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  • Data  (54)
  • analogue models of geologic processes
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We present videos and figures from 22 scaled analogue models used to investigate the interactions between a density anomaly rising in the mantle and the lithosphere in a Newtonian system.The experimental setup consists of a two layers viscous lithosphere-upper mantle system obtained by using silicone putty-glucose syrup in a tank sized 40 cm × 40 cm× 50 cm. Glucose syrup (i.e., mantle) is a Newtonian, low viscosity, high-density fluid while silicone putty (i.e., lithosphere) is a visco-elastic material that behaves in a quasi-Newtonian fashion. The mantle upwelling (i.e., plume head) is produced by a high viscosity, low-density silicone sphere with a constant radius (15 mm) rising through the mantle at an average rise velocity of ~2.6 mm/s. A side-view camera images the ascending path of the sphere, allowing to track the sphere location and compute its velocity. A top-view, 3-D scanner records the evolution of topography from which the lithospheric uplift rate is inferred. All details about the model set-up, modeling results and interpretation are detailed in Sembroni et al. (2017).The additional material presented in this publication includes 2 tables, 5 figures, and 23 time-lapse movie. The rheological properties of materials used in each model are listed in Table 1.Table 2 is an excel file where the raw data of the models are specified (i.e., bulge width, topography, and uplift rate). Such data have been obtained by the 3-D scanner and then processed by a MATLAB code.Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 represent the 2-D topography evolution of the bulge in each experiment. Images have been grouped by considering the different experimental setups (i.e., homogeneous continental lithosphere - Figure 1, homogeneous oceanic lithosphere - Figure 2, low viscous decoupling layer - Figure 3, intermediate viscous decoupling layer - Figure 4, high viscous decoupling layer - Figure 5). Such figures consist of topographic profiles extracted from the surface obtained by the 3-D scanner in four different time steps (red numbers in the figures). 22 side-view videos (from Movie 1 to Movie 22) show the progress of the models from the releasing to the impingement of the sphere beneath the plate. The velocity of the video has been accelerated by a factor of 7.While, the first 22 movies show the evolution of the experiments, Movie 23 shows the mantle convective flow associated to the ascending path of the mantle upwelling. Such flow has been detected by tracking the bubbles inside the syrup. In this model, no lithosphere has been placed on top of the syrup.
    Keywords: Mantle Plume ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains ten movies corresponding to five analog experiments of double subduction systems with opposite polarity in adjacent plate segments. The laboratory model consists of two viscous layers of silicone putty representing the lithospheric plates, on top of a tank of syrup representing the mantle. Different setups have been designed to test the influence of the width of the plates and the initial separation between them on the resulting trench retreat velocities, deformation of plates and mantle flow.The movies show the time evolution of each experiment from the top and an oblique position of the camera (indicated by "_top" and "_ob" suffixes in the file names). Model 1 and 2 consist of two plates of 30 cm width spaced 10 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively. These models are designed to study the influence of the initial separation between plates on the dynamics of the mantle flow and plates interaction. Model 3 consists of two 20 cm wide plates with an initial separation of 0.5 cm. We use this model to show the mantle flow pattern in a double subduction system. Model 4 is composed of two 10 cm wide plates with an initial separation of 0.5 cm. This model is designed to analyze the effects of the plate width on the dynamics of the system. Finally, Model 5 is designed to study the interaction of two near subducting plates with different widths (30 cm and 10 cm wide plates).For details of the model set-up and results obtained please refer to the data description file and Peral et al. (2018).
    Keywords: Subduction analog models ; ananlogue models ; double subduction system ; trench curvature ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 949939 Bytes
    Format: 2 Files
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides internal and basal (wall) friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on a quartz sand material that has been used in tectonic experiments in Zwaan et al. (2016, 2017), Zwaan and Scheurs (2017) and in the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (CH) as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal and basal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam for the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (UB).According to our analysis the material behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope. Internal peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are μP = 0.73, μD = 0.61, and μR = 0.66, respectively. Internal cohesions C are in the range of 10 to 70 Pa. Basal peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are μP = 0.41, μD = 0.35, and μR = 0.36, respectively, whereas basal cohesions C are in the range of 120 to 150 Pa. The rate dependency of the internal dynamic friction coefficient is insignificant (〈1%).
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools
    Type: Dataset
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides rheometric data of silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS SGM36)-corundum sand mixtures used for analogue modelling in Zwaan et al. (2016, 2017), Zwaan and Schreurs (2017) and in the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the Institute of Geological Sciences at the University of Bern (CH). The PDMS is produced by Dow Corning and its characteristics have been described by e.g. Rudolf et al. (2016a,b). The corundum sand (Normalkorund Braun 95.5% F120 by Carlo Bernasconi AG: https://www.carloag.ch/shop/catalog/product/view/id/643), has a grainsize of 0.088-0.125 mm and a specific density of 3.96 g cm^-3. Further rheological characteristics are described by Panien et al. (2006). The density of the tested materials ranges between 1 (pure PDMS) and 1.6 g cm^-3 (increasing corundum sand content in mixture). The material samples have been analysed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a plate-plate configuration at room temperature. Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10^-4 to 10^-1 s^-1 were performed.According to our rheometric analysis, the material is quasi Newtonian at strain rates below 10^-3*s^-1 and weakly shear rate thinning above. Viscosity and stress exponent increase systematically with density from ~4*10^4 to ~1*10^5 Pa*s and from 1.06 to 1.10, respectively. A first application of the materials tested can be found in Zwaan et al. (2016). Detailed information about the data, methodology and a list of files and formats is given in the "data description" and "list of files" that are included in the zip folder and also available via the DOI landing page.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 1316271 Bytes
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on feldspar sand and quartz sand, which are used to simulate brittle behaviour in crust- and lithosphere-scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab), Utrecht University (NL) (Willingshofer et al., 2005; Willingshofer & Sokoutis, 2009; Athmer et al., 2010; Luth et al., 2010; Fernández-Lozano et al., 2011; Leever et al., 2011; Sokoutis & Willingshofer, 2011; Fernández-Lozano et al., 2012; Luth et al., 2013; Munteanu et al., 2013; Willingshofer et al., 2013; Munteanu et al., 2014; Calignano et al., 2015a, b; Ortner et al., 2015; Gabrielsen et al., 2016; Calignano et al., 2017; van Gelder et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Beniest et al., 2018 ). The materials have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.According to our analysis both materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the feldspar sand are µP = 0.68, µD = 0.55, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.63, µD = 0.48, and µR = 0.52, respectively. Cohesions of the feldspar sand and the quartz sand are in the order of few tens of Pa. A minor rate-weakening of 1% per ten-fold rate change is evident for the feldspar sand, whereas the quartz sand shows a significant rate weakening of ~5%.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on different types of quartz sand used in the Laboratorio de modelización analógica of the Universidad de Zaragoza (UZ, Spain) as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Izquierdo-Llavall & Casas-Sainz, 2012; Calvín et al., 2013; Pueyo Anchuela et al., 2016; Peiro et al., 2018; Pueyo et al., 2018; Izquierdo-Llavall et al., submitted). The materials (quartz sand, green coloured quartz sand mixture, black coloured quartz sand) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Friction coefficients of the pure quartz sand and the green quartz sand mixture are similar (µP = 0.74 – 0.76, µD = 0.56 – 0.60, µR = 0.61 – 0.64), whereas friction coefficients of the black coloured quartz sand are lower (µP = 0.48, µD = 0.39, µR = 0.45). Cohesions of all sands range between 40 and 150 Pa. A minor rate-weakening of ~1 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.The tested materials are quartz sands with a grain size of 0.063 – 0.4 mm and bulk densities of ρ = 1610-1800 kg m^-3. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures and shear velocities similar to sandbox experiments.