santa Cruz, on Aruba (HOOIJER, 1960), several forms are represented that are no longer extant on the island, although this does not imply that all of them were strictly endemic at the time of formation of the Indian refuse heaps; they may have been imported for food or other purposes. The material dates from 1000—1500 A.D., and is therefore late pre-Columbian. The following forms are present:

Description: The structural geology and metamorphic petrology of the Bosost area in the Valle de Arán (Central Pyrenees) is discussed. The rocks exposed in this area consist of Cambro-Ordovician mica-schists with numerous granite and pegmatite bodies, phyllites and limestones; Silurian slates and schists and Devonian schists and limestones. The major structure dating from the Hercynian orogeny is the Garonne dome with essentially horizontal schistosity. Large steep folds in the Devonian accompanied by axial plane slaty cleavage are folded disharmonically with regard to the Cambro-Ordovician. Both kinds of structures date from the main phase. A second and later phase with N-S foldaxes was accompanied by laminar flow in E-W direction as shown by numerous rotated porphyroblasts. A third and fourth phase of deformation have folds with vertical axial planes in NW-SE and E-W direction. These last three phases are characterized by minor and microfolds only. The method of investigating microstructures mainly with regard to porphyroblasts is discussed first; then its application. This resulted in the establishment of four metamorphic zones: a biotite-zone; a staurolite-andalusite-cordierite-zone; an andalusite-cordierite-zone and a cordierite-sillimanite-zone; in this order with increasing grade. The higher zones have passed through each of the lower grade ones, so that the cordierite-sillimanite-zone has the most complex history. Staurolite is the first aluminium-silicate to crystallize with increasing temperature, than andalusite, cordierite and finally sillimanite. Before sillimanite started to form, staurolite was already unstable; at the beginning of sillimanite crystallization andalusite became unstable. Cale-silicate rocks in the Ordovician limestone in the cordierite-sillimanite-zone contain bytownite, grossularite, diopside and vesuvianite. Granite and pegmatite bodies and sills occur in all the aluminium-silicate bearing zones, but most abundant in the cordierite-sillimanite-zone. Their emplacement lasted from shortly after the first phase until after the fourth. The culminating point lies around the fourth phase. The granites are mainly composed of albite, quartz, and muscovite; the pegmatites carry smaller or larger amounts of microcline. Chemical analyses of phyllites and mica-schists have shown that the composition of both rock groups is essentially the same. With increasing silicium content, aluminium and potassium decrease. The granites have high alcali percentages with sodium predominating over potassium.

Description: Die Subsubclassis Redioinei ODENING, 1960 innerhalb der Unterklasse Digenea (VAN BENEDEN, 1858) wurde in zwei früheren programmatischen Systementwürfen provisorisch, teilweise in Anlehnung an LA RUE (1957), gegliedert (ODENING 1960, 1961b). Ich halte es heute für angebracht, die in jeder Beziehung bestimmbaren und festumrissenen Trematodengruppen als Ordnungen zu bewerten, wie es z.B. auch in den neueren Systemen der Cestoden der Fall ist. Diese Auffassung hat nicht nur praktische Vorzüge, sondern sie befreit auch die unbestritten einheitlichen Gruppen aus hypothetischen Verbindungen. Ist es doch ein Nachteil der meisten neueren Einteilungsversuche der Digenea, daß phylogenetische Hypothesen in Form von Ordnungen etabliert wurden, die nach Lage der Dinge je nach Auffassung der Autoren recht verschieden zusammengesetzt waren, während die wirklich einheitlichen Gruppen mit den Zwischenkategorien (Unterordnung, Überfamilie) bedacht wurden. Die Redioinei umfassen nach der neuen Wertung folgende selbständige Ordnungen (alphabetische Reihenfolge): 1. Allocreadiida Odening, 1960 2. Azygiida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 3. Clinostomatida (Allison, 1943) stat. et nom. emend. 4. Cyclocoelida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 5. Fasciolida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend. 6. Hemiurida (Poche, 1926) stat. emend. 7. Opisthorchiida (La Rue, 1957) char. emend. 8. Paramphistomatida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend. Die Ordnung Didymozoida (Poche, 1926) ist von den Redioinei auszuschließen, da sie möglicherweise nicht zu den Digenea gehört (siehe Baer & Joyeux 1961).

Description: When working at the Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (1952—1957), some cases came to my notice of small borers belonging to the Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Bostrychidae attacking newly felled timber in Surinam and causing the same well-known trouble as in other tropical regions. My interest in the neotropical representatives of these families was further aroused by the material handed to me by my friend J. G. Betrem who had collected it during the two months that he carried on investigations into the status of Xyleborus morigerus in coffee plantations near Cali, Colombia, in 1959. This led me to assembling and assorting the material of these families of West Indian origin to be found in the collections of the Leiden and Amsterdam museums. This material was rather scanty and partly unnamed but it still provided some interesting data. Recently Mr. P. H. van Doesburg jr, entomologist at the Landbouwproefstation (Agricultural Experiment Station) at Paramaribo submitted some newly acquired Scolytidae which he had collected in the Surinam plantations. They provided some data on the habits and economic status of the little borers additional to those compiled by J. B. M. van Dinther in his book on the Insect pests of cultivated plants in Surinam (1960), in which survey a few species collected by him but not fully identified, were mentioned. At my request I then received for examination the latter specimens kept in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory at Wageningen, and, through the kind cooperation of Dr. D. C. Geyskes and Mr. van Doesburg, also all the material preserved in the collections of the Surinam Museum and the Experiment Station at Paramaribo. My main interest was directed towards the ecological data and a search was made for information to be found in earlier reports and in the literature of adjacent countries. In this way sufficient relevant data accumulated to warrant the publication of the present paper. For the identification of species unknown to us and the verification of old names I applied to Professor S. L. Wood, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. on various occasions. A few Bostrychidae were identified by the late Professor J. M. Vrijdagh, Brussels.

