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  • Yeast  (235)
  • Springer  (235)
  • 1985-1989  (162)
  • 1980-1984  (73)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cloning and characterization of a RAS gene fromSchizosaccharomyces pombe (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 23 (1986), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: RAS oncogene ; Cloning ; DNA sequence ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a RAS gene from the yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe (SP-RAS). The putative RAS protein of 214 amino acids is encoded by two noncontiguous reading frames separated by an intron of 86 bp. The SP-RAS gene product shares extensive homology with the proteins of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae (SC),Dictyostelium, Drosophila, and human RAS genes in its N-terminal region but not in its C-terminal region. The extended C-terminal regions found in the SC-RAS genes have no counterpart in the SP-RAS gene. Thus the RAS genes of these two yeasts are structurally quite distinct. The SP-RAS sequence was expressed in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100997
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    tRNA-rRNA sequence homologies: Evidence for a common evolutionary origin? (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 19 (1983), S. 420-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; E. coli ; tRNA ; rRNA ; Sequence homologies ; Evolution ; Origins ; Coding mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Many tRNAs ofE. coli and yeast contain stretches whose base sequences are similar to those found in their respective rRNAs. The matches are too frequent and extensive to be attributed to coincidence. They are distributed without discernible pattern along and among the RNAs and between the two species. They occur in loops as well as in stems, among both conserved and non-conserved regions. Their distributions suggest that they reflect common ancestral origins rather than common functions, and that they represent true homologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102317
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular evolution of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae histone gene loci (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1987), S. 252-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Histone genes ; Gene conversion ; Diploidization ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The core histone genes ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae are arranged as duplicate nonallelic sets of specifically paired genes. The identity of structural organization between the duplicated gene pairs would have its simplest evolutionary origin in the duplication of a complete locus in a single event. In such a case, the time since the duplication of one of the genes should be identical to that since duplication of the gene adjacent to it on the chromosome. A calculation of the evolutionary distances between the coding DNA sequences of the histone genes leads to a duplication paradox: The extents of sequence divergence in the silent component of third-base positions for adjacent pairs of genes are not identical. Estimates of the evolutionary distance between the two H3-H4 noncoding intergene DNA sequences are large; the divergence between the two separate sequences is indistinguishable from the divergence between either of the regions and a randomly generated permutation of itself. These results suggest that the duplication event may have occurred much earlier than previously estimated. The potential age of the duplication, and the attractive simplicity of the duplication of both the H3-H4 and the H2A-H2B gene pairs having taken place in a single event, leads to the hypothesis that modern haploidS. cerevisiae may have evolved by diploidization or fusion of two ancient fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02111238
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in trehalose content and trehalase activity during spore germination in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Germination ; Glycogen ; Outgrowth ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Spore ; Trehatase ; Trehalose ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative changes in various carbohydrates of Schizosaccharomyces, pombe spores during germination and outgrowth were studied. Trehalose decreased rapidly, shortly after onset of germination, while glycogen remained constant throughout germination and outgrowth. Alkali-insoluble carbohydrates decreased after the lag period of about 40 min. The content of alkali-soluble carbohydrates was constant during germination, but increased remarkably in parallel with germtube formation. The mechanism of rapid degradation of trehalose during germination was also studied. The activity of trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) was detected only in the cell wall fraction of isolated spores. Trehalase activity in the cell wall fraction was not enhanced during germination. Trehalose was not found in the isolated spore walls, but in the soluble fraction. These facts strongly suggested that trehalose, and trehalase were spatially separated in dormant spores and that trehalase became accessible to trehalose upon germination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417172
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biogenesis and turnover of peroxisomes involved in the concurrent oxidation of methanol and methylamine in Hansenula polymorpha (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Peroxisome ; Methanol ; Methylamine ; Yeast ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Alcohol oxidase ; Amino oxidase ; Catalase ; Catabolite inactivation ; Turnover ; Cytochemical localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Hansenula polymorpha in shake flasks and chemostat cultures in the presence of methanol as the sole source of carbon and methylamine as the sole source of nitrogen was associated with the development of peroxisomes in the cells. The organelles were involved in the concurrent oxidation of these two compounds, since they contained both alcohol oxidase and amine oxidase, which are key enzymes in methanol and methylamine metabolism, respectively. In addition catalase was present. Peroxisomes with a completely crystalline substructure were observed in methanol-limited chemostat-grown cells. Amine oxidase probably formed an integral part of these crystalloids, whereas catalase was present in a freely diffusable form. Transfer of cells, grown in a methanol-limited chemostat in the presence of methylamine into glucose/ammonium sulphate media resulted in the loss of both alcohol oxidase and amine oxidase activity from the cells. This process was associated with degradation of the crystalline peroxisomes. However, when cells were transferred into glucose/methylamine media, amine oxidase activity only declined during 2 h after the transfer and thereafter increased again. This subsequent rise in amine oxidase activity was associated with the development of new peroxisomes in the cells in which degradation of the crystalline peroxisomes, originally present, continued. These newly formed organelles probably originated from peroxisomes which had not been affected by degradation. When in the methanollimited chemostat methylamine was replaced by ammonium sulphate, repression of the synthesis of amine oxidase was observed. However, inactivation of this enzyme or degradation of peroxisomes was not detected. The decrease of amine oxidase activity in the culture was accounted for by dilution of enzyme as a result of growth and washout.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417176