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; wrench fault ; thrust fault ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on an iron powder – quartz sand mixture (weight ratio 1:3). This material is used in particular as marker material in analogue experiments that are monitored with CT-scanners in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University (NL) (Pueyo et al., 2017; 2018). The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of the EPOS (European Plate Observing System) Transnational Access (TNA) call of the Thematic Core Service (TCS) Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) in 2017.According to our analysis the material behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are µP = 0.65, µD = 0.53, and µR = 0.62, respectively. Cohesions C are in the range of 70 to 100 Pa. A minor rate-weakening of ~3% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; transnational access ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes the results of digital image correlation of ten brittle-viscous experiments on crustal extension and four benchmark experiments performed at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (UB). The experiments demonstrate the differences in rift development in orthogonal versus rotation extension. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2019) to which this data set is supplementary. Additional background information concerning the general modelling approach are available in Zwaan et al. (2016).. The data presented here consist of movies displaying digital image correlation (DIC) derived surface and internal displacement fields as well as profiles of the lateral cumulative surface displacements.Digital photographs of the experimental surface and digital image cross section of the computed CT-scans were analyzed with DIC (Adam et al., 2005, 2013) techniques to quantify displacements in the image plane at high precision (〈0.1 mm). DIC was undertaken with the software DaVis 8.0 (LaVision) applying 2D-DIC (FFT-legacy) multipass processing with a final interrogation window size of 32x32 (CT: 12x12) pixels and 50% (CT: 25%) overlap.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; rift valley ; depression ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Extension box ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; X-ray computed tomographic scanner (CT-scan) ; SLR camera ; Surface image
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (“A”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C. Three sub-datasets represent a systematic increase of the sieving height from 10 cm to 20 cm to 30 cm into a shear cell of type No. 1, following the same protocol. This dataset shows that packing density of quartz sand is dependent on the chosen sieving height. However, the effect of the sieving height on internal friction coefficients μ as well as cohesion C is minor and thus negligible in sandbox experiments. According to our analysis the material shows for a sieving height of 10 cm a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of μP = 0.70, μD = 0.60 and μR = 0.65, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 40 – 80 Pa.
    Keywords: EPOS ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; Cohesion ; Friction coefficient ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz sand ; Deformation 〉 fracturing ; tectonic and structural features ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; Force sensor ; Shear Box ; Analogue Material ; sand ; Density ; Friction 〉 Imposed Stress
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on natural and artificial granular materials used for analogue modelling in the experimental laboratory of the Chengdu University of Technology (CDUT, China). Six samples, four types of quartz sands and two types of glass beads, have been characterized by means of friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. The material samples have been analysed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of the EPOS (European Plate Observing System) Transnational Access (TNA) call of the Thematic Core Service (TCS) Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) in 2017 as a remote service for the CDUT.According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the quartz sand samples range between 0.62 and 0.79 and µP of the glass beads between 0.61 and 0.64. Except for one quartz sand sample, peak cohesions CP of all materials are smaller than or around zero meaning that these materials are cohesionsless. All materials show a minor rate-weakening of 1-2 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; transnational access ; TNA ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Microspheres ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 2134326 Bytes
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for two types of foam glass beads and a mixture of foam glass beads with quartz sand (“G12”; Rosenau et al., 2019). These materials have been used in analogue experiments in Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam and in the Analogue laboratory of the Institute of Geosciences of the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU Jena). The materials have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of all tested materials range between 0.70 and 0.75, dynamic friction coefficients µD between 0.52 and 0.55 and reactivation friction coefficients µR between 0.60 and 0.62. Peak cohesions CP of all materials are negative indicating that they are cohesionless. All materials show a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; tectonic setting 〉 passive continental margin setting ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 ductile flow ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; normal fault ; graben ; diapir ; fault ; slope and gravitational features ; base slope ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (“G12”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust. The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of µP = 0.69, µD = 0.55 and µR = 0.62, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 50 – 110 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads used in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam as an analogue for “weak” brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Ritter et al., 2016; Santimano et al., 2015; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011; Hoth et al., 2007, 2006; Kenkmann et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2018) or in stick-slip experiments (Rudolf et al., 2019). The glass beads with a diameter of 40-70 µm have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.46, µD = 0.40 and µR = 0.44, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 33 and 42 Pa. A rate-weakening of ~3 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; detachment fault ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; tectonic and structural features ; thrust fault ; wrench fault
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (type “G23”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust (e,g. Kenkmann et al., 2007; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011;Warsitzka et al., 2013; Santimano,et al., 2015; Warsitzka et al., 2015; Ritter et al., 2016; 2018 a,b). The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of µP = 0.73, µD = 0.57 and µR = 0.65, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 10 – 120 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads used in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam as an analogue for “weak” brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Ritter et al., 2016; Santimano et al., 2015; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011; Hoth et al., 2007, 2006; Kenkmann et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2018) or in stick-slip experiments (Rudolf et al., 2019). The glass beads with a diameter of 300-400 µm have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.58, µD = 0.43 and µR = 0.49, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 8 and 81 Pa. A rate-weakening of ~7 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; detachment fault ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; tectonic and structural features ; thrust fault ; wrench fault
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides rheometric data of three viscous materials used for centrifuge experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of CNR-IGG at the Earth Sciences Department of the University of Florence (Italy). The first material, PP45, is a mixture of a silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS SGM36) and plasticine (Giotto Pongo). The PDMS is produced by Dow Corning and its characteristics are described by e.g. Rudolf et al. 2016a,b). Giotto Pongo is produced by FILA (Italy). Both components are mixed following a weight ratio of 100:45, and the final mixture has a density of 1520 kg m3. The second material, SCA705 is a mixture of Dow Corning 3179 putty, mixed with fine corundum sand and oleic acid with a weight ratio of 100:70:05 and a resulting density of 1660 kg m3. The final material, SCA7020 consists of the same components as SCA705, but with a slightly higher oleic acid content reflected in the weight ratio of 100:70:20. The mixture’s density is 1620 kg m3. The material samples have been analyzed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a plate-plate configuration at room temperature (20˚C). Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10-4 to 1 s-1 were performed. Additional temperature tests were run with shear rates between 10-2 to 10-1 s-1 for a temperature range between 15 and 30˚C. According to our rheometric analysis, the materials all exhibit shear thinning behavior, with high power law exponents (n-number) for strain rates below 10-2s-1, while power law exponents are lower above that threshold.For PP45, the respective n-numbers are 4.8 and 2.6, for SCA705 6.7 and 1.5, and for SCA7020 9.1 and 2.0. The temperature tests show decreasing viscosities with increasing temperatures with rates of -3.8, -1.4 and -1.9% per ˚K for PP45, SCA705 and SCA7020, respectively. An application of the materials tested can be found in Zwaan et al. (2020).
