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  • 1
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1170-1173 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lampreys ; Geotria australis ; ammocoetes ; larval life ; growth ; metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The average duration of larval life in the anadromous lamprey,Geotria australis (the sole representative of the Geotriidae) is estimated as 41/4 years. Compared with other lampreys, the ammocoetes ofG. australis have a slow growth rate, increase in length during the year preceding metamorphosis and typically enter metamorphosis at a small mean length (〈100 mm) and weight (〈1.2 g).
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  • 2
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 776-777 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; growth ; selection ; size ; shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourier analysis of videodigitised outlines of mouse vertebrae from two stocks, a pseudo-longitudinal series of mice aged 25–60 days and one selected for large or small body size over many generations shows that the shape changes due to normal growth are not similar to those produced by selection for body size.
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  • 3
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 273-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: F22 ; O3 ; J61 ; Key words: Immigration ; assimilation ; growth ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.
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  • 4
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome. JEL classification: H42, J13, O11
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Protein phosphorylation ; ATP-Pi exchange ; Light-harvesting complexes ; Reaction center ; Photosynthesis ; Photomorphogenesis ; Membrane ; growth ; Polypeptide insertion ; Phospho-amino esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain U43 (pTX35) showed qualitatively very similar phosphorylation patterns under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro, it was irrelevant whether the phosphate source was orthophosphate or ATP. Inhibitors of electron transport did not inhibit light-harvesting complex I (LHIα) (B870) polypeptide phosphorylation, except for o-phenanthroline, which was strongly inhibitory. Redox conditions regulated the amount of protein phosphorylated; external redox potentials between +200 and +300 mV promoted the reaction. Phosphorylation was inhibited by uncouplers such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and nigericin plus valinomycin plus potassium ions. Inhibitors of the H+-ATPase were also inhibitory when the phosphate source was [32P]Pi or [γ-32P]ATP. From these results, it was concluded that an operative reaction center, a coupled membrane, and external redox potentials higher than +200 mV are required for optimum LHIα phosphorylation. We also demonstrated that phosphorylation of LHIα polypeptide occurs before insertion into the membrane and that phosphate is preferentially incorporated into specific domains within the cytoplasmic membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes, identified here as light membranes, were found to contain a dephosphorylated LHIα polypeptide.
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  • 6
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 2 (1994), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: aging in silica gels ; growth ; aggregation ; X-ray scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth and aging of silica aggregates are influenced both by temperature and by catalyzing fluorine ions as shown by SAXS and BET. It was found that both fluorine and increased temperature slightly increased the fractal dimension Df during aging, but the fluorine catalyzed system showed a lower BET surface area. To understand the effect of fluorine and increased temperature on the aggregates, 2D aggregations and SAXS simulations were carried out using two new programs GRASP and DALAI. In agreement with experiments it was found that binary RLCCA aggregates have a slightly higher Df value compared to DLCCA aggregates and that branch-flexibility during aging increases Df even further.
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  • 7
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 2 (1994), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: hybrid materials ; monodispersed particles ; growth ; seeds ; LCD spacer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the attempt to prepare a new group of monodispersed silica-polymer hybrid particles, which consists of silica and amide polymer: poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(2-ethyloxazoline) (POXZ). Preparation method is based on the growth of hybrid seeds by the addition of TEOS-polymer solution. Monodispersed PVP-silica hybrid particles of 1.24 µm in diameter were prepared by growing the hybrid seeds of 0.54 µm by the addition of TEOS-PVP solution with ammonia catalyst. In the case of POXZ-silica particles, addition of TEOS-POXZ solution to the solution containing 0.54 µm seeds resulted in monodispersed POXZ-silica hybrid particles and four times repetition of the addition for particle growth gave the hybrid particles of the diameter of 1.6 µm. Improvement of mechanical properties of hybrid particles was observed when the particles were heated at 100 ∼ 200°C.
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  • 8
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1995), S. 244-244 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Cassava ; extract ; fungi ; growth ; soya bean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A medium that is cheaper than commercial media but just as good for assessing growth and viability of yeasts and fungi has been formulated using local ingredients: cassava and soya beans.
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  • 9
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 585-588 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aerobactin ; colicin ; Escherichia coli ; growth ; plasmid profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Plasmids were detected in 31 out of 35 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from unclassified cases of urinary tract infection at a median value of 1.88 plasmid bands per isolate. The isolates showed an association of aerobactin and colicin production with the distribution of plasmid bands having a median value of 2.33 and 1.72 (plasmid bands per isolate) in aerobactin-positive and aerobactin-negative strains respectively. For colicin producers, the median plasmid bands per isolate was 3.66 compared to 1.80 for colicin-negative strains.
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  • 10
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; continuous culture ; glucoamylase ; growth ; fungi ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Maltose-limited continuous culture of Aspergillus niger was carried out with potassium nitrate to investigate growth and glucoamylase formation characteristics. Glucoamylase production was dependent on the specific growth rate. The maximal amount of glucoamylase (units/l and U/g dry weight) was obtained at μ=0.08h−1, and the maximum specific rate of production (units/g/dry weight per hour) was at μ=0.2h−1. The maintenance coefficients (ms and mATP) were higher than for some other fungi. Maximal growth yields on substrate, oxygen and ATP (Yxsm, YxO2m and Yxam) were very efficient (high) and the value of Yxam, which cannot exceed the theoretical maximal value, is obtained when a P/O ratio of 1:1 is assumed. This indicates that biomass formation is energetically inexpensive and most of the expended energy has to be invested in the process of glucoamylase excretion.
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  • 11
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 308-312 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Fermentation variation ; growth ; inoculation ; Saccharomyces ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Substantial losses occur in the fermentation industry each year due to variability in yields and productivity. As the first stage in the process, inoculum consistency, in terms of size and quality, is clearly important. Yet, despite this, most inoculum development processes involve at least one highly variable transfer step, usually by wire loop, from a culture grown on a solid (agar) substrate. It is likely, then, that at least some of the variability in the production process can be attributed to a poorly controlled initial inoculation process. Experiments to determine the inherent variability of the conventional loop transfer technique showed a 12-fold variation in inoculum size. Although this can be improved by adopting a more rigid protocol, consistency is still poor. A simple alternative system, based on liquid transfers, leads to substantial improvements in the reproducibility of inoculum size and quality.
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  • 12
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic bacteria ; growth ; protease ; psychrotrophs ; temperature ; volatile fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Five anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were isolated from water bodies of Leh, India, where the ambient temperature varies from −25 to 25 °C. Isolates showed growth at all temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 °C except SPL-4 and SPL-5 which showed no growth at 5 °C. The cultures could grow and produce proteases on various protein substrates and the yield varied with the substrates. Two of the cultures showed the presence of spores. Acetate was the dominant VFA during hydrolysis of protein substrates.
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  • 13
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 505-509 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Acetic acid ; chemostat ; Geotrichum ingens ; growth ; inhibition ; kinetics ; monocarboxylic acids ; propionic acid ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Geotrichum ingens in batch cultures was completely inhibited by 47 g acetic acid/l or 33 g propionic acid/I. With mixtures of acetic and propionic acids, however, growth only ceased at 55 g/l. Acetic acid inhibited growth linearly, whereas propionic acid inhibited growth non-linearly. In continuous culture, two steady states at each dilution rate were observed at high dilution rates for acetic acid and propionic acid. The highest yield coefficient (0.69 g cells/g substrate) was achieved with propionic acid as substrate. On both substrates and their mixtures, the protein content of the biomass increased when the dilution rate was increased.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NADH oxidase ; protein disulfide-thiol interchange ; dipyridyl-dithio substrates ; plasma membrane ; auxin ; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; growth ; plant (Glycine max)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dipyridyl-dithio substrates were cleaved by isolated vesicles of plasma membranes prepared from etiolated hypocotyls of soybean. The cleavage was stimulated by auxins at physiological concentrations. The substrates utilized were principally 2,2′-dithiodippyrine (DTP) and 6,6′-dithiodinicotinic acid (DTNA). The DTP generated 2 moles of 2-pyridinethione whereas the 6,6′-dithiodinicotinic acid generated 2 moles of 6-nicotinylthionine. Both products absorbed at 340 nm. The auxin herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) stimulated the activity approximately 2-fold to a maximum at about 10 μM. Concentrations of 2,4-D greater than 100 μM inhibited the activity. Indole-3-acetic acid stimulated the activity as well. The growth-inactive auxin, 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,3-D), was without effect. DTNA cleavage correlated with oxidation of NADH and reduction of protein disulfide bonds reported earlier in terms of location at the external plasma membrane surface, absolute specific activity, pH dependence and auxin specificity. The dipyridyl-dithio substrates provide, for the first time, a direct measure of the disulfide-thiol interchange activity of the protein previously measured only indirectly as an auxin-dependent ability of isolated plasma membrane vesicles to restore activity to scrambled and inactive RNase.