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubule function and its relation to cellular development and the yeast cell cycle in Wangiella dermatitidis (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Microtubule ; Nocodazole ; Yeast ; Cell cycle ; Dimorphism ; Fungus ; Wangiella dermatitidis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The microtubule inhibitor nocodazole {methyl-5-[2-(thienylcarbonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-carbamate} prevented nuclear migration and nuclear division in yeasts and developing multicellular forms of the polymorphic fungus Wangiella dermatitidis. It did not prevent yeast bud formation during at least two or three budding cycles, and caused yeasts to accumulate as premitotic forms with one to three buds. The effects of the drug suggested that at least three control pathways were involved in the yeast cell cycle; that the nocodazole block point was separate from the execution points of two temperature-sensitive mutations which lead to multicellularity; and that microtubules were controlling neither the yeast budding process nor the development of multicellular forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413531
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase is associated with the peroxisomal membrane of yeasts (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 42-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; Yeast ; Peroxisomes ; Proton-translocating ATPase ; Cell fractionation ; Fluorescence quenching studies ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The association of an ATPase with the yeast peroxisomal membrane was established by both biochemical and cytochemical procedures. Peroxisomes were purified from protoplast homogenates of the methanol-grown yeast Hansenula polymorpha by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Biochemical analysis revealed that ATPase activity was associated with the peroxisomal peak fractions which were identified on the basis of alcohol oxidase and catalase activity. The properties of this ATPase closely resembled those of the mitochondrial ATPase of this yeast. The enzyme was Mg2+-dependent, had a pH optimum of approximately 8.5 and was sensitive to N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), oligomycin and azide, but not to vanadate. A major difference was the apparent K m for ATP which was 4–6 mM for the peroxisomal ATPase compared to 0.6–0.9 mM for the mitochondrial enzyme. Cytochemical experiments indicated that the peroxisomal ATPase was associated with the membranes surrounding these organelles. After incubations with CeCl3 and ATP specific reaction products were localized on the peroxisomal membrane, both when unfixed isolated peroxisomes or formaldehyde-fixed protoplasts were used. This staining was strictly ATP-dependent; in controls performed i) in the absence of substrate, ii) in the presence of glycerol 2-phosphate instead of ATP, or iii) in the presence of DCCD, staining was invariably absent. Similar staining patterns were observed in subcellular fractions and protoplasts of Candida utilis and Trichosporon cutaneum X4, grown in the presence of ethanol/ethylamine or ethylamine, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00492903
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of protein phosphorylation by chloroquine (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Yeast ; Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rapid phase of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) inactivation following glucose addition to starved yeast cells [reported previously] is inhibited on addition of 10 mM chloroquine (CQ) at about pH 8. This inhibition of inactivation was shown to be due to the prevention of phosphorylation of the enzyme. CQ was also found to inhibit general protein phosphorylation in the yeast cells. Glycolysis, as observed by changes in intracellular glucose-6-phosphate and extracellular glucose and ethanol concentrations, was shown to be significantly inhibited in cells treated with CQ. Similarly, a decrease in ATP concentrations was observed. However, during the early stages of phosphorylation of FBPase, levels of ATP were similar in cells containing CQ as in those without CQ. Thus, decrease in ATP levels is not thought to be significantly responsible for the inhibition of protein phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylating activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases is inhibited in vitro by relatively low concentrations of CQ. Thus, prevention of protein phosphorylation by CQ is believed to be due to inhibition of protein kinases in yeast cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00463481
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis regulation of the β-glucosidase produced by a yeast strain transformed by genetic engineering (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 115-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: β-Glucosidase ; Yeast ; Genetic engineering ; Biosynthesis regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biosynthesis of the β-glucosidase enzyme was studied in a transformed yeast obtained by cloning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the structural gene coding for β-glucosidase in Kluyveromyces fragilis. The enzyme biosynthesis was found to be non-adaptative, and repressed by glucose. These features are similar to those observed in K. fragilis. β-Glucosidase activity in the transformed yeast was much higher than in K. fragilis. We attempted to ferment cellobiose with the transformed yeast: practically no cellobiose was consumed, growth and ethanol production were negligible. Warburg experiments showed that cellobiose fermentation did not occur when the respiratory chain was not functioning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402336
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Killer toxin producing strains of the yeasts Hanseniaspora uvarum and Pichia kluyveri (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1988), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Hanseniaspora uvarum ; Pichia kluyveri ; Killer toxin ; dsRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By heat treatment killer strains of the type K1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are known to harbour dsRNA plasmids were completely cured, whereas only a small fraction of the clones of the killer type K2 had lost the dsRNA dependent killer character. The K2 killers but not the strains of killer type K1 were easily cured by cycloheximide. Killer strains of Hanseniaspora uvarum were not curable by heat treatment. Curing was successfull with cycloheximide or 5-fluorouracil. Two double-stranded RNA plasmids were detected in the killer strains of H. uvarum. The smaller dsRNA plasmid was absent in the strains that were cured of their killer character by 5-fluorouracil. The killer character of H. uvarum was transferred to S. cerevisiae by spheroplast fusion. The fusion products showing the killer character contained both dsRNA plasmids, obviously the smaller plasmid (M-dsRNA) carries the genes for killer toxin formation. Killer strains of Pichia kluyveri were not curable of their killer character, in these strains no dsRNA plasmids were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422015