Description: This thesis describes the vegetation and discusses the prevailing ecological factors of a savanna region near Jodensavanne, Suriname; savanna being defined in this context as a landscape with low and often open woody vegetation, relieved by tracts with a thin to dense cover of herbs. The methodology of the French-Swiss school of phytosociologists appeared appropriate for semi-quantitative description of the vegetation but, because of the limited scope of the study, it was considered premature to apply the synsystematic rules of this school, so the established units are called “major vegetation types”, with “variants”, “subvariants” and “facies” as subunits. Three major vegetation types of scrub and five of herb vegetation are described in detail and some attention has been given to the surrounding woods and forests. Except for small fringe areas, the savanna is limited to rather coarse white-sandy soils, the characteristics and genesis of which are discussed. It is demonstrated that the hardpan which occurs in places is a paleopedogenelic feature and that this hardpan does not influence the presentday drainage conditions, for the drainage pattern could be explained on the basis of topography alone. The drainage condition which is one of the more important edaphic factors affecting the vegetation, allows a division of the vegetation types into two groups, one representing the “dry savanna” and the other the “wet savanna”. On the wet savanna much of the differentiation in the herb vegetation is produced by water flowing over the soil. Some direct results of burning could be analyzed, but about the long term effects of fire only suppositions could be made.

Description: The Kwae Noi River basin, WNW of Bangkok, close by the forested Bilauk Taung range along the frontier with Burma, has again attracted the attention of botanists. In 1926, Kerr collected c. 558 numbers; in 1946, Kostermans, Bloembergen & Den Hoed over 1200. From 1 November 1961 to 24 February 1962, an exploration in this area was made by Mr. Kai Larsen of Copenhagen and Mr. Tem Smitinand of Bangkok. They collected in various forest types, also on limestone and in swamp vegetations, about 2000 numbers. The material is at the Copenhagen Museum, the second set, after identification, will go to Bangkok; duplicates are available to the institutes where specialists assist in the identification and as exchange material. In Mr. Larsen’s brief account, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 20 (1962) 109-119 + map + 9 phot., we are pleased to read that the Erawan area, with its travertine formations and rich fern vegetation, is planned by the Royal forest Department to be safeguarded as a national park.

Description: Abeywickrama, B.A.: The vegetation of the lowlands of Ceylon in relation to soil (Trop. Soils & Veget. – Proc. Abidjan Symp. 1961, 87-92). Abraham, A., C.A. Ninan & P.M. Mathew: Studies on the cytology and phylogeny of the Pteridophytes. VII. Observations on one hundred species of South Indian ferns (J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 41, 1962, 339-421, 115 fig., 23 tables).

Description: Walker, F.S.: The forests of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. A new printing of this book, which never received a very wide distribution, appeared in 1962. It gives a general description of the vegetation, based on 18 months of survey and detailed notes on about 300 species collected by Walker and C.T. White. Useful for both botanist and forester. Copies cost Austr. £ 2.- (i.e. about 34 Sh. Sterling or US $ 4.50); enquiries should be addressed to the Chief Forestry Officer, P.O. Box 6, Honiara, British Solomon Islands. Mr. K. M. Kochummen of the Kepong Forest Research Institute has prepared field keys for all Malayan timber species mentioned in the Pocket Check List. The intention is to produce an enlarged revised edition (the present issue being out of print), but it is probable that the data will come out in the Forest Research Pamphlet series first.

Description: Abstracts of papers presented at the meetings of the Botanical Society of America, in Am. J. Bot. 49 (1962), as far as these relate to Malaysian botany. Author’s addresses are found in the Journal. Canright, J.E. & M.P. Paden: Contributions of pollen morphology to the phylogeny of the Annonaceae, Eupomatiaceae, and Myristicaceae: p. 674. -— Palynological evidence supports Sinclair’s view that Desmos and Dasymaschalon should be merged. The African genera Isolona and Monodora, however, should probably be placed wider apart as their grouping together in the Monodoroideae seems unnatural. Palynologically as well as anatomically, Eupomatia is suspected not to link Annonaceae with Eupomatiaceae as Hutchinson suggested. Relationship of Myristicaceae with Annonaceae is confirmed.

Description: Gazetteer to the Philippine Road map, compiled by M. Jacobs. Reprints of precursory papers, as far as available.

