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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (1994)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 204 (1994), S. 62-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell determination ; direct development dorsoventral axis ; echinoids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the direct-developing sea urchinHeliocidaris erythrogramma the first cleavage division bisects the dorsoventral axis of the developing embryo along a frontal plane. In the two-celled embryo one of the blastomeres, the ventral cell (V), gives rise to all pigmented mesenchyme, as well as to the vestibule of the echinus rudiment. Upon isolation, however, the dorsal blastomere (D) displays some regulation, and is able to form a small number of pigmented mesenchyme cells and even a vestibule. We have examined the spatial and temporal determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis during subsequent development. We demonstrate that the dorsoventral axis is resident within both cells of the two-celled embryo, but only the ventral pole of this axis has a rigidly fixed identity this early in development. The polarity of this axis remains the same in half-embryos developing from isolated ventral (V) blastomeres, but it can flip 180° in half-embryos developing from isolated dorsal (D) blastomeres. We find that cell fates are progressively determined along the dorsoventral axis up to the time of gastrulation. The ability of dorsal half-embryos to differentiate ventral cell fates diminishes as they are isolated at progressively later stages of development. These results suggest that the determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis inH. erythrogramma is regulated via inductive interactions organized by cells within the ventral half of the embryo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00744874
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The accumulation of repetitive and evolutionary conservative RNA during frog embryonic development (1982)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryo ; RNA ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frog embryo nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA populations, labeled in vivo and in vitro, were hybridized to, filterbound homologous and heterologous DNA. The transcription of homologous (frog) repetitive DNA into nuclear RNA decreases qualitatively during development while the transcription of heterologous (minnow, human) repetitive DNA into nuclear RNA remains relatively constant qualitatively. The diversity of homologous repetitive mRNA increases during development, but there is only a slight change in the diversity of heterologous repetitive mRNA transcripts. There is a marked restriction of transport of the heterologous RNA sequences to the cytoplasm at a later stage of development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848540
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of non-reproductive castes in the neotropical termite generaCornitermes, Embiratermes andRhynchotermes (Isoptera, Nasutitermitinae) (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 313-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Isoptera ; Termitidae ; Nasutitermitinae ; caste differentiation ; phylogeny ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental pattern of the neuter castes was studied in the mandibulate nasute generaCornitermes, Embiratermes andRhynchotermes. InCornitermes walkeri, all the workers and soldiers are male. There are two larval and a single worker instar. Workers can molt into presoldiers. InEmbiratermes chagresi andRhynchotermes perarmatus, both sexes are present among the neuters. A slight sexual dimorphism (males 〉 females) is discernible among both larval instars and among workers ofE. chagresi; female workers can molt into presoldiers. InR. perarmatus, the sexual dimorphism is conspicuous from the first larval instar on. Male larvae go through two instars, then give rise to workers, which do not molt. InR. perarmatus, there is no worker stage in females, but a third larval instar, preceding the presoldier. Hypotheses are proposed as to the evolution of these caste patterns, attempting to conciliate present knowledge of Nasutitermitinae phylogeny and known evolutionary trends affecting termite caste patterns, according to the species' ecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323951
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Castes in humivorous and litter-dwelling neotropical nasute termites (Isoptera, Termitidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 375-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Nasutitermitinae ; Subulitermes ; Coatitermes ; Velocitermes ; evolution ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental pathways of the neuter castes were studied in three species of Nasutitermitinae from central Panama. The humivorousSubulitermes denisae andCoatitermes clevelandi display several primitive traits: absence of sex dimorphism, representation of both sexes among workers and soldiers, and occurrence of successive worker instars. The litter-dwellingVelocitermes barrocoloradensis has a more complex caste system: female larvae are larger than males and give rise to the large workers, which constitute the bulk of the work force; male larvae proceed to soldiers through a small worker or a special larval instar. The resulting soldier caste is polymorphic. These results support previously formulated hypotheses regarding a link between humivorous diet and reduced polymorphism on the one hand, and between forest-floor foraging and large continuous size variation among soldiers on the other. Whereas the caste systems ofSubulitermes andCoatitermes probably represent a primitive condition,Velocitermes shares derived traits withNasutitermes and the other fully nasute genera previously studied. I therefore hypothesize that ancestors with these advanced features may have spread from the neotropics and be at the origin of most nasute genera, including humivorous taxa, present in other regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258410
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal genes support close relationships between parasitic ants and their respective host species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 53-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formicidae ; Leptothoracini ; Tetramoriini ; internal transcribed spacer ; social parasitism ; evolution ; phylogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A fragment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) adjacent to the 5.8S rRNA gene of 20 myrmicine ant species was sequenced. Sequence comparisons were carried out between 11 species of the tribe Leptothoracini, five species of the tribe Tetramoriini, three species of the tribe Solenopsidini and one species of the tribe Myrmicini. Additionally, the formicine antCamponotus ligniperda (tribe Camponotini) was analyzed as an outgroup species. Among all investigated species, the fragment had a variable length of ≈ 230–380 bp with only a few conserved sequence elements. The sequences of this fragment were perfectly identical within four palearctic populations ofLeptothorax acervorum indicating that intraspecific variation is rather low. Within the species of Tetramoriini (includingAnergates atratulus) 94.1% of sequence positions were identical, 95.6% within the species of theLeptothorax s.str.-group and 64.6% within the species of theMyrafant-group. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the social parasitesHarpagoxenus sublaevis, Doronomyrmex goesswaldi, D. kutteri andD. pacis, Chalepoxenus muellerianus as well asStrongylognathus alpinus andTeleutomyrmex schneideri are most closely related to the groups of their respective host species, which generally confirms the taxonomical classifications of the subfamily Myrmicinae based on morphological criteria. The taxonomical positions of the speciesA. atratulus has as yet been uncertain, however, sequence comparison of the ITS-1 fragment leads to the conclusion thatA. atratulus rather belongs to the tribe Tetramoriini than to the Solenopsidini.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253956
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the elevated intestinal pH of higher termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hindgut ; alkalinity ; evolution ; symbionts ; gut morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pH of the gut contents was measured in 52 species of higher termites (Termitidae), representing 36 genera in all four subfamilies. A statistically significant trend was shown from lower termites with low mean gut pH through to the Termitinae with higher mean gut pHs. Elevation of the pH occurred principally in the first and third proctodaeal segments, reaching values as high as 10.5 in 8 soil-feeding genera and 1 wood-feeding genus of Termitinae. Elevation of gut pH within the Termitidae appears to be independent of the general nature of the feeding substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245699
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphism in the giant cocoa termite,Neotermes papua (Desneux) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Isoptera ; Kalotermitidae ; Neotermes papua ; termites ; caste differentiation ; division of labour ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The direct development ofNeotermes papua (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) comprises four larval and three nymphal instars before the alate. The first five instars can be easily characterized. The second stage nymphs come morphologically close to the pseudergates, characterized by reduced wing buds. These nymphs can moult stationarily, i.e. with little morphological change, or to presoldiers, or proceed to the alate via the third nymphal stage. Pseudergates originate through a late and reversible deviation from the straight development to the alate. Presoldiers may derive from several stages, up to the last nymphal one; their production is subject to an inhibition by extant soldiers. This developmental schema is congruent with those described in other Kalotermitidae and the Termopsidae. By pinpointing the existence of a large pool of pluripotent individuals, in which the penultimate nymphal stage mingles with pseudergates, the present study also reveals a great similarity betweenNeotermes andProrhinotermes, and suggests that this developmental schema might be generally applicable to termites devoid of a permanent worker caste.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314912
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social organization in some primitive Australian ants. I.Nothomyrmecia macrops Clark (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 425-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formicidae ; Nothomyrmecia ; evolution ; sociogram ; ethogram ; recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Results of laboratory-based ethological studies on twoNothomyrmecia macrops colonies with individually marked workers are reported. Interactive behavioural acts constituted less than 1% of all those recorded, revealing a strong tendency by the ants not to engage in social contact. Very few workers performed queen-directed acts. They stayed near the queen, though seldom in direct contact. Division of labour was otherwise barely apparent, except that some individuals showed a propensity to guard the nest entrance. No exchange of food was observed between workers, workers and queen, or adults and larvae (apart from worker placement of prey items with larvae). A queen fed from aDrosophila carcass retrieved from the nest floor, without assistance from workers. Systematic scanned observations confirmed levels of inactivity higher than previously observed in ants (comprising almost 2/3 of recorded behavioural acts). The time budget for activities directed toward the immature stages was the same in both colonies, and fluctuated during the circadian period. Non-nestmate larvae added to worker groups were more frequently licked than nestmate larvae, but this might not involve the particular recognition of nestmateversus non-nestmate brood. These observations support the hypothesis thatNothomyrmecia is primitively eusocial, and of special significance in myrmecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240625
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning and sequencing of 18S rDNA gene fragments from six different ant species (1993)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 325-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formicidae ; social parasitism ; PCR ; 18 S ribosomal RNA ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The evolutionary relationship between socially parasitic ants and their hosts is still an unsolved problem. We have compared a 1.2 kb sequence of the 18 S ribosomal RNA genes of the parasitic antsDoronomyrmex kutteri, Harpagoxenus sublaevis andChalepoxenus muellerianus to the sequence of the host speciesLeptothorax acervorum andL. recedens (all subfamily Myrmicinae, tribe Leptothoracini) and to an out-group antCamponotus ligniperda (Formicinae). We found that parasitic species and the host species and alsoCamponotus ligniperda differ at less than 1% of the base positions of the 1.2 kb segment of the 18S rRNA gene. The sequences showed 80.3% identity to the 18 S ribosomal RNA genes of the beetleTenebrio molitor and only 66.5% to that of the dipteranDrosophila melanogaster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242369
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Estrogens in insects (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 942-944 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect hormones ; estradiol ; estriol ; evolution ; sex hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insects representing 5 different orders contain androgen and estrogen-like substances as determined by radioimmunoassay. Estradiol and estriol have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of these steroids in insects suggests that the vertebrate sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946450
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the evolution of the spleen (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spleen ; evolution ; phylogeny ; ontogeny ; non-mammalian spleen ; mammalian spleen ; comparative macromorphology ; comparative micromorphology ; intralienal vessels ; extralienal vessels ; differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02002606
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Phosphoglycerate mutase isozymes in the lower vertebrates (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1471-1472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Phosphoglycerate mutase isozymes ; evolution ; gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The phosphoglycerate mutase isozyme patterns from cyclostomata, cartilaginous and bony fish were analyzed. The observed patterns indicate that a duplication of a single ancestral gene coding for phosphoglycerate mutase took place during the evolution of the gnathostome vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01950042
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Ontogenetic development and evolution of the worker caste in termites (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 851-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Social insects ; Isoptera ; caste differentiation ; reproductive biology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hemimetabolous termites have a very different caste system from social Hymenoptera in which only true imagoes participate in all social tasks. In termites, the imagoes are restricted to reproduction. The termite solidiers have no equivalent in other social insects. They are unique both in their post-embryonic development and their exclusively defensive function. At maturity they keep their molting gland and therefore should be considered as stabilized, differentiated immatures. They appeared monophyletically, early in the evolution of termites. The definition of the worker caste and the current theories explaining its evolution are reexamined after a critical reappraisal of data on post-embryonic development. On the basis of ontogenic, morphologic and functional criteria, we define termite workers as individuals diverging early and irreversibly from the imaginal development, with a morphology typical of their caste but largely of larval appearance, and taking part in most of the social tasks. Such a truly eusocial worker caste is observed in all advanced phyla: Termitidae, Hodotermitidae, andSchedorhinotermes (Rhinotermitidae), but apparently also in one morphologically primitive termite,Mastotermes darwiniensis. This distribution can only be explained by postulating a polyphyletic origin of the worker caste in termites. In all other primitive termites, most of the work is done by temporary helpers (late larvae and nymphs). In these societies, pseudergates are redefined as individuals separating late from the imaginal line, functioning as workers, but not constituting the main working force in the natural society. The particularity of the caste system in termites results from two fundamental peculiarities of their post-embryonic development: -A certain dissociation of molt, growth, and differentiation. -A relative independence in the ontogeny of their different organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951642
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  • 14
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    Cardiac design in lower vertebrates: what can phylogeny reveal about ontogeny? (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 919-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Heart ; circulation ; blood ; lower vertebrate ; embryology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In very few instances can the cardiovascular systems of adult ‘lower’ vertebrates serve asdirect models for development in ‘higher’ vertebrates, primarily because numerous evolutionary specializations for preferential distribution of cardiac output between systemic tissues and gas exchange, organs occur in the highly derived circulation of most extant lower vertebrates. Yet, the extensive literature on the cardiovascular anatomy and physiology of aquatic and air breathing fishes, amphibians and reptiles offers important conceptual insights into both patterns and mechanisms of development in birds and mammals. The primary contribution of such studies to the student of developing bird and mammal circulations is the clear demonstration that surprisingly complex hemodynamic function can develop from supposedly ‘simple’ cardiovascular systems typified by incompletely divided heart chambers. Thus, the hemodynamics of embryonic bird and mammal circulations should be determined by measurement, rather than inferred from structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01939885