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of growth temperature upon heat sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 285-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heat killing ; Membrane damage ; Genetic damage ; Growth temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance of exponentially growing yeast cells to killing by exposure to 52°C increased markedly as the growth temperature was increased. Identical killing curves were obtained for cells suspended in growth medium or in 0.9% saline. Cells resistant to killing at 52°C were quite sensitive to killing at slightly higher temperatures. These results suggest a primary role for membrane damage in the mechanism of heat killing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427739
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the adenylate energy charge and the induction of sporulation in Saccharomyces diastaticus (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 47-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adenylate energy charge ; Phosphate ; Saccharomyces ; Sporulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The induction of sporulation in yeast is generally accompanied by a sharp increase in energy metabolism which is evidenced by a rise of the adenylate energy charge by that time. The energy charge can be held at a low level by limitation of the phosphate supply in the growth medium. Ascus formation remains unaffected by this treatment. This suggests that the rise in ATP production normally encountered during early sporulation is not essential for the initiation of sporulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417178
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphate uptake in the yeast Candida tropicalis: purification of phosphate-binding protein and investigations about its role in phosphate uptake (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Phosphate uptake ; Phosphate-binding protein ; Anti-phosphate-binding protein antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purification of a phosphate-binding protein (PiBP2) by immunoadsorption is described. The entire anti phosphate-binding protein 2 antibodies as well as the Fab fragments obtained from these antibodies inhibit Pi uptake by whole cells. The inhibition is a mixed type of inhibition (V m and K m are affected). These results should be regarded as a possible involvement of phosphate-binding protein 2 in Pi uptake. The binding of 125I-labelled fragments prepared from anti phosphate-binding protein 2 antibodies to whole cells, to shocked cells and to protoplasts has been investigated. The results confirm the release of phosphate-binding protein by osmotic shock and during protoplast formation. From these findings, a cell-wall localisation, near the cell surface of the phosphate-binding protein should be proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414546
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitated diffusion of 6-deoxy-d-glucose by the oxidative yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 87-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Kluyveromyces ; 6-Deoxyglucose ; Glucose transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inducible glucose transport system of the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis, was studied using the nonmetabolizeable glucose analogue, 6-deoxyglucose. The free sugar analogue is transported into glucose-grown cells via a facilitated diffusion system as determined by the nonconcentrative uptake of the sugar analogue, by the failure of energy inhibitors to reduce the rate of transport and by exchange diffusion across the membrane. Free 6-deoxyglucose is also transported into succinate-grown cells passively. Induction experiments revealed that 6-deoxyglucose serves as a gratuitous inducer for the glucose transport system in this yeast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00527078
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient responses of yeast continuous cultures to qualitative changes in the nutrient supply. Induction and repression of the galactose pathway enzymes (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Induction ; Catabolic repression ; galactose metabolism ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Induction and repression kinetics of alphagalactosidase, galactose uptake system and Leloir pathway enzymes were studied in chemostat cultures by changing the medium feed from glucose (11 mM) to glucose and galactose (11 mM; 17 mM respectively) in the induction experiments; and from galactose (11 mM) or (111 mM) to galactose plus glucose (83 mM) in the repression experiments. Basal levels of alpha-galactosidase and glucose uptake could be estimated in glucose-limited yeast cells, but it was not possible to detect any glactose pathway enzyme activity. In the repression experiments under galactose-limited or galactose-sufficient yeast cells, alpha-galactosidase and galactokinase decayed with K d=-0.21h-1=-D; that is, synthesis of these enzymes ceased (catabolite repression). In contrast transferase and epimerase activities and galactose uptake, decreased with K d values of-0.33 and-0.54h-1, showing that these activities were also subject to catabolite inactivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408019
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Immunological evidence for the involvement of cell wall proteins in phosphate uptake in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 144 (1986), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Phosphate uptake ; Antigenic relationships ; Cell wall proteins ; Candida tropicalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunological cross-reactivity between cell wall proteins obtained from two yeast genera (Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is reported. Specific retention of two cell wall proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by an immunoabsorbent column coupled with antibodies against phosphate binding protein 2 (PiBP2) from Candida tropicalis allowed to generate antibodies against the proteins from S. cerevisiae. These antibodies were effective in inhibiting phosphate uptake by S. cerevisiae cells. The proteins from S. cerevisiae displayed a phosphate binding activity which was inhibited in the presence of the forementioned antibodies. These results and the observation that the amount of these proteins in the shock fluid was dependent of the growth conditions (i.e., in the presence or in the absence of phosphate) support the idea that these proteins are involved in the high affinity phosphate transport system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410948