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  • 15
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    Ecological research 15 (2000), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: comparative ecology ; growth ; marine fish ; patterns ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A number of strong regularities characterize certain very basic biological parameters in marine fishes. For example, the ovulated eggs of fish usually measure approximately 1 mm in diameter. The small, relatively uniform size of the eggs means that almost all fish larvae experience environmental variability at very similar scales, which itself establishes strong constraints for, and links between reproduction and recruitment. Additional constraints emerge from seawater being a poor medium for respiration, which establishes further linkages between growth and mortality. These constraints have produced strongly convergent features, and thence the patterns in reproduction and growth of marine fishes that are presented.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: growth ; interspecific interactions ; patch structure ; seagrass ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seagrass beds in South-east Asia sometimes consist of a mosaic of different species in monospecific patches. We examined whether the magnitude of within-patch variation in the seagrass Halophila ovalis is affected by the presence or absence of surrounding vegetation consisting of another seagrass species Thalassia hemprichii in an intertidal flat in Thailand waters. We measured biomass and growth rates of H. ovalis at the edges and centers of two different types of patches: (i) H. ovalis patches adjoining T. hemprichii vegetation (HT patches), and (ii) H. ovalis patches adjoining unvegetated sand flats (HS patches). Furthermore, we examined the possible effects of interspecific interactions on the growth of H. ovalis by experimentally removing adjoining T. hemprichii at the edges of HT patches. The biomass of H. ovalis was greater at the patch centre than the patch edge in both types of patches. For the growth rate of H. ovalis, significant interactions were detected between patch types and positions in patches. The difference in growth was significant and more than 4-fold between edges and centers of the HS patches, whereas the growth was not significantly different between edges and centers of the HT patches. The removal of T. hemprichii did not significantly affect the growth rate of H. ovalis at the edge of the HT patches. These findings demonstrate that the magnitude of within-patch variation in H. ovalis growth is affected by the conditions of adjoining habitats. However, any effects of local competition with T. hemprichii on H. ovalis growth were not evident in this short-term manipulative experiment.
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  • 17
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 364-369 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biornass ; growth ; phosphate uptake ; Pseudomans fluorescens ; Escherichia coli ; Acinetobacter radioresistens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The ability ofPseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli andAcinetobacter radioresistenns to remove phosphate during growth was related to the initial biomass as well as to growth stages and bacterial species. Phosphate was removed by these bacteria under favourable conditions as well as under unfavourable conditions of growth. Experiments showed a relationship between a high initial cell density and phosphate uptake. More phosphate was released than removed when low initial cell densities (102–105 cells ml−1) were used. At a high initial biomass concentration (108 cells ml−1), phosphate was removed during the lag phase and during logarthmic growth byP. fluorescens. Escherichia coli. at high initial biomass concentrations (107 cells ml−1), accumulated most of the phosphate during the first hour of the lag phase and/or during logarithmic growth and in some cases removed a small quantily of phosphate during the stationary growth phase.Acinetobacter radioresistens, at high initial cell densities (106, 107 cells ml−1) removed most of phosphate during the first hour of the lag phase and some phosphate during the stationary growth phase.Pseudomonas fluorescens removed phosphate more thanA. radioresistens andE. coli with specific average ranges from 3.00–28.50 mg L−1 compared to average ranges of 4.92–17.14 mg L−1 forA. radioresistens and to average ranges of 0.50–8.50 mg L−1 forE. coli.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: aquatic macrophyte ; biomass ; growth ; leaf life span ; shoot density ; spatial distribution ; Zizania latifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The population and production ecology of aZizania latifolia stand at a sheltered shore of the Hitachi-Tone River were investigated. Shoot emergence was observed twice a year; the fist was a synchronized shoot emergence in April and the second was from August to October. Aboveground biomass was mostly occupied by leaves and peaked at 1500 g dry weight m−2 in August. The belowground biomass also reached its peak, 750 g dry weight m−2, in August. The secondary shoots were small in spite of their high density. Leaves were produced continuously throughout the season. The leaf life span was as short as 55.6 days for cohorts that emerged from May through to September. Total annual net production ofZ. latifolia could be more than 3400 g dry weight m−2. Shoot clusters of several centimeters were observed in April. The following self-thinning caused a regular distribution of the remaining shoots in August. Most shoots produced in August to October were found near a shoot persisting since April. They showed more concentrated distribution than shoots in April. A large biomass allocation to leaves and the ability to produce many clump shoots during the late growing period may facilitate dominance ofZ. latifolia in relatively sheltered sites.
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  • 19
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 106 (1988), S. 1178-1180 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: human cardiomyocytes ; growth ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 20
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 699-703 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: capillary ; colchicine ; proliferation ; cornea ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 21
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    Review of industrial organization 10 (1995), S. 579-588 
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Innovation ; profitability ; growth ; firm size ; R&D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A new data base measuring company-level innovative activity is used to test how firm growth, profitability, size, and R&D intensity influence subsequent innovative activity. While R&D intensity is found to promote subsequent innovations, and smaller firms are identified as being more conducive to innovation activity than are larger firms, we find that the effect of company growth and profitability on subsequent innovation depends on the technological-opportunity environment. Profitability is found to promote subsequent innovative activity for firms in high-technological-opportunity industries but not in low-technological-opportunity industries. By contrast, high growth generates more innovative activity for firms in low-technological-opportunity industries, but not in high-technological-opportunity environments.
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  • 22
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    Review of industrial organization 14 (1999), S. 391-396 
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Fate ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Fate bringeth economic growth and malfeasance giveth its gains
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  • 23
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    Open economies review 8 (1997), S. 245-270 
    ISSN: 1573-708X
    Keywords: income distribution ; human capital ; growth ; complementarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the role of income distribution and technology transfer in the process of economic development. A novel aspect of the model is that the composition of human capital as well as the level affect economic growth. Utilizing an overlapping-generations model in which income distribution changes endogenously, we present an economic explanation for why some countries could not start modern economic growth; why some countries took off but have apparently stopped growing after some time; and why some countries have successfully developed and continue to grow.
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  • 24
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    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 133-137 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: amino acids ; Glycine max ; growth ; nucleic acids ; proline ; proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract NaCl stress decreased root growth, shoot length and dry matter production of Glycine max seedlings. It has also caused accumulation of proline and amino acids and decreased protein and nucleic acid contents of the seedlings. Addition of triadimefon to NaCl stressed seedlings partially restored the growth and increased the protein, amino acid, proline and nucleic acid contents of the seedlings. The root biomass production under combination of triadimefon and NaCl was even larger than control. Thus triadimefon can ameliorate the effect of NaCl stress in soybean.
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  • 25
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    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 623-627 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: growth ; leaf area removal ; fruiting spur ; Pyrus communis ; ringing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of modifying local source-sink relations on fruit and leaf characteristics of young pear trees were evaluated during the 1997 - 1998 growing season. The following treatments were applied: early spur ringing (ESR) from 27 days after full bloom (DAFB), late spur ringing (LSR) from 97 DAFB, early 15 % spur leaf area removal (ELAR) and late 15 % spur leaf area removal (LLAR). ESR and LSR significantly inhibited fruit growth, suggesting that the fruiting spurs were not fully autonomous in their carbon economy. ELAR and LLAR had little effect on fruit size; sink strength was demonstrated here, since the presence of the fruit caused an efficient transfer of photoassimilates. ESR treatment decreased specific leaf mass (SLM) by 23.84 % when measured 94 DAFB. ELAR did not significantly influence SLM. Treatments had no marked influence on fruit quality.
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  • 26
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    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Cucumis sativus ; growth ; proline ; soluble proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of lead and cadmium on biomass accumulation of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) as well as the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), free proline and soluble proteins in leaves were studied. Seedlings were subjected to lead nitrate or cadmium bromide in low concentrations (1 – 5 µM) for 1, 4 or 7 d, and then to the action of the same substances in high concentrations (500 – 1000 µM). The pretreatments of the seedlings with heavy metals in low concentrations enabled them to tolerate the subsequent high concentrations of cadmium and lead without injury. The plant responses to heavy metal treatment were accompanied by the accumulation of ABA, free proline and soluble proteins in leaf tissues.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: aminopeptidase ; carboxypeptidase ; growth ; ×Haynaldoticum sardoum ; proteinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 50 to 200 mM NaCl on two lines (CP with solid stem and CV with hollow stem) of ×Haynaldoticum sardoum was studied. NaCl significantly reduced root and shoot fresh and dry masses, root length and less markedly shoot length of CP and CV plants. The sodium accumulated in the leaves in relation to the concentration of NaCl and length of the treatment; CP leaves contained twice as much sodium as CV leaves. The leaf chlorophyll a/b ratio was not affected by NaCl. NaCl decreased the leaf water and osmotic potentials. The pressure potential increased due to the increased concentration of dissolved solutes in the leaf, particularly sodium. The proteinase and exopeptidase activities increased during NaCl treatment.