Description: The genus Glaphyria Jack (Trans. Linn. Soc. 14, 1823, 128; reimpr. Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 4, 1843, 306) was based on two species, G. nitida Jack from G. Bunko or Sugar Loaf Mt in Bencoolen (neighbourhood of Mt Dempo) and G. sericea Jack, l.c. 129, from Penang 1. Bentham & Hooker (Gen. Pl. 1, 1865, 703) interpreted the genus ex descr. as a synonym of Leptospermum adding that the fruit was erroneously described as baccate.

Description: More than ten years ago, I published some notes on the taxonomy of Surinam millipedes. My intention then was to describe and record in a series of papers the material of Diplopoda in the collections of the Amsterdam and Leiden Museums, and to give a survey of the millipede fauna of Surinam. However, as this work progressed it became evident that the monographs and revisions by the authors of the previous generation were only too often a quite unreliable basis for the project planned, and that descriptions of new species were rather useless if not preceded by at least partial revisions of the nomenclature and systematics of the genera or even families involved.

Description: Our thanks are due to the following for their identifications of host animals: Dr. W. ADAM, Muséum Royal d’Histoire Naturelle, Brussels (cephalopods from Curaçao); Dr. GILBERT L. VOSS, University of Miami Marine Laboratory, Florida (cephalopods from Barbados); Mrs. R. E. TEAGLE, British Museum (Natural History), London (ophiuroids from Curaçao); Dr. ELISABETH DEICHMANN, Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. (the remaining echinoderms); and Dr. MARIAN H. PETTIBONE, University of New Hampshire, Durham (polychaetes). A.G.H. and R.U.G. wish to express their appreciation to Mr. ROBERT GREENHILL for his assistance during their collecting in Barbados and for obtaining a further sample of octopus in September, 1959; to Dr. IVAN GOODBODY and the staff of the Marine Laboratory, University College of the West Indies, Jamaica, for providing more amphinomid polychaetes in October, 1961; and to the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) through Dr. J. P. HARDING for the opportunity to examine material of Pseudanthessius thorelli. Additional collections from Barbados were made by R.U.G. in December, 1961—January, 1962. This work was supported by grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam, and from the National Science Foundation of the United States, Washington.

Description: Avant d’aborder l’étude des poduromorphes du Surinam, je remercie mon Maître Cl. Delamare Deboutteville qui a bien voulu me confier l’étude de ceux-ci récoltés par Monsieur J. van der Drift. Dans ce matériel j’ai trouvé trois espèces de poduromorphes dont une nouvelle pour la science. Ces espèces sont les suivantes: Brachystomella parvula (Schäffer 1896), Arlesia albipes (Folsom 1927), Neotropiella vanderdrifti n.sp.

Description: Among the fishes taken during a recent collecting trip to Curaçao are three very colorful small serranoids which represent undescribed species. Two of the three new fishes are grammids of the previously monotypic genus Lipogramma, and their discovery necessitates a slight modification of the generic description. The remaining fish is provisionally placed in Chorististium (this genus may not be distinct from Liopropoma). Five other small serranids and one grammistid not known from Curaçao were also collected: Chorististium rubre, and C. mowbrayi, Serranus annularis, S. luciopercanus, Schultzea beta Pseudogramma bermudensis. Four of these fishes have also been taken in Puerto Rico for the first time and two of the new species as well. The holotype of each new species has been deposited in the United States National Museum (USNM). Paratypes have been variously placed in the U.S. National Museum, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami (UMML), Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden (RMNH) and the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPR).

Description: In the valley of Ocejo (prov. León) a series of alternating conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and shales with a red colour are found. This series is 180 m thick, of Stephanian B + C age, and at present dips ± 30°W. Sedimentological analysis gives the following data: (1) quartz is the dominant detrital mineral, hematite and clay form the cement; (2) the components of the conglomerates are chiefly limestones of cobble size, the fine-grained sediments and matrices being chiefly siltstones with varying admixtures of clay size material; (3) the limestone pebbles have low roundness- and flatness-index values. The sediment was deposited by torrents at the foot of a rising mountain area. The source region had a thick cover of red soil on top of limestones. Rapid erosion in these elements caused the deposition of limestone conglomerates in a red matrix during a period in which the climate was warm and humid.

Description: Pollen diagrams have been prepared of eight sections of Quaternary sediments from different localities on the coastal plain of British Guiana, and partly dated with the C 14 method. A Riss-Würm interglacial transgression, a Würm-glacial regression and a Holocene transgression have been established. The Würm-glacial vegetation on the place of the present coastal plain area was a poor grass-savanna type. The Holocene transgression at about 9500 B.P. is represented at 23 m. below present sea level and the maximum attained around 6500 B.P. when the relative sealevel was at least 2½ m. above that at present.