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of yeast glycolytic enzymes to chloroquine (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Glycolytic enzymes ; Yeast ; Chloroquine and ATP/ADP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroquine at pH 8.0 and 10 mM concentration inhibits about 30% glucose consumption and ethanol formation in yeast cells. Out of the 11 glycolytic enzymes assayed, phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate decarboxylase have been found to be most sensitive to chloroquine. Next sensitive are hexokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase. Kinetic studies with the three kinases studied revealed competitive inhibition of chloroquine with ATP (hexokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase) or ADP (pyruvate kinase).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407797
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  • 18
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    A malic acid dependent mutant of Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 564-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: l-Malate ; Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans utilizes l-malate when grown on glucose as the carbon source. A mutant of this yeast has been isolated which is dependent on the presence of both l-malate and glucose for growth. The mutant utilizes l-malate as rapidly as the wildtype and the utilization of glucose is greatly reduced. Other TCA cycle intermediates do not relieve the malate dependence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425487
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  • 19
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    An electron microscopic study on the mating tube formation in the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mating tube ; Microtubule ; Tremella ; Ultrastructure ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructure of the mating tube formed in yeast haplont of the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica was studied by electron microscopy. Cell wall of the mating tube emerged as evagination of the inner layers, rupturing outer layers of the mother cell wall. Comparison with budding cells suggested that the tube emergence place at bud scar and the process of tube emergence was the same as that of bud emergence. Electron transparent vesicles of 0.1 μm diameter were scattered in the cytoplasm of the mating tube. Nucleus-associated organelle was located at one side of the nuclear envelope which extended towards the mating tube. A few microtubules were detected in the mating tube, but their association with a nucleus was not clear. The cytoplasmic structure of the mating tube was discussed in comparison with that of hyphae of the filamentous fungi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406161
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Fructose-bisphosphatase-deficient mutants of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fructose-bisphosphatase deficient mutants ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glucose repression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We showed that in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fructose-bisphosphatase is not subject to catabolite inactivation as it was observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, this enzyme activity is sensitive to catabolite repression in both yeasts. Two mutants lacking completely fructose-bisphosphatase activity were found. They were unable to grow on glycerol medium. They were still respiratory competent and exhibited the ability to derepress partially malate dehydrogenase activity. In glucose exponential phase culture, the parental strain lacks completely the fructosebisphosphatase activity due to catabolite repression. In these conditions, the growth is slowed down only in the mutants eventhough both mutants and their parental strain lack this enzyme activity. Normal sporulation and poor spore germination were observed for one mutant whereas, only in the presence of glucose, normal sporulation and normal spore germination were observed for the second mutant. Mendelian segregation of glycerol growth was found for the well germinating mutant. It is of nuclear heredity. The two mutations appeared to be closely linked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413526
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  • 21
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    Comparison of the killer toxin of several yeasts and the purification of a toxin of type K2 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 357-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Killer toxin ; Extracellular glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 13 killer toxin producing strains belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Candida and Pichia were tested against each other and against a sensitive yeast strain. Based on the activity of the toxins 4 different toxins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2 different toxins of Pichia and one toxin of Candida were recognized. The culture filtrate of Pichia and Candida showed a much smaller activity than the strains of Saccharomyces. Extracellular killer toxins of 3 types of Saccharomyces were concentrated and partially purified. The pH optimum and the isoelectric point were determined. The killer toxins of S. cerevisiae strain NCYC 738, strain 399 and strain 28 were glycoproteins and had a molecular weight of Mr=16,000. The amino acid composition of the toxin type K2 of S. cerevisiae strain 399 was determined and compared with the composition of two other toxins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410734
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  • 22
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    Effect of chloroquine on proteolytic processes and energy metabolism in yeast (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 104-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Yeast ; Proteolysis ; ATP hydrolysis ; Glucose consumption ; Ethanol formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In yeast cells, degradation of cellular proteins was inhibited by addition of chloroquine to the medium as shown by a decrease of the release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity from prelabelled cell protein. Penetration of chloroquine into the cells was strongly enhanced with increasing pH value of the medium. The concentration in the cells reached 5–14 times that in the medium of pH 8.0. Fluorescence microscopy showed that chloroquine was concentrated in the vacuoles of the cells. Chloroquine, at concentrations attained in the cells, inhibited the activities of vacuolar proteinases in vitro. Furthermore, chloroquine caused a rapid and drastic decrease of the ATP content of the cells and prevented the fermentation of glucose and formation of ethanol under aerobic conditions.