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  • 15
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    Misuses of biology in the context of the paranormal (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Biology ; creation science ; creationism ; evolution ; hundredth monkey phenomenon ; paranormal ; pseudoscience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Public suspicion of science stems from science's challenging of perceptions and myths about reality, and a public fear of new technology. The result is a susceptibility to pseudoscience. In claiming that creation ‘science’ is as valid as evolution the creationists misquote scientists and seek to spread their own ‘scientific’ myths concerning a young age for the earth, an act of creation based on a particular literalist interpretation of the Christian Bible and a single worldwide flood. They use methods of debate and politics, rather than scientific research. A selection of their arguments is examined and the nature of the evidence for evolution is discussed. Problems with the creation ‘science’ model are noted. In the myth of the hundredth monkey phenomenon, original research is misquoted to denigrate scientific research and support sentimental ideas of paranormal events. The misuse of science is seen as damaging to society because it reduces the effective gathering and application of scientific information. However, pseudoscience provides a valuable guide to gaps in public scientific education.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01961266
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Metabolic iteration, evolution and cognition in cellular proliferation (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 1094-1099 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cognitive processes ; metabolism ; evolution ; biomathematical models ; cell proliferation ; cell growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A model for cellular proliferation is described according to which proliferation ensues when metabolism evolves towards commitment to DNA synthesis, and inhibition of proliferation occurs when enzymic interactions are iterated within a few metabolic pathways, another limiting factor being the supply of metabolites. The model successfully describes cellular growth and division as a ‘cognitive process’ based on interaction within enzymic elements and the genome, and affords an explanation in these terms of some empirical phenomena which have previously been understood only as isolated observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01956046
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  • 17
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    Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 284-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Annual cycle ; Asclepias ; cardenolide ; Danaidae ; Danaus plexippus ; defense ; ecological chemistry ; evolution ; herbivory ; host plant ; life history ; migration ; milkweed ; monarch butterfly ; overwintering ; predation ; repellent allomone ; sequestration ; storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 μg/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951814
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  • 18
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    Problems and prospects in morphogenesis (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 633-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; evolution ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941023
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  • 19
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    A cryptic intermediate in the evolution of chameleon tongue projection (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 697-700 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lizard ; Chamaeleontidae ; Agamidae ; tongue ; feeding ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An incipient form of tongue projection occurs inPhrynocephalus helioscopus, a generalized agamid lizard. We argue that this condition represents a functional intermediate between typical lingual prehension and chamaeleontid tongue projection, and that tongue projection evolved in chameleons by augmentation of ancestral mechanisms still operating in related, generalized lizards.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941032
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  • 20
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    A comparison of the activity of flight interneurones in locusts, crickets, dragonflies and mayflies (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 735-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect ; flight ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity patterns of interneurones in the flight systems of dragonflies and mayflies were investigated using standard intracellular recording and staining techniques, and were compared with those of crickets and locusts. The results show several basic similarities in the operation of a central motor pattern generator for flight in all four groups of insects. These similarities can be explained as resulting from conservative evolution of flight pattern generating circuitry within the central nervous system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959144
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  • 21
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    Endogenous synthesis of peptidoglycan in eukaryotic cells; a novel concept involving its essential role in cell division, tumor formation and the biological clock (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 921-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Biological clock ; cell division cycle ; diaminopimelate ; evolution ; FSu ; lysine ; muramate ; muramyl dipeptide ; peptidoglycan ; sleep muropeptide ; tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Degradation products of peptidoglycan, the universal bacterial cell wall constituent, were previously found in animal tissues and urine. Reassessment and quantitative analysis of available data lead to an original concept, i.e. that eukaryotic cells synthesize peptidoglycan. We present a model in which this endogenously synthesized peptidoglycan is essential for the processes of eukaryotic cell division and sleep induction in animals. Genes for peptidoglycan metabolism, like those for lysine biosynthesis in plants, are probably inherited from endosymbiotic bacteria, the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Corollaries of this concept, i.e. roles for peptidoglycan metabolism in tumor formation and in the biological clock, are supported by abundant evidence. We propose that many interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes are conditioned by their common genetic heritage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01919139
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  • 22
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    Ancient DNA: An introduction (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 521-523 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; evolution ; conservation ; biology ; anthropology ; plant biology ; PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01921719
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  • 23
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    Parental care in terrestrial gastropods (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 5-14 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: parental investment ; juvenile survival ; evolution ; gastropods ; molluscs ; ovoviviparity ; viviparity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Parental care in terrestrial gastropods includes the of oviposition sites, production of large, heavily-yolked eggs supplied with calcium carbonate, provisioning of hatchings with eggs in specis with facultative sibling cannibalism, egg retention, and ovoviviparity. Evidence for true viviparity is scarce in terrestrial gastropods, as it is for postlaying care of eggs, though external egg carrying on the shell occurs in a few species. Care of young has not been observed in any terrestrial gastropod species. Provisioning of eggs with nutrients and calcium carbonate might be the most common form of parental investment. Ovoviviparity allows terrestrial gastropods to persist in habitats otherwise unsuitable for oviparous species (e.g. exposed rock walls). An interspecific comparison demonstrates that egg-retaining and ovoviviparous species produce smaller clutches than oviparous species and suggests a cost of parental care.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01992042
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    Progressive determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (1994)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 204 (1994), S. 62-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell determination ; direct development dorsoventral axis ; echinoids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma the first cleavage division bisects the dorsoventral axis of the developing embryo along a frontal plane. In the two-celled embryo one of the blastomeres, the ventral cell (V), gives rise to all pigmented mesenchyme, as well as to the vestibule of the echinus rudiment. Upon isolation, however, the dorsal blastomere (D) displays some regulation, and is able to form a small number of pigmented mesenchyme cells and even a vestibule. We have examined the spatial and temporal determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis during subsequent development. We demonstrate that the dorsoventral axis is resident within both cells of the two-celled embryo, but only the ventral pole of this axis has a rigidly fixed identity this early in development. The polarity of this axis remains the same in half-embryos developing from isolated ventral (V) blastomeres, but it can flip 180° in half-embryos developing from isolated dorsal (D) blastomeres. We find that cell fates are progressively determined along the dorsoventral axis up to the time of gastrulation. The ability of dorsal half-embryos to differentiate ventral cell fates diminishes as they are isolated at progressively later stages of development. These results suggest that the determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis in H. erythrogramma is regulated via inductive interactions organized by cells within the ventral half of the embryo.
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    Evidence for an HLA-C-like locus in the orangutan Pongo pygmaeus (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 865-871 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Orangutan ; MHC class I ; HLA-C ; natural killer cells ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  HLA-B and C are related class I genes which are believed to have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor. Previous study showed the presence of orthologues for both HLA-B and C in African apes but only for HLA-B in Asian apes. These observations suggested that the primate C locus evolved subsequent to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae. From an analysis of orangutan Tengku two HLA-C-like alleles (Popy C*0101 and Popy C*0201) were defined as well as three HLA-B-like (Popy-B) alleles. By contrast, no Popy-C alleles were obtained from orangutan Hati, although three Popy-B alleles were defined. Thus an HLA-C-like locus exists in the orangutan (as well as a duplicated B locus), implying that the primate C locus evolved prior to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae and is at least 12–13 million years old. Uncertain is whether all orangutan MHC haplotypes contain a C locus, as the failure to find C alleles in some individuals could be due to a mispairing of HLA-C-specific primers with certain Popy-C alleles. These results raise the possibilities that other primate species have a C locus and that the regulation of natural killer cells by C allotypes evolved earlier in primate evolution than has been thought.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050566
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    Bacterial population genetics (1997)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; DNA ; evolution ; genetics ; genome ; molecular ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial population genetics is the study of natural bacterial genetic diversity arising from evolutionary processes. The roles of molecular mistakes, restriction–modification, plasmids and gene transfer in bacteria are also important components of population genetics. These aspects are of considerable scientific importance from a fundamental perspective, because of the short generation times of bacteria, their microscopic cell size, the large population sizes bacteria can achieve and their different mechanisms of gene transfer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008897128837
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    Recognition and molecular evolution in bacteria (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 7-10 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; evolution ; molecular ; pairing ; recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract One principal function of biological molecules in bacteria is to recognize other molecules. This allows cells to assemble for regulated enzymatic catalysis and the integration of biochemical pathways. Recognition is also an essential and a specific property in base pairing of DNA in the double helix. Therefore, recognition events must have been central to early self-assembly of primitive genetic material, genomes, cells, genetic recombination and especially in enzyme-substrate-product recognition events. Molecular recognition events are examined with an emphasis on their central role in early prokaryotic evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008882931061
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    Evolution of gene transfer in bacteria (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; conjugation ; DNA ; evolution ; gene transfer ; transduction ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of genetic information by transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria occurs frequently in nature. These diverse gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria are the result of evolution and are not linked to reproduction as in eukaryotic organisms. In this review, gene transfer in bacteria will be considered from an evolutionary perspective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008830914223
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    Bacterial RNA polymerases: structural and functional relationships (1993)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 403-413 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: DNA transcription ; evolution ; phage ; prokaryotes ; RNA polymerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The essential role of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in gene expression and the fact that the multimeric species are highly conserved throughout nature makes these enzymes a particular fascinating area of study. Here we shall review the conservation of structures and their relationship to function, especially in the multimeric eubacterial RNA polymerases, paying particular attention to the β core subunit and to recent studies of σ-factors of both the σ 70 and σ 54 families. We shall conclude with a brief consideration of phage-encoded RNA polymerases and phage-mediated modification of the host enzyme, and of the evolution of RNA-synthesising enzymes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328028
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    Why on Earth: Self-assembly of the first bacterial cell to abundantand diverse bacterial species (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 297-304 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; cell ; diversity ; division ; Earth ; evolution ; metabolism ; self-assembly ; surfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract About 80% of the evolutionary history of life on Earth is restricted to microorganisms which have had several billion years to speciate. The reasons for the origin (self-assembly) of life on Earth, bacterial cell division and why there are so many different bacteria and their global dispersal are discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008962900542
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    The theory of everything and molecular evolution (1997)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 171-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; DNA ; evolution ; molecular ; optimization ; RNA ; theory ; time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The theory of everything is discussed in relationship to early bacterial molecular evolution. The emphasis is on time, space (or location at the molecular level), the universal construction kit (elements contained in periodic table) and change per units of time that were necessary for early bacterial molecular evolution to occur.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008817726536
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    Fluctuation of body temperature and cuckoo brood parasitism (1995)
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    Ecological research 10 (1995), S. 321-325 
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    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: body temperature ; brood parasitism ; cuckoo ; evolution ; telemetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Body temperatures of 11 bird species, including cuckoos, were measured in an artificial meteorological room. Ratios of change in body temperature to that in air temperature were thereby obtained for each species. Cuckoos demonstrate a remarkably high value, indicating a particularly low ability to regulate body temperature. Viewed in this light, the cuckoo's parasitic behavior is very likely an adaptation to overcome a physiological disadvantage. This in turn might be expected to reinforce delay in evolution of temperature homeostasis.
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    The evolutionary genetics of thehobo transposable element in theDrosophila melanogaster complex (1994)
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    Genetica 93 (1994), S. 79-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; transposable element ; hobo ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hobo elements are a family of transposable elements found inDrosophila melanogaster and its three sibling species:D. simulans, D. mauritiana andD. sechellia. Studies inD. melanogaster have shown thathobo may be mobilized, and that the genetic effects of such mobilizations included the general features of hybrid dysgenesis: mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and gonadal dysgenis in F1 individuals. At the evolutionary level somehobo-hybridizing sequences have also been found in the other members of themelanogaster subgroup and in many members of the relatedmontium subgroup. Surveys of older collected strains ofD. melanogaster suggest that completehobo elements were absent prior to 50 years ago and that they have recently been introduced into this species by horizontal transfer. In this paper we review our findings and those of others, in order to precisely describe the geographical distribution and the evolutionary history ofhobo in theD. melanogaster complex. Studies of the DNA sequences reveal a different level of divergence between the groupD. melanogaster, D. simulans andD. mauritiana and the fourth speciesD. sechellia. The hypothesis of multiple transfers in the recent past into theD. melanogaster complex from a common outside source is discussed.
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    Biopolitics: the newest synthesis? (1997)
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    Genetica 99 (1997), S. 173-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; genetics ; neurophysiology ; philosophy ; politics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract On first impression, the disciplines of genetics and political science would appear to be unrelated. And yet, commencing more than 30 years ago, the interdisciplinary field known as Biopolitics has now taken hold. This essay traces the central thrust of the biopolitical research agenda. It describes, analyzes, and assesses how political scientists have sought to show connections between our species' genetic constitution and our species' political behavior. Important bridges between the two are the neurophysiology of the human brain and the role of evolutionary theory in charting man's adaptational political profile. The parameters of the emerging biopolitical literature raise profound policy questions, some of which are also characterized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018381714851
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    Evolution and Analysis of Model CPGs for Walking: II. General Principles and Individual Variability (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of computational neuroscience 7 (1999), S. 119-147 
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    ISSN: 1573-6873
    Keywords: central pattern generators ; dynamical modules ; computational neuroethology ; walking ; biomechanics ; evolution ; dynamical systems theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Are there general principles for pattern generation? We examined this question by analyzing the operation of large populations of evolved model central pattern generators (CPGs) for walking. Three populations of model CPGs were evolved, containing three, four, or five neurons. We identified six general principles. First, locomotion performance increased with the number of interneurons. Second, the top 10 three-, four-, and five-neuron CPGs could be decomposed into dynamical modules, an abstract description developed in a companion article. Third, these dynamical modules were multistable: they could be switched between multiple stable output configurations. Fourth, the rhythmic pattern generated by a CPG could be understood as a closed chain of successive destabilizations of one dynamical module by another. A combinatorial analysis enumerated the possible dynamical modular structures. Fifth, one-dimensional modules were frequently observed and, in some cases, could be assigned specific functional roles. Finally, dynamic dynamical modules, in which the modular structure itself changed over one cycle, were frequently observed. The existence of these general principles despite significant variability in both patterns of connectivity and neural parameters was explained by degeneracy in the maps from neural parameters to neural dynamics to behavior to fitness. An analysis of the biomechanical properties of the model body was essential for relating neural activity to behavior. Our studies of evolved model circuits suggest that, in the absence of other constraints, there is no compelling reason to expect neural circuits to be functionally decomposable as the number of interneurons increase. Analyzing idealized model pattern generators may be an effective methodology for gaining insights into the operation of biological pattern generators.
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    Transposable elements and adaptation of host bacteria (1994)
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    Genetica 93 (1994), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; transposable elements ; adaptation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A transposable element (TE) is a mobile sequence present in the genome of an organism. TEs can cause lethal mutations by inserting into essential, genes, promoting deletions or leaving short sequences upon excision. They therefore may be gradually eliminated from mixed populations of haploid micro-organisms such asEscherichia coli if they cannot balance this mutation load. Horizontal transmission between cells is known to occur and promote the transfer of TEs, but at rates often too low to compensate for the burden to their hosts. Therefore, alternative mechanisms should be found by these elements to earn their keep in the cells. Several theories have been suggested to explain their long-term maintenance in prokaryotic genomes, but little molecular evidence has been experimentally obtained. In this paper, the permanence of transposable elements in bacterial populations is discussed in terms of costs or benefits for the element and for the host. It is observed that, in all studies yet reported, the elements do not behave in their host as selfish DNA but as a co-operative component for the evolution of the couple.
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    Domain-oriented design environments (1994)
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    Automated software engineering 1 (1994), S. 177-203 
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    ISSN: 1573-7535
    Keywords: automatic programming ; cooperative problem solving ; co-evolution of specification and construction ; critiquing ; design ; domain-oriented design environments ; design rationale ; end-user modifiability ; evolution ; FRAMER ; formal specifications ; JANUS ; knowledge-based software assistant ; languages of doing ; software reuse and redesign ; stakeholders ; upstream and downstream activities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The field of knowledge-based software engineering has been undergoing a shift in emphasis from automatic programming to human augmentation and empowerment. In our research work, we support this shift with an approach that embedshuman-computer cooperative problem-solving tools intodomain-oriented, knowledge-based design environments. Domain orientation reduces the large conceptual distance between problem-domain semantics and software artifacts. Integrated environments support the coevolution of specification and construction while allowing designers to access relevant knowledge at each stage within the software development process. This paper argues thatdomain-oriented design environments (DODEs) are complementary to the approaches pursued withknowledge-based software assistant systems (KBSAs). The DODE extends the KBSA framework by emphasizing a human-centered and domain-oriented approach facilitating communication about evolving systems among all stakeholders. The paper discusses the major challenges for software systems, develops a conceptual framework to address these problems, illustrates DODE with two examples, and assesses the contributions of the KBSA and DODE approaches toward solving these problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872289
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    Seeding, Evolutionary Growth and Reseeding: Constructing, Capturing and Evolving Knowledge in Domain-Oriented Design Environments (1998)
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    Automated software engineering 5 (1998), S. 447-464 
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    ISSN: 1573-7535
    Keywords: design ; domain-oriented design environments ; evolution ; end-user modification ; knowledge construction ; computer network design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We live in a world characterized by evolution—that is, by ongoing processes of development, formation, and growth in both natural and human-created systems. Biology tells us that complex, natural systems are not created all at once but must instead evolve over time. We are becoming increasingly aware that evolutionary processes are ubiquitous and critical for technological innovations as well. This is particularly true for complex software systems because these systems do not necessarily exist in a technological context alone but instead are embedded within dynamic human organizations. The Center for LifeLong Learning and Design (L3D) at the University of Colorado has been involved in research on software design and other design domains for more than a decade. We understand software design as an evolutionary process in which system requirements and functionality are determined through an iterative process of collaboration among multiple stakeholders, rather than being completely specified before system development occurs. Our research focuses on the following claims about software systems embedded within dynamic human organizations: (1) they must evolve because they cannot be completely designed prior to use, (2) they must evolve to some extent at the hands of the users, and (3) they must be designed for evolution. Our theoretical work builds upon our existing knowledge of design processes and focuses on a software process model and architecture specifically for systems that must evolve. Our theories are instantiated and assessed through the development and evolution of domain-oriented design environments (DODEs)—software systems that support design activities within particular domains and that are built specifically to evolve.
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    Amalthaea: An Evolving Multi-Agent Information Filtering and Discovery System for the WWW (1998)
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    Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems 1 (1998), S. 59-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-7454
    Keywords: agents ; evolution ; information filtering ; world wide web
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Amalthaea is an evolving, multi-agent ecosystem for personalized filtering, discovery, and monitoring of information sites. Amalthaea's primary application domain is the World Wide Web and its main purpose is to assist its users in finding interesting information. Two different categories of agents are introduced in the system: filtering agents that model and monitor the interests of the user and discovery agents that model the information sources.A market-like ecosystem where the agents evolve, compete, and collaborate is presented: agents that are useful to the user or other agents reproduce, while low-performing agents are destroyed. Results from various experiments with different system configurations and varying ratios of user interests versus agents in the system are presented. Finally issues like fine-tuning the initial parameters of the system and establishing and maintaining equilibria in the ecosystem are discussed.
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    The U.S. research university and the joint venture: Evolution of an institution (1996)
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    Review of industrial organization 11 (1996), S. 629-653 
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    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: universities ; institutions ; evolution ; joint ventures ; research and development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The U. S. research university, as an institution, has responded to changes in its environment, including significant participation with business firms in joint R&D ventures, in such a way as to preserve the essence of the academic ideal of disinterested pursuit of knowledge, although with some significant compromises. In an evolutionary sense, these responses have been characterized far more by adapations to external change than by conscious attempts to influence these changes.
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    Interspecies variation in liver weight, hepatic blood flow, and antipyrine intrinsic clearance: Extrapolation of data to benzodiazepines and phenytoin (1980)
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 8 (1980), S. 165-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: liver weight ; hepatic blood flow ; evolution ; interspecies variation ; intraspecies variation ; intrinsic clearance ; antipyrine ; benzodiazepines ; phenytoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The literature was reviewed to obtain data from 11 mammalian species on liver weight, hepatic blood flow, and antipyrine intrinsic clearance. It was demonstrated that liver weight and hepatic blood flow in all species could be readily related to body weight by a simple equation. Additionally, hepatic blood flow in all species was directly proportional to liver weight. With the exception of man, antipyrine intrinsic clearance was also directly proportional to liver weight. Man's intrinsic clearance was approximately one-seventh of that which would be predicted from other species. Data on benzodiazepines and phenytoin showed a similar pattern.
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    Biogeographic and Ecological Forces Responsible for Speciation in Ateles (2000)
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    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 421-444 
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    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: phylogenetics ; biogeography ; speciation ; Ateles ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used the results of phylogenetic analyses of relationships among spider monkeys (Ateles) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to investigate questions of their evolutionary origins and speciation mechanisms. We employed the concept of a local molecular clock to date nodes of interest (corresponding to hypothesized species and subspecies) in the various phylograms for comparison to hypothesized biogeographical events that might have affected speciation. We considered various mechanisms—Pleistocene refuge formation, riverine barriers, geological fluctuations, and ecological changes associated with these mechanisms—for their contribution to speciation in Ateles. Most speciation among the various species of Ateles occurred during the middle to late Pliocene, suggesting that Pleistocene refuge formation was not a key speciation mechanism. However, it is likely that the genetic structure of populations of Ateles was modified to some extent by refuge formation. Additionally, riverine barriers do not seem to interrupt gene flow significantly among Ateles. No river formed a barrier among species of Ateles, with the exception of the lower Amazon and possibly some of the black-water rivers draining the Guianan highlands. Large-scale geographic changes associated with the continued rise of the eastern and western cordilleras of the northern Andes and associated changes in habitat were the most important causes of speciation in Ateles. The various factors that modify genetic structure in Ateles are important to consider in order to protect endangered primate genera in the Neotropics.
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    Batesian, quasi-Batesian or Müllerian mimicry? Theory and data in mimicry Research (1999)
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    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 755-776 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Batesian ; evolution ; learning ; mimicry ; Müllerian ; predators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I argue that the nature of mimetic relationships remains contentious because there are insufficient data to enable full evaluation of theoretical models. There is, however, a growing appreciation of the need to draw together empirical studies to provide foundations for theoretical work. I review some recent data that considers the responses of predators to changing numbers of defended prey items and the nature of mimicry along a palatability spectrum. A simple model of predator behaviour is constructed which combines assumptions from Pavlovian learning studies with traditional ‘number dependent’ learning models. This model has two important properties. First it shows that Pavlovian assumptions can be represented in a simple model which generates interesting predictions. Second it indicates some areas that still need detailed empirical study – most importantly perhaps is the way that predators respond to prey with different levels of edibility.
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    Some like it hot: Intra-Population Variation in behavioral Thermoregulation in Color-Polymorphic pygmy Grasshoppers (2000)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 25-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: animal coloration ; body temperature ; ectotherm ; evolution ; Orthoptera ; poly-morphism ; Tetrix subulata ; thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ectothermic animals rely on external heat sources and behavioral thermoregulation to control body temperature, and are characterized by possessing physiological and behavioural traits which are temperature dependent. It has therefore been suggested that constraints on the range of body temperatures available to individuals imposed by phenotypic properties, such as coloration, may translate into differential fitness and selection against thermally inferior phenotypes. In this paper, I report an association between thermal preferences and thermal capacity (the ability to warm up when insolated) across different genetically coded color morphs of the pygmy grasshopper Tetrix subulata. Data on behavioral thermoregulation of individuals in a laboratory thermal gradient revealed a preference for higher body temperatures in females than in males, and significant variation among colour morphs in preferred body temperatures in females, but not in males. The variation in females was in perfect accordance with estimates of morph-specific differences in thermal capacity. Thus, dark morphs not only attain higher temperatures when exposed to augmented illumination, but also prefer higher body temperatures, compared to paler morphs. This intra-population divergence probably reflects an underlying variation among colour morphs in temperature optima, and is consistent with the notion that coloration, behaviour and physiology evolve in concert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011024320725
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    Evolutionary implications of host—pathogen specificity: the fitness consequences of host life history traits (2000)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 665-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: disease ; evolution ; frequency-dependent selection ; genetic diversity ; life history ; lifespan ; polymorphism ; reproduction rate ; resistance ; specificity ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pathogens and parasites can be strong agents of selection, and often exhibit some degree of genetic specificity for individual host strains. Here we show that this host–pathogen specificity can affect the evolution of host life history traits. All else equal, evolution should select for genes that increase individuals' reproduction rates or lifespans (and thus total reproduction per individual). Using a simple host–pathogen model, we show that when the genetic specificity of pathogen infection is low, host strains with higher reproduction rates or longer lifespans drive slower-reproducing or shorter-lived host strains to extinction, as one would expect. However, when pathogens exhibit specificity for host strains with different life history traits, the evolutionary advantages of these traits can be greatly diminished by pathogen-mediated selection. Given sufficient host–pathogen specificity, pathogen-mediated selection can maintain polymorphism in host traits that are correlated with pathogen resistance traits, despite large intrinsic fitness differences among host strains. These results have two important implications. First, selection on host life history traits will be weaker than expected, whenever host fitness is significantly affected by genotype-specific pathogen attack. Second, where polymorphism in host traits is maintained by pathogen-mediated selection, preserving the genetic diversity of host species may require preserving their pathogens as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011647526731
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    Quantitative nuclear DNA differences associated with genome evolution in Guizotia (Compositae) (1992)
    Springer
    Genetica 85 (1992), S. 241-247 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Compositae ; DNA amount ; evolution ; Guizotia ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present communication deals with 2C nuclear genome size variation in a fairly small genus Guizotia. Twenty-four accessions belonging to six species, out of seven known, were analysed in order to elucidate the extent of DNA variation both at an intra—as well as interspecific level. At the intraspecific level none of the species exhibited significant differences in their genome size. Between the species, the 2C DNA amounts ranged from 3.61 pg in G. reptans to 11.37 pg in G. zavattarii; over three-fold DNA variation is evident. Apparently these interspecific DNA differences have been achieved independent of the numerical chromosomal change(s), as all the Guizotias share a common chromosome number 2n=2x=30. The cultivated oilseed crop, G. abyssinica (7.57 pg), has accommodated nearly 78% extra DNA in its chromosome complement during the evolutionary time scale of its origin and domestication from the wild progenitor G. schimperi (4.25 pg). The extent of genomic DNA difference(s) between the species has been discussed in the light of their interrelationships and diversity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00132276
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    Vacuolar proton pumps (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 21 (1989), S. 605-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Proton-translocating ATPase ; organelle acidification ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recently a new class of proton-translocating ATPases has been localized to endomembrane compartments in plant, fungal, and mammalian cells. These proton pumps are large hetero-oligomers which have an ATP hydrolytic sector that is functionally and structurally distinct from a transmembranous proton pore. Enzymatic characteristics of these proton pumps are discussed as well as the current state of knowledge regarding subunit composition and function. In addition, recent primary sequence data are discussed which indicate that these proton pumps share a common ancestor with F1F0-type proton pumps of mitochondria
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00808116
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    Genetic basis of multidrug resistance of tumor cells (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 22 (1990), S. 593-618 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Chemotherapy ; ATP ; drug transport ; colchicine ; actinomycin D ; doxorubicin ; vinblastine ; vincristine ; introns ; evolution ; P-glycoprotein ; transmembrane domains ; MDR1 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multidrug resistance in animal cells is defined as the simultaneous resistance to a variety of compounds which appear to be structurally and mechanistically unrelated. One type of multidrug resistance is characterized by the decreased accumulation of hydrophobic natural product drugs, a phenotype which is mediated by an ATP-dependent integral membrane multidrug transporter termed P-glycoprotein or P170. The gene coding for P170 is calledMDR. The nucleotide-binding domain of P-glycoprotein shares sequence homology with a family of bacterial permease ATP-binding components. In addition, P170 as a whole is structurally very similar to a number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins believed to be involved in transport activities. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular biology and clinical significance ofMDR expression and P-glycoprotein transport activity, as well as some theories about the function of this protein in normal cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00762963
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    The Inner Ear of Two Late Cretaceous Multituberculate Mammals, and Its Implications for Multituberculate Hearing (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 5 (1998), S. 65-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: Multituberculata ; inner ear ; cochlea ; semicircular canals ; hearing ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inner ear of the Late Cretaceous multituberculates Nemegtbaatar gobiensis and Chulsan-baatar vulgaris is described from serial sections and enlarged models. The size and proportions of the inner ear as a whole are as expected for extant small mammals. The lengths of the cochlea (Nemegtbaatar gobiensis, 3.0 mm, Chulsanbaatar vulgaris, 2.0 mm) are comparable to those of other multituberculates, when ratios of length of the cochlea to skull length are calculated. The vestibule is not as expanded in the two taxa as in Lambdopsalis, ?Meniscoessus, and ?Catopsalis; the estimated volume for Nemegtbaatar gobiensis is 9 mm3. A slightly laterally curved, anteriomedially directed cochlea, relatively robust ear ossicles, and the estimations of the area of the tympanic membrane and stapedial footplate in Chulsanbaatar suggest high-frequency hearing but a relatively low sensitivity to low-decibel sounds. The semicircular canals of Nemegtbaatar and Chulsanbaatar are fully developed; the size of the anterior, posterior, and lateral canals and their angles and proportions are comparable to those of extant mammals of similar size. The anterior semicircular canal of Nemegtbaatar forms a smooth half-circle and thus is more derived than the angular canal of Ornithorhynchus. The notable differences between the ratio of the width of the lateral semicircular canal to skull length and the size of the vestibule in Nemegtbaatar and the Paleocene multituberculate Lambdopsalis bulla are probably related to different modes of life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020571003901
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    The evolution of kinetoplastid glycosomes (1994)
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 26 (1994), S. 213-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Glycosome ; microbody ; glycolysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The available data on carbohydrate metabolism in Kinetoplastida have been reviewed. Based on the metabolic pattern of different kinetoplastid organisms, on the subcellular distribution of their glycolytic enzymes, and on the structural and regulatory properties of these proteins, we propose that the glycosome developed from an endosymbiont, as a specific manner to control carbohydrate and energy metabolism. It is discussed how the enzymes were subcellularly recompartmentalized during evolution as adaptation to the environment encountered by the organisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00763070
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    Structure and Function of the A1A0-ATPases from Methanogenic Archaea (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 31 (1999), S. 15-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: archaea ; methanogens ; bioenergetics ; ATPases ; ATP synthases ; evolution ; proteolipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent molecular studies revealed nine to ten gene products involved infunction/assembly of the methanoarchaeal ATPase and unravel a closerelationship of the A1A0-ATPase and theV1V0-ATPase with respect to subunit composition and thestructure of individual subunits. Most interestingly, there is anastonishing variability in the size of the proteolipids in methanoar chaealA1A0-ATPases with six, four, or two transmembranehelices and a variable number of conserved protonizable groups per monomer.Despite the structural similarities the A1A0-ATPasediffers fundamentally from the V1V0-ATPase by itsability to synthesize ATP, a feature shared withF1F0-ATPases. The discovery of duplicated andtriplicated versions of the proteolipid in A1A0-ATPsynthases questions older views of the structural requirements for ATPsynthases versus ATP hydrolases and sheds new light on the evolutionof these secondary energy converters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005451311009
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    Structure, molecular genetics, and evolution of vacuolar H+-ATPases (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 21 (1989), S. 553-571 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Proton-ATPase ; vacuolar system ; molecular biology ; evolution ; structure and function ; eukaryotic cells ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Proton-ATPases can be divided into three classes denoted as P-, F-, and V-ATPases. The P-ATPases are evolutionarily distinct from the F- and V-type ATPases which have been shown to be related, probably evolved from a common ancestral enzyme. Like F-ATPases, V-ATPases are composed of two distinct structures: a catalytic sector that is hydrophilic in nature and a hydrophobic membrane sector which functions in proton conduction. Recent studies on the molecular biology of vacuolar H+-ATPases revealed surprising findings about the evolution of pronon pumps as well as important clues for the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00808113
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    Quaternary Structure of Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases (2000)
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 32 (2000), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: NDP kinase ; subunit interaction ; quaternary structure ; evolution ; mixed oligomers ; Dictyostelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nucleoside (NDP) diphosphate kinases are oligomeric enzymes. Most are hexameric, but somebacterial enzymes are tetrameric. Hexamers and tetramers are constructed by assemblingidentical dimers. The hexameric structure is important for protein stability, as demonstratedby studies with natural mutants (the Killer-of-prune mutant ofDrosophila NDP kinase andthe S120G mutant of the human NDP kinase A in neuroblastomas) and with mutants obtainedby site-directed mutagenesis. It is also essential for enzymic activity. The function of the tetrameric structure is unclear.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005580828141
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    Evolution of structure and function of V-ATPases (1992)
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 24 (1992), S. 415-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: ATPases ; evolution ; eukaryotes ; endomembranes ; archaebacteria ; progenote ; bioenergetics ; flagella assembly ; endosymbiont theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Proton pumping ATPases/ATPsynthases are found in all groups of present-day organisms. The structure of V- and F-type ATPases/ATP synthases is very conserved throughout evolution. Sequence analysis shows that the V- and F-type ATPases evolved from the same enzyme already present in the last common ancestor of all known extant life forms. The catalytic and noncatalytic subunits found in the dissociable head groups of the V/F-type ATPases are paralogous subunits, i.e., these two types of subunits evolved from a common ancestral gene. The gene duplication giving rise to these two genes (i.e., encoding the catalytic and noncatalytic subunits) predates the time of the last common ancestor. Mapping of gene duplication events that occurred in the evolution of the proteolipid, the noncatalytic and the catalytic subunits, onto the tree of life leads to a prediction for the likely subunit structure of the encoded ATPases. A correlation between structure and function of V/F-ATPases has been established for present-day organisms. Implications resulting from this correlation for the bioenergetics operative in proto-eukaryotes and in the last common ancestor are presented. The similarities of the V/F-ATPase subunits to an ATPase-like protein that was implicated to play a role in flagellar assembly are evaluated. Different V-ATPase isoforms have been detected in some higher eukaryotes. These data are analyzed with respect to the possible function of the different isoforms (tissue specific, organelle specific) and with respect to the point in their evolution when these gene duplications giving rise to the isoforms had occurred, i.e., how far these isoforms are distributed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00762534
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    Innovation and evolution as a dynamic game with rational behaviour (1993)
    Springer
    Empirica 20 (1993), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: L20 ; O31 ; Economic theory ; dynamic game ; innovations ; R&D investment ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the recent literature about the explanation of the behaviour of innovating firms there coexist two basically different approaches. To so calledneoclassical approach assumes maximising behaviour relating to an exogenously given innovation technology and theevolutionary approach postulates time constant routine decisions. Both explanations are supported by well known arguments. Nevertheless they seem to be completely separated in the literature. The evolutionary approach even defines itself by the separation of the neo-classical approach. In this paper the two methods or philosophies are linked in a simple duopolistic model. It will be shown, that the strategic maximising behaviour of innovating firms leads in a dynamic model to routine decisions as equilibrium strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01383978
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    Early rodent incisor enamel evolution: Phylogenetic implications (1993)
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 1 (1993), S. 227-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: enamel microstructure ; evolution ; incisors ; Mixodontia ; Rodentia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incisor enamel microstructure proved to be a very effective tool for assessment of phylogenetic relationships among the Rodentia. Pauciserial and multiserial Schmelzmuster are clearly distinct by structural characters such as orientation of interprismatic matrix, presence or absence of transition zones between Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB), inclination of HSB, enamel thickness, and others. Pauciserial HSB are structurally very close to the earliest known mammalian HSB found in Paleocene arctocyonids. Biomechanical arguments and outgroup comparison with mixodontians indicate that the pauciserial Schmelzmuster is a symplesiomorphy of the Rodentia. Transitional stages from pauciserial to multiserial Schmelzmuster were observed in middle Eocene ctenodactyloids and from pauciserial to uniserial in middle to late Eocene anomalurids. The multiserial Schmelzmuster is considered a synapomorphy of the Hystricognathi, ctenodactylids, and pedetids. Schmelzmuster evolution reflects the early dichotomy of the Rodentia: In the Asian ctenodactyloid lineage a multiserial Schmelzmuster evolved once and in the North American/European ischyromyoid lineage a uniserial Schmelzmuster developed several times convergently. The pauci- to uniserial Schmelzmuster of the anomalurids excludes a close relationship to the phiomyids, because the ctenodactyloid-phiomyid lineage is characterized by the development of a multiserial Schmelzmuster.
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    On the systematic position ofChaetomys subspinosus (Rodentia: Caviomorpha) based on evidence from the incisor enamel microstructure (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 2 (1994), S. 117-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: enamel microstructure ; evolution ; Chaetomys ; incisors ; Caviomorpha
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the incisor enamel microstructure ofChaetomys subspinosus and other possibly closely related caviomorph rodents.Chaetomys subspinosus lacks the important synapomorphy of the Octodontoidea, reactangular plate-like interprismatic matrix (IPM) in the portio interna (PI) of the incisor Schmelzmuster. Therefore its transfer from the Erethizontidae to the Echimyidae, as proposed by Patterson and Wood (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 149, 371–543, 1982) based on retention of dP4, is contested. The parallel to acute angular IPM in the PI ofChaetomys and the Erethizontidae is a symplesiomorphy and does not indicate close relationship. Contrary to previous claims, a posterior carotid foramen is also retained inChaetomys. Chaetomys is characterized by an unusual thin enamel which is considered primitive after outgroup comparison. Therefore, it is proposed to leaveChaetomys in the monospecific erethizontid subfamily Chaetomyinae, until additional information on the species is available.
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    Phylogenetic Relationships Between the Orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea: A Combined Assessment of Morphological and Molecular Evidence (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 5 (1998), S. 127-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: Artiodactyla ; hippopotamuses ; Cetacea ; morphology ; cytochrome b ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A character analysis of selected conservative morphological traits from extant and fossil artiodactyls and cetaceans was combined with a similar analysis of conservative nucleotide positions from the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of available extant artiodactyls, cetaceans, sirenians, perissodactyls, and other mammals. This combined analysis focuses on the evidence that supports conflicting hypotheses of artiodactyl monophyly, including the affinities of hippopotamids and the monophyly or paraphyly of odontocete cetaceans. Highly conserved morphological traits of the astragalus and deciduous dentition provide strong corroboration of artiodactyl monophyly, including extant and fossil hippopotamids. In contrast, cytochrome b gene sequences are incapable of confirming this monophyly, due to excessive homoplasy of nucleotide and amino acid traits within extant Eutheria. In like manner, highly conserved and uniquely derived morphological features of the skull and auditory regions provide robust corroboration of Odontoceti monophyly, including extant and fossil physeteroids. Several nucleotide similarities do exist between physeteroids and mysticetes; however, most are either silent third-position transversions or occur also in two or more odontocete families. We suggest that increased taxon sampling, combined with functional considerations of amino acids and their secondary structure in protein-coding genes, are essential requirements for the phylogenetic interpretations of molecules at higher taxonomic levels, especially when they conflict with well-supported hypotheses of mammalian phylogeny, corroborated by uniquely derived morphological traits from extant and fossil taxa.
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    Phylogenetic Relationships Among Quolls Revisited: The mtDNA Control Region as a Useful Tool (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 7 (2000), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: Dasyurus ; marsupials ; control region ; mtDNA ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There has been a great deal of interest in determining phylogenetic relationships within the family Dasyuridae due to the widespread distribution, ecological diversity, and relative plesiomorphy of this taxon within the Australasian marsupial radiation. In the past, it has been extremely problematic to determine the phylogenetic relationships among species within Dasyurus, with numerous studies using both morphological and molecular characters providing different topologies. Here, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region is used as a novel set of characters in an attempt to identify relationships among the six closely related extant species. Sequences were obtained from multiple individuals representing all extant species of quolls including, when possible, individuals from different geographical regions. Sequences were analyzed using both parsimony criteria and neighbor-joining methods. Results presented here concur with those of Krajewski et al. (1997) in (1) placing D. geoffroii in a highly supported clade with D. spartacus, (2) resolving a monophyletic group of D. albopunctatus + D. geoffroii + D. spartacus, and (3) placing D. hallucatus as the sister taxon to all other species of quolls. Results also show two highly supported and geographically distinct clades of D. maculatus (Tasmanian and mainland) that do not correspond to the currently used subspecific nomenclature. Preliminary results also indicate that there are different clades among geographic groups of D. hallucatus that warrant further investigation. The mtDNA control region is a highly variable locus and may be used in forensic tests for species identification in this genus.
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    On the level of cooperative behavior in a local-interaction model (2000)
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    Journal of economics 71 (2000), S. 1-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: evolution ; local interaction ; cooperation ; prisoner's dilemma ; Markov processes ; C78
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We study local interaction within a population located on a connected graph. Subjects engage in several bilateral interactions during each round in a generalized Prisoners' Dilemma (PD). In each round of play one randomly selected player gets the possibility to update the action he plays in this PD. All individuals use the update rule “Win Cooperate, Lose Defect,” a multi-player variant of Tit-for-Tat. Theoretical results on the set of stable states of the associated dynamics are provided for the cases with and without rare mutations. Simulations provide insight into the probability distribution over these stable states. In both cases a rather high probability is assigned to stable states with a moderate level of cooperation implying that dominated strategies are used. Furthermore, the probability of reaching the stable state with Nash equilibrium play is small.
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    CO2 inhibition of the generation of reactive oxygen species in cells of internal organs and its biological importance (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 121 (1996), S. 371-373 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; superoxide anion radical ; tissue cells ; antioxidants ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carbon dioxide is shown to inhibit the generation of superoxide anion radical in bioptates both directly exposed to CO2 and after preliminary exposure of the whole organism to CO2. A similar effect is noted for gas mixtures similar in composition to arterial and venous blood. The results substantiate the important evolutionary role of CO2 for the maintenance of life on Earth with the appearance of potentially toxic oxygen.
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    A Model for the Dynamic Interaction Between Evolution and Learning (1999)
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 10 (1999), S. 181-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Keywords: evolution ; learning ; ontogeny ; neural development ; structure optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between learning and evolution has elicited much interest particularly among researchers who use evolutionary algorithms for the optimization of neural structures. In this article, we will propose an extension of the existing models by including a developmental phase – a growth process – of the neural network. In this way, we are able to examine the dynamical interaction between genetic information and information learned during development. Several measures are proposed to quantitatively examine the benefits and the effects of such an overlap between learning and evolution. The proposed model, which is based on the recursive encoding method for structure optimization of neural networks, is applied to the problem domain of time series prediction. Furthermore, comments are made on problem domains which associate growing networks (size) during development with problems of increasing complexity.
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    Online Interactive Neuro-evolution (2000)
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    Neural processing letters 11 (2000), S. 29-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Keywords: evolution ; online ; game ; neural ; network ; genetic ; real-time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In standard neuro-evolution, a population of networks is evolved in a task, and the network that best solves the task is found. This network is then fixed and used to solve future instances of the problem. Networks evolved in this way do not handle real-time interaction very well. It is hard to evolve a solution ahead of time that can cope effectively with all the possible environments that might arise in the future and with all the possible ways someone may interact with it. This paper proposes evolving feedforward neural networks online to create agents that improve their performance through real-time interaction. This approach is demonstrated in a game world where neural-network-controlled individuals play against humans. Through evolution, these individuals learn to react to varying opponents while appropriately taking into account conflicting goals. After initial evaluation offline, the population is allowed to evolve online, and its performance improves considerably. The population not only adapts to novel situations brought about by changing strategies in the opponent and the game layout, but it also improves its performance in situations that it has already seen in offline training. This paper will describe an implementation of online evolution and shows that it is a practical method that exceeds the performance of offline evolution alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009615730125
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    Chemical defense of a primitive Australian bombardier beetle (Carabidae):Mystropomus regularis (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: defensive secretion ; hot secretion ; elytral flanges ; evolution ; benzoquinones ; hydrocarbons ; bombardier beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Paussinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Australian bombardier beetle,Mystropomus regularis, sprays a mixture of quinones (1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and hydrocarbons (principallyn-pentadecane). The defensive fluid ist generated explosively in two-chambered glands, and is ejected audibly and hot (maximal recorded temperature = 59°C).Mystropomus is a member of the paussoid lineage of bombardiers. In common with other members of the group, it has a pair of elytral flanges (flanges of Coanda), associated with the gland openings, that serve as launching guides for anteriorly-aimed ejections of spray. It is argued thatMystropomus may be the least derived of flanged paussoids, and the closest living relative of the most primitive of extant bombardiers (Metriini).
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    Sex pheromones and attractants in the Eucosmini and Grapholitini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; synergist ; antagonist ; mate recognition ; reproductive isolation ; chemotaxonomoy ; phylogeny ; evolution ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The geometric isomers (E,E)-, (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, and (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were identified as sex pheromone components or sex attractants in the tribes Eucosmini and Grapholitini of the tortricid subfamily Olethreutinae. Species belonging to the more ancestral Tortricinae were not attracted. Each one isomer was behaviourally active in males ofCydia andGrapholita (Grapholitini), either as main pheromone compound, attraction synergist or attraction inhibitor. Their reciprocal attractive/antagonistic activity in a number of species enables specific communication with these four compounds.Pammene, as well as otherGrapholita andCydia responded to the monoenic 8- or 10-dodecen-1-yl acetates. Of the tribes Olethreutini and Eucosmini,Hedya, Epiblema, Eucosma, andNotocelia trimaculana were also attracted to 8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetates, but several otherNotocelia to 10,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetates. The female sex pheromones ofC. fagiglandana, C. pyrivora, C. splendana, Epiblema foenella andNotocelia roborana were identified. (E,E)- and (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate are producedvia a commonE9 desaturation pathway inC. splendana. CallingC. nigricana andC. fagiglandana females are attracted to wingfanning males.
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    On evolutionarily stable sets (1985)
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    Journal of mathematical biology 22 (1985), S. 105-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: ESS ; evolution ; game dynamics ; population genetics ; sexual populations ; strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract As an extension of the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) evolutionarily stable sets are introduced, i.e. sets of equilibrium strategies (EQS) which have much of the properties of an ESS. They are primarily used with evolutionary game models that allow a continuum of EQSs, none of which can be an ESS, but also include common ESSs as a special case. For a large class even of nonlinear models it can be shown that the standard dynamics converge towards some equilibrium point in an ES set if started within a neighbourhood of the set. Important applications of ES sets include e.g. mixed-strategist models and evolutionary game models in sexual populations.
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    Systematics and evolution of holarctic Pierinae (Lepidoptera). An enzyme electrophoretic approach (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 24-29 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pieridae ; Lepidoptera ; systematics ; evolution ; enzyme electrophoresis ; genetic differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enzyme electrophoretic data show a remarkably high degree of genetic similarity within the European group ofnapi s.l. whereas genetic differences exist at several loci between the European and the North American taxa ofnapi s.l. It is concluded that the European taxa did not differentiate to the species level and form a phylogenetically young group. The North American taxa included in this study are specifically distinct from Europeannapi and separated much earlier. Within these North American taxamarginalis, oleracea andvirginiensis did undergo speciation. The data show a splitting of the genusPieris into three species groups, each genetically differentiated to the same level. The splitting ofPieris into two genera, as suggested by earlier investigators, is not supported here.
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    Eucaryotic codes (1990)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1106-1117 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetic code ; eucaryotic cell ; evolution ; code ambiguity ; code universality ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This article is a review of the rules used by eucaryotic cells to translate a nuclear messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain. The recent observation that these rules are not identical in two species of a same phylum indicates that they have changed during the course of evolution. Possible scenarios for such changes are presented.
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    The fractal lung: Universal and species-related scaling patterns (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 251-254 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Bronchial tree ; evolution ; fractal ; lung airway ; morphogenesis ; renormalization group theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mammalian lung exhibits features of a fractal tree: heterogeneity, self-similarity and the absence of a characteristic scale. The finite nature of the lung ultimately limits the range over which self-similarity scaling characteristics are applicable. However, generalization based on the scaling features of fractals, provides unique insight into geometric organization of anatomic structures. Furthermore, the mathematical theory of renormalization groups provides a description of the harmonically-modulated inverse power-law scaling observed for bronchial tree dimensions observed in different species. Compared to several mammalian species (dog, rat, hamster), the human lung shows marked differences in the phase of the harmonic modulation for both length and diameter measurements. These inter-species scaling differences suggest that evolutionary factors modify certain universal features of morphogenesis.
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    Biology of halophilic bacteria, Part II (1993)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 1027-1036 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Archaea (archaebacteria) ; extreme halophiles ; archaeol phospholipids ; archaeol glycolipids ; membrane function ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Archaebacteria (archaea) are comprised of three groups of prokaryotes: extreme halophiles, methanogens and thermoacidophiles (extreme thermophiles). Their membrane phospholipids and glycolipids are derived entirely from a saturated, isopranoid glycerol diether,sn-2,3-diphytanylglycerol (‘archaeol’) and/or its dimer, dibiphytanyldiglyceroltetraether (‘caldarchaeol’). In extreme halophiles, the major phospholipid is the archaeol analogue of phosphatidylglycerolmethylphosphate (PGP-Me); the glycolipids are sulfated and/or unsulfated glycosyl archaeols with diverse carbohydrate structure characteristic of taxons on the generic level. Biosynthesis of these archaeol-derived polar lipids occurs in a multienzyme, membrane-bound system that is absolutely dependent on high salt concentration (4 M). The highly complex biosynthetic pathways involve intermediates containing glycerol ether-linked C20-isoprenyl groups which are reduced to phytanyl groups to give the final saturated polar lipids. In methanogens, polar lipids are derived both from archaeol and caldarchaeol, and thermoacidophiles contain essentially only caldarchaeol-derived polar lipids. The function of these membrane polar lipids in maintaining the stability, fluidity and ionic properties of the cell membrane of extreme halophiles, as well as the evolutionary implications of the archaeol and caldarchaeol-derived structures will be discussed.
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    Chitin in the epidermal cuticle of a vertebrate (Paralipophrys trigloides, Blenniidae, Teleostei) (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 317-319 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chitin ; cuticle ; evolution ; vertebrates ; bony fish ; Blenniidae ; Paralipophrys trigoides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lectin binding, endo-chitinase binding and enzymatic degradation studies show that the epidermal cuticle of the bony fishParalipophrys trigloides (Blenniidae) is chitinous. This is the first evidence that a vertebrate species possesses a chitinous tissue. Recently aXenopus gene has been identified which has significant sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of yeast chitin synthase III, a chitin producing enzyme1,2. Taken together these two findings imply that chitin synthesis capability may be a basic vertebrate feature.
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    The accessory gland proteins in maleDrosophila: structural, reproductive, and evolutionary aspects (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 503-510 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; accessory gland ; reproduction ; sexual behavior ; sperm displacement ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent results from biochemical and molecular genetic studies of the accessory gland proteins in maleDrosophila are reviewed. The most prominent feature is the species-specific variability. However, the analysis of the sex peptide inD. melanogaster shows that there is a strong homology in the molecular structure to the closely related sibling species, and that divergence increases with increasing phylogenetic distance. For this reason the sex peptide, after being transferred to the female genital tract during copulation, reduces receptivity and increases oviposition only in virgin females belonging to the same species group and subgroup. Even though studies were hitherto limited to a small number of the secretory components, it is evident that the accessory gland proteins play a key role in reproductive success of the fruit fly by changing female sexual behavior, supporting sperm transfer, storage and displacement. Thus, genes encoding the accessory gland proteins are apparently under strong evolutionary selection.
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    Structural characteristics of the mammalian spleen indicating storage and release of red blood cells. Aspects of evolutionary and environmental demands (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 159-163 
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    Keywords: Spleen ; red pulp ; storage ; release ; morphology ; evolution ; structural characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02002608
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    The evolution of sex and the role of sex in evolution (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1231-1235 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex ; recombination ; evolution ; parasites ; the Tangled Bank ; the Red Queen ; sex-allocation ; sexual selection ; sex determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952065
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    Two theories of sex and variation (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1235-1245 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex ; evolution ; the Tangled Bank ; the Red Queen ; recombination experiments ; genotype × environment interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Development of hormone receptors: Conclusion (1986)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 788-794 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Electrostatic complementation ; evolution ; genetic code ; hydropathic complementation ; receptor imprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Sex pheromone communication in the lepidoptera: New research progress (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 248-262 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; biosynthesis ; neurobiology ; sensory biology ; orientation behavior ; flight control ; anemotaxis ; genetics ; communication ; olfaction ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Significant progress has been made recently in research on lepidopterous sex pheromones. Advances in understanding the biochemical, neurobiological, and behavioral events that results in both successful and unsuccessful pheromone communication have allowed researchers to gain new insights into the genetic control and evolution of phermone systems.
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    Presence of a partial urea cycle in the leech,Poecilobdella granulosa (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 729-731 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Urea cycle ; leech ; botryoidal tissue ; hirudineans ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) and arginase, but not arginine synthetase (AS), were detected in the body wall and gut tissues of the leech. The activities of these enzymes were not altered by starvation. The high activity of arginase in body wall is probably due to the association of the latter with botryoidal tissue. Hirudineans, which evolved from oligochaete ancestors, appear to have lost the citrulline-arginine segment of the urea cycle due to their ammonotelic mode of nitrogen excretion.
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    Genetic ecology: A new interdisciplinary science, fundamental for evolution, biodiversity and biosafety evaluations (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
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    A novel mechanism for jumping in the indian antHarpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae) (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect ; behaviour ; high-speed cinematography ; jumping ; electrophysiology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The Indian antHarpegnathos saltator may be unique among insects in using its jumping capacity not only as an escape mechanism but also as a normal means of locomotion, and for catching its prey in flight. High-speed cinematography used to analyse the various phases of the jump suggests thatHarpegnathos employs a novel jumping mechanism to mediate these behaviours: namely the synchronous activation of its middle and hindlegs. Electrophysiological recordings from muscles or nerves in pairs of middle and hindlegs show remarkably synchronous activity during fictive jumping, supporting the synchronous activation hypothesis.Harpegnathos is not the only ant to jump, and a cladistic analysis suggests that jumping behaviour evolved independently three times during ant evolutionary history.
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    Quantitative genetics of zooplankton life histories (1995)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 454-464 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Quantitative genetics ; life history ; evolution ; cladocera ; heritability ; Daphnia ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative genetic techniques are powerful tools for use in understanding the microevolutionary process. Because of their size, lifespan, and ease of culture, many zooplankton species are ideal for quantitative genetic approaches. As model systems, studies of zooplankton life histories are becoming increasingly used for examination of the central paradigms of evolutionary theory. Two of the fundamental empirical questions that zooplankton quantitative genetics studies can answer are: 1) How much genetic variance exists in natural populations for life history traits? 2) What is the empirical evidence for trade-offs that permeate life history theory based on optimality approaches? A review of existing data onDaphnia indicates substantial genetic variance for body size, clutch size, and age at first reproduction. Average broad-sense heritabilities for these three characters across 19 populations of 6 species are 0.31, 0.31, and 0.34, respectively. Although there is some discrepancy between the two pertinent studies that were designed to decompose the total genetic variance into its additive and non-additive components, a crude average seems to suggest that approximately 60% of the total genetic variance has an additive basis. The existing data are somewhat inconsistent with respect to presence/absence of trade-offs (negative genetic correlations) among life history traits. A composite of the existing data seems to argue against the existence of strong trade-offs between offspring size and offspring number, between present and future reproduction, and between developmental rate and fecundity. However, there is some evidence for a shift toward more negative (less positive) covariances in more stressful environments (e.g., low food). Zooplankton will prove to be very useful in future study in several important areas of research, including the genetics and physiology of aging, the importance of genotype-environment interaction for life history traits, and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
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    Sex determining mechanisms: An evolutionary perspective (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1285-1296 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex ; sex determination ; sex ratio ; evolution ; animals ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Theories on the evolution of sex determining mechanisms are reviewed for male and female heterogamety, environmental sex determination, and briefly, haplo-diploidy and hermaphroditism. Because of their discrete and well-defined nature, sex determining mechanisms lend themselves to three types of evolutionary questions:what variety occurs and might be expected but does not occur,how do changes occur from one mechanism to another, andwhy do certain changes occur? All three approaches were illustrated for these different sex determining mechanisms. A generality emerging from these studies is that, at the level of selection on the sex ratio, there are no intrinsic problems in evolving from one sex determining mechanism to another: straightforward transitions between different mechanisms exist under various conditions.
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    A ‘missing link’ in the evolution of the egg pedicel in lacewings? (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 624-624 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Egg pedicel ; evolution ; lacewings ; Hemerobiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brown lacewing eggs (Planipennia: Hemerobiidae) glued to the top of hairs of maize leaves can be seen as an intermediary evolutionary step between depositing the egg directly on the substrate (as in most neuropteroid families) and the protective behavioral adaptation of depositing the egg on a long thin pedicel (as e.g. in the Chrysopidae).
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    The genetic code in mitochondria and chloroplasts (1990)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1117-1126 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetic code ; mitochondria ; evolution ; organelles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The universal genetic code is used without changes in chloroplasts and in mitochondria of green plants. Non-plant mitochondria use codes that include changes from the universal code. Chloroplasts use 31 anticodons in translating the code; a number smaller than that used by bacteria, because chloroplasts have eliminated 10 CNN anticodons that are found in bacteria. Green plant mitochondria (mt) obtain some tRNAs from the cytosol, and genes for some other tRNAs have been acquired from chloroplast DNA. The code in non-plant mt differs from the universal code in the following usages found in various organisms: UGA for Trp, AUA for Met, AGR for Ser and stop, AAA for Asn, CUN for Thr, and possibly UAA for Tyr. CGN codons are not used byTorulopsis yeast mt. Non-plant mt, e.g. in vertebrates, may use a minimum of 22 anticodons for complete translation of mRNA sequences. The following possible causes are regarded as contributing to changes in the non-plant mt: directional mutation pressure, genomic economization, changes in charging specificity of tRNAs, loss of release factor RF2, changes in RF1, changes in anticodons, loss of lysidine-forming enzyme system, and disappearance of codons from coding sequences.
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    Implications of toxins in the ecology and evolution of plant pathogenic microorganisms: Bacteria (1991)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 791-803 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Phytotoxins ; ecology ; phylogeny ; evolution ; biosynthesis ; coronatine ; phaseolotoxin ; rhizobitoxine ; syringomycin ; syringotoxin ; syringostatin ; tabtoxin ; tagetitoxin ; tropolone ; fireblight toxin ; thaxtomin ; 3-methylthiopropionic acid ; carboxylic acids ; Pseudomonas ; Xanthomonas ; Xanthomonas ; Streptomyces ; Erwinia ; Bradyrhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract This review attempts to rationalise what is known about bacterial phytotoxins and associate it with the ecology and possible evolution of the producing organisms. Study of non-toxin producing variants gives insight into the ecological role of the toxin. Elucidation of chemical structures of phytotoxins has shown that many exist as families of analogous compounds. Studies on the variation of chemical structures and how they are distributed across species and genera can lead to development of hypotheses on evolutionary relationships. Knowledge on biosynthetic pathways to tosins allows recognition of specific enzymatic steps involved in developing the characteristic features of the structures. Phytotoxins often have a potent biochemical activity, and in some cases the producing organism has associated mechanisms to prevent action of the toxin upon itself; in such cases toxigenesis is clearly not a chance event. The various aspects of bacterial toxigenesis indicate that bacterial phytotoxins are special secondary metabolic products that play beneficial roles to the producing organisms in their various ecological niches.
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    The Light Green Cells ofLymnaea: A neuroendocrine model system for stimulus-induced expression of multiple peptide genes in a single cell type (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 464-473 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Molluscan insulin-related peptides ; schistosomin ; neuropeptide gene family ; generation of neuropeptide diversity ; stimulus-dependent expression ; information-handling capacity ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We review recent experiments showing that the cerebral neuroendocrine Light Green Cells (LGCs) of the freshwater snail,Lymnaea stagnalis, express a family of distinct though related molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP) genes. The LGCs are involved in the regulation of a wide range of interrelated life processes associated with growth, (energy) metabolism and reproduction. We consider the mechanism of generation of diversity among MIPs, and present evidence that conditions with distinct effects on growth, metabolism and reproduction also can induce distinct patterns of expression of the MIP and schistosomin genes. The stimulus-dependent expression of multiple neuropeptide genes enormously increases the adaptive potential of a peptidergic neuron. We suggest that this contributes significantly to the information-handling capacity of the brain.
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    Genetic aspects of the hsp70 multigene family in vertebrates (1994)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 987-1001 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hsp70 ; evolution ; gene duplication ; gene homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The family of genes encoding heat shock proteins of about 70 kDa (hsp70) in vertebrates is reviewed under genetic aspects. After a detailed description of the various hsp70 genes more general characteristics of the organization and evolution of the multigene family are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923453
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    Butterflies and ants: The communicative domain (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 14-24 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lycaenidae ; Formicidae ; symbiosis ; mutualism ; parasitism ; communication ; ecology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Associations with ants, termed myrmecophily, are widespread in the butterfly family Lycaenidae and range from mere co-existence to more or less specific mutualistic or even parasitic interactions. Secretions of specialized epidermal glands are crucial for mediating the interactions. Transfer of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids) from butterfly larvae to ants plays a major role, but manipulative communication with the help of odour signals is also involved. By means of myrmecophily, lycaenid butterflies largely escape ant predation, and certain species gain protection through attendant ants or achieve developmental benefits from ant-attendance. Benefits to the ants range from minimal to substantial food rewards. While most lycaenid species maintain facultative relationships with a variety of ant genera, highly specific and obligatory associations have convergently evolved in a number of butterfly lineages. As a corollary, communication systems are largely unspecific in the former, but may be highly specialized in the latter. The sophisticated communication between obligate myrmecophiles and their host ants is tightly connected with the evolutionary rise of specialized life-cycles and thus is a source of augmenting diversity within the butterflies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01922410
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    On the Adaptive Value of Some Mate Selection Strategies (1999)
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    Acta biotheoretica 47 (1999), S. 29-40 
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    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sexual selection ; mate selection ; gamete selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; asssortative mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Results of an agent-based computer simulation of the evolution of diploid sexual organisms showed that several mate selection strategies confer much higher average fitness to the simulated populations, and higher evolutionary stability to the alleles coding for these strategies, than random mating. Strategies which select for 'good genes' were very successful, and so were strategies based on assortative mating. The results support the hypothesis that mating is not likely to be random in nature and that the most successful mate selection strategies are those based on assortative mating or on advantageous genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002022126388
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    Last Judgment: The Visionary Biology of J. B. S. Haldane (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 457-491 
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    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: J. B. S. Haldane ; biology ; politics ; genetics ; evolution ; population genetics ; physiology ; Darwinism ; experimental biology ; eugenics ; Britain ; Russia ; India ; Soviet ; Communism ; socialism ; philosophy ; vision ; literature ; popularization ; religion ; human experimentation ; bioethics ; Venus ; Mars ; science fiction ; technocracy ; futurology ; H. G. Wells ; Julian Huxley ; Olaf Stapledon ; C. S. Lewis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract This paper seeks to reinterpret the life and work of J. B. S. Haldane by focusing on an illuminating but largely ignored essay he published in1927, “The Last Judgment” – the sequel to his better known work, Daedalus (1924). This astonishing essay expresses a vision of the human future over the next 40,000,000 years, one that revises and updates Wellsian futurism with the long range implications of the “new biology” for human destiny. That vision served as a kind of lifelong credo, one that infused and informed his diverse scientific work, political activities, and popular writing, and that gave unity and coherence to his remarkable career.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004891323595
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    A System of Two Polymerases – A Model for the Origin of Life (2000)
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 30 (2000), S. 459-466 
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    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Keywords: biogenesis ; biological ; coevolution ; evolution ; models ; origin of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract What was the first living molecule – RNA or protein?This question embodies the major disagreement instudies on the origin of life. The fact that incontemporary cells RNA polymerase is a protein andpeptidyl transferase consists of RNA suggests theexistence of a mutual catalytic dependence betweenthese two kinds of biopolymers. I suggest that thisdependence is a `frozen accident', a remnant from thefirst living system. This system is proposed to be acombination of an RNA molecule capable of catalyzingamino acid polymerization and the resulting proteinfunctioning as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Thespecificity of the protein synthesis is thought to beachieved by the composition of the surrounding mediumand the specificity of the RNA synthesis – by Watson– Crick base pairing. Despite its apparent simplicity,the system possesses a great potential to evolve intoa primitive ribosome and further to life, as it isseen today. This model provides a possible explanationfor the origin of the interaction between nucleicacids and protein. Based on the suggested system, Ipropose a new definition of life as a system ofnucleic acid and protein polymerases with a constantsupply of monomers, energy and protection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006672126867
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    Conventions and institutions in coordination problems (1996)
    Springer
    De economist 144 (1996), S. 397-428 
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    ISSN: 1572-9982
    Keywords: conventions ; institutions ; game theory ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary This survey article starts with a game-theory interpretation of coordination problems that occur in an economy. Three types of games are discussed in which the degree of coordination versus conflict varies. It is shown that game-theoretic techniques for equilibrium selection or securing the highest pay-off outcome do not always suffice, which raises the need for exogenous information. Norms, such as conventions and institutions, may provide this information. The emergence and persistence of norms as well as the relationship between the type of game and the type of norm are discussed. After a discussion on conventions and rationality, some notions from Institutional Economics are introduced, in which institutions are explained as a way to deal with limited and costly information. Some applications are given in the last section.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01682834
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    Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley, Science Correspondents: The Popularization and Dissemination of Nineteenth Century Natural Science (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 343-383 
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    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: agnosticism ; Darwinian ; evolution ; materialism ; Malthusian ; nebular hypothesis ; popularization ; professionalization ; transitional forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley helped popularize science by writing for general interest publications when science was becoming increasingly professionalized. A non-professional, Chambers used his family-owned Chambers' Edinburgh Journal to report on scientific discoveries, giving his audience access to ideas that were only available to scientists who regularly attended professional meetings or read published transactions of such forums. He had no formal training in the sciences and little interest in advancing the professional status of scientists; his course of action was determined by his disability and interest in scientific phenomena. His skillful reporting enabled readers to learn how the ideas that flowed from scientific innovation affected their lives, and his series of article in the Journal presenting his rudimentary ideas on evolution, served as a prelude to his important popular work, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Huxley, an example of the new professional class of scientists, defended science and evolution from attacks by religious spokesmen and other opponents of evolution, informing the British public about science through his lectures and articles in such publications as Nineteenth Century. He understood that by popularizing scientific information, he could effectively challenge the old Tory establishment -- with its orthodox religious and political views -- and promote the ideas of the new class of professional scientists. In attempting to transform British society, he frequently came in conflict with theologians and others on issues in which science and religion seemed to contradict each other but refused to discuss matters of science with non-professionals like Chambers, whose popular writing struck a more resonant chord with working class readers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004616403134
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    Sex, Death, and Evolution in Proto- and Metazoa, 1876–1913 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 221-246 
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    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: August Weismann ; ciliates ; Clifford Dobell ; cytology ; death ; Emile Maupas ; evolution ; Herbert Spencer Jennings ; Otto Bütschli ; Paramecium ; rejuvenescence ; sex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1875–1920, a debate about the generality and applicability of evolutionary theory to all organisms was motivated by work on unicellular ciliates like Paramecium because of their peculiar nuclear dualism and life cycles. The French cytologist Emile Maupas and the German zoologist August Weismann argued in the 1880s about the evolutionary origins and functions of sex (which in the ciliates is not linked to reproduction), and death (which appeared to be the inevitable fate of lineages denied sexual conjugation), an argument rooted in the question of whether the ciliates and their processes where homologous to other cellular organisms. In the beginning of the twentieth century, this question of homology came to be less important as the ciliates were used by the British protozoologist Clifford Dobell and the American zoologist Herbert Spencer Jennings to study evolutionary processes in general rather than problems of development and cytology. For them, homology mattered less than analogy. This story illustrates two partially distinct problems in evolutionary biology: first, the question of whether all living things have common features and origins; and second, whether their history and current nature can be described by identical mechanisms. Where Maupas (contra Weismann) made the ciliates qualitatively the same as all other organisms in order to create a cohesive evolutionary theory for biology, Jennings and Dobell made them qualitatively different in order to achieve the same end.
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    Charophyta: their use in paleolimnology (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 43-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Charophyta ; evolution ; gyrogonite morphology ; ecology-paleoecology ; Argentina ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Charophyta are common algae in limnic waters from many regions and are an interesting group from an evolutionary point-of-view, as they are believed to be related to the Chlorophyceae and land plants. Paleontological-botanical systematics are discussed, taking into consideration some new advances. Charophytes live in all types of inland waters and are sensitive to ecological change, and so they are very useful paleolimnological markers. Gaps concerning gyrogonite morphology in extant taxa and their responses to different environmental conditions must be described. This paper discusses data concerning ecological factors affecting the distribution of Argentinian Charophyta (principally distributed between 30°S and 40°S), gyrogonite morphology related to different ecological conditions, and the way that Charophyta can modify the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00683145
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    Pleistocene Charophyta from Arroyo Perucho Verna, Province of Entre Rios, Argentina (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Charophyta ; evolution ; gyrogonite morphology ; ecology-paleoecology ; Argentina ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Pleistocene charophytes from Arroyo Perucho Verna, Province of Entre Ríos, were analyzed.Chara contraria Br. ex Kütz.,C. contraria var.longilinea Cáceres,C. globularis Thuill. andTolypella intricata (Trent. ex Roth.) Leonh. var.apiculata (A. Br.) Wood were described and illustrated with scanning electron microscope. The assemblage indicates fresh alkaline to slightly saline waters, not very deep, in a lentic or sometimes lotic environment. Extant assemblages provide data for this paleoecological reconstruction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00683146
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    Colonization and evolution of lakes on the central Norwegian coast following deglaciation and land uplift 9500 to 7800 years B.P. (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 18 (1997), S. 269-281 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: colonization ; evolution ; lakes ; Norway ; deglaciation ; land uplift ; invertebrates ; Chironomidae ; Porifera ; Bryozoa ; diatoms ; Charophyta ; tsunami
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Invertebrate colonization of lakes following the uplift of land from the sea was studied in four lakes, currently situated between 39 and 24 m a.s.l., on the central Norwegian coast. The lakes were isolated from the sea between 9500 and 7700 years B.P. Animal and algal remains picked from core samples showed that the first colonizers preserved as fossils were usually members of the Chironomidae, Daphnidae/Chydoridae, Acarina, Porifera (Ephydatia mülleri and Spongilla lacustris), Bryozoa (Cristatella mucedo and Plumatella spp.) and Charophyta (Chara sp.). Of the chironomids, the genus Chironomus was present in the oldest lacustrine layers of all four lakes, but other genera recorded at the marine/lacustrine boundary were Dicrotendipes, Procladius (?), Einfeldia, Microtendipes, and Glyptotendipes. Remains of the caddis fly family Limnephilidae were also present in the earliest lacustrine sediments in Kvennavatnet and Kvernavatnet. The oldest invertebrate fauna is typical for mesotrophic lakes. However, chironomids and mites have been present in this area from at least about 10 500 years B.P. A diverse chironomid community was established between 300 and 800 years after isolation from the sea at Kvernavatnet on the island of Hitra, while only between 80 and 120 years passed before a comparably diverse community developed at Kvennavatnet on the mainland coast. A similar development of the invertebrate fauna occurred in Kvennavatnet, Kvernavatnet and Storkuvatnet. However, Litjvatnet deviates greatly from the ‘normal’ pattern because a tsunami disturbed the bottom sediments and fauna. The tsunami, a gigantic sea wave, was caused by a submarine slide from the Norwegian continental slope. It reached Litjvatnet, today located 24 m a.s.l., but was not traced in Storkuvatnet at 30 m a.s.l. This event happened about 7200 years B.P.
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    Impaired host odor perception in hybrids between the sibling species Rhagoletis pomonella and R. mendax (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 163-165 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: olfaction ; EAG ; sensory physiology ; antennal sensitivity ; interspecies hybrids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194749
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    Insect-plant relations: overview from the symposium (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 320-324 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: multitrophic interactions ; phylogeny ; evolution ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194783
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    Variation in defences of the plant Barbarea vulgaris and in counteradaptations by the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 25-35 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; resistance ; host plant ; variation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several sorts of variation in the interaction between the insect, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae:Alticinae), and the plant, Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae), have been discovered: 1) genetic differences in the levels of defences in the plant, 2) genetic differences in the ability of insects to cope with the plant defences, 3) seasonal variation in levels of defences in the plant, and 4) differences between leaf types in levels of defences. Two plant accessions were suitable for larval development throughout the season while the remaining nine accessions were more or less unsuitable for larvae from the ‘susceptible’ T-population at least at certain times of the year. All accessions were suitable for the ‘resistant’ E-population throughout the year. There was a seasonal variation in levels of defences in some accessions which were unsuitable for the T-population during the summer period when beetles were present, but not during autumn and spring when the beetle were hibernating. Upper (younger) cauline leaves of these accessions had higher levels of defences than lower (older) cauline leaves. The resistant E-population used B. vulgaris as a natural host plant while the susceptible T-population did not. The use of B. vulgaris as a natural host plant by the E-population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. Variation in plant defences may have facilitated the switch in host plant use by the resistant flea beetle population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002990929647
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