    Keywords: EPOS ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; European Plate Observing System ; software tools ; Force sensor ; Plasticine ; Python ; Rheometer ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Stress exponent ; Temperature measurement ; Viscosity
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads used in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam as an analogue for “weak” brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Ritter et al., 2016; Santimano et al., 2015; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011; Hoth et al., 2007, 2006; Kenkmann et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2018) or in stick-slip experiments (Rudolf et al., 2019). The glass beads with a diameter of 70-110 µm have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.48, µD = 0.39 and µR = 0.44, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 3 and 28 Pa. A rate-weakening of ~4 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; detachment fault ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; tectonic and structural features ; thrust fault ; wrench fault
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-11-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for mixtures of quartz sand and sili-cate cenospheres, which are used for analog experiments in the laboratory of the Institute of Geo-physics of the Czech Academy of Science (IG CAS) (Warsitzka et al., 2021). The mixtures have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested materials range between 0.55 and 0.75, dynamic friction coefficients µD between 0.47 and 0.60 and reactivation friction coefficients µR be-tween 0.52 and 0.65. Cohesions of the materials vary between 20 and 120 Pa. The materials show a minor rate-weakening of 〈1.2% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; tectonic and structural features
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-11-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time laps photographs and Particle Image Velocimetry or PIV analsys) of 15 analogue models on rift tectonics, as well as 4D CT imagery (figures and videos) from four of these experiments. The experiments examined the influence of differently oriented mantle and crustal weaknesses on rift system development using a brittle-viscous set-up. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2021).
    Keywords: EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN
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  • 20
    facet.materialart.
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: RST-Stick-Slipy is a software that analyzes the stick-slip characteristics of granular material tested with the ring shear tester RST.pc01 at the Helmholtz Tectonic Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec). This software uses the time series created by the machine to automatically detect slip events and analyses several statistical properties depending on the type of test. Using the detected slip events the reloading stiffness and other properties such as recurrence times and stress drops are calculated. Further statistical properties such as the timing and stress level of slow and fast events are determined. Another segment of the module automatically analyses Slide-Hold-Slide experiments and determines the healing rate and other rate-and-state properties.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: License: GNU General Public License, Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright © 2021 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany RST-Stick-Slipy is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. RST-Stick-Slipy is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see 〈http://www.gnu.org/licenses/〉.
    Keywords: rate-and-state friction ; granular media ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; software tools ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analysis 〉 data analysis ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set provides two series of experiments from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads that are in use at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The main experimental series contains shear experiments to analyse the slip behaviour of the granular material under analogue experiment conditions. Additionally, a series of slide-hold-slide (SHS) tests was used to determine the rate and state friction properties. A basic characterisation and average friction coefficients of the glass beads are found in Pohlenz et al. (2020). The glass beads show a slip behaviour that is depending on loading rate, normal stress and apparatus stiffness which were varied systematically for this study. The apparatus was modified with springs resulting in 4 different stiffnesses. For each stiffness a set of 4 experiments with different normal stresses (5, 10, 15 and 20 kPa) were performed. During each experiment loading rate was decreased from 0.02 to 0.0008 mm/s resulting in 9 subsets of constant velocity for each experiment. We observe a large variety of slip modes that ranges from pure stick-slip to steady state creep. The main characteristics of these slip modes are the slip velocity and the ratio of slip event duration compared to no slip phases. We find that high loading rates promote stable slip, while low loading rates lead to stick-slip cycles. Lowering the normal stress leads to a larger amount of creep which changes the overall shape of a stick-slip curve and extends the time between slip events. Changing stiffness leads to an overall change in slip behaviour switching from simple stick-slip to more complex patterns of slip modes including oscillations and bimodal slip events with large and small events. The SHS tests were done at maximum stiffness and higher loading rates (〉0.05 mm/s) but at the same normal stress intervals as the main series. Using various techniques, we estimate the rate-and-state constitutive parameters. The peak stress after a certain amount of holding increases with a healing rate of b=0.0057±0.0005. From the increase in peak stress compared to the loading rate in slide-hold-slide tests we compute a direct effect a=-0.0076±0.0005 which leads to (a-b)=-0.0130±0.0006. Using a specific subset of the SHS tests, which have an equal ratio of hold time to reloading rate, we estimate (a-b)=-0.0087±0.0029. Both approaches show that the material is velocity weakening with a reduction in friction of 1.30 to 0.87 % per e-fold increase in loading rate. Additionally, the critical slip distance Dc is estimated to be in the range of 200 µm. With these parameters the theoretical critical stiffness kc is estimated and applied to the slip modes found in the main series. We find that the changes in slip mode are in good agreement with the estimated critical stiffness and thus confirm the findings from the SHS tests.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Rate-and-State Friction ; Slide-Hold-Slide Test ; European Plate Observing System ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; deformation 〉 shearing ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MECHANICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; geolocical hydrogeological 〉 earthquake ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Python ; Rate-state parameters ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2021-12-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs and Particle Image Velocimetry or PIV analysis) of 38 analogue models, in five model series (A-E), simulating rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the influence of differently oriented mantle and crustal weaknesses on rift system development during multiphase rifting (i.e. rifting involving changing divergence directions or -rates) using brittle-viscous set-ups. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). The brittle and viscous layers, representing the upper an lower crust, were 3 cm and 1 cm thick, respectively, whereas a mantle weakness was simulated using the edge of a moving basal plate (a velocity discontinuity or VD). Crustal weaknesses were simulated using “seeds” (ridges of viscous material at the base of the brittle layers that locally weaken these brittle layers). The divergence rate for the Model A reference models was 20 mm/h so that the model duration of 2:30 h yielded a total divergence of 5 cm (so that e = 17%, given an initial model width of ca. 30 cm). Multiphase rifting model series B and C involved both a slow (10 mm/h) and fast (100 mm/h) rifting phase of 2.5 cm divergence each, for a total of 5 cm of divergence over a 2:45 h period. Multiphase rifting models series D and E had the same divergence rates (20 mm/h) as the Series A reference models, but involved both an orthogonal (α = 0˚) and oblique rifting (α = 30˚) phase of 2.5 cm divergence each, for a total of 5 cm of divergence over a 2:30 h period. In our models the divergence obliquity angle α was defined as the angle between the normal to the central model axis and the direction of divergence. The orientation and arrangements of the simulated mantle and crustal weaknesses is defined by angle θ (defined as the direction of the weakness with respect to the model axis. An overview of model parameters is provided in Table 1, and detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2021).
    Keywords: EPOS ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; multi-scale laboratories ; deformation 〉 ductile flow ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; depression ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; fault 〉 oblique slip fault ; Generic camera ; geologic process ; graben ; graben ; normal fault ; rift valley ; rifting ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; X-ray computed tomographic scanner (CT-scan)
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 9 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on near-surface fault growth, rift segment interaction and rift propagation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in ductile and brittle layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 1 to RBD = 3. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases of 310 mm and 350 mm. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. The foam base is initially compressed between the longitudinal side walls and homogeneously expands during the rotational opening. Applied velocities refer to the divergence of the sidewalls at the outermost point (i.e., furthest away from the rotation axis) and decrease linearly towards the rotation axis. These velocities vary from 10 mm/h over a total run time of 4 h up to 40 mm/h over a total run time of one hour, resulting in identical total extension of ca 13% (given an initial model width of 31 cm) for all models. Detailed descriptions of the experiments as well as monitoring techniques can be found in Schmid et al. (2021).
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; continental rifting ; rotational rifting ; EPOS ; 3D stereo DIC ; software tools ; deformation 〉 rifting ; SLR camera ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; surface elevation ; analogue modelling results ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-01-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes raw data used in the paper by Reitano et al. (2022), focused on the effect of boundary conditions on the evolution of analogue accretionary wedges affected by both tectonics and surface processes; the paper also focuses on the balance between tectonics and surface processes as a function of the boundary conditions applied. These boundary conditions are convergence velocity and basal slope (i.e., the tilting toward the foreland imposed prior the experimental run). The experiments have been carried out at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), University “Roma Tre” (Rome). Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedures implemented can be found in the paper to which this dataset refers. Here we present: •Pictures recording the evolution of the models. •GIFs showing time-lapses of models. •Raw DEMs of the models and Incision DEMs, used for extracting data later discusses in the paper.