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    Molecular analysis of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in yeasts (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 183-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Nitrogen assimilation ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrite reductase ; Candida utilis ; Food yeast ; Nitrate reduction ; Nitrogenous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Assimilation of nitrate and various other inorganic nitrogen compounds by different yeasts was investigated. Nitrate, nitrite, hydroxylamine, hydrazine, ammonium sulphate, urea and L-asparagine were tested as sole sources of nitrogen for the growth of Candida albicans, C. pelliculosa, Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. tropicalis, and C. utilis. Ammonium sulphate and L-asparagine supported the growth of all the yeasts tested except D. hansenii while hydroxylamine and hydrazine failed to support the growth of any. Nitrate and nitrite were assimilated only by C. utilis. Nitrate utilization by C. utilis was also accompanied by the enzymatic activities of NAD(P)H: nitrate oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.6.2) and NAD(P)H: nitrite oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.6.4), but not reduced methyl viologen-or FAD-nitrate oxidoreductases (EC 1.7.99.4). It is demonstrated here that nitrate and nitrite reductase activities are responsible for the ability of C. utilis to assimilate primary nitrogen.
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    Isolation, and biochemical and biological characterization of an a-mating-type-specific glycoprotein responsible for sexual agglutination from the cytoplasm of a-cells, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; Cell-cell recognition ; Glycoprotein ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An a-mating-type-specific substance responsible for sexual agglutination was purified to 397-times in specific activity (units/mg protein) from the cytoplasm of a-mating type cells. The purified substance gave a single band stained with PAS reagent but not with both Coomassie brilliant blue and silver staining reagent by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8 M urea. However, incorporation of [35S]methionine and Lowry reaction clearly indicate that the substance is a glycoprotein. The substance specifically masked sexual agglutinability of cells of the opposite mating type α, indicating univalent action. The substance is a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 90%, a pI of 4.5, and a molecular weight of 130,000. The substance was inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol and proteolytic enzymes but not by glycolytic enzymes. The substance formed a complementary complex having no biological activity when mixed with α-agglutination substance from the wall or cytoplasm of α-cells in vitro.
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    Effect of ozone on ATP, cytosolic enzymes and permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ozone ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ATP ; Nucleotides ; Permeability ; Cytosolic enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of a yeast suspension with ozone inactivates a number of cytosolic enzymes. Among 15 studied, the most drastic inactivation was found for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and to lesser extents: NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase-1 and NAD-alcohol dehydrogenase. Ozone treatment also effects the quantity of ATP and of other nucleoside triphosphates, reducing to about 50% of the initial value. The ATP missing in the cells appears in the medium. NAD and protein also accumulate in the medium suggesting that the yeast cells have been permeabilized. Permeabilization of the yeast cells by treatment with ozone preceeds the inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and other cytosolic enzymes.
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    Arachidonic and oleic acids stimulate zygote formation in the presence of mating pheromone in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1988), S. 507-508 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating reaction ; Zygote formation ; Mating pheromone ; Fatty acid ; Arachidonic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effect of exogenous fatty acids on zygote formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Arachidonic and oleic acids considerably stimulated zygote formation, but other fatty acids tested, linoleic, linolenic, stearic and palmitic acids, did not. Pretreatment experiments with arachidonic acid showed that the stimulation of zygote formation by the fatty acid required the presence of mating pheromone.
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    How hexoses and inhibitors influence the malate transport system in Zygosaccharomyces bailii (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 37-41 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Hexose transport ; Sugar ; Malate uptake ; 2,4-DNP ; Zygosaccharomyces bailii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When grown in fructose or glucose the cells of Zygosaccharomyces bailii were physiologically different. Only the glucose grown cells (glucose cells) possessed an additional transport system for glucose and malate. Experiments with transport mutants had lead to the assumption that malate and glucose were transported by one carrier, but further experiments proved the existence of two separate carrier systems. Glucose was taken up by carriers with high and low affinity. Malate was only transported by an uptake system and it was not liberated by starved malate-loaded cells, probably due to the low affinity of the intracellular anion to the carrier. The uptake of malate was inhibited by fructose, glucose, mannose, and 2-DOG but not by non metabolisable analogues of glucose. The interference of malate transport by glucose, mannose or 2-DOG was prevented by 2,4-dinitrophenol, probably by inhibiting the sugar phosphorylation by hexokinase. Preincubation of glucose-cells with metabolisable hexoses promoted the subsequent malate transport in a sugar free environment. Preincubation of glucose-cells with 2-DOG, but not with 2-DOG/2,4-DNP, decreased the subsequent malate transport. The existence of two separate transport systems for glucose and malate was demonstrated with specific inhibitors: malate transport was inhibited by sodium fluoride and glucose transport by uranylnitrate. A model has been discussed that might explain the interference of hexoses with malate uptake in Z. bailii.