Description: The material brought back by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK from his various trips to the West Indies includes a number of starfish, which — with exception of the specimens belonging to Astropectinidae, Echinasteridae and Goniasteridae — were given to the present author as a subject for taxonomic examination. This resulting contribution to science is the outcome of no more than a few months of practical work under the direction of Dr. HUMMELINCK, and can therefore not be other than a rather superficial study, in which only additional material from the museums in Amsterdam and Leiden has been considered. The material covered in this paper comprises: Oreaster reticulatus (L.), from BIMINI, NEW PROVIDENCE, CUBA, JAMAICA, HISPANIOLA, ST. MARTIN, LOS TESTIGOS, MARGARITA, BONAIRE, ARUBA, and BRAZIL. — Plates III—VI. Linckia guildingii Gray, from BIMINI, NEW PROVIDENCE, ST. KITTS, BONAIRE, KLEIN BONAIRE, CURAÇAO, ARUBA, and BRAZIL. — Plate VII. Ophidiaster guildingii Gray, from CURAÇAO. — Plate VIII. Asterina folium (Lütken), from COLOMBIA (Santa Marta). — Plate IX. Asterina hartmeyeri Döderlein, from ST. JOHN, ST. MARTIN, BONAIRE, and ARUBA. — Plate IX. Asterina marginata (Perrier), from BRAZIL. — Plate IX. Luidia senegalensis (Lam.), from ANTIGUA, COCHE, VENEZUELA mainland, COLOMBIA (Rio Hacha), and BRASIL. — Plates X—XI. Luidia clathrata (Say), from “WEST INDIES”. — Plates X—XI. Luidia alternata (Say), from COLOMBIA (Río Hacha). — Plates VIII, X.

Description: The systematic place of “Cypraea” mus Linné is discussed, and it is concluded that the species belongs in Siphocypraea (Akleistostoma). The “varieties” tuberculata Gray and bicornis Sowerby should be withdrawn; they are only forms with callosities. Callus formations are often found in Cypraeidae. The distribution has been compiled from definite locality data; it covers the Caribbean coast of Colombia, and the coast of Venezuela as far as East of Paraguaná. S. mus does not occur around Curaçao or any other island of the West Indies. “Cypraea” surinamensis Perry belongs in the genus Propustularia. It is a Caribbean species, localities in Africa being incorrect. The locality data are compiled from the literature, most records date from the nineteenth century. Since the species is very rare, its exact distribution remains uncertain.

Description: Our thanks are due to Mrs. R. E. TEAGLE, British Museum (Natural History), London, and Dr. ELISABETH DEICHMANN, Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard College, Cambridge, for identifying the echinoderm hosts from Curaçao and Jamaica respectively. Support by grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam, and the National Science Foundation of the United States is also acknowledged. Paper number I in this series appeared in Studies Fauna Curaçao 13, no. 56, p. 1—20 (1962).

Description: From Carboniferous deposits exposed on the southern slope of the Cantabric mountain chain, 58 rugose coral species are described. The rugose coral fauna of this area is not yet completely known. 32 of the species are new, 13 are unnamed and 12 are identical with or closely related to Upper Middle Carboniferous species from the Moscow and Donetz basins of Russia. These species have a fairly long stratigraphie range and their occurrence is largely conditioned by favourable environment. Hillia is erected as a subgenus of Lithostrotionella. New genera have not been founded, existing genera have been interpreted rather widely. The species recorded belong to the following genera or subgenera: Rotiphyllum, Bradyphyllum, Amplexocarinia, Polycoelia, Sochkineophyllum, Ufimia, Cyathaxonia, Lophophyllidiurn, Stereostylus, Zaphrentites, Duplophyllum?, Euryphyllum, Lithostrotion, Arachnastraea, Clisiophyllum, Dibunophyllum, Koninckophyllum, Corwenia, Pseudozaphrentoides, Bothrophyllum, Lonsdaleia, Lithostrotionella, Hillia, Koninckocarinia, Carcinophyllum, Axolithophyllum, Lonsdaleoides, Amygdalophylloides, Ivanovia. The distribution of the corals in the Carboniferous of Palencia is shown on Tables I to III (p. 108). The age of the formations from which the corals were obtained ranges from the Namurian up into the Westphalian D, as established by goniatite and plant evidence, or from the Bashkirian to the Upper Moscovian on fusulinid evidence.

Description: Questions of priority often necessitate a search for precise dates of publication. Much research of this kind has already been done, for instance by Britten and Woodward in their “Bibliographical notes” published in the Journal of Botany, by O. Kuntze in his Revisio generum plantarum, by W. T. Stearn in numerous publications, by Mrs. van Steenis-Kruseman in the Flora malesiana, by G. Sayre in a special book describing publications from 1801 to 1821 of importance for the nomenclature of Musci. My attention was drawn more especially to the period around 1789, the year of the French revolution, a period in which many important botanical books were published. It is sufficient to mention the names of Aiton, Cavanilles, Gaertner, Gmelin, Jacquin, Jussieu, L’Héritier, Schreber, and J. E. Smith to stress the importance to plant taxonomy of the publications of this period. The main work of the period, Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu’s Genera plantarum, came from the press in the early days of the French revolution. The last sheets were being printed on the 14th of July 1789, and the book was available some weeks later. It was especially the place of this book with regard to other books of almost the same importance, such as Aiton’s Hortus kewensis, Gaertner’s De fructibus et seminibus plantarum, Cavanilles’ Dissertationes, and Schreber’s Genera plantarum, that made me try to find more precise dates of publication for some books of the years 1788-1792. The sources of information in this kind of work are well known from the bibliographic publications mentioned above, but the particular sources for this period are more difficult to find. Since my work was centered around the Genera plantarum of de Jussieu and since during this period London was second only to Paris as the outstanding center of taxonomic research, the most important sources were of English and French origin. The French sources are intriguing but exasperating. The revolution disrupted the regular flow of periodicals and the regular work of the printers. The printing-shops had to be used again and again for the production of that tremendous amount of printed matter which accompanied the revolution. The eighteenth century had seen many prodigies of typographic production, but never before had such a feverish typographic activity been the expression of social and political events of such magnitude. Many new periodicals came into being; others were temporarily or finally suspended. The system of distribution of printed matter, however, was often disrupted, and of many publications very few copies have been preserved. The period is fascinating: the sources that give information on the publication of botanical books nearly all contain information on local and world events, information which is often illuminating for the circumstances under which botanical work had to be carried on.