    Description: Methods
    Description: We took digital images during the evolution of the experiments. These images are stored in the “2021-041_Reitano-et-al_Pictures_and_GIFs” folder. Digital Images The qualitative evolution of the analogue models has been recorded using a digital oblique-view camera (Canon EOS 200D). Digital pictures have not been modified with other imaging software. Data from models' surface Laser scan provides a point cloud, composed by x, y, z coordinated of the points composing the model surface (the number of points is function of the laser resolution). The laser scans are converted to raw DEMs, here stored in the “DEMs” folder. For making the file easily readable to GIS software, data are expressed in m (100 m = 1 mm, see scaling section in the main paper). Bottom left corner in the DEMs is randomly chosen to be -70 ∙ 103 m. No data values equal to -9999. Cell size is 100 m (1 mm in the models). Incision and Mass Balance The .txt files inside the “2021-041_Reitano-et-al_DEMs” folder named “CR****_dem**clip” has been used for producing Fig. 6, 8, 10, and S3 in Reitano et al. (2021). From these DEMs we calculated the Mass Balance, as described in the paper this repository refers to. The .txt files named “CR****_inc**ok” have been used for calculating the incision values shown in Fig. 5 and 7 in Reitano et al. (2021). To obtain incision maps and incision over time, the volume of material incised was computed by comparing the actual topography with the reconstructed non-eroded surface at every shortening step. The non-eroded surface has been calculated by creating an envelope surface using crest lines between valleys as constraints (the assumption is that crests do not erode). The results are then a minimum estimate of the amount of incision.
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Erosion ; Sedimentation ; Mass Balance ; Analogue models ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 FLOOD PLAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 RIVER ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 STREAM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 VALLEY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 SEDIMENTATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 OROGENIC MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC UPLIFT ; hydrosphere 〉 water (geographic) 〉 surface water ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 tectonics
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on twice broken rice used in the GEC Laboratory in CY Cergy Paris University in stick-slip experiments. They were obtained by Sarah Visage as part of her doctoral training (funded by the ANR DISRUPT programme) during an invitation at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Like any granular material, the twice broken rice is characterized by several internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C, classicaly qualified as dynamic, static, and reactivation coefficients. In adition, since the rice exhibits a stick slip behaviour, the various shear - velocity or shear-displacement curves exhibit high frequency oscillations and we therefore define maximum, minimum, and mean values corresponding respectively to the curve peaks, curve troughs and smoothed curve.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multiscale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; fault ; Flour 〉 Rice ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Rate-state parameters ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes the results of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of one experiment on subduction megathrust earthquakes (with interacting asperities) performed at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET) Univ. Roma Tre in the framework of AspSync, the Marie Curie project (grant agreement 658034; https://aspsync.wordpress.com). Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Corbi et al. (2017). This data set is from one experiment characterized by the presence of a 7 cm wide barrier separating two asperities with equal size, geometry and friction. Here we provide PIV data relative to a 16.3 min long interval during which the experiment produces 138 analog earthquakes with an average recurrence time of 7 s. The PIV analysis yields quantitative information about the velocity field characterizing two consecutive frames, measured in this case at the model surface. For a detailed description of the experimental procedure, set-up and materials used, please refer to the article of Corbi et al. (2017) paragraph 2. This data set has been used for: a) studying velocity variations (Fig. 2 in Corbi et al., 2021) and rupture patterns (Fig. 3a, b in Corbi et al., 2021) occurring during the velocity peak of one of the two asperities (aka trigger).
    Description: Methods
    Description: The evolution of the analog model was monitored with a digital top-view camera (PIKE-ALLIED with resolution 1600 × 1200 pixels), capturing one frame every 0.133 s. Digital images were then analyzed with MatPIV (Sveen, 2004), which is an open-source software for PIV running under the MATLAB package. This software uses a cross-correlation technique that allows calculating horizontal components (i.e., on the image plane) of surface displacement with about one tenth of a pixel of accuracy. We used the multi-pass protocol with window size of 128 x 128 pixels and 64 x 64 pixels and 50% overlap. Other information e.g., surface displacement can be easily computed from the velocity field knowing the time between frames.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; subduction megathrust earthquakes ; asperities ; multi-scale laboratories ; EPOS ; Analog modelling results ; Software tools ; deformation ; geologic process ; tectonic process ; subduction ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 MatPIV ; Earthquake simulator ; Wedge simulator ; Gelatine ; plate margin setting ; subduction zones ; thrust fault ; Videocamera ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; geological process 〉 seismic activity ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geophysics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for wheat flour used as a fine-grained, cohesive analogue material for simulating brittle upper crustal rocks in the analogue labor-atory of the Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Science (IGCAS). It is characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested material is ~0.72, dynamic friction coeffi-cients µD is ~0.67 and reactivation friction coefficients µR is ~0.70. Cohesions of the material range between 27 and 50 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1.5% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; tectonic and structural features
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-05-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes digital image correlation data from thirteen analogue earthquakes generated by means of an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach. The data consists of grids of 3D static coseismic surface displacements. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 8 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the control of geodetic coverage on the slip inversion problem can be found in Kosari et al. (2020) to which this data set is supplementary material. We use an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2017) to generate a catalogue of analogue megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019). To monitor surface deformation of the wedge analogue model a stereoscopic set of two CCD cameras (LaVision Imager pro X 11MPx, 14 bit) monitors images the wedge surface continuously at 2.5 Hz. To derive observational data similar to those from geodetic techniques, i.e. velocities at the location on the surface, we use digital image correlation (DIC, Adam et al., 2005) to derive the 3D incremental surface displacement (or velocity) at high spatial resolution (〈 0.1 mm). The time series of incremental surface displacement data was calculated using LaVision Davis 8 software. The result is an evenly spaced grid of vectors per time step, oriented parallel with respect to the principal dimensions of the box.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modeling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; High frame rate camera ; megathrust ; Rubber ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Time lapse camera
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-05-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes digital image correlation data from analog earthquakes experiments. The data consists of grids of surface strain and time series of surface displacement (horizontal and vertical) and strain. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. According to Coulomb wedge theory (Dahlen et al., 1984), two types of wedge configurations have been designed: a “compressional” configuration represents an interseismically compressional and coseismically stable wedge (compressional configuration), and a “critical” configuration, which is interseismically stable (close to critically compressional) and may reach a critical extensional state coseismically (critical configuration). In the compressional configuration, a flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies a single large rectangular in map view stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. In the critical configuration, the surface angle of the elastoplastic wedge varies from the coastal segment onshore (α=10) to the inner-wedge offshore (α=15) segments over a 5-degree dipping basal thrust. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modeling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; High frame rate camera ; Time lapse camera ; megathrust ; Rubber ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; High frame rate camera ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; Time lapse camera ; megathrust ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We document the evolution of two 15° strike-slip restraining bends within wet kaolin. Computer-controlled stepper motors displace one half of the split-box apparatus at a constant rate of 0.5 mm/min to induce dextral faulting in a 2.5 cm thick layer of wet kaolin. The basal plate discontinuity has a 15° bend with a 2 cm stepover distance. Prior to any loading we cut a vertical fault surface that follows the basal plate discontinuity into the wet kaolin with an electrified probe and wooden template.
    Keywords: restraining bend ; faulting ; strike-slip ; Digital Image Correlation ; wet kaolin clay ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 10 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. In addition, this dataset provides CT imagery of four analogue models that have been analyzed by means of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) applied on X-Ray computed tomography volumes. Data of CT scanned models also includes slices of the volumetric displacement set for each displacement component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on surface rift propagation, internal viscous flow driven by a horizontal pressure gradient and the interaction of internal and surface deformation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). 3D stereo DIC analyses were performed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) and DVC analyses were performed at the Royal Holloway University London (RHUL). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in brittle and ductile layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 0.5 to RBD = 2. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases with widths of 310 mm and 350 mm at the far ends, respectively. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. Before model construction, the foam-plexiglass assemblage is placed between longitudinal side walls. The experimental set-up is such that rotational extension in one part of the model domain is separated from rotational shortening in the other part of the model domain by a vertical rotation axis (Fig. 1). During the model run, the foam homogeneously expands in the domain undergoing extension and homogeneously contracts in the domain undergoing shortening. The applied velocity for all models is 10 mm/h and refers to the divergence of the sidewalls furthest away from the rotation axis which decreases linearly towards the rotation axis. This results in a maximum displacement of 40 mm at the outermost circular segment after a total run time of 4h.
    Keywords: multi-scale laboratories ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; analogue models of geologic processes ; continental rifting ; rotational rifting ; EPOS ; 3D stereo DIC ; software tools ; deformation 〉 rifting ; SLR camera ; Sand 〉 Quartz sand ; Surface elevation ; analogue modelling results ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes data derived from high-speed surface displacement observations from analog earthquake experiments. The data consists of surface displacement of the experiment upper plate and slab, slip distribution, and grids of Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS). The surface displacement observations have been captured using a highspeed CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) camera (Phantom VEO 640L camera, 12 bit) and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Description of the experiments and results regarding the surface displacement observation, Slip distribution, and CFS can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes. The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020 and 2022). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt, and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. The Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. A flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies rectangular stick-slip patch/es over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. Two different seismic configurations of the shallow part of the wedge base (the megathrust) represent the depth extent of the seismogenic zone in nature. In the first configuration (homogeneous configuration), a single large rectangular stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) is implemented as the main slip patch (MSP). In the second case (heterogeneous configuration), two square-shaped MSPs (200*200mm) have been emplaced, acting as two medium-size seismogenic asperities surrounded by a salt matrix hosting frequent small events. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the sticky-rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modeling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; High frame rate camera ; Time lapse camera ; megathrust ; Rubber ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-08-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear test (RST) on a plastic (polyester) sand material that has been used in flume experiments (Marra et al., 2014; Kleinhans et al., 2017) and is now used in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University (NL) as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. Detailed information about the data, methodology and a list of files and formats is given in the data description and list of files that are included in the zip folder and also available via the DOI landing page.The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficient and cohesion as a remote service by GFZ Potsdam for TecLab (Utrecht University). According to our analysis the material behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of 0.76, 0.60, and 0.66, respectively. Cohesions are in the order of few tens of Pa. A minor rate-weakening of 3% per ten-fold rate change is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-09-02
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes video sequences and strain analysis of 12 analogue models studying crustal-scale deformation and basin reactivation, performed at the Laboratory of Tectonic modelling of the University of Rennes 1. These models show how parameters such as crustal strength, tectonic inheritance and boundary conditions (ishortening/ stretching) control both the distribution of crustal strain and the possibility for pre-existing structures to be reactivated. This dataset includes top-view movies of the 12 models, including strain analysis based on displacement vectors obtained from digital image correlation. Detailed descriptions of models can be found in Guillaume et al. (2022, special issue of Solid Earth on Analogue modelling of basin inversion) to which this dataset is supplementary.
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; solid earth ; tectonics ; basin inversion ; fault reactivation ; crustal strength ; tectonic inheritance ; shortening ; stretching ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; deformation 〉 shearing ; Density ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 PIVlab ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 foreland setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; Electric engine (mm/hr) ; Foam rubber ; fold-and-thrust belt ; Friction coefficient ; graben ; graben ; normal fault ; Poisson ratio ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox 〉 Sandbox (cm scale) ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; tectonic process 〉 continental_collision ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; thrust fault ; Time lapse camera ; Viscosity ; wrench fault
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-09-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset presents the raw data from two experimental series of analogue models and four numerical models performed to investigate Rift-Rift-Rift triple junction dynamics, supporting the modelling results described in the submitted paper. Numerical models were run in order to support the outcomes obtained from the analogue models. Our experimental series tested the case of a totally symmetric RRR junction (with rift branch angles trending at 120° and direction of stretching similarly trending at 120°; SY Series) or a less symmetric triple junction (with rift branches trending at 120° but with one of these experiencing orthogonal extension; OR Series), and testing the role of a single or two phases of extension coupled with effect of differential velocities between the three moving plates. An overview of the performed analogue and numerical models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Maestrelli et al. (2020). Numerical models were run with the finite element software ASPECT (e.g., Kronbichler et al., 2012; Heister et al., 2017; Rose et al., 2017).
    Keywords: tectonics ; solid Earth ; triple junctions ; analogue modelling ; physical modelling ; numerical modelling ; Digital Elevation Models ; photogrammetry ; faults ; faulting ; stress ; strain ; Red Sea ; Gulf of Aden ; Main Ethiopian Rift ; Afar ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; compound material 〉 igneous material ; compound material 〉 rock ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 DIGITAL ELEVATION/DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; experiment ; experiment 〉 laboratory experiment ; experiment 〉 simulation 〉 modelling ; experiment 〉 simulation 〉 modelling 〉 model ; geological process ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments ; Models/Analyses ; monitoring ; monitoring 〉 monitoring technique ; monitoring 〉 monitoring technique 〉 photogrammetry ; parameter 〉 pixel ; parameter 〉 raster ; parameter 〉 resolution (parameter) ; Phanerozoic ; research ; research 〉 research project ; research 〉 scientific research ; science ; science 〉 natural science ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 tectonics ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geophysics
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2022-09-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes video sequences depicting the evolution in map view and lateral view of 7 analogue experiments studying mantle-scale subduction systems. The experiments are performed under a natural gravity field and are designed to understand the role of convergence obliquity on upper plate deformation and partitioning, with a particular emphasis on the role played by lithospheric inherited structures on the development of sliver tectonics. All experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Tectonic modelling of the University of Rennes 1 (France). The experimental set-up corresponds to a lithosphere and sub-lithospheric upper mantle system. The lithospheric plates are simulated with PDMS silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane Silicone) with different viscosities and densities, and the upper mantle with glucose syrup. In particular, for the overriding plate, we simulate the presence of a weaker volcanic arc that can eventually be decoupled from the forearc by a pre-existing discontinuity. The materials are placed into a Plexiglas tank, where the impermeable bottom of the tank represents the 660 km discontinuity. The subduction is initiated by manually forcing the slab into the mantle and it then evolves under the combined effects of internal buoyancy forces (slab pull) and external boundary forces. The subducting plate is pushed toward the trench at a constant velocity of 1.5 cm/min while the overriding plate is maintained fixed during the duration of the experiments. The evolution of the experiments is monitored by DSLR cameras (24 Mpx) taking pictures every 30 seconds at the top and on one side of the experiments. Pictures are then assembled into video-sequences. The scale bar, with black & white rectangles corresponds to 10 cm. The set of experiments consists of one reference model (MODEL-01) with orthogonal convergence, and six models with oblique convergence (Table 1). Among these models, three do not embed a pre-existing lithospheric discontinuity in the overriding plate (MODEL-02, MODEL-03, and MODEL-04) while the three other (MODEL-05, MODEL-06, and MODEL-07) have such a discontinuity. For the models with oblique convergence, we vary the angle between the convergence direction and the trench from 80° (MODEL-02 and MODEL-05) to 60° (MODEL-03 and MODEL-06) and 50° (MODEL-04 and MODEL-07). For details on the experimental set-up, and interpretation of the results, please refer to Suárez et al. (submitted to Tectonophysics) to which these data are supplementary material.