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  • 28
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    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 603-606 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: growth ; Indian mustard ; lead uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different concentrations of lead nitrate (10−5 to 10−3 M) on root, hypocotyl, and shoot growth of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. var. megarrhiza), and the uptake and accumulation of Pb2+ by its roots, hypocotyls, and shoots were investigated. Lead had no significant inhibitory effect on the root growth at concentrations of 10−5 to 10−4 M during the entire treatment, while at 10−3 M, Pb slightly inhibited the root and shoot growth. B. juncea has ability to take up Pb from solutions and accumulate it in its roots, and transport and concentrate it. The Pb contents in the parts of plants treated with 10−3 M Pb were greater than those of untreated plants, by factors of 230 in the roots, 170 in the hypocotyls, and 3 in the shoots.
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  • 29
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    International journal of primatology 18 (1997), S. 683-701 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: capuchins ; chimpanzees ; growth ; reproduction ; weaning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined growth and development in capuchins and chimpanzees in relation to weaning, onset of reproduction, and reproductive life span. Striking differences are evident in neurobehavioral status at birth (more mature in capuchins), the relative duration of infancy (longer in chimpanzees), and the proportional weight of the infant at the time of weaning (greater in capuchins). Although capuchins and chimpanzees spend a similar proportion of life in a weaned but reproductively immature state, chimpanzees spend so much more of their lives as nursing infants that reproductive output per individual is much lower than in capuchins. Discussion centers around tolerated transfers of food (food-sharing) as a potential adaptation to limited foraging success by immature foragers. Perhaps food transfers from adult to infant, which is a more prominent feature of behavior in chimpanzees than in capuchins in natural environments, allow a very small weanling chimpanzee to survive.
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  • 30
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    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 631-636 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: allocation pattern ; 14C-sucrose ; Cecropia pachystachya ; growth ; Hymenaea courbaril ; Myroxylon peruiferum ; Schizolobium parahyba ; tropical tree species
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carbon translocation was affected by shade in different tropical tree species differing in successional status and degree of shade tolerance. Plants of the early-successional shade-intolerant species Cecropia pachystachya and Schizolobium parahyba and of the late-successional shade-tolerant species Myroxylon peruiferum and Hymenaea courbaril were grown under full sun (FS) and natural shade treatments (NS) and assessed for [14C]-sucrose translocation. Most of the 14C was retained in the fed leaf after a 24 h translocation period. Under FS, the growing apical part of the plant was the most intense sink for most species. Shade affected growth and sink intensity differently in early and late successional species. Growth was more markedly affected in the early species. Whereas these continued to invest carbon into the growing apical part of the plant under shade conditions, the late successional species invested relatively more into other sinks.
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: brackish marsh ; growth ; light attenuation ; submerged macrophyte
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    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The development of submerged plant communities dominated byRuppia drepanensis Tineo in the brackish marsh of the Doñana National Park (SW Spain) was coupled to seasonal variation in environmental factors for two consecutive years. Plant biomass increased rapidly in early spring (March), with steady biomass yields (up to 100 g afdw m−2) together with abundant flowering and fruiting in late spring (April–May). Wind-induced sediment resuspension and periphyton growth strongly influenced the light climate experienced by the submerged vegetation, while a phytoplankton effect was generally negligible. Development of the submerged vegetation coincided with a decrease in water extinction coefficient and in bicarbonate concentration. Thus, where dense macrophyte meadows develop, light climate probably is the limiting factor in the early spring, while temperature and bicarbonate levels are so by the end of the season. Interannual variation was found to be very high, both in abundance and distribution of the submerged vegetation, mainly because of differences in rainfall which influenced the inundation cycle. Grazing by waterfowl accounted also for this effect, as in dry years birds concentrate in the few wetlands still containing water.
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    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 209-217 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crystallization ; nucleation ; growth ; non-isothermal crystallization ; thermal nucleation ; athermal nucleation ; transient effects ; relaxation times
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new model of crystallization kinetics in variable external conditions has been developed. The model concerns situations when temperature, pressure, stress, change in time. Compared to earlier models, the present treatment includes transient and athermal effects, proportional to the rate of change of the external conditions. The model can be used for simulation of crystallization in industrial processes (injection molding, fiber spinning, film blowing). The present paper offers general theoretical fundamentals of the model. Applications concerning more specific cases will be published separately.
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    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 689-694 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 2D spherulite ; growth ; field of growth rate ; calculus of variations ; linear growth rate
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We propose to take the calculus of variations in order to compute the shape of a growing 2D spherulite in an uniaxial field of growth rate. We are concerned with the growth line (a path that is traveled in the shortest possible time from nucleus to a point (x1, y1), where a molecule just crystallizes) and the growth front (the times between spherulite and supercooled material). The Euler differential equation—a result of the calculus of variations—is derived for all uniaxial growth ratesv (x). Here we especially investigatev(x)=px+q.
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    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 695-703 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 2D spherulire ; growth ; linear temperature field ; calculus of variations ; theory and experiments
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A 2D spherulite grows in a linear-temperature field from a nucleus of polypropylene at (0,0). The growth lines and the growth fronts are computed by the calculus of variations. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory
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    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 197-208 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Shear-induced crystallization ; nucleation ; growth ; overall kinetics ; polymer ; polypropylene
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The crystallization kinetics of polypropylene was observed during shear and after shear experiments under isothermal condition. The crystallizations were performed in a plate-plate and a fiber pull-out device. The nucleation density, the crystalline growth and the overall kinetics were measured and compared with data obtained in a similar way but during static experiments. The morphologies are spherulitic and formed from nuclei which seem to be randomly distributed. α-phase spherulites are always observed but with a nucleation density and a growth rate which depend on shearrate. The nucleation density is strongly enhanced by shear and acts as the main factor on the overall kinetics. The overall kinetics can be analyzed with a two-step Avrami model, where an Avrami exponentn 1 with a very high value is always observed first after shear and a more usual parametern 2 for the subsequent crystallization period. This high value ofn 1 seems to be related to the strong enhancement of nucleation density. The growth rate increases with the shear-rate, but the basic growth mechanisms do not seem to be modified. For crystallizations after shear the growth rate decreases with a long-time delay after shear but not down to the static value. The effect is characteristic of a partial relaxation of chain orientation after shear but with a very unusual time constant.
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 26 (1994), S. 421-433 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: NADH oxidase ; plasma membrane ; growth factors ; growth ; thiol/disulfide interchange ; membranes ; brefeldin A ; Golgi apparatus
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An NADH oxidase activity of animal and plant plasma membrane is described that is stimulated by hormones and growth factors. In plasma membranes of cancer cells and tissues, the activity appears to be constitutively activated and no longer hormone responsive. With drugs that inhibit the activity, cells are unable to grow although growth inhibition may be more related to a failure of the cells to enlarge than to a direct inhibition of mitosis. The hormone-stimulated activity in plasma membranes of plants and the constitutively activated NADH oxidase in tumor cell plasma membranes is inhibited by thiol reagents whereas the basal activity is not. These findings point to a thiol involvement in the action of the activated form of the oxidase. NADH oxidase oxidation by Golgi apparatus of rat liver is inhibited by brefeldin A plus GDP. Brefeldin A is a macrolide antibiotic inhibitor of membrane trafficking. A model is presented where the NADH oxidase functions as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity involved in the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds. The thiol-disulfide interchange is postulated as being associated with physical membrane displacement as encountered in cell enlargement or in vesicle budding. The model, although speculative, does provide a basis for further experimentation to probe a potential function for this enzyme system which, under certain conditions, exhibits a hormone- and growth factor-stimulated oxidation of NADH.