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    Chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent, inhibits zygote formation in yeast (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1988), S. 20-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating ; Zygote formation ; Chloroquine ; Lysosomotropic agent ; Plasma membrane ; Cell fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Haploid cells of opposite mating type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae conjugate to form zygote. During the conjugation process, the degradation or reorganization of the cell wall and the fusion of the two plasma membranes take place. Since chloroquine inhibits cellular events associated with the reorganization of the plasma membrane, the effect of the drug on conjugation was studied. Chloroquine at a concentration, at which cell growth was not retarded, inhibited zygote formation, while it did not affect other mating functions, such as sexual agglutination, production of and response to mating pheromone. Cells in a mating culture containing chloroquine formed no “prezygote” suggesting that they were not prepared for entering into fusion process. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine was reversible as cells formed zygote when they were washed after treatment with chloroquine. Zygote formation was unaffected in cells possessing chlorquine within vacuoles after incubation with the drug in complete medium (YPD) at pH 7.5, followed by washing. This suggests that chloroquine inhibits zygote formaton by adsorbing to the plasma membrane of S. cerevisiae.
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    Effects of nucleotides and divalent cations on phospholipase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 154-158 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Phospholipase B ; Lysophospholipase ; Enzyme inhibition ; AMP ; Unesterified fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Divalent cations activate the lysophospholipase and transacylase reactions catalyzed by the same enzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The activation was observed at neutral pH, but not at the pH optimum of lysophospholipase/transacylase, near 3.5. Adenine nucleotides, especially AMP and ADP, are strong inhibitors of the same group of enzymes. Half maximal inhibition by AMP was found at a concentration of about 20 μM. The inhibition by nucleotides in low concentrations is enhanced by divalent cations.
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    Effect of aerobiosis on fermentation and key enzyme levels during growth of Pichia stipitis, Candida shehatae and Candida tenuis on d-xylose (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 143-147 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: d-Xylose fermentation ; Aeration level ; Xylose reductase ; Xylitol dehydrogenase ; Yeast ; Candida shehatae ; Candida tenuis ; Pichia stipitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the degree of aerobiosis, xylitol production and the initial two key enzymes of d-xylose metabolism were investigated in the yeasts Pichia stipitis, Candida shehatae and C. tenuis. Anoxic conditions severely curtailed growth and retarded ethanol productivity. This, together with the inverse relationship between xylitol accumulation and aeration level, suggested a degree of redox imbalance. The ratios of NADH- to NADPH-linked xylose reductase were similar in all three yeasts and essentially independent of the degree of aerobiosis, and thus did not correlate with their differing capacities for ethanol production, xylitol accumulation or growth under the different conditions of aerobiosis. Under anoxic conditions the enzyme activity of Pichia stipitis decreased significantly, which possibly contributed to its weaker anoxic fermentation of xylose compared to C. shehatae.
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    Accumulation of pyrophosphate and other energy-rich phosphorus compounds under various conditions of yeast growth (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 394-397 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Polymerie acid-soluble poly-phosphates ; Budding process ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the cells of hybrid yeast strain Saccharomyces N.C.Y.C. 644 SU3 (Karlsberg collection), a large amount of pyrophosphate (30–300 μmol/g of dry weight) accumulates whatever the aeration conditions and the content of glucose in the medium. The content of pyrophosphate is 10–1000 times higher than that of ATP. At the early and mid-exponential growth phases two maxima of pyrophosphate accumulation are observable. The periods of maximal pyrophosphate accumulation in yeast coincide with those of the minimal content of polymeric acid-soluble polyphosphates and intense budding. In the light of the data obtained, the question is discussed as to the relationship between the metabolism of pyrophosphates and acid-soluble polyphosphates in yeast.
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    Localization of trehalase in vacuoles and of trehalose in the cytosol of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 298-301 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Protoplast ; Compartmentation ; Vacuole ; Trehalose ; Trehalase ; Carbohydrate metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesized and degraded trehalose when they were incubated in a medium containing traces of glucose and acetate. Such protoplasts were gently lyzed by the polybase method and a particulate and soluble fraction was prepared. Trehalose was found in the soluble fraction and the trehalase activity mostly in the particulate fraction which also contained the vacuoles besides other cell organelles. Upon purification of the vacuoles, by density gradient centrifugation, the specific activity of trehalase increased parallel to the specific content of vacuolar markers. This indicates that trehalose is located in the cytosol and trehalase in the vacuole. It is suggested that trehalose, in addition to its role as a reserve may also function as a protective agent to maintain the cytosolic structure under conditions of stress.
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    Metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae envelope mannoproteins (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 144-148 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cell wall ; Mannoproteins ; Envelope turnover ; Concanavalin A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By pulse and chase labeling experiments, two independent mannoprotein pools have been found associated with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae envelope. One of them probably corresponds to mannoproteins localized in the periplasmic space. These molecules showed a high turnover rate at 28° C. The second pool is formed by intrinsic wall mannoproteins which are apparently stable for long periods of time, after a small initial turnover. These results suggest that at least part of the mannoproteins initially found in the periplasmic space may move into the wall. The time lag between the addition of the radioactive precursors and their incorporation in the cell envelope (20–30 min for amino acids and about 10 min for carbohydrate) indicates that protein formation and carbohydrate incorporation take place in succession. Moreover, bulk glycosylation of mannoproteins seems to occur close in time to the moment of secretion into the periplasmic space.
