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  • economic history  (47)
  • Firenze University Press  (47)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: In Europe, in the Middle Ages, ostrich feathers were used for the decoration of military headgear, as a representation of the high lineage of the possessor and his military virtues. They were imported from the coasts of West Africa, from Egypt and Syria into Italian and Spanish ports and from there exported to England and continental Europe. Venice, at the end of the fourteenth century, began to color feathers and soon the new fashion was spread throughout Europe. During the fifteenth century, even women began to use ostrich feathers on their hats or in their fans. When European ships reached America, Central Africa and the islands of the Indian Ocean, a huge amount of exotic bird feathers became available and ostrich feather fad spread through the population.
    Keywords: economic history ; international trade ; ostrich feathers ; africa ; europe
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This paper, basing its analysis on England’s national customs accounts between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, briefly examines England’s ports as commercial nodes (of which London was the busiest, with Hull, Southampton and Bristol becoming the main regional hubs by the fifteenth century), its shipping (which provided both liner and tramping services and sailed all year round), and its exports (which shifted from wool to woollen cloth over the period). It then focuses on the range of markets with which English merchants and ships had direct maritime contacts.
    Keywords: england ; commercial networks ; economic history ; international trade
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: By means of a comparative analysis of the ‘Dutch case’ with the Saintonge in South-West France and Bohuslän in South-West Sweden, this paper analyses the rise and decline of maritime services clusters in preindustrial Europe. The leading question for this comparative analysis is: Was the ‘Dutch case’ exceptional or can similar developments be recognised in other parts of Europe as well? A survey of the regional economic origins of communities of maritime transporters is combined with analyses of their operations and institutions. Relying on primary sources, the paper addresses the contribution of a great many ‘anonymous’ people, that literally connected the ‘nodes’ in international maritime trade networks, but whose contribution to the preindustrial European economy has been assumed a priori rather than thoroughly investigated.
    Keywords: economic history ; dutch republic ; international trade ; commercial networks
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The chapter analyzes, from a diachronic perspective, the role of trade with the Levant in the port industries of Genoa, Livorno, and Venice in the 16th and 17th centuries. An historical period in which the international trade system underwent substantial changes. From the expansion of the Atlantic routes to the official claim by the United Provinces and English, to the Italian Mariner crisis and the gradual advance of Nordic fleets along the Western Mediterranean routes. The Atlantic ships had an increasing influence on Genoa’s port industry. It was, however, Livorno who gained the most advantage from the presence of Dutch and English merchant ships along routes which met at Alexandretta in San Giovanni of Acre, at Constantinople, and most of all, at Smyrna.
    Keywords: economic history ; levant ; international trade ; commercial networks ; 16th century ; 17th century
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: I would like to determine the evolution of wealth concentration in main cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by comparing the data from different benchmark years. Moreover, I will analyze whether the Gini coefficient value indeed refers to the communities who are at a threshold of economic growth, and what is the correlation between the value of the coefficient and the town or city’s economic situation. Also, it is worthwhile to ponder the question: is there any correlation – noted by both Jan Luiten van Zanden and Guido Alfani – whereby the larger the town/city, the more visible the inequalities. Finally, how do the towns/cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth compare to those in Western Europe.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; Polish economic history ; Poland ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Among the structural elements characterizing the Alpine communities in comparison to those in the plains was the specularity of their landscapes: large collective areas (woods and pastures) and scarce space for farming; extensive and fertile land, prerogative of selected groups (noblemen, clergymen), and limited collective spaces (pastures). It is on this basis that the argument was made of the ‘natural’ equality of Alpine communities. Recent studies have instead demonstrated also in these contexts a polarization of land, especially where the temporary migration of men represented one of the foundations of the economy. This is applicable also to the Carnia region, in particular during the second half of the 18th century.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; italian economic history ; Friuli region ; pre-industrial age
    Language: Italian
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of the available primary sources and the existing methods to reconstruct the tendencies of the economic inequality in the Venetian Mainland, focusing on the case of Padua and its province, the so called contado. After presenting briefly the evolution of the administrative and fiscal system of the Republic of Venice, this paper analyses the main characteristics of the fiscal primary sources produced in the Padovano and proposes a synthetic analysis of the economic inequality trends in this province.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; italian economic history ; Padova ; pre-industrial age
    Language: Italian
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This paper analyses the rise of Swedish trade and shipping in the Mediterranean in the eighteenth century. It focuses on three factors that shaped Sweden’s role in the area: foreign policy interest, foreign trade policy (mercantilism), and commodity demand and supply. The foreign policy interest is represented by attempts to build an alliance with the Ottoman Empire against Russia. An outcome of this was the short-lived Swedish Levant Company. The second factor relates to Sweden’s mercantilist policy in the Mediterranean, embodied in the Swedish Navigation Act, trade and peace treaties with the North-African states, and the consular services in southern Europe. Sea salt was in the core of this policy—a strategic commodity in northern Europe. Southern Europe, too, was important market for Swedish exports goods: iron, tar and pitch, and planks.