Description: Previously, the chromosome number of some species of Loganiaceae was dealt with (Gadella, 1961, 1962). In continuation of these studies, 19 species are treated now, of which 15 species had not been investigated cytologically before.

Description: The aim of this book is to provide all persons interested in the tree and wood species of Suriname with a simple means to find the name of a given tree. To this end two dichotomous keys have been drawn up with the help of punched cards prepared from studies of conserved material and field observations made by the authors. The first one makes use only of vegetative characters of leaves and twigs and a few saliant features of the bark, disregarding flower and fruit characters mostly used in floras. The second key is based on the anatomy of the wood as far as this can be observed with a good 10 X or sometimes 20 X magnifying hand-lens. In the “Inleiding” the terminology applied in each of the keys and in the descriptions is explained and elucidated by sketch drawings. After the keys follows the descriptive part in which the families are treated in alphabetical sequence as are the genera within each family and species within a genus. In general the taxa are taken in the same circumscription as in the “Flora of Suriname”; where a different name is accepted, following recent views, the name in the Flora has been added in brackets. Attention is drawn to the Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae which are treated here on account of their close relationship as two major subdivisions of Leguminosae, the latter name being used as general family heading.

Description: Blume, C. L., Flora Javae, etc. Add: cf. Archiefboek Univ. Library Leyden J.N. 23 for 1847, p. 48; ibid. J.N. 26 for 1851, p. 36.

Description: The frontispiece of this number serves to feast our eyes on the daring fecit of Mr. Corner who has now organized the Malaysian Moraceae, a work on which he has spent more than a decade of intensive work, following many years of earlier work in prewar time. Daring because it confronts us with an attempt to make an imaginary picture of the prototype, or archetype, of a family as it emerged from this study. I feel certain that this will stimulate interest in evolutional thinking on the basis of morphology and anatomy combined with geography. Elsewhere in this number Mr. Corner has let himself go on the subject, how this work grew under his hands and became synthesized in his mind; may especially our younger colleagues be instructed and refreshed by it. Work on two other similarly forbiddingly large families has been finished. Prof. Holttum submitted his revision of the treeferns, and this is now actually in print. This again is a very large synthesis and the result of many years of labour by our experienced pteridologist who had to tackle the identity of many hundreds of names and wrestle with specific and generic delimitation on the basis of mostly too scanty material.

Description: A colloquium at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, on September 27, 1962, held by Dr. P. Weberling, Mainz, on the subject of the interpretation of the inflorescence according to Prof. Troll’s ideas, stimulated me to reconsider this concept. It appears to me that the term inflorescence, as for example defined in Jackson’s Glossary as ”the disposition of flowers on the floral axis” is a merely phytographical concept. If it is attributed more than purely descriptive value, it should have a morphological basis. In the descriptive sense it is morphologically confusing. We call the inflorescence of Ananas or Sphenoclea a spike, but we define the flowering parts of Melaleuca, Callistemon, or Pentraphylax also as spikes, which they are, but merely by superficial appearance. In the latter cases the spike is morphologically of an essentially different nature, namely the tip of a twig, covered with closely set, solitary, lateral flowers (uniflorous inflorescences), each in the axil of a small bract, whilst vegetative growth of the tip of the twig is arrested temporarily during anthesis, to burst forth from the vegetative end bud post-anthesin.

Description: From the new (quarto 2-column) journal ”Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India”, initiated to supplement the ’Records’ and ’Annual Reports’ and to e cited as Bull. Bot. Surv. India, we are now informed about the shape of the studies of the Indian flora, since the reorganisation in 1954-55. Three numbers have been received: vol. 1 no 1, Inauguration Number, dated October 1959: 149 pp.; vol. 2 nos 1-2, dated 1960; 273 pp.; vol. 3 no 1, dated 1961 and published on April 1, 1962; 104 pp. All these were received in August 1962. It is not clear why they came so late. The contents are certainly worthwhile and it seems that there is a great deal of progress to be observed, the Botanical Survey of India obviously being well on the way to become a most important instrument for the preparation of the future flora of India. An astonishing number of botanists is now attached to it, pure systematists as well as botanists, of affiliated branches of botany. Most of the news to follow has been derived from the introduction in the Inauguration Number on the past, present and future of the Botanical Survey of India, by Dr. J.C. Sen Gupta, and further news from a scanning of the pages of the 3 volumes published till now.