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    Participation of vacuoles in regulation of levels of K+, Mg2+ and orthophosphate ions in cytoplasm of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 289-293 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ions ; Concentration ; Regulation ; Cytoplasm ; Vacuole ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular distributions of K+, Mg2+ and orthophosphate under various conditions of cultivation or incubation of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were studied by differential extraction of ion pools. The decisive role of vacuolar compartmentation of ions in regulation of K+, Mg2+ and orthophosphate levels in the yeast cytoplasm was shown. The content of intracellular K+ and Mg2+ in yeast increased or decreased primarily depending on the increase or decrease in the vacuolar ion pool. The levels of K+ and Mg2+ in the cytoplasm were practically unchanged. Vacuoles were involved in regulation of Mn2+ concentration in the cytoplasm of the yeast S. carlsbergensis accumulating this ion in the presence of glucose. Alongside the vacuolar compartmentation, the chemical compartmentation, i. e. formation of bound Mg2+, Mn2+ and K+ was, evidently, also involved in the control of ion levels in the cytoplasm. The orthophosphate level in the yeast cytoplasm was regulated by its accumulation in vacuoles and biosynthesis of inorganic polyphosphates in these organelles. The biosynthesis of low-molecular weight polyphosphates occurred parallel to the accumulation of Mg2+ or Mn2+ in vacuoles, thus confirming the availability of the other mechanism for the transport of these ions through the tonoplast differing from the transport mechanism through the plasmalemma.
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    In vivo 31P NMR studies on the role of the vacuole in phosphate metabolism in yeasts (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 270-275 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Brettanomyces intermedius ; Yeast ; Glycolysis ; Vacuole ; Cytoplasm ; Phosphate compartmentation ; Phosphate transport ; Polyphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 31P NMR was used to study the dynamics of phosphate pools during substrate utilization by aerobic and anaerobic suspensions of the yeast Candida utilis and by aerobic suspensions of the yeast Brettanomyces intermedius. In both yeast, the cytoplasmic pH was monitored; in C. utilis also the vacuolar pH could be measured. When glucose was used as a substrate for C. utilis, the vacuolar store of inorganic phosphorus (both orthophosphate and polyphosphate) was mobilized to replenish cytoplasmic phosphate which had become very low due to the build-up of high sugar phosphate levels. The hydrolysis of polyphosphate was glucose-dependent; it did not occur with ethanol as the substrate. After glucose depletion resynthesis of polyphosphate occurred only under aerobic conditions; anaerobic C. utilis cells continued to hydrolyze vacuolar polyphosphate. This difference between the aerobic and anaerobic suspension could be related to differences in cellular ATP levels. When ethanol was employed as a substrate, both Candida utilis and Brettanomyces intermedius exhibited a substantial increase in polyphosphate levels. These observations suggested a dual role for polyphosphate in yeasts both as a phosphate and an energy store. The cytoplasmic pH in C. utilis displayed characteristic responses to metabolic changes during glucose degradation. B. intermedius experienced a strong cytoplasmic acidification upon ethanol utilization due to acetic acid formation. The mechanism of transport of Pi across the vacuolar membrane in C. utilis appeared to be different from that reported for the plasma membrane.
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    Studies on rapid reversible and non-reversible inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and malate dehydrogenase in wild-type and glycolytic block mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 187-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carbon catabolite inactivation ; Yeast ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; Glycolytic block mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental conditions have been elaborated to test for reversibility of the malate dehydrogenase inactivation (E.C.1.1.1.37) after addition of glucose to derepressed yeast cells. Malate dehydrogenase inactivation was shown to be irreversible at all stages of inactivation. In contrast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation (E.C.3.1.11) remained reversible for at least 30 min after addition of glucose. Rapid reversible inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and irreversible inactivation of malate dehydrogenase were additionally investigated in glycolytic block mutants. Normal inactivation kinetics were observed in mutants without catalytic activity of phosphoglucoseisomerase (E.C.5.3.1.9), phosphofructokinase (E.C.2.7.1.11), triosephosphate isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.1) and phosphoglycerate kinase (E.C.2.7.2.3). Hence, neither type of inactivation depended on the accumulation of any glucose metabolite beyond glucose-6-phosphate. Under anaerobic conditions irreversible inactivation was completely abolished in glycolytic block mutants. In contrast rapid reversible inactivation was independent of energy provided by respiration or fermentation. Reversibility of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation was tested under conditions which prevented irreversible malate dehydrogenase inactivation. In these experiments, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation remained reversible for at least 120 min, whereas reversibility was normally restricted to about 30 min. This indicated a common mechanism between the irreversible part of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation and irreversible malate dehydrogenase inactivation.
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    Genetic analysis of inducible sexual agglutination ability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 198-202 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sexual agglutination ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic regulation of the inducibility of sexual agglutination ability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Detailed analysis of the degree of sexual agglutination was carried out; it showed that a greater number of genes are involved in the regulation of inducible sexual agglutination in strain H1-0 than previously assumed. Although dominancy of inducible phenotype over constitutive was confirmed, the effectiveness of one gene changing the constitutive phenotype to the inducible seemed to be somewhat low. Quantity per cell of agglutination substances responsible for sexual agglutination increased as the agglutination ability became greater.