    Keywords: economic history ; sweden ; international trade ; commercial networks ; 18th century
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Concentrating on the Western Anatolian district of Manisa and employing tax surveys dating 1575, this study points to the regional variation in property rights institutions, which resulted in different inequality regimes across space. Empirical evidence suggests the existence of two agricultural production systems characterized by different property and surplus relations, in the southern and northern parts of the district in the late sixteenth century. Accordingly, inequality structures in these areas reflected region-specific patterns of property rights distribution within and across direct producers and landlords’ classes.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; ottoman state ; Manisa ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: As Michel Balard pointed out with reference to the late Middle Ages and to the relations between Genoa and overseas cities, “Genoa, a colonizer in the East, is colonized by the Orientals”. The aim of this work is to verify whether and to what extent this concept is applicable also to the modern age and whether it involved a wider geographic area than the one examined by this French historian. In particular we outline the features of the presence of foreign merchants in Genoa between the 16th and 18th centuries as a phenomenon complementary to the better known “diaspora” of Genoese businessmen.
    Keywords: economic history ; genoa ; international trade ; commercial networks ; 16th century
    Language: English
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This work offers a new interpretation about the main groups implicated in the textile trade in Seville during the 16th century, proposing a new chronology concerning the substitution processes happened between them and the nature of the importance of those groups. This is specially clear in the longer endurance of the activity of castilian and mainly burgalese merchants in the importation of canvas, and also is remarkable the growing importance of the Castilian producction of clothes and silk (also in the Valencian case), covering an increasing share of the Peninsular and the American demand, existing cases of cooperation between those different groups.
    Keywords: economic history ; textiles ; international trade ; commercial networks ; seville ; 16th century
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This essay examines how the various processes of economic integration brought about by commercial exchanges were influenced by networks of merchants, by the different functions and capacities of ports, and by the various locations of routes established between the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the North Sea. The ports, the routes and ships, and the mentality and culture of the economic operators represent the three main themes of this study; it aims to observe and compare maritime environments which were completely different from one another, especially in terms of the size of the ports and the importance of the commercial itineraries based on them.
    Keywords: mediterranean ; economic history ; commercial networks ; international trade ; north sea
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: International trade during the 18th century is a case in point through which to study in-depth the challenges of asymmetric information. The challenges can be divided into three categories: availability, reliability and usability of information. This article discusses the organization of trade and shipping between Northern and Southern Europe. The access, reliability and use of information were problems for merchant-shipowners during the 18th century. The solutions adopted were partly contradictory: the aim to reduce information asymmetry on one determinant, might incur costs on the other.
    Keywords: economic history ; commercial networks ; northern Europe ; Southern Europe ; 18th century
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This contribution develops a broader understanding of well-being in premodern towns and by using digital methods to map social and economic inequalities, thereby drawing on insights from research on socio-spatial equity from urban studies. The key questions are how socio-economic inequality was reflected in the urban social topography and to what extent these spatial patterns reproduced inequality. Taking sixteenth-century Leiden as a case study, the spatial patterns of economic inequality and social segregation in this town are first examined. Next, the level of location-based inequality is explored by mapping and calculating urban spatial patterns of service accessibility.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; low countries ; leiden ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: With the development of research in economic history, historians are now testing the hypothesis that maritime networks and port cities contributed to the phenomenon of European integration. This essay applies a holistic approach to discuss how the city of Lisbon, located outside the privileged setting of multi-cultural interactions that was the Mediterranean Sea, became appealing to merchants from far and wide in late-medieval Europe. To do so, it examines a whole array of commercial, normative, fiscal, royal and judicial sources from European archives to discuss if it is possible to observe this phenomenon of European integration in fifteenth-century Lisbon.
    Keywords: economic history ; lisbon ; portugal ; commercial networks ; 14th century
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This essay aims to present the first results of an ongoing research project devoted to study the evolution of the economic inequality in Catalonia based on different documentary sources and parameters. Here we focus on the strengths and limits of the rich fiscal sources preserved between the 14th and 18th century allowing us an analysis of inequality. This study is limited to the period before 1716 because we do not consider totally reliable connecting data from taxes before this moment, essentially focused on immovable wealth, with those from the Cadastre, which was levied on a wide range of incomes.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; spanish economic history ; Catalonia ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The paper aims at understanding the role that public navigation played for the Venetian merchant firms in the Renaissance. Thanks to the use of accountability, two case studies will be analysed to understand the involvement of private traders in the State galley system and their impact on the operations of the city’s business in the late 15th century.
    Keywords: economic history ; venice ; commercial networks ; 15th century ; international trade
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: A particular kind of institutions contributed importantly to the organisation of overseas trade: funduqs and fondacos which originated around the medieval Mediterranean. This article aims to contribute to the debate on these institutions. This will be done by looking at the Portuguese feitoria, which may be considered as the missing link between the medieval Mediterranean institutions known as funduqs and fondacos and the early modern factories overseas. This allows to shed new light on relations and entanglements between different seascapes and thus to contribute to the fields of new institutional economics and global history.
    Keywords: economic history ; portugal ; international trade ; institutions
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The Ragusan maritime network gradually developed from the ancient Venetian one, at the time of Venetian preponderance (1205-1358). But, at the end of the Venetian domination, the Ragusan network developed some characteristics of its own, presented in this contribution. The characteristics of the network are here presented through its four mains aspects: extension, ramification, temporality and dangerousness. In terms of extension, both in the East and in the West of the Mediterranean, the Ragusan maritime network had great similarities with the Venetian one. It is in terms of ramification, that the differences gradually appear.
    Keywords: economic history ; commercial networks ; Dubrovnik ; iberian peninsula ; mediterranean
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Approaching the subject from a diachronic perspective, the essay sets out to outline a chronology of the Mediterranean prominence in the sugar trade considering port activity and commercial elites. Studies carried out so far, backed by important findings sourced from custom records and private correspondence, attest Genoa’s undisputed leadership during the central decades of the eighteenth century, when Brazilian sugar production grew at exponential rates turning this trade into one of the greatest “businesses” of the time.
    Keywords: economic history ; lisbon ; genoa ; international trade
    Language: Italian
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The two major ports on the French Atlantic coast have many points in common, including the facilities of relations with their hinterland. But, in the sixteenth century, they had a very different destiny. Bordeaux was a passive port, waiting for the ships to load the products offered by its merchants (wine, pastel) and redistributing it in its hinterland. Rouen had to supply Paris and the Paris region, to bring raw materials for the Normandy industry and to look for outlets for its productions: this port therefore quickly turned to distant destinations where it could satisfy the needs of its economy.
    Keywords: economic history ; france ; commercial networks ; bordeaux ; rouen ; 16th century
    Language: French
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: France was a country that had great agricultural potential and natural resources that allowed it to not be dependent on external markets, especially raw materials from the North. French ports, however, maintained close relations with the Baltic countries where they marketed many products and obtained supplies of naval stores and, depending on the economic situation, cereals. This paper proposes to revisit the French trade with the Baltic over a period of two centuries by using the Sound Toll Accounts whose entire data is now available to the research community. As we will see, several evidences are to be reconsidered.
    Keywords: economic history ; commercial networks ; france ; northern Europe ; international trade
    Language: French
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: In contrast to the debates of the past, which focused mainly on income inequality and the related elements of injustice, the recent interest in economic inequality focuses on its effects on economic growth and social development. New research is an important element of these recent debates: a historical approach that contextualizes inequality with reference to social relations, institutions, access to power and its cultural legitimacy can facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to inequality and its effects.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; pre-industrial economic history ; european history ; wealth distribution ; income distribution ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCZ Economic history
    Language: English
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This paper contributes to the discussion of merchant networks in late medieval Europe by presenting a case study of the Soranzo fraterna, a Venetian trading firm which comprised brothers Donado, Giacomo (Jacopo), Piero, and Lorenzo Soranzo and operated in the first half of the 15th century, specializing mainly in the import of raw cotton from Syria. The author applies the methodology of so-cial network analysis (SNA) in order to reconstruct the egocentric (ego-centered) network of ties linking the Soranzo firm (“the ego”) with its partners and clients (“alters”).
    Keywords: economic history ; venice ; commercial networks ; 14th century ; international trade
    Language: English
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This chapter addresses income inequality by offering new evidence based on the Ensenada Cadastre, a unique database on Castilian households circa 1750. We find that inequality in 18th-century Spain was substantial, especially in urban and/or highly populated areas. There was also a positive – but somewhat weaker – relationship not only between inequality and per capita income but also between inequality and poverty. We posit that extreme economic inequality was likely responsible for numerous episodes of social conflict. Finally, the extent of formalized charity and social spending was less than in other Western European regions.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; spanish economic history ; Iberian peninsula ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The study of the textile sector has always been central to economic history: from reconstructions of the dynamic growth in the medieval wool industry, to the rise of silk and light and mixed fabrics in the modern era, to the driving role of cotton in the industrialisation process. Although the dynamics of textile manufacturing are closely linked to the transformations of fashion, economic history has long neglected its role as a factor in economic change, treating it primarily as a kind of exogenous catalyst. This book makes a decisive contribution to the understanding of a fundamental transformation, the consequences of which are projected into contemporary society, but which matured in pre-industrial times: the advent of fashion.
    Keywords: fashion ; economic history ; pre-industrial economic history ; textile manufacture ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCZ Economic history
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This article provides an overview of the research done in recent years by the ERC-funded projects EINITE-Economic Inequality across Italy and Europe 1300-1800, and SMITE-Social Mobility and Inequality across Italy and Europe 1300-1800. It begins by discussing the sources available for reconstructing preindustrial economic inequality, especially in Italy, then it provides an overview of the methods which have been developed to produce reliable and homogenous information about inequality levels and trends. The method developed by EINITE to produce measures or distributions representative of broader aggregates (regions or entire states) is also discussed, as well as the techniques that can be employed to explore in a meaningful way such distributions to answer relevant historical questions.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; pre-industrial age ; wealth distribution ; european economic history
    Language: English
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This work offers a descriptive and quantitative picture of the property owned by the socio-economic elite of Bari, the only one of the three present great cities of Southern Italy analysable for the Modern Age, given the exemption granted to Naples and Palermo as capitals of the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. The analysis on the 1598 apprezzo and the 1753 catasto has allowed to identify and estimate the wealth of the wealthiest families of Bari, and to show the social composition of its main families. From this analysis it emerged also that, during this century and a half, the number of patrician families in Bari halved in favor of those that “lived nobly”, with more substantial assets to replace the patriciate, among them those of foreigners from Ferrara and Lombardy.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; italian economic history ; Apulia ; pre-industrial age
    Language: Italian
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This work explores the inequality of wealth in Spain during the late Middle Ages from six cities located in the kingdoms of Castile (Seville) and the Crown of Aragon (Barcelona, Valencia, Mallorca, Castelló and Valls), through tax sources that inform about the wealth of each taxpayer. These records provide very precise data on the wealth distribution that allow us to study inequality in an aggregate manner for the same city and, at the same time, perform sectoral analyses according to gender, different socio-professio¬nal groups and urban districts.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; spanish economic history ; Iberian peninsula ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The research analyzes the network of the Ragusan Jews between the end of 16th and the begin of 17th century. It focalized the social and economic links of the Sephardic group as “trait d’union” of the Adriatic-Balkan trade networks. The research is focused on time frame 1585-1635 in chronological continuity to the studies of Alberto Tenenti, indeed he was the first scholar to draw the attention to the turning point of the trade structure in the Republic of Ragusa in the year 1590 because the arise of the Sephardic merchants.
    Keywords: economic history ; commercial networks ; dubrovnik ; mediterranean ; 17th century
    Language: Italian
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries commerce in northern Europe expanded and contracted. The long term net effect of the trade increase was an overall substantial impact on the economy and on the culture of the lands around the North and Baltic Seas. The development of interdependent markets can be indicated by examining the tendency of prices to converge in different places. Relying on previous research and novel ways of constructing indices using price data from a number of ports in northern Europe it is possible to confirm both the long term direction, with ups and downs, toward market integration as well as the emergence in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of regional markets in certain food grains.