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    International tax and public finance 3 (1996), S. 297-310 
    ISSN: 1573-6970
    Keywords: Education ; political economy ; income inequality ; growth
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the political economy of education, acquired through a combination of compulsory public schooling and supplementary private education, in the context of an OLG model in which growth is driven by the accumulation of human capital. The level of public schooling, fully funded by a proportional income tax, is determined by majority vote, while supplementary private education is purchased individually. We show existence of a political-economic equilibrium, and examine its characteristics, describing the evolution of the publicprivate mix over time: for moderate parameter values the share of public schooling increases as incomes rise, and inequality falls.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; democracy ; freedom ; rule of law ; O40 ; O57
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth and democracy (subjective indexes of political freedom) are analyzed for a panel of about 100 countries from 1960 to 1990. The favorable effects on growth include maintenance of the rule of law, free markets, small government consumption, and high human capital. Once these kinds of variables and the initial level of real per capita GDP are held constant, the overall effect of democracy on growth is weakly negative. There is a suggestion of a nonlinear relationship in which more democracy enhances growth at low levels of political freedom but depresses growth when a moderate level of freedom has already been attained. Improvements in the standard of living—measured by GDP, health status, and education—substantially raise the probability that political freedoms will grow. These results allow for predictions about which countries will become more or less democratic over time.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 49-73 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; innovations ; O30 ; O40
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces into Schumpeterian growth theory an important element of heterogeneity in the structure of innovative activity—namely, the distinction between research and development. We construct a simple model of growth to investigate how the (steady-state) rate of growth affects and is affected by the relative mix between research and development. Although we assume for simplicity that the total supply of innovative activity is given it turns out that, with one important exception, the growth rate responds to most parameter changes in the same way as in previous models where growth was determined by the total amount of innovative activity. In particular, the level of research tends to covary positively with the rate of growth, even in the extreme case where the general knowledge that underlies long-run growth is created only by secondary innovations arising from the development process. The exception concerns the effects of competition on growth. Although simpler Schumpeterian growth models implied that increased competition would reduce growth by reducing the incentive to innovate, introducing the distinction between research and development implies that this effect is likely to be reversed.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 125-142 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: dynamic games ; growth ; social conflict ; D74 ; O40
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Despite the predictions of the neoclassical theory of economic growth, we observe that poor countries have invested at lower rates and have not grown faster than rich countries. To explain these empirical regularities we provide a game-theoretic model of conflict between social groups over the distribution of income. Among all possible equilibria, we concentrate on those that are on the constrained Pareto frontier. We study how the level of wealth and the degree of inequality affects growth. We show how lower wealth can lead to lower growth and even to stagnation when the incentives to domestic accumulation are weakened by redistributive considerations.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 149-187 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: income distribution ; growth ; fertility ; political instability ; O1 ; H5
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between income distribution, democratic institutions, and growth. It does so by addressing three main issues: the properties and reliability of the income distribution data, the robustness of the reduced form relationships between income distribution and growth estimated so far, and the specific channels through which income distribution affects growth. The main conclusion in this regard is that there is strong empirical support for two types of explanations, linking income distribution to sociopolitical instability and to the education/fertility decision. A third channel, based on the interplay of borrowing constraints and investment in human capital, also seems to receive some support by the data, although it is probably the hardest to test with the existing data. By contrast, there appears to be less empirical support for explanations based on the effects of income distribution on fiscal policy.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 277-304 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: social security ; pensions ; human capital ; growth ; transfers ; H53 ; H55 ; I38 ; O4
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I make two points. First, I argue that social security programs around the world link public pensions to retirement: people do not lose their pensions if they make a million dollars a year in the stock market, but they do confront marginal tax rates of up to 100 percent if they choose to work. Second, after arguing that most existing theories cannot explain this fact, I construct a positive theory that is consistent with it. The main idea is that pensions are a means to induce retirement—that is, to buy the elderly out of the labor force because aggregate output is higher if the elderly do not work. This is modeled through positive externalities in the average stock of human capital: because skills depreciate with age, the elderly have lower-than-average skill and, as a result, have a negative effect on the productivity of the young. When the difference between the skill level of the young and that of the old is large enough, aggregate output in an economy where the elderly do not work is higher. Retirement is desirable in this case, and social security transfers are the means by which such retirement is induced. The theory developed in this paper is also shown to be consistent with a number of other regularities documented in Section 1.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 309-332 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: private information ; growth ; indeterminacy ; E31 ; E32 ; E44 ; G14 ; O16
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce an informational asymmetry into an otherwise standard monetary growth model and examine its implications for the determinacy of equilibrium, for endogenous economic volatility, and for the relationship between steady-state output and the rate of money growth. Some empirical evidence suggests that, for economies with low initial inflation rates, permanent increases in the money growth rate raise long-run output levels. This relationship is reversed for economies with high initial inflation rates. Our model predicts this pattern. Moreover, in economies with high enough rates of inflation, credit rationing emerges, monetary equilibria become indeterminate, and endogenous economic volatility arises.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 363-389 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: convergence ; growth ; generalized method of moments ; O41 ; O47
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract There are two sources of inconsistency in existing cross-country empirical work on growth: correlated individual effects and endogenous explanatory variables. We estimate a variety of cross-country growth regressions using a generalized method of moments estimator that eliminates both problems. In one application, we find that per capita incomes converge to their steady-state levels at a rate of approximately 10 percent per year. This result stands in sharp contrast to the current consensus, which places the convergence rate at 2 percent. We discuss the theoretical implications of this finding. In another application, we perform a test of the Solow model. Again, contrary to prior reults, we reject both the standard and the augmented version of the model.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; technology ; diffusion ; convergence ; adaptation
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We construct a model that combines elements of endogenousgrowth with the convergence implications of the neoclassicalgrowth model. In the long run, the world growth rate is drivenby discoveries in the technologically leading economies. Followersconverge toward the leaders because copying is cheaper than innovationover some range. A tendency for copying costs to increase reducesfollowers‘ growth rates and thereby generates a pattern of conditionalconvergence. We discuss how countries are selected to be technologicalleaders, and we assess welfare implications. Poorly defined intellectualproperty rights imply that leaders have insufficient incentiveto invent and followers have excessive incentive to copy.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 61-92 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: search ; matching ; mismatch ; human capital ; growth ; wage inequality ; income inequality
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes a model in which firms and workershave to engage in costly search to find a production partner,and endogenizes the skill, job, and wage distributions in thiscontext. The presence of search frictions implies that thereare two redistributive forces in the labor market. The firstis mismatch relative to the Walrasian economy; skilled workerstend to work with lower physical to human capital ratios, andthis compresses the earnings differentials. The second is theopportunity cost effect; because the opportunity cost of acceptingan unskilled worker, which is to forgo the opportunity to employa skilled worker, is high, unskilled wages are pushed down. Theinteraction between these two forces leads to a non-ergodic equilibriumprocess for wage and income inequality. Further, the presenceof mismatch reduces the rate of return to physical capital andthus depresses growth. A key prediction of the analysis is thatincreasing wage inequality is more likely to arise in economieswith less frictional labor markets, which is in line with thediverse cross-country patterns observed over the past two decades.Finally, the paper predicts that, as is largely the case withU.S. data, between group and within group wage inequality shouldmove in the same direction.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 93-124 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: Income distribution ; human capital ; growth ; overlapping-generations ; Kuznets hypothesis
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between the distributionof human capital, technological progress, and economic growth.It argues that the composition of human capital is an importantfactor in the determination of the pattern of economic development.The study demonstrates that the evolutionary pattern of the humancapital distribution, the income distribution, and economic growthare determined simultaneously by the interplay between a local home environment externality and a global technologicalexternality. In early stages of development the local home environmentexternality is the dominating factor and hence the distributionof income becomes polarized; whereas in mature stages of developmentthe global technological externality dominates and the distributionof income ultimately contracts. Polarization, in early stagesof development may be a necessary ingredient for future economicgrowth. An economy that prematurely implements a policy designedto enhance equality may be trapped at a low stage of development.An underdeveloped economy, which values equality as well as prosperity,may confront a trade-off between equality in the short-run followedby equality and stagnation in the long-run, and inequality inthe short-run followed by equality and prosperity in the longrun.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 155-168 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; taxation ; capital flight ; multiple equilibria ; redistribution
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article shows that multiple growth paths may occurin a politico-economic model of endogenous growth. This multiplicityis characterized by the coexistence of the low-tax, low-capital-flightequilibrium and a high-tax, high-capital-flight equilibrium.The likelihood of multiplicity is crucially related to the structureof power in society—namely, it is necessary that the politicallydecisive agents have a greater access to international capitalmarkets than the average in the economy.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 169-183 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; democracy ; education ; inequality
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We use an OLG model to examine democratic choice betweentwo modes of government support for education: subsidies forprivately purchased education and free uniform public provision.We find little conflict between democracy and growth: the samefactors that generate popular support for subsidization overfree uniform provision—large external benefits, a largeexcess burden, and little inequality—also favor its relativegrowth performance. Furthermore, restricting the franchise toan upper-income elite may also reduce growth. Two extensionsexamine the effect of intergenerational mobility and indicatethe theoretical possibility of periodic swings in the balancebetween public and private spending.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 185-209 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; human capital ; development ; transition ; learning ; genetic algorithm