Description: Agharkar, S.P. (1884-1960) B.C. Kundu, Taxon 11 (1962) 209-211, portr. -- In reading through the concise biography of the late Prof. Agharkar, one is struck with the great amount of work done in the interest of promoting science in India and the unceasing tenacity with which he was watchful over the progress of taxonomic studies in India in particular. He very strongly wished for the development of an institute of plant taxonomy in India, suggested this to the Government, and agreed to offer all his life’s savings as a contribution for this purpose. A great geste of a great man whose sympathetic face suggests that one has really missed something in life not to have met him personally.

Description: Prof. Ernst Abbe visited Mt Otto in eastern New Guinea in June 1962. Mrs. Betty Allen left Malaya on retirement in June 1963. She has done much to further the knowledge of Malayan Pteridophyta and of the limestone flora of the hills round Ipoh, Perak. She has given the Malayan Nature Society strong support in the Society’s attempts (to date, unavailing) to obtain preservation of at least one or two of these limestone hills from the depredations of quarrying for iron ore and other minerals. She and her husband intend to settle in Spain.

Description: In Notulae Systematicae 14, fasc. 1 (1950) 24—27, Gagnepain published three new genera of Convolvulaceae, viz. Cryptanthela (l.c. p. 24), Dimerodiscus (l.c. p. 25), and Tridynamia (l.c. p. 26), each of them based on a single species. These species are respectively Cryptanthela sericea Gagnep., Dimerodiscus fallax Gagnep., and Tridynamia eberhardtii Gagnep., all found in Indo-China. The types are preserved in the Paris Herbarium. Through the kindness of the Director of the Phanerogamic division of the “Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle” in Paris, I had the opportunity to study the types, with the following result.

Description: Ridley (1883) based the genus Acriulus (Cyperaceae) on two species, A. madagascariensis Ridl. from Madagascar, and A. griegifolius Ridl. from Angola, the former of which must be considered the nomenclatural type, as the generic characters were chiefly taken from it, and the latter species was but inadequately known at the time. The author originally admitted a close affinity of Acriulus to Scleria, but “the different habit, the solitary spikeiets, and the deeply cleft style not continuous with the ovary” he regarded as sufficient to base a new genus upon, and, later on even as so important that he placed Acriulus in a different tribe, viz in Cryptangieae, not in Sclerieae (Ridley, 1884). Having had the opportunity to study a fairly great number of Acriulus specimens, I am now convinced that neither the so-called generic characters mentioned by Ridley nor any other feature justify their exclusion from Scleria. The distinct articulation between style and ovary occurring in several cyperaceous genera, such as Fimbristylis, Bulbostylis, Eleocharis, and Rhynchospora, undoubtedly furnishes a first-class character for generic delimitation. However, in Acriulus there is no question of the style being articulated with the ovary in this way, nor could I find any structural difference with the gynoecium in Scleria (fig. c and d). Deeply cleft styles are common in Scleria. There can hardly if at all be question of a habit peculiar to Scleria, a very large genus comprising annuals as well as perennials, both groups with numerous species of very diversified stature ranging from dwarfy to very stout. Therefore the alleged peculiar habit of Acriulus cannot be taken into account at the generic level. Besides, in Scleria poaeformis Retz., which may be the nearest ally of Acriulus, the numerous male spikelets are solitary, about evenly distributed along the branches of the panicle, and the few nut-bearing spikelets mostly restricted to the base of those branches, just like in Acriulus.

Description: 1. In the coastal area of Suriname the soil and surface fauna were studied in various types of agricultural land, and compared with the fauna in the adjacent forests. 2. In primeval forest the soil macroarthropods are less numerous than in secondary forest (Formicidae excluded). They range generally from 2,000 to 3,000 per m2 in the primeval forest and from 3,000 to 4,500 per m2 in the secondary forest. In cultivated land the numbers range in general from 1,500 to 2,500 per m2. In recently reclaimed land the numbers of soil macroarthropods are very small and amount to 15-30% of those in the adjacent forests. In the older agricultural soils they range from 50 up to 130% of the numbers of arthropods in forest soil. 3. The surface fauna is best developed in the secondary forest on shell ridges. In primeval forest the surface fauna is richer in the border zone than in the inner part. In cultivated land most “forest species” decrease strongly in numbers, but they are replaced by “open field species”. The numbers of surface arthropods (Formicidae, Scolytidae and Pheropsophus excluded) in the cultivated land are generally 20-40% less than in the adjacent forests. 4. On account of their much more frequent occurrence in forests the following groups were distinguished as forest inhabitants: Isopoda, Diplopoda, Dermaptera, and Staphylinidae. The following may be designated as open-field inhabitants: Lycosidae, Gryllotalpidae, Elateridae and Pheropsophus (Carabidae). 5. Of the eleven most frequent indigenous diplopod species, five were exclusively found in forest land; another five were also taken in cultivated land, but in much smaller numbers; and one species only was more numerous in the fields than in the forests. – Three introduced species were found in greater numbers or exclusively in cultivated land. One of these was only taken near Paramaribo, probably the centre of introduction. 6. In the cultivated land the number of ants active on the surface of the soil exceeds that in the adjacent forests by up to 900%. The ant population in the soil of cultivated land is generally only 10- 30% of that in forest soils. 7. Three of the 171 species accounted for about one third of all the ants collected. These occurred in nearly all fields and forest plots, and apparently have the widest ecological range. The qualitative composition of the ant fauna in the forests appeared to be much richer than that in the fields. 8. The microarthropod population (Acari and Collembola) in the cultivated land was surprisingly large and averaged 80% of that in the forest land. 9. There were no indications that the soil fauna (macroarthropods as well as microarthropods) is consistently smaller in the Surinam soils than in the Dutch soils. However, the greater production of plant material in the tropics and the absence of litter accumulation point to a more rapid decomposition, caused by a greater biological activity at the higher tropical temperatures.