    Keywords: economic history ; international trade ; commercial networks ; northern Europe ; 14th-17th centuries
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This paper studies through a quantitative analysis at micro-scale (the pieve of San Giovanni in Petroio in Mugello) in 1427-1512 the relation between the growing economic inequality of the Florentine rural society found by recent research and a peculiar share-cropping system, the mezzadria. By focusing on the mechanisms of wealth redistribution of this system, the paper suggests the role of mezzadria whether in increasing in the long-run the concentration of land property and in providing for the poorest social layers of rural population at subsistence level. In this regard, the paper contributes to explore the role of institutions in increasing wealth concentration from Middle Ages to the Early Modern times.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; italian economic history ; Tuscany ; pre-industrial age
    Language: Italian
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Flanders represents a particularly interesting region for research that aims to investigate the development of socio-economic inequalities at the local and regional level. The relationship between and effects of structural socio-economic characteristics on the one hand and micro-level variations on the other hand remain unclear. The data collected by the STREAM project (streamproject.ugent.be) together with its tailored geographical information system (GIS) allow us to explore these relationships for the rural parishes of early modern Flanders. In this chapter we examine spatial patterns in poor relief and demographic behaviour and how these were interrelated.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; low countries ; flanders ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This article argues that a novel way to analyse maritime networks in premodern northern Europe is to trace the activities of people involved in conflict management. These people were traders, magistrates, judges, urban diplomats: sometimes all comprised in one person or a family. Specifically, if we take the Hanseatic city of Danzig and the Giese family as an example, it becomes apparent that these ‘conflict managers’ operated on various levels: the city, the region, the state, the Hanse and on the level of politics and economic policy between states and cities. Economic interests and conflicts were intertwined with political, social and cultural matters, and should be investigated together.
    Keywords: economic history ; danzig ; international trade ; commercial networks ; hansa
    Language: English
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Between the 14th and 15th centuries, a dense network of trade relations was active in the maritime basin of the western Mediterranean. The three regional areas that overlooked this sea, the Iberian and Provencal, the Italian and the African, and all the islands that were present in it, were equipped with numerous and important landing points and were connected by a dense network of exchanges. The essay takes into consideration the characteristics of this network of economic and cultural connections, and analyzes, particularly through the use of the Datini Archive, the role of the port of Rome in this system of exchanges and the links that merchants and bankers who acted in this city entertained with the Iberian mercantile centers.
    Keywords: mediterranean ; economic history ; commercial networks ; international trade ; rome
    Language: Italian
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This work is part of the research carried out within the EINITE and SMITE projects for the case of Catalonia. In this chapter, firstly, a brief state of the art of research carried out in recent years on the evolution of economic inequality in the pre-industrial world is traced. Subsequently, through the previously existing literature and the study of the empirical evidence compiled for this work, the characteristics of the fiscal sources available for some Catalan localities, i.e. the books of estimes, vàlues or manifests, and the sample of localities studied in the EINITE/SMITE projects are described in detail. The second part of the work focuses on the analysis of a case study, the town of Balaguer.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; spanish economic history ; Catalonia ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 37
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The aim of the opening speech is to present the most discussed issues in relation to inequality in personal distribution of income and wealth. In particular, it first examines the current trends in economic inequality (§ 1-4). Overall, some certainty has been achieved on these trends over the last century. In a second part of this opening speech (§ 5-7), some knowledge we have about pre-modern inequalities is summarized. In this regard, uncertainties are much more numerous than certainties.
    Keywords: Economic inequality ; economic history ; pre-industrial age
    Language: Italian
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  • 38
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The chapter reviews existing evidence regarding four aspects of economic inequality: relative factor rents, which relate to the factorial distribution of income and also underlie the so-called Williamson index (y/wus), which is correlated with the Gini index of household income; real inequality in terms of opposite movements of the price of consumer baskets consumed by different strata of society; the inequality of pay according to gender and skill, as well as between town and countryside; and wealth inequality, particularly with respect to the access to land. The main result is that, with given technology and agrarian institutions, there is a positive correlation between population and inequality.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; germany ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This paper examines the first 50 transitional years of a sea of isolation to a sea of internationalization. It provides analytical tools to reveal the mechanisms of how this was done. To do so it places in the centre of the analysis the sea. By using the approach of maritime history, an analysis beyond political borders, it follows the glance from the sea and its effects on land. In this way it examines the shipping movements of cargoes and people on the sea and the development and impact of this developmentaround the sea, on the Black Sea maritime regions, the port cities that grew and the entrepreneurs that triggered this growth and established its maritime networks.
    Keywords: economic history ; commercial networks ; 18th century ; black sea ; international trade
    Language: English
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Although the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) revised their theoretical model of food security for over two decades ago, historians have been slow in adopting these new insights to study pre-modern societies. Showcasing the potential of the holistic approach proposed by the FAO, this paper analyses the evolution of food security in the calamitous fourteenth century in Ghent, one the most populated cities at that time. In the long-term, access to food seem to have bettered during the second half of the century thanks to increased wages, wealth and investments into farmland. While these gains can partly be linked to demographic evolutions, we found no evidence of an often-hypothesized Malthusian ceiling before the Black Death.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; low countries ; ghent ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The present collaborative work in progress is an empirical attempt verifying the interplay between political change, fleet nationality, and the evolution of shipping networks. On the basis of historical data on ship positions retracted from archival sources, we create GIS-based online maps to conduct a geospatial analysis of the traffic intensity and movement patterns along the regional and inter-regional sea routes that connected the Venetian port system with the Mediterranean ports, with special attention to the Eastern Mediterranean. In this sense, the platform “simulates” modern real-time technologies used to visualise shipping trends per vessel types.
    Keywords: economic history ; mediterranean ; venice ; international trade
    Language: English
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: An analysis of Valencia’s fifteenth-century port activity functional to the study of the city’s diverse maritime networks and markets based on first-hand archive research mainly focusing on the second half of the fifteenth century. The text also takes into account an assortment of further late-fourteenth to early-sixteenth century data collected and analysed by other authors.
    Keywords: economic history ; valencia ; commercial networks
    Language: Italian
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The research aimed at bringing new data to the study of inequality in the distribution of wealth in the long run using the fiscal documentation available to many communities of the Marches region over a period covering the late Middle Ages and the full modern age. The political-administrative history of this territory, progressively incorporated into the Papal State, was reflected in an evolution of the methodologies for assessing wealth for tax purposes. Their characteristics have been carefully taken into account and criticized in order to ensure compatibility in time and space. Land registers, “estimi”, "libre", as well as books of “collette”, will be used to describe the fiscal capacity of taxpayers enrolled in these registers and to estimate the dynamics of economic inequality.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; italian economic history ; marche region ; pre-industrial age
    Language: Italian
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  • 44
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The wool manufacture, along with the International trade and finance, was one of Florence’s leading sectors in the Late Middle Ages. The sixteenth century has been only touched by the historical-economical studies, perhaps because it was traditionally considered a period of decadence. More recent research has instead highlighted the need to rethink these conclusions, demonstrating how the textile sector represents a good point of observation for deepening the critical points and evaluating the prospects of the economy of the city of the Lily in the 16th century. Alongside the analysis of a case study and the critical re-elaborations of what literature offers on more general topics, the book presents a long-term view of the process of the rise and decline of the Arte della Lana in Florence, reinterpreting it in the light of new archival investigations.
    Keywords: textile manufacture ; wool ; 16th century ; economic history ; Florence ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory
    Language: Italian
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This chapter seeks to explore local and regional variation in levels of inequality in different types of rural localities and regions within the late medieval County of Flanders. Our research indicates that fiscal sources for the County of Flanders can produce reliable data on the distribution of income during the late medieval period. The analysis of these data shows that important local and regional differences can be observed in the distribution of rural income. To a large extent, these local variations can be explained by differences in access to local economic resources. Our results, however, also indicate that substantial regional differences in access to rural resources can produce similar income distributions.
    Keywords: economic inequality ; economic history ; low countries ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: This paper scrutinizes the insights won by recent studies in wealth inequality in pre-industrial Europe. It focuses on the regions and periods where levels of inequality were relatively low, trying to arrive at an inventory of causes of these exceptions. It discusses catastrophic events, colonization and revolution as possible causes, but argues that these only occasionally had a leveling effect, depending on the social and institutional context in which they occurred. Most clearly wealth accumulation was restricted, even by maximums on ownership, where associative organizations held a solid position, and market and state played lesser roles as coordination systems.
    Keywords: Economic inequality ; economic history ; European economic history ; pre-industrial age
    Language: English
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: In contrast to the debates of the past, which focused mainly on income inequality and the related elements of injustice, the recent interest in economic inequality focuses on its effects on economic growth and social development. New research is an important element of these recent debates: a historical approach that contextualizes inequality with reference to social relations, institutions, access to power and its cultural legitimacy can facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to inequality and its effects.
    Keywords: HC10-1085 ; wealth distribution ; economic inequality ; european history ; economic history ; pre-industrial economic history ; income distribution
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