    Keywords: Subduction experiments ; Trench-oblique convergence ; Analogue models ; Sliver tectonics ; Vorticity number ; Strike-slip ; Thrusting ; Cenozoic times ; Patagonian Andes ; Inherited anisotropies ; Lithospheric strain ; Slab dip variations ; PIVLab software ; Trac-Trac software ; SSPX software ; Strain tensor ; Subduction dynamics ; Fold and thrust belt ; Interplate friction ; Strain partitioning ; Shear force ; Trench-parallel motion ; Liquiñe-Ofqui fault system ; Slab roll-back ; Trench retreat ; Nazca plate ; Traiguén basin ; Chile triple junction ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; deformation 〉 ductile flow ; Density ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 Matlab code ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 PIVlab ; earth interior setting 〉 mantle setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; fault ; fault 〉 strike-slip fault ; Golden syrup ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; Subduction box ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Time lapse camera ; trench ; Viscosity
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of 200-300 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.51 , µD = 0.40, and µR = 0.44, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 40 Pa and 70 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities and at high loads.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of less than 50 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.47 , µD = 0.44, and µR = 0.47, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 50 Pa and 70 Pa. The material shows a neglectable rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of 100-200 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.50 , µD = 0.39, and µR = 0.46, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material is close to zero Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities and at high loads.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2023-02-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction and elasticity data from ring shear and axial tests, respectively, on rock analogue materials used at the University Roma Tre (Rome, IT) in “Foamquake”, a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle (Mastella et al., under review). Two granular materials (quartz sand and Jasmine rice) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. An elastic material (foam rubber) have been characterized by means of Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v. According to our analysis the granular materials show Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by linear failure envelopes in the shear stress vs. normal load Mohr space. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.69, µD = 0.56 and µR = 0.64, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 50 and 100 Pa. Rate-dependency of friction in quartz sand seems insignificant. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the Jasmine rice are µP = 0.70, µD = 0.59 and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 30 and 50 Pa. Rate-weakening of Jasmine rice is c. 6% per tenfold change in shear velocity v. The Young’s modulus of the foam rubber has been constrained to 30 kPa, its Poisson’s ratio is v=0.1.
    Keywords: multiscale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue ; EPOS ; Cohesion ; Density ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; Earthquake simulator ; Flour 〉 Rice ; Foam rubber ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; geolocical hydrogeological 〉 earthquake ; megathrust ; Poisson ratio ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 forearc setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Time lapse camera ; Triaxal tester ; Uniaxial tester ; Young modulus
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides results from rheological tests of glucose syrup from two suppliers tested within the EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) trans-national access (TNA) program 2019 at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), Univ. Roma TRE, Italy. Syrups Glucowheat 45/81 (GW45) and Glucowheat 60/79 (GW60) are produced by Blattmann Schweiz AG, Switzerland (2019 batch). Syrups GlucoSweet 44 (GS44) and GlucoSweet 62 (GS62) are produced by ADEA (Amidi Destrini ed Affini), Italy (2019 batch) . The four tested glucose syrups are labeled according to their DE value (dextrose equivalent value). For tested products from Blattmann Schweiz AG, the second number refers to the weight percentage of dry substance. Glucose syrup GS44 is used in full lithospheric scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Lab (TecLab) at the University of Bern, Switzerland as a low-viscosity material simulating the asthenospheric mantle lithosphere to provide isostatic equilibration. The materials have been analyzed using a MCR301 Rheometer (Anton Paar) equipped with parallel plates geometry and rotational regime . To prevent the evaporation of the samples during the measurements, an external water-lock device has been used.
    Keywords: EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; glucose syrup ; software tools ; force sensor ; temperature measurement ; matlab ; rheometer ; stress exponent ; viscosity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set provides a series of experiments from ring-shear tests (RST) on various materials that are used at several laboratories worldwide. The data contains the results of slide-hold-slide tests and the processed outputs of standardized ring shear tester data from related publications. Additionally, microscopy images of the materials under plain and polarized light are provided. The time dependent restrengthening of the materials is quantified using slide-hold-slide tests. This restrengthening has implications on the reactivation potential of granular shear zones in analogue models. With the provided software we first analyze the experimental data and then compare the angles and stresses needed to reactivate normal faults in the materials. We find that while healing rates are low, the majority of samples can not reactivate normal faults that are generated through extension of an analogue model.
    Keywords: Analogue Model ; Rate-and-State Friction ; Slide-Hold-Slide Test ; Basin Inversion ; Fault Reactivation ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; deformation 〉 shearing ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MECHANICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Python ; Rate-state parameters ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The software is provided as an executable python module. The software automatically analyzes the files present in the data publication. The results are saved in the form of the images presented in the main publication. Each figure is implemented as a dedicated function that first loads the necessary data, then does some processing steps, such as curve fitting, and then plots the outputs in the desired layout. A 'main' function calls all figure functions sequentially. However, the packages is modular so that each individual plot has a standalone function which could be used with other, similarly structured data. Several submodules provide additional data for plotting, e.g. the 'groups' submodule that contains naming schemes and the densities for all samples.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: To install the package run: "python -m pip install git+https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/analab-code/granular-healing.git" To run the script run: "python -m granularhealing"
    Description: Other
    Description: License: GNU General Public License, Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright © 2023 Michael Rudolf Granular-Healing is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. Granular-Healing is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see 〈http://www.gnu.org/licenses/〉.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; software tools ; ring shear tester ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Gauges 〉 RING SHEAR TESTERS ; science 〉 informatics 〉 data processing system
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2023-04-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides the surface velocity fields derived with MatPIV (open-source Matlab toolbox for Particle Image Velocimetry; Sveen 2004) of three seismotectonic analog models (e.g., Rosenau et al., 2017) performed to investigate the role of geometry and friction of a single subducting seamount on the seismogenic behavior of the megathrust. Model 1 has a seamount covered by sandpaper (i.e., high friction) that is placed at 1/2 of the trench-parallel length of the seismogenic zone. Model 3 has the same geometry of model 1, but the seamount is in direct contact with the gelatin (i.e., not covered by sandpaper, hence low friction). Model 5 has a low friction patch (i.e., no geometry) that is placed again at 1/2 of the trench-parallel length of the seismogenic zone. Together with the surface velocity fields, we also provide Matlab scripts for visualization. A more detailed description of the experimental setup, configuration of the models and materials can be found in Menichelli et al. (submitted), to which this dataset is supplementary. Our seismotectonic models represent a downscaled subduction zone (1 cm in the model corresponds to 6.4 km in nature; Rosenau et al., 2017). The experimental setup consists of a 60 x 34 cm2 Plexiglass box with a 10°-dipping aluminum basal plate that moves downward with a constant velocity of 0.01 cm/s, analog of the subducting plate. The overriding plate is represented by an elastic wedge of 2.5 wt% pigskin gelatin at T = 10 °C (Di Giuseppe et al., 2009). The seismogenic zone of the megathrust is simulated using a rectangular sandpaper patch (Corbi et al., 2013), with a downdip width of 16 cm and located 31 and 47 cm from the backstop. This corresponds to a 100-km-wide seismogenic zone extending over a depth interval between 15 and 34 km. The updip and down dip aseismic regions of the megathrust are simulated by plastic sheets that are fixed on the setup frame and not subject to subduction (Corbi et al., 2013). A 3D-printed PLA seamount is placed on the seismogenic zone (e.g., Van Rijsingen et al., 2019). The seamount has a height of 6.28 mm and a diagonal length of 94 mm, corresponding to 4 km and 60 km in nature, respectively. These dimensions scale well-known seamounts, such as the Joban Seamount chain in the Japan Trench or the Louisville seamount chain in the Tonga-Kermadec Trench. Experiments were monitored with a CCD camera that acquired a sequence of high-resolution top-view images (1600 x 1200 pixels2, 8 bit, 256 gray levels) at 7.5 fps for the entire duration of the experiment (i.e., ca. 24 minutes). Images are processed with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV; Adam et al., 2005) using the open-source Matlab toolbox MatPIV (Sveen, 2004). MatPIV provides the velocity field between two consecutive frames, measured at the surface of the model. The velocity field was then used as input to identify analog seismic events using the open-source Matlab function findpeak. The threshold used was 0.1 cm/s. Once earthquakes were identified, we derived their source parameters such as seismic slip, magnitude, and recurrence time following Corbi et al. (2017) and van Rijsingen et al. (2019).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; PIV
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2023-05-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set is a description of a novel analogue modelling method used to run lithospheric-scale tectonic models, and to uniquely monitor these models through X-Ray CT-scanning techniques at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (Switzerland). It includes information on the model set-up and model materials, and includes a step-by-step description of the general modelling procedure. A first application of this novel procedure, for the simulation of lithospheric scale rifting processes can be found in Zwaan & Schreurs (2023a) in Tectonics, with supplementary data publicly available via GFZ Data Services (Zwaan & Schreurs 2023b). The results of this work prove the feasibility of the method, and opens the door to a broad variety of new tectonic modelling studies.