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article develops the first model in which, consistentwith the empirical evidence, the transition from stagnation toeconomic growth is a very long endogenous process. The modelhas one steady state with a low and stagnant level of incomeper capita and another steady state with a high and growing levelof income per capita. Both of these steady states are locallystable under the perfect foresight assumption. We relax the perfectforesight assumption and introduce adaptive learning into thisenvironment. Learning acts as an equilibrium selection criterionand provides an interesting transition dynamic between steadystates. We find that for sufficiently low initial values of humancapital—values that would tend to characterize preindustrialeconomies—the system under learning spends a long periodof time (an epoch) in the neighborhood of the low-income steadystate before finally transitioning to a neighborhood of the high-incomesteady state. We argue that this type of transition dynamic providesa good characterization of the economic growth and developmentpatterns that have been observed across countries.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 251-278 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: exploitation ; growth ; property rights ; taxation
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract I develop a model of exploitation—coercive wealthtransfer—and growth based on social importance. Exploitationreduces growth since the return to capital falls with exploitationcosts. Initial relative wealth across groups—the measureof social importance—determines which group is the exploiterand how costly exploitation will be. The exploiter selects anexploitation path that maintains its dominant position and rarelymaximizes current transfers. Productive minorities and fast-growinggroups are most prone to exploitation. International sanctions,if strong, end exploitation; otherwise they increase exploitationand reduce growth. Segregation and apartheid are broadly consistentwith the theory.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 305-329 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; income distribution ; tax and transfer policy ; human capital investment ; school effort
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The distortion in educational investment in poorer childrenis often attributed to credit market imperfections and henceto the unequal access of children to educational opportunity.However, the distortion might also be attributable to disincentiveeffects that cause children to make inefficient use of educationalopportunities. This possibility is demonstrated for an overlappinggenerations economy with multiple family dynasties in which childrenhave random unobservable abilities and base their school efforton their parents‘ after-tax returns to schooling. Income redistributioncan result in suboptimal effort choices that offset the beneficialeffects of income transfers and sharply lower social welfare.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 399-418 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; international spillovers ; spatial economics ; openness
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Does a country‘s long-term growth depend on what happensin countries that are nearby? Such linkages could occur for avariety of reasons, including demand and technology spillovers.We present a series of tests to determine the existence of suchrelationships and the forms that they might take. We find thata country‘s growth rate is closely related to that of nearbycountries and show that this correlation reflects more than theexistence of common shocks. Trade alone does not appear responsiblefor these linkages either. In addition, we find that being neara large market contributes to growth.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 5-28 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: convergence ; growth ; complementarity ; adjustment ; young workers ; old workers ; age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The human capital of young and old workers are imperfect substitutes both in production and in providing on-the-job training. This helps explain why capital does not flow from rich to poor countries, causing instantaneous convergence of per capita output. If each generation chooses its human capital optimally, given that of the preceding and succeeding generations, human capital follows a unique rational-expectations path. For moderate substitutability, human capital within each sector oscillates relative to that in other sectors, but aggregate human capital converges to the steady state monotonically.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 143-170 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; convergence ; trade ; liberalization ; knowledge diffusion
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Can trade liberalization have a permanent affect on output levels, and more important, does it have an impact on steady-state growth rates? The model emphasizes the role that knowledge spillovers emanating from heightened trade can have on income convergence and growth rates during transition and over the long run. Among the results of the model, unilateral liberalization by one country reduces the income gap between the liberalizing country and other, wealthier countries. From the long-run growth perspective, unilateral (and multilateral) liberalization generates a positive impact on the steady-state growth of all the trading countries.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 217-240 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; inequality ; political economy ; income distribution ; political effect ; threshold effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article studies the political economy of inequality and growth by combining the political economy approach with an imperfect capital market assumption. In the present model, there emerges a class of individuals whose members do not invest privately beyond the state-financed schooling, due to their initial wealth constraint. We show that inequality affects private investment not only through the political effect, which relates inequality to private investment negatively, but also through what we call the threshold effect, which associates inequality to private investment positively. In general, private investment and inequality do not show a monotone negative relationship.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 241-266 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: democracy ; growth ; regime change ; regression tree
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article focuses on two previously unexamined aspects of the relationship between economic growth and democracy. First, the growth experiences of countries that experience significant changes in democracy are examined directly. Countries that democratize are found to grow faster than a priori similar countries, while countries that become less democratic grow more slowly than comparable countries. These differences do not seem to be due to differences in education or investment levels. Second, regression tree analysis suggests that democracy, along with initial income and literacy, contributes to the identification of regimes of countries facing similar aggregate production functions.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 337-359 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; education ; human capital ; panel data
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article proposes an approach to answering two questions: first, does investment in education help growth; second, does the allocation of investment in education matter? I develop a model where individual ability is heterogeneous and education both trains students and reveals their suitability for further training. I use UNESCO data on educational enrollments and spending to estimate the efficiency of existing educational allocations in a panel of countries. A cross-country growth decomposition regression shows that the correlation of human capital capital accumulation and GDP growth is not significant in countries with poor allocations but is significant and positive in countries with better allocations.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 55-80 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: mercantilism ; growth ; taxation ; openness ; familiarity
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Nations close themselves voluntarily to varying degrees. Restrictions on the flow of ideas are difficult to understand, since open countries have higher relative incomes. This article provides an explanation based on the existence of two channels of public finance—traditional and mercantilistic. The latter refers to monopoly creation to provide a stream of government revenue. Strong, profitable monopolies require that the nation be closed to new ideas about technology and organization. The government sets the degree of restriction to balance current mercantilistic revenue with future revenue from traditional sources. The model is supported with numerical simulations and historical illustrations.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 81-111 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; investment ; regimes
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The absence of continuous regime type measures that focus on institutions rather than outcomes besets studies on whether democratic or authoritarian regimes grow faster. Additional shortcomings include the failure to consider development stages and the erroneous endogenous specification of regimes. Given panel data on 105 countries from 1960 to 1989, the effective party/constitutional framework measure does not correlate with growth or investment in the total sample. But considering development levels, some evidence indicates that discretion decreases growth in advanced areas, and, contrary to theory, inhibits investment in poorer countries. Also, single-party dictatorships have higher investment ratios but do not grow faster than party-less regimes.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 119-137 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; technology ; Solow
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth accounting breaks down economic growth into components associated with changes in factor inputs and the Solow residual, which reflects technological progress and other elements. After a presentation of the standard model, the analysis considers dual approaches to growth accounting (which considers changes in factor prices rather than quantities), spillover effects and increasing returns, taxes, and multiple types of factor inputs. Later sections place the growth-accounting exercise within the context of two recent strands of endogenous growth theory—varieties-of-products models and quality-ladders models. Within these settings, the Solow residual can be interpreted in terms of measures of the endogenously changing level of technology.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 213-232 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: education ; work experience ; self-employment ; growth
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We examine the implications for growth and development of the existence of two types of human capital: entrepreneurial and professional. Entrepreneurs accumulate human capital through a work-experience intensive process, whereas professionals’ human capital accumulation is education-intensive. Moreover, the return to entrepreneurship is uncertain. We show how skill-biased technological progress leads to changes in the composition of aggregate human capital; as technology improves, individuals devote less time to the accumulation of human capital through work experience and more to the accumulation of human capital through professional training. Thus, our model explains why entrepreneurs play a relatively more important role in intermediate-income countries and professionals are relatively more abundant in richer economies. It also shows that those countries that initially have too little of either entrepreneurial or professional human capital may end up in a development trap.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 305-330 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; convergence clubs ; poverty trap ; cultural factors ; location
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the sources of heterogeneity across a worldwide set of countries. Unspecified ex ante and unanticipated cultural (Protestant versus Catholic), geographical (continents), and institutional (OECD versus non-OECD) clubs emerge endogenously and naturally as homogeneous classes on the basis of their economic structure. The dynamics both within and across the identified groups of countries are consistent with multiple equilibrium-growth models proposed by, for instance, Azariadis and Drazen (1990), therefore strengthening the viability of the convergence club hypothesis. In particular, higher stages of development are, on average, non linearly associated with higher stages of growth.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 331-349 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; fertility ; income distribution
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article analyzes the interaction between growth and fertility via income distribution in a model in which fertility decisions are motivated by old-age support. It provides an explanation of the demographic transition of an economy from a stage of increasing fertility and low growth to a stage of low fertility, high human capital investments, and high growth.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 429-445 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; R&D ; education ; regime shift
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The role of learning and R&D in economic development is addressed in an endogenous growth model. When human capital is below a threshold level, the model predicts that skills are accumulated as the only growth-generating activity, whereas both innovation activities and learning drive growth above this level. Hence, an endogenous regime shift is triggered when the level of human capital reaches the threshold level because it becomes profitable to innovate.
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 5-32 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: inequality ; growth ; Kuznets curve ; Gini coefficient
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Evidence from a broad panel of countries shows little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment. For growth, higher inequality tends to retard growth in poor countries and encourage growth in richer places. The Kuznets curve—whereby inequality first increases and later decreases during the process of economic development—emerges as a clear empirical regularity. However, this relation does not explain the bulk of variations in inequality across countries or over time.
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 185-206 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: innovation ; growth ; inequality ; hierarchic demand ; multiple equilibria
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article analyzes the impactof inequality on growth when consumers have hierarchic preferencesand technical progress is driven by innovations. With hierarchicpreferences, the poor consume predominantly basic goods, whereasthe rich consume also luxury goods. Inequality has an impacton growth because it affects the level and the dynamics of aninnovator's demand. It is shown that redistribution from veryrich to very poor consumers can be beneficial for growth. Ingeneral, the growth effect depends on the nature of redistribution.Due to a demand externality from R&D activities, multipleequilibria are possible.
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 253-275 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: knowledge ; ideas ; growth ; knowledge set ; paradigm ; combination of ideas
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This articlepresents a model of knowledge, seen as a set of ideas definedin a multidimensional idea space. Knowledge is created throughconvex combinations of older ideas and through paradigm shifts.When normal science has made the knowledge set convex, scientificopportunity is exhausted. Individual countries are endowed withdifferent knowledge sets, which gives rise to idea gaps. Thegrowth of a country's knowledge depends on diffusion from othercountries, on own production, and on the state of its human capitaland institutions. In the long run, economic growth will dependon knowledge growth, but only paradigm shifts can save R&Dfrom diminishing returns
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 341-360 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; investment ; human capital ; financial development
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Thisarticle decomposes the well-documented relationship between financialdevelopment and growth. We examine whether financial developmentaffects growth solely through its contribution to growth in ``primitives'' or factor accumulation rates or whether it alsohas a positive impact on total factor productivity growth. Ourresults suggest that indicators of financial development arecorrelated with both total factor productivity growth and investment.However, the indicators that are correlated with total factorproductivity growth differ from those that encourage investment.In addition, many of the results are sensitive to the inclusionof country fixed effects, which may indicate that the financialdevelopment indicators are proxying for broader country characteristics.
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 361-384 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: capital ; growth ; productivity ; public sector
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The cost of public investment is not the increment to the value ofpublic capital. Unlike with private investors, there is no plausiblebehavioral model in which every dollar that the public sectorspends as ``investment'' creates economically valuable ``capital.''While this simple analytic point is obvious, it has so far beenuniformly ignored in the empirical literature on economic growth,which uses—at best—cumulated, depreciated, investmenteffort (CUDIE) as a proxy for capital stocks. However, particularlyfor developing countries the difference between investment costand capital value is of first-order empirical importance: governmentinvestment is half of more of total investment, and calculationspresented here suggest that in many countries government investmentspending has created little useful capital. This has implicationsin three broad areas. First, none of the existing empirical estimatesof the impact of public spending has identified the productivityof public capital. Even where public capital has a potentiallylarge contribution to production, public-investment spendingmay have had a low impact. Second, it implies that all estimatesof total factor productivity in developing countries are deeplysuspect as there is no way to empirically distinguish betweenlow growth because of investments that create no factors andlow growth due to slow productivity growth. Third, multivariateregressions to date have not adequately controlled for capitalstock growth, which leads to erroneous interpretations of regressioncoefficients.
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    Review of industrial organization 17 (2000), S. 229-248 
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Age ; firms' ; growth ; jobs ; size
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper relates recent empiricalresearch on the growth of U.K. companies to the maineconomic theories of firms' growth and to empiricalresults for the U.S.A. Smaller and younger firms havebeen growing more quickly than larger and older firms, thus generating proportionately more new jobs. Theseresults do not support the various theories of staticand dynamic economies of scale. Serial correlation ofgrowth is very low, so success does not persist. Thesystematic tendency for small and younger firms togrow more quickly is the main reason why firm growthis not entirely stochastic.
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    Open economies review 5 (1994), S. 65-88 
    ISSN: 1573-708X
    Keywords: growth ; protectionism ; dualism ; collective action ; developing countries
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines how economic growth can affect various political actors and influence trade and labor policies in a developing economy. The paper extends the Findlay-Wellisz (1982) model of endogenous trade policy to include the endogenous determination of an urban-rural wage differential along lines suggestive of the Harris-Todaro (1970) model. Under assumptions normally associated with developing economies, the model shows that growth, stimulated primarily by capital formation, can lead to the rise of protectionism and urban unrest.
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    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 1122-1126 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: dissolution ; model ; growth ; fraction absorbed ; in vitro-in vivocorrelations
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To develop a new approach for describing drug dissolution which does not require the presuppositions of time continuity and Fick's law of diffusion and which can be applied to both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Methods. The mass dissolved is considered to be a function of a discrete time index specifying successive 'generations' (n). The recurrence equation: Φ n+1 = Φ n + r(l − Φn)(1 − Φn X 0/θ) was derived for the fractions of dose dissolved Φ n and Φn +1, between generations n and n + 1, where r is a dimensionless proportionality constant, X 0 is the dose and θ is the amount of drug corresponding to the drug's solubility in the dissolution medium. Results. The equation has two steady state solutions, Φ ss = 1 when (X 0/θ) ≤ 1 and Φ ss = θ/X 0 when (X 0/θ) 〉 1 and the usual behavior encountered in dissolution studies, i.e, a monotonic exponential increase of Φ n reaching asymptotically the steady state when either r 〈 θ/X 0 〈 1 or r 〈 1 〈 θ/X 0. Good fits were obtained when the model equation was applied to danazol data after appropriate transformation of the time scale to 'generations'. The dissolution process is controlled by the two dimensionless parameters θ/X 0 and r, which were found to be analogous to the fundamental parameters dose anddissolution number, respectively. The model was also used for the prediction of fraction of dose absorbed for highly permeable drugs. Conclusions. The model does not rely on diffusion principles and therefore it can be applied under both homogeneous and non-homogeneous conditions. This feature will facilitate the correlation of in vitro dissolution data obtained under homogeneous conditions and in vivo observations adhering to the heterogeneous milieu of the GI tract.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1608-3237
    Keywords: poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ; Listeria monocytogenes ; temperature ; growth
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative investigation of the intracellular content of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid showed that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains accumulated, on the average, lower amounts of this reserve substance than Listeria monocytogenes strains. The intracellular pool of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid was responsible for the growth of the bacteria at low temperatures (4–6°C) in the absence of any exogenous carbon and energy source.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1608-3407
    Keywords: Scenedesmus quadricauda ; growth ; cell size ; photosynthetic activity ; imazalil sulfate ; three-phase dose response
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three-phase dose responses of biological systems of different levels of organization are often called “paradoxical” because the biological effects are clearly manifested under low- and high-intensity treatments, but are absent during moderate-strength treatments. In this work, we found anomalous changes in the cell number of a green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. grown in the presence of the fungicide imazalil sulfate. At low imazalil concentrations (2.5 × 10–9–2.5 × 10–6 M), the slow increase in the cell number as compared to an untreated culture was not related to cell death. As seen by the dynamics of the population structure and cell functional characteristics (photosynthesis, thermal stability of photosynthetic membranes, etc.), the decrease in the growth rate at low concentrations of imazalil (2–10 × 10–9 M) was due to a long-term arrest of cell division in a fraction of the cell population rather than to a decrease in the rate of division. The absence of a toxic effect or even a slight stimulation of culture growth at moderate concentrations (0.05–1.25 × 10–6 M) was due to the resumption of cell division after a temporal cessation. At these concentrations, imazalil induced cell stress and adaptive elevation of cell tolerance to the fungicide (acclimation). Cell death was observed only at a high fungicide content in the medium (6.25 × 10–6 and higher). Thus, the three-phase (bimodal) dose response corresponds to two regimes (steady-states) of cell functioning which differ in cell sensitivity to external stimuli. The low-sensitivity state, which is characteristic of cells that have experienced stress, is likely to be the state known as “hormesis.”
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    Journal of economics 63 (1996), S. 279-302 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: general equilibrium ; imperfect competition ; growth ; price normalization ; D43 ; D51 ; O41
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a capital-accumulation model with infinitely lived households and two production sectors. The intermediate-good sector is characterized by perfect competition, a constant-returns-to-scale technology, and production externalities. The final-good sector is a monopoly operating under constant returns to scale. We analyze the general equilibrium in the sense of Gabszewicz and Vial [Journal of Economic Theory (1972) 4: 381–400] for this economy and different price-normalization rules. It is shown that the qualitative behavior of the equilibrium paths depends crucially on the chosen normalization rule. In particular, whether equilibria are monotonic or oscillating and whether indeterminacy occurs or not may depend on the choice of the numeraire.
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    Journal of economics 68 (1998), S. 219-233 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: spirit of capitalism ; social status ; money ; growth ; E1 ; E31 ; O42
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates the unambiguous existence of the Tobin portfolio-shift effect in the wealth-is-status and the spirit-of-capitalism models of growth. Namely, higher inflation leads to higher capital stock in the long run, and inflation increases the endogenous-growth rate of the economy.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1782-1784 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: fetus ; growth ; adrenal cortex ; motor responses ; hypoxia ; hyperoxia
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The content of lipids, cholesterol, and ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex was investigated in rabbit fetuses developing under conditions of normal gestation and during exposure in the last third of pregnancy to hypoxia and hyperoxia. During exposure to hypoxia (of moderate degree) activation of the adrenal cortex was reflected by a marked decrease in the content of lipids, cholesterol, and ascorbic acid. The total weight of the fetal muscle mass was increased under these circumstances. During exposure to hyperoxia the adrenal cortex was inactivated, as reflected in a marked increase in the content of the above-named substances. The total weight of the fetal muscle mass was reduced.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Propylaea 14-punctata ; Coccinella 7-punctata ; simulation model ; growth ; development ; metabolic pool ; Propylea 14-punctata ; Coccinella 7-punctata ; Simulationsmodell ; Wachstum ; Entwicklung ; “metabolic pool”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus der Beziehung Produktion (Wachstum) zu Assimilation (Beuteverzehr-Kotproduktion) wird das Umwandlungsverhältnis berechnet, mit dem Blattlausgewebe in Räuberwachstum umgesetzt wird. Als Beute für die Larven vonPropylaea 14-punctata L. undCoccinella 7-punctata L. verwendete man die ErbsenblattlausAcyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Die physiologische Zeit ist in Tagegraden oberhalb eines unteren Entwicklungsnullpunktes angegeben. Für die beiden Coccinellidenarten wurden auf physiologischen Grundlagen Simulationsmodelle erarbeitet. Sie beschreiben das Wachstums und die Entwicklung eines Räubers und beruhen auf dem Konzept des vonGutierrez et al. (1981) vorgeschlagenen “metabolic-pool”-Modell. Die visuelle Beurteilung von beobachteten und berechneten Werten zeigt, dass das Modell das Wachstumsmuster der erwähnten Räuber auf befriedigende Weise beschreibt.
    Notes: Abstract The conversion of aphid prey tissue (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) into predator biomass (immature life stages ofPropylaea 14-punctata L. andCoccinella 7-punctata L.) is calculated by plotting weight gain against assimilation (i.e. consumption minus egestion). This concept is added to the metabolic pool model byGutierrez et al. (1981) that enables the simulation of growth and development of a predator on a physiological basis. Physiological time is expressed in daydegrees above lower development thresholds for both species. Visual examination of observed and calculated values showed that the model satisfactorily describes the growth patterns of the above predators.
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    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 641-651 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: hyperparasitoid ; Alloxysta fuscicornis ; sting ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For egg depositionAlloxysta fuscicornis mounts the back of the aphid, inserts her ovipositor through the aphid cuticula and deposits the tailed egg within 2' to 6' into the 1st to 4th instar and also into embryonic egg ofD. rapae. TheAlloxysta egg loses its chrion during 24–48 h; instead a trophamnion has been developed, which after hatching, dissociates in 50 to 80 cells, which are consumed by the L1 in addition to host haemolymph. During the development in the host, larvae of all 5 instars produce a secretion by hypertrophic proctodaeum cells and secrete it into the host (that is the larva ofD. rapae). This secretion might assist in the blockade of cellular host-defence. The full-grown larva ofAlloxysta leaves the emptied larva ofD. rapae and pupates. Hatching of the adult may occur in any position of the mumified aphid. The femaleAlloxysta is not able to discriminate between parasitized and non parasitized aphid. Thus, superparasitism has been often observed. The larval rivals are killed mechanically by mandible bite. Autohyperparasitism has been observed in some cases. The life span of both sexes ofA. fuscicornis in the laboratory takes at least 20 days.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zum Anstich besteigt das Weibchen vonAlloxysta fuscicornis die Blattlaus und deponiert das gestielte Ei innerhalb von 2'–6' inDiaeretiella rapae — Larven des Stadiums 1–4, aber auch in embryonierte Eier. Das Ei vonA. fuscicornis verliert zwischen der 24. und 48. Stunde das Chorion, statt dessen hat sich ein Trophamnion gebildet, das nach dem Schlupf der L1 in 50–80 Zellen zerfällt, die von der heranwachsenden L1 zusammen mit Wirtshaemolymphe als Nahrung aufgenommen werden. Während der Entwicklung im Wirt geben alle 5 Larvenstadien aus hypertrophierten Enddarmzellen ein Sekret in den Wirt (d.i. die Larve vonD. rapae) ab. Dieses Sekret dient möglicherweise der Blockade der zellulären Wirtsabwehr. Die ausgewachsene Alloxysta-Larve verläßt die leergefressene Larve vonD. rapae und verpuppt sich. Der Schlupf der Imago vollzieht sich an beliebiger Stelle der mumifizierten Blattlaus. Das Weibchen vonA. fuscicornis ist unfähig zur Diskriminierung; deshalb ist Superparasitismus häufig zu beobachten. Die Konkurrenten werden mechanisch durch Mandibelbiß abgetötet. In einigen Fällen wurde Autohyperparasitismus beobachtet. Die Lebenserwartung vonA. fuscicornis beiderlei Geschlechtes beträgt im Labor mindestens 20 Tage.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Ascogaster reticulatus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; host regulation ; growth ; Ascogaster reticulatus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; contrôle de l'hôte ; croissance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné l'interaction du développement entre le parasitoïde ovolarvaire,Ascogaster reticulatus et son hôte,Adoxophyes sp. Avant l'émergence de la larve parasitoïde de dernier stade de la chenille hôte de 4e stade, le poids de l'hôte parasité diminue de 22% par rapport à son poids maximal. Le poids final d'une larve hôte représente 27% du poids maximal d'un hôte sain de 5e stade. La prise de nourriture est significativement réduite chez les chenilles parasitées de 3e et 4e stade comparée à celle de chenilles saines. Au 4e stade larvaire, une chenille parasitée consomme 28% de moins de milieu artificiel et produit moins d'excréments qu'une chenille saine. Le taux de croissance des larves endoparasitoïdes augmente beaucoup après que l'hôte ait mué au 4e stade. Le volume du parasitoïde est multiplié par 40 durant le 4e stade de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract The developmental interaction between the egg/larval parasitoid,Ascogaster reticulatus Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was examined. Prior to the egress of a final-instar parasitoid larva from the 4th-instar host larva, host weight decreased by 22% from the maximum weight. The final body weight of a host larva was 27% of the maximum weight of a healthy 5th-instar host. Food consumption was significantly reduced in both 3rd-and 4th-instar parasitized larvae compared with healthy ones. In the 4th instar, a parasitized larva consumed 28% less artificial diet and produced less frass than a healthy larva. The growth rate of the endoparasitoid larvae greatly increased after their host's molt to the 4th instar. Parasitoid larval volume increased 40 fold in the 4th-instar host.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1591-1593 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; fluctuation ; growth ; carcinogenesis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 76-86 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Sa velinus alpinus ; growth ; Lake Geneva ; latitude ; eutrophication ; fish density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth rate of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), is exceptionally high in Lake Geneva; one of the highest every recorded. This can be explained by three factors: (1) the Arctic charr of Lake Geneva is the most southerly indigenous population in the world, (2) the trophic resources are important because of the eutrophication of the lake, (3) the fish density is low.
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    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 296-305 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Arctic char ; growth ; maturation ; reoligotrophication ; Lake Walenstadt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within one decade the yield in arctic char fishery of Lake Walenstadt (Switzerland) has dropped from 1.7 kg · ha−1 to 0.7 kg · ha−1. In the same period growth decreased by about 15%. The fish considered as “degenerated dwarfed chars” by fishermen are supposed to mature in very young ages. The change of the growth pattern can be related to reoligotrophication of the lake and impoverishments of the food source. Compared to other arctic char populations in Switzerland maturation takes place at least one year later.
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    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 70-79 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Macrophytes ; growth ; assimilation ; macroelements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Helophytes are often incorporated into biological wastewater treatment plants. In favourable situations, they can take up large amounts of nutrients. One helophyte, the reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), is fast growing when supplied with sufficient light and nutrients. Experiments were carried out under natural climatic conditions in small plastic tanks filled with sand with regular additions of a balanced and concentrated nutrient solution. In the growing season (May–October), plant production reached 10.5 kg m−2 of dry biomass, of which 66% was in the aerial parts. Maximum nutrient uptake capacity was reached just after flowering and before senescence (beginning of October): 49% N, 34% P, 52% K and 34% Mg of the input was fixed in the aerial parts, which are easily harvestable. The corresponding values for the below ground parts were 12%, 10%, 11% and 11% respectively. Excretion of K and Mg has been observed when nutrients are translocated to the storage organs.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
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  • 87
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    Journal of population economics 13 (2000), S. 403-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: O41 ; F22 ; Key words: Altruism ; education ; growth ; convergence ; capital mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this paper is to discuss the process of regional convergence within the framework of an overlapping generations model in which the engine of growth is the accumulation of human capital. In particular, we consider different education funding systems and compare their performance in terms of growth rates and pace of convergence between two heterogeneous regions. The analysis suggests that the choice of a particular education system incorporates a possible trade-off between long run growth rate and short run convergence. In such choice, the initial capital stock and the extent of regional human capital discrepancy appear as central variables.
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  • 88
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: H42 ; J 13 ; O 11 ; Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome.
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  • 89
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 517-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; mortality ; growth ; JEL classification: J13 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Economic and demographic outcomes are determined jointly in a choice-theoretic model of fertility, mortality and capital accumulation. There is an endogenous population of reproductive agents who belong to dynastic families of overlapping generations connected through altruism. In addition to choosing savings and births, parents may reduce (infant) deaths by incurring expenditures on health-care which is also provided by the government. A generalised production technology accounts for long-run endogenous growth with short-run transitional dynamics. The analysis yields testable time series and cross-section implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationship between demography and development.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Agrostis canina ; CO2 vents ; photosynthesis ; lignification ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to characterise growth and photosynthetic capacity in plants adapted to long-term contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (C a). Seeds of Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii were collected from a natural CO2 transect in central-western Italy and plants grown in controlled environment chambers at both ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol−1) in nutrient-rich soil. Seasonal mean C a at the source of the plant material ranged from 610 to 451 μmol CO2 mol−1, derived from C4 leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C). Under chamber conditions, CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth of all populations. However, plants originating from elevated C a exhibited higher initial relative growth rates (RGRs) irrespective of chamber CO2 concentrations and a positive relationship was found between RGR and C a at the seed source. Seed weight was positively correlated with C a, but differences in seed weight were found to explain no more than 34% of the variation in RGRs at elevated CO2. Longer-term experiments (over 98 days) on two populations originating from the extremes of the transect (451 and 610 μmol CO2 mol−1) indicated that differences in growth between populations were maintained when plants were grown at both 350 and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1. Analysis of leaf material revealed an increase in the cell wall fraction (CWF) in plants grown at elevated CO2, with plants originating from high C a exhibiting constitutively lower levels but a variable response in terms of the degree of lignification. In vivo gas exchange measurements revealed no significant differences in light and CO2 saturated rates of photosynthesis and carboxylation efficiency between populations or with CO2 treatment. Moreover, SDS-PAGE/ LISA quantification of leaf ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) showed no difference in Rubisco content between populations or CO2 treatments. These findings suggest that long-term adaptation to growth at elevated CO2 may be associated with a potential for increased growth, but this does not appear to be linked with differences in the intrinsic capacity for photosynthesis.
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  • 91
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    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 486-490 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Helianthemum ; growth ; flowering ; age ; drought response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hills of the Negev highlands, west of Sede Boqer, are typically covered by various half-shrub communities, including the deciduous species of Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss., an Irano-Turanian element that grows only on north facing slopes, and H. ventosum Boiss., a Saharo-Arabian element which grows on both slopes but mainly on those facing south. Upon irrigation, plants of H. vesicarium preserve their natural rhythm of activity during winter and remain deciduous throughout the summer. On the other hand, under a similar irrigation treatment, the growth and flowering season of H. ventosum is modified and is extended well into the summer. Thus, H. ventosum shows a high phenological plasticity, while H. vesicarium seems to be very conservative. The different response of the two species to an improved water regime may partly explain the differences in their natural habitats: H. vesicarium on the more humid north facing slopes and H. ventosum mostly on the more arid and extreme south facing ones. Plants of both species which grow near boulders attain larger sizes and denser stands than those on the slopes. Age analysis based on xylem ring counts of 859 plants of the two natural populations showed that the plants did not exceed 14 years and most of them reached the age of some 5 years only. In general more seedlings are established during rainy year-clusters than during dry ones. However, no direct correlation between seedling establishment and the annual rainfall of specific years could be found. The rapid turnover of plants in the stands of both species of Helianthemum resembles the behavior of desert annuals rather than that of most desert shrubs.
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  • 92
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
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  • 93
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 353-354 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Teleost fish, freshwater ; muscle, white myotomal ; myotomal muscle ; muscle fibers ; fish size ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of increase of white myotomal muscle fibers of four species of freshwater teleosts (Salmo gairdneri, Pimephales notatus, Esox masquinongy andE. americanus vermiculatus) from three families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae) representing a variety of maximum attainable sizes and growth rates, have been investigated. There are at least three major differences in these dynamics, and there appears to be an association between the ability of a fish species to attain large size (and grow fast) and its ability to recruit new fibers into this predominant tissue of the myotomal mass.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Alternating high magnetic fields ; eddy current ; magnetic flux concentration ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; growth ; reproduction ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Serratia marcescens ; growth ; prodigiosin ; prodigiosin condensing enzyme ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prodigiosin condensing enzyme (PCE) activities were present inSerratia marcescens wild type 08, mutants OF, WF and 9-3-3. Their specific activities exhibited different maxima and at different times during the late log phase or the early stationary phase of cell growth. The levels of prodigiosin and its precursors also showed a significant increase at this period. The results support that prodigiosin and/or its precursors are secondary metabolites. The ubiquity of the PCE activity in mutants deficient in prodigiosin biosynthesis suggest that this particular enzyme may also be present in non-pigmented clinical isolates.
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  • 96
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1621-1621 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chlorella ; cadmium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of 14 strains from fiveChlorella species is rather insensitive towards cadmium. One strain (211-1a) ofC. saccharophila, however, was found to have a sensitivity towards this toxic heavy metal about 100 times higher than that of the other strains ofC. saccharophila.
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  • 97
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: amorphous silica ; carbon dioxide ; clathrates ; growth ; hydrates ; hypothesis ; natural gas ; nucleation ; ocean ; sodium dodecyl sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is substantial evidence that the oceans of the world will pose the most important challenges in the area of hydrate formation. This work indicates three areas of concern for hydrate formation in the ocean: (1) deposits of natural gas in ocean hydrates, which will serve as an energy resource and environmental concern in the next tnillenium, (2) a recent proposal for the ocean storage of carbon dioxide in the form of hydrates, and (3) the prevention of hydrate formation in ocean pipelines. To address such applications, fundamental knowledge on the site of hydrate formation was determined. Results are presented for quiescent, high-pressure experiments done in a sapphire tube to determine the site of hydrate formation in deionized water and in mixtures with amorphous silica and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Visual (microscope aided) results are presented for formation with a typical gas mixture and with carbon dioxide.
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  • 98
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: aluminum oxide ; hydroxyl groups ; rhodium ; growth ; scanning tunneling microscopy ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate how the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on oxide surfaces affects the interaction with the supported metal, we have modified a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110) by Al deposition and subsequent exposure to water. This procedure yields a hydroxylated alumina surface as revealed by infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the growth of rhodium on the modified film at 300 K. Clear differences in the particle distribution and density are observed in comparison to the clean substrate. While, in the latter case, decoration of domain boundaries as typical defects of the oxide film governs the growth mode, a more isotropic island distribution and a drastically increased particle density is found on the hydroxylated surface. From infrared data, it can be deduced that the growth is connected with the consumption of the hydroxyl groups due to the interaction between the metal deposit and the hydroxylated areas. This finding is in line with photoemission results published earlier.
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    Human ecology 3 (1975), S. 43-57 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: zinc ; nutrition ; growth ; central nervous system malformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract In the last few years, considerable evidence has been obtained regarding the importance of zinc in human nutrition. Zinc is an important component of many metalloenzymes and is also required for metabolism of nucleic acids and synthesis of protein. Human requirements for zinc vary at different times in development, but appear to be particularly high during embryonic life, during periods of rapid growth, and during pregnancy. Although zinc is widely distributed in foods, a number of types of diets appear to be deficient or marginal in terms of available zinc. In addition, there is physiological loss of zinc in bleeding and sweating which may lead to low levels of body zinc. A syndrome characterized by markedly retarded growth and sexual development that occurs in the Middle East has been shown to be due to zinc deficiency. This syndrome is reviewed. It is thought that the zinc deficiency syndrome is only one end of a continuum of growth-related problems associated with low levels of physiologically available zinc. In rats, zinc deficiency during pregnancy has been shown to lead to congenital malformations in a large percentage of the offspring. A number of these malformations involve the central nervous system. We have suggested that epidemiological data support the possible importance of maternal zinc deficiency as an etiological factor in human CNS malformations. These data are discussed.
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