Description: In his paper on “Scorpions” from Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire and the Venezuelan Islands, WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (Stud. fauna Cur. 2, 1940, p. 141) drew attention to the fact that specimens of Rhopalurus hasethi from the island of Aruba possess, on the average, four pectinal teeth less than specimens from Curaçao, the island from which the species was originally described. Lack of time and material prevented this author from paying full attention to other differences. He confined himself to giving a small table, in which the following numbers of pectinal teeth were reported, without a distinction being made between males and females. Curaçao (85 specimens) (22—) 25 — 27.0 — 29 (—30) Bonaire (38 specimens) 24 — 26.6 — 28 (—29) Ave de Barlovento (4 specimens) 24 — 25.4 — 27 Aruba (19 specimens) 21 — 23.1 — 25

Description: Dr. J. van der Drift hat im Jahre 1959 in Surinam umfangreiche Untersuchungen über die Bodenfauna angestellt, wobei unter anderen über 2.500 Scolytiden bezw. Platypodiden zutage kamen, die mir entgegenkommenderweise zur Bearbeitung überlassen wurden. Die Determination ergab dabei zwanzig Arten und eine Unterart der Familie Scolytidae und zwei Platypodidae. Von den Scolytiden können vier Arten und eine Unterart als neu betrachtet werden. Die Scolytiden stellen dabei den größten Teil des Kontingents, innerhalb dieser Familie steht wiederum die Gattung Xyleborus an erster Stelle und in dieser vor allem Xyleborus mascarensis Eichh., ein tropisches Allerweltstier mit mehr als 2.300 Exemplaren und zwar ausschließlich Weibchen. An zweiter Stelle steht Xyleborus rugosipennis subsp. incertus mit 36 Weibchen. Die große Zahl der gefundenen Xyleborus mascarensis Eichh. mag dadurch erklärt werden, daß diese Art außerordentlich polyphag ist und überhaupt zu den häufigsten tropischen Xyleborus-Arten zählt. Alle Xyleborus-Arten, ebenso Sampsonius dampfi Schedl und die Platypodiden sind Ambrosiakäfer und können nur zur Brut schreiten, wenn frisch gefälltes oder von Wind geworfenes bezw. gebrochenes Holz vorhanden ist. Fehlt diese Voraussetzung, was besonders zeitweise in Gegenden vorkommt, die eine ausgeprägte Trockenperiode aufweisen, dann ist der Käfer gezwungen, den geeigneten Zeitpunkt, den Beginn der Regenzeit, abzuwarten und dies gibt eine Erklärung für das häufige Vorkommen in den oberen Bodenschichten.

Description: The most important contribution to our knowledge about the holothurian fauna of the islands along the coast of northern South America is ENGEL’S brief report of 1939, based on Dr. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK and earlier workers collections, up to the year 1936. His list comprises 13 species, of which all except Pentacta pygmaea (Théel) are included in HUMMELINCK’S recent collections, which furthermore adds four more species. This expanded list is almost identical with that which recently has been compiled for the Puerto Rican waters, and with the inclusion of a few more species known from Surinam, Trinidad and Jamaica, etc., it looks as if now one has a fairly complete list of all the shallow water holothurians which occur in the Caribbean region. After the identification of HUMMELINCK’S new material had been completed, Mr. ELISHA S. TIKASINGH (1963) has produced a more extensive report on ‘The shallow water Holothurians of Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire’, which will be of much help to the students of holothurians in the southern part of the Caribbean.

Description: This paper deals mainly with a collection of ophiuroids from the Lesser Antilles sent to the British Museum (Natural History) by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1959. The identifications were made by ROSEMARY PARSLOW, but the discussion and figures of Amphiodia and Ophiocomella are by AILSA CLARK. The material was collected in 1948/49 and 1955. Specimens gathered by HUMMELINCK in 1930 and 1936 are mentioned in ENGEL’S report on “Echinoderms from Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and northern Venezuela” (1939).

Description: Some years ago I described Hofstenia miamia from Virginia Key, in the Miami area (CORREA 1960, p. 211 ff.). The species was based on a single specimen found among algae in the intertidal zone. When a grant from the Government of the Netherlands gave me the chance to work at the Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Curaçao, I found the species again. Many specimens came up from Thalassia and algae growing in low water in Piscadera Baai in February and March 1962. Though these worms are only 4 mm in length, they occur sufficiently frequently to attract the attention of future workers, and are therefore published as new members of the fauna of Curaçao. Moreover the species seems to be rather common in the Caribbean Sea, as Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (Utrecht) found it quite accidentally on July 17, 1955, in Deep Bay, Antigua, among algae in the low-tide zone of a rocky beach, without Thalassia. I take the opportunity of extending and emending my previous description by means of this larger material.

Description: To the ornithologist the West Indies offer an assortment of field problems. In an area where it is unlikely that new species of birds will be discovered, and where the life histories of only a handful of birds are known, concentrated study of individual life histories becomes of prime importance. This paper represents the third formal life history study of a resident Puerto Rican bird and the second of a passeriform. BIAGGI’S work (1955) on the Puerto Rican race of the Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola portoricensis) was the first life history done on the island with any degree of thoroughness. More recently RODRÍGUEZVIDAL (1959) made a three-year study of the Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata vittata), which has brought to light interesting information on its previously unknown breeding habits. SPAULDING (1937) wrote three short papers in which she set down her observations on the nesting habits of three native birds.

Description: Thanks to help of the Government of the Netherlands, Dr. DIVA DINIZ CORRÊA, a lecturer in our Department, was able to work at the “Caraïbisch Marien-Biologisch Instituut” (Caribbean Marine Biological Institute; Carmabi) Curaçao, from January to July 1962. Besides actinians and nemerteans for her own studies she collected opisthobranchs for us, sketched them alive, and took notes of their shape and colours. Furthermore, Dr. PIETER WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, of Utrecht, has sent us his collections, with exception of the Aplysiidae, caught in 1930, which were already studied by ENGEL (1936).

Description: The genus Orbitolina is described in detail and is shown to be represented by one species only: Orbitolina lenticularis (Blumenbach). This species can be subdivided into form-groups, based on the characteristics of the megalospheric embryonic apparatus. The evolution of the species is orthogenetic. The specimens probably lived with the apex of the cone pointed downward. The microspheric test starts with a strepto-spiral, the megalospheric test with an embryonic apparatus consisting of a proloculus, a deuteroconch, and a varying number of epiembryonic chambers. The embryonic apparatus is the only consistent feature on which the age of Orbitolina can be determined; the method applied will be described. The neanic chamber layers consist of tubular chamber passages; the chamber layers are interconnected by oblique, aligned stolons, placed alternately left and right of the chamber passages. The contemporaneous allies Coskinolinoides texanus Keijzer, Dictyoconus walnutensis (Carsey), Orbitolinopsis kiliani (Prever), Dictyoconus floridanus (Cole) subsp. elongata (Moullade) and Simplorbitolina manasi Ciry & Rat are described and some remarks are presented on the family Orbitolinidae.

Description: In the central part of the axial zone of the Pyrenees five distinct phases of folding have been distinguished from the study of minor structures. Traces of a very early phase have been found only in the northern and southern part of the region, which appear on the map as oblique fold structures, and are most prominent from the divergency of lineations and fold axes in these parts of the region. The present aspect of the mountain chain is primarily due to the effects of the main phase in which strong compression produced tight but non isoclinal folds with axial plane slaty cleavage. In the Garonne Dome the slaty cleavage was initially flatlying, in general parallel to the bedding, but occasional folds with crosscutting cleavage have been found. Steep slaty cleavage folds of the Devonian overlying the flatlying slaty cleavage folds of the Cambro-Ordovician of this dome form a beautiful example of disharmonie folding. The main phase slaty cleavage has been found to be folded in the greater part of the area investigated, generally by small minor accordion folds. In several areas two phases of refolding have been distinguished, one with a trend diagonal to the orogene, one parallel, E—W. The intensity of the refolding is strongest in the oldest strata of the sequence. The succession of phases is evident from the folding of the planes of reference and twisting of the lineations. The patterns of the stereographic plots of data do not always show clear evidence of the succession. Knick zones accompanied the end of the Hercynian history of the mountain chain which mainly consisted of arching of the orogene, together with faulting and blockwise tilt. This period of deformation shows several characteristics of tensional stress.

Description: In the north of Spain, in the province of León, in the neighbourhood of Ciñera and Matallana, a limnic coalbasin extends between the rivers Rio Curueño and Rio Bernesga, with a E—W strike of the layers. This coalbasin, the length of which is 15 km and which is not more than 5 km wide, follows a direction, which is E—W parallel to the Cantabrian Mountainrange. The deposit, which have a regular tectonical aspect on the north side, become more complicated on the south side and especially in the eastern part. The structure of the basin is an asymmetric synclinorium. The axial plane is nearer the southern part of the basin. The dip-slopes in the north flank are less steep than those in the south flank, where the layers overkeep to the north in some places. Rarely, a specific horizon runs through the basin without pinching out or without changing the composition of the sediment. The greater part of the layers of coal in exploitation are in the western part of the basin. The sedimentation began with the coarse grained conglomerates along the north side and especially the conglomerates at Correcillas in the N—E, the thickness of which is nearly 250 m. The age of the sediments is Stefanian B.