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; CT-scanning ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 RIFTING
    Type: Other , Other
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2023-06-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set is digital image correlation data, including surface displacement and strain data from laboratory subduction megathrust earthquake cycles. The data consists of grids of surface strain (elastic and permanent), trench-normal surface displacement, vorticity and divergence maps over analog seismic cycles, and time series of surface displacement. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2023), to which this data set is supplementary. We use three configurations to mimic the along-strike heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of frictional locking (Rosenau et al., 2019; Kosari et al., 2022b). A central patch separates two stick-slip zones as an aseismic barrier in all configurations. The frictional properties of the central patch vary as a velocity-strengthening (VS configuration), a velocity-neutral (VN), and a velocity-weakening (VW configuration). The VW zone generates smaller slip events with a higher frequency (i.e., recurrence interval) than the stick-slip zones. Four frictionally different materials have been emplaced on the interface: The sticky-rice as velocity-weakening material (a-b〈0) resulting in stick-slip cycles simulating earthquake cycles, fine-grained sugar and rubber-sand mixture as velocity-strengthening (a-b〉0) and velocity-neutral (a-b=0) material, and fine-grained salt as velocity-weakening material (a-b〈0) (Kosari et al., 2023).
    Keywords: Seismotectonic modeling ; Analog Modeling ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) ; Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC UPLIFT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2023-08-04
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes raw data used in the paper by Reitano et al. (2022), focused on the effect of imposed boundary conditions (regional slope and rainfall rate) on the morphological evolution of analogue landscapes; the paper also focuses on applicability of stream power laws on analogue models, defining if and how the parametrization used in natural landscapes works in analogue ones. The experiments have been carried out at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), University “Roma Tre” (Rome). Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedures implemented can be found in the paper to which this dataset refers. Here we present: • Pictures recording the evolution of the models. • GIFs showing time-lapses of models. • Raw DEMs of the models, used for extracting data later discusses in the paper. • Raw channels data (.mat files).
    Description: Methods
    Description: We took digital images during the evolution of the experiments. These images are stored in the “2022_029_Reitano-et-al_Pictures_and_GIFs” folder. Digital Images The qualitative evolution of the analogue models has been recorded using a digital top-view camera (Canon EOS 200D). Digital pictures have not been modified with other imaging software. Data from models' surface Laser scan provides a point cloud, composed by x, y, z coordinated of the points composing the model surface (the number of points is function of the laser resolution). The laser scans are converted to raw DEMs, here stored in the “DEMs” folder. Bottom left corner in the DEMs is randomly chosen to be -70 ∙ 103 m. No data values equal to -9999. Cell size is 1 mm. Channels data are collected into “Channels” folder. These data are .png channel longitudinal profiles and StreamOBJ files (.mat, TopoToolbox) containing all channels information. For every model and for every chosen time step (see Supplementary Information of the paper), we selected four rivers. These rivers are plotted together at the same time step. Eroded volumes and Incision rates We create a numeric regular grid on the model surface. The eroded volumes are extracted calculating the cumulative difference in elevation (Δz) of the same cells at consecutive times. The cells dimension is function of the horizontal resolution of the laser scan (here 0.05 mm). Knowing the cell dimensions and the corresponding Δz, is it possible to obtain the total volume of eroded material at every time step. Incision rates are computed finding the value of incision for every point forming the selected channels. These values of incision are then divided for the time step at which they are collected, obtaining the incision rate through time.
    Keywords: Erosional laws ; Analogue modelling ; Tectonic geomorphology ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS 〉 PRECIPITATION INDICATORS 〉 PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; hydrosphere 〉 hydrologic cycle 〉 hydrographic network
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2023-08-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes overviews and videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs, topography data and digital image correlation [DIC] analysis) of 6 analogue models simulating rotational rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the links between rotational rifting and different distributions of lithospheric weaknesses, and the evolution of the East African Rift System. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2023).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; time-lapse camera ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 RIFTING
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2023-09-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes the results of 5 lithospheric-scale, brittle-ductile analogue experiments of extension and subsequent shortening performed at the Geodynamic Modelling Laboratory at Monash University (Melbourne, Australia). Here we investigated (1) the influence of the mechanical stratification of the model layers on rift basins during extension and (2) the influence of these basins on shortening-related structures. This dataset consists of images and movies that illustrate the evolution of topography (i.e., model surface height) and cumulative and incremental axial strain during the experiments. Topography and strain measures were obtained using digital image correlation (DIC) which was applied to sequential images of the model surface. This dataset also includes orthophotos (i.e., orthorectified images) of the model surface, overlain with fault traces and basins that were interpreted using QGIS. The experiments are described in detail in Samsu et al. (submitted to Solid Earth), to which this dataset is supplementary.
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; solid earth ; tectonics ; rifting ; extension ; rift basin ; shortening ; basin inversion ; crustal strength ; orogenesis ; mountain building ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) ; Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; analogue experiments ; normal fault ; uplift ; positive inversion ; sand ; silicone/PDMS ; Plasticine ; glucose syrup ; geodynamics ; EARTH SCIENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 FAULTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 GRABEN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 HORST ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; experiment ; experiment 〉 simulation 〉 modelling ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 sedimentary basin
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2023-10-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains measurements of viscous and viscoelastic materials that are used for analogue modelling. Proper density and viscosity scaling of ductile layers in the crust and lithosphere, requires materials like Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to be mixed with fillers and low viscoity silicone oils. Changing the filler content and filler material, the density, viscosity and power-law coefficient can be tuned according to the requirements. All materials contain a large amount of PDMS and all but one a small amount of an additional silicone oil. Adding plasticine or barium sulfate lead to shear thinning rheologies with power-law exponents of p〈0.95. Adding corundum powder only has a minor effect on the power-law exponent. Some mixtures also have an apparent yield point but all are in the liquid state in the tested range. In general, the rheologies of the materials are very complex and in some cases strongly temperature dependent. However, in the narrow range of relevant strain rates, the behaviour is well defined by a power-law relation and thus found suitable for simulating ductile layers in crust and lithosphere.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; Barium sulphate ; Density ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES ; Iron Powder ; Plasticine ; Python ; Rheological model ; Rheometer ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Stress exponent ; Viscosity
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2023-11-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The southern Andes are regarded as a typical subduction orogen formed by oblique plate convergence. Despite decades of studies, there is considerable uncertainty as to how deformation is kinematically partitioned in the upper plate. Using scaled analogue experiments modelling, we test the concept of dextral transpression for this orogen. We advocate that the GPS velocity field portrays interseismic deformation related to deformation of strong crust north, and weak crust south, of 37°S. Contrary to the popular hypotheses that the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, a prominent intra-arc deformation zone, takes up most of the plate boundary-parallel dextral strike-slip, we find that dextral transpression affects the entire model orogen through tectonic segmentation of crust. Moreover, prominent, regularly spaced sinistral oblique-slip thrust faults, interpreted as antithetic Riedel shears, developed spontaneously in all of our experiments and call into question the general believe that their NW-striking natural equivalents formed from pre-Andean discontinuities. Our experiments prompt us to reconsider the apparently well-established geodynamic concept that strain and margin-parallel displacement is localized on a few margin-parallel faults in the southern Andes.
    Keywords: GPS velocity field ; kinematic partitioning ; Strain partitioning ; Southern Andes ; Transpression ; oblique plate convergence ; analogue experiment ; modeling ; Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone ; interseismic deformation ; Multibox ; EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analog modelling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; fault 〉 oblique slip fault ; fault 〉 strike-slip fault ; geologic process ; Glass/Plexiglas box 〉 Glass/Plexiglas box (meter scale) ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; normal fault ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox 〉 Sandbox (meter scale) ; Shear box ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Squeeze box ; Surface image ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 orogenic process ; tectonic setting 〉 back arc setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 volcanic arc setting ; Time lapse camera
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from drained ring-shear tests on a wet (water saturated) silica powder-glass beads-PVC powder mixture (40:40:20 wt.%) “CM2”, used in analogue modelling of tectonic and erosion processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Conrad et al., 2023, Reitano et al., 2020, 2022. 2023). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of CM2 are µP = 0.66, µD = 0.58, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion of the material ranges between 60-230 Pa. The tested bulk material CM2 consists of a mixture of 40 wt. % silica powder, 40 wt.% glass beads and 20 wt.% PVC powder which has been saturated with water (Table 1). Specification of silica powder is “Ventilated Quartz VR16” (https://www.valligranulati.it/products-granules-quartz-marble-sands-premixed/sheet-m/ventilated-quartz) by the company Valli Granulati S.r.l. (Italy). Ventilated quartz is obtained by micronisation of quartz sands with a high content of SiO2 (around 96%), and used e.g. in paints and abrasives. It should be handled with care to omit generation of dust and a half mask (filter class FFA1P2 RD) should be worn because it can harm the human respiratory tract with the potential of causing silicosis. Glass beads used here have a size (diameter) of 700-110 µm and their individual properties are described in detail Pohlenz et al. (2020). The commercial name for the PVC powder is “PVC K.57 Inovyn 257RF” by the company TPV Compound (Italy). PVC powder is mainly used for cleaning industrial structures (as abrasives) or for the production of PVC tubing, plastic sheets etc. The composition of this PVC powder is the same of the common Polyvinyl chloride. According to the regulation CE n.1272/2008 (CLP), this type of PVC powder is classified as not dangerous for the supply, also thanks to its low value of density and round shape.
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of analogue models performed to investigate the influence of inherited brittle fabrics on narrow continental rifting. This model series was performed to test the influence of brittle pre-existing fabrics on the rifting deformation by cutting the brittle layer at different orientations with respect to the extension direction. An overview of the experimental series is shown in Table 1. In this dataset we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different steps and showing the deformation process of each model; they can be used to interpret the geometrical characteristics of rift-related faults; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models, allowing for quantitative analysis of the fault pattern. 3) Short movies built from top-view photos which help to visualize the evolution of model deformation; 4) line-drawing of fault and fracture patters to be used for fault statistical quantification. Further details on the modelling strategy and setup can be found in Corti (2012), Maestrelli et al. (2020), Molnar et al. (2020), Philippon et al. (2015), Zwaan et al. (2021) and in the publication associated with this dataset. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Montanari et al. (2017) Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Zwaan et al. (2020).
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; rift ; East African Rift System ; pre-existing fabrics ; inherited structures ; fault reactivation ; fault ; brittle material ; centrifuge ; centrifuge model ; viscous material ; sandbox experiment ; physical model ; tectonics ; Main Ethiopian rift ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; compound material 〉 rock ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 clastic sedimentary material ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 sediment ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 sedimentary rock ; compound material 〉 unconsolidated material ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS ; geological process ; geological process 〉 sedimentation (geology) ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Data Analysis ; lithosphere ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 fault ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 sedimentary basin ; lithosphere 〉 rock ; lithosphere 〉 sediment ; material ; material 〉 properties of materials ; Models/Analyses ; Models/Analyses 〉 MODELS ; Phanerozoic 〉 Cenozoic ; research ; research 〉 research project ; research 〉 scientific research
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2023-12-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, topography data and Digital Image Correlation [DIC] analysis) of 11 analogue models, divided in three model series (A, B and C), simulating rifting and subsequent inversion tectonics. In these models we test how orthogonal or oblique extension, followed by either orthogonal or oblique compression, as well as syn-rift sedimentation, influenced the reactivation of rift structures and the development of new inversion structures. We compare these models with an intracontinental inverted basin in NE Brazil (Araripe Basin). All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). We used an experimental set-up involving two long mobile sidewalls, two rubber sidewalls (fixed between the mobile walls, closing the short model ends), and a mobile and a fixed base plate. We positioned a 5 cm high block consisting of an intercalation of foam (1 cm thick) and Plexiglas (0.5 cm thick) bars on the top of the base plates. Then we added layers of viscous and brittle analogue materials representing the ductile and brittle lower and upper crust in our experiments, which were 3 cm and 6 cm thick, respectively. A seed made of the same viscous material was positioned at the base of the brittle layer, in order to localize the formation of an initial graben in our models. The standard model deformation rate was 20 mm/h, over a duration of 2 hours for a total of 40 mm of divergence, followed by 2 hours of convergence at the same rate (except for Models B3 and C3, since the oblique rifting did not create space for 40 mm of orthogonal inversion). For syn-rift sedimentation, we applied an intercalation of feldspar and quartz sand in the graben. Model parameters and detailed description of model set-up are summarized in Table 1, and results and their interpretation can be found in Richetti et al. (2023).
    Keywords: Basin inversion ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; Electric engine (mm/hr) ; fault 〉 reverse fault ; fault 〉 strike-slip fault ; Generic camera ; graben ; graben ; horst ; normal fault ; rift valley ; rifting ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Sand 〉 Feldspar Sand ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox 〉 Sandbox (cm scale) ; Sectioning ; sedimentary process ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; StereoScan (Agisoft) ; Surface image ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic setting 〉 intraplate tectonic setting ; tectonic uplift ; thrust fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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