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    4OS ribosomal protein from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae antisuppressor mutant exhibiting a unique 2D gel pattern (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 3 (1981), S. 27-29 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ribosomes ; Antisuppressor ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast antisuppressor mutation, asu9-1 (Liebman and Cavenagh 1980) was found to cause an alteration in the 40S ribosomal subunit. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of the 40S ribosomal proteins from four different strains bearing the asu9-1 mutation all contained the same extra protein spot which was completely absent in five strains which did not carry the asu9 mutation.
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    Genetic analysis of the products of a cross involving a suppressive ‘petite’ mutant of S. cerevisiae (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 3 (1981), S. 213-220 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondrial genetics ; Yeast ; Suppressiveness ; Triploid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genetically defined highly suppressive petite yeast strain (ρ −cob+AsEoCoOoPo) was crossed with a grande strain carrying a multiply marked mitochondrial genome (ρ +ArErCrO rpr). Petite diploid progeny, isolated from individual zygotic clones consisting either of wholly petite or mixtures of grande and petite cells, were characterised genetically by crossing to grande haploids. The diploid petites were found to closely resemble the petite parent and in general not to carry mitochondrial markers from the grande parent. In the petites from the mixed clones recombination was detected, but only within the region of homology between the genomes. These observations are inconsistent with models of suppressiveness based on destructive recombination and suggest that the petite genome eliminates the grande genome from zygotic progeny through being preferentially replicated. The most plausible model to explain the observed pattern of zygotic clones postulates a limited number of mDNA replication sites in zygotes, competition for sites between input mDNA molecules and an advantage in this competition for suppressive ρ − mDNA.
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    Newly synthesised DNA of high molecular weight in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 3 (1981), S. 229-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Nascent DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two species of newly synthesised DNA larger than average replicons have been found in yeast. Their molecular weights are 60 million and 90 million daltons respectively. The exact nature of these molecules is not certain. They may represent entirely novel species of cellular DNA or they could be concatameric replication intermediates of some particular fraction of DNA, such as mitochondrial DNA or rDNA. Alternatively they could result from the fusion of adjacent completed replicons in a small cluster.
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    A non-Mendelian factor, [eta+], causes lethality of yeast omnipotent-suppressor strains (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 567-573 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Non-Mendelian ; Yeast ; Suppressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Omnipotent suppressors cause translational ambiguity and have been associated with poor growth and inviability. We now report that a non-Mendelian element, [eta+], causes this inviability. In [eta−] strains the suppressors are not inviable. The [eta+] genetic element segregates to about 70% of the meiotic progeny, although almost all of the spores probably have the [eta+] phenotype for the first few divisions. Growth on 5 mM guanidine hydrochloride efficiently causes [eta+] strains to become [eta−]. The [eta+] factor has many similarities with the previously described [psi+] factor (Cox 1965, 1971). However, [eta+] and [psi+] differ in their patterns of inheritance, and by the fact that [psi+] affects ochre specific and not omnipotent suppressors, while the converse is true of [eta+].
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    Polyamines enhance the efficiency of tRNA-mediated readthrough of amber and UGA termination codons in a yeast cell-free system (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 421-426 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Polyamines ; Termination ; In vitro Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of polyamines (spermidine and putrescine) on yeast suppressor tRNA-mediated readthrough of amber and UGA termination codons, in a homologous cell-free system, was examined. The efficiency of readthrough in a [psi+] lysate, mediated by exogenous suppressor tRNA, was significantly increased by polyamines as was the efficiency of endogenous UGA readthrough. The addition of polyamines, in the absence of exogenous suppressor tRNA, did not induce amber or ochre readthrough, nor could polyamines restore efficient termination readthrough in [psi−] lysates. It is concluded that polyamines interact with tRNA to increase the strength and specificity of the codon: anticodon interaction.
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    The origin of mutant cells: mechanisms by whichSaccharomyces cerevisiae produces cells homoplasmic for new mitochondrial mutations (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 627-640 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Mutation ; Yeast ; Selection ; Random drift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Haploid yeast cells have about 50 copies of the mitochondrial genome, and a mutational event is unlikely to affect more than one of these at a time. This raises the question of how such cells, or their progeny, become fixed (homoplasmic) for the mutant alele. We have tested the roles of six hypothetical mechanisms in producing erythromycin-resistant mutant cells: (i) random partitioning of mitochondrial genomes at cell division; (ii) intracellular selection for mtDNA molecules of one genotype; (iii) intracellular random drift of mitochondrial allele frequencies; (iv) intercellular selection for cells of a particular mitochondrial genotype; (v) induction of mitochondrial gene mutations by the antibiotic used to select mutants; and (vi) reduction in the number of mitochondrial genomes per cell by the antibiotic. Our experiments indicate that intracellular selection plays the major role in producing erythromycin-resistant mutant cells in the presence of the antibiotic. In the absence of the antibiotic, the combined effects of random drift and random partitioning are most important in determining the fate of new mutations, most of which are lost rather than fixed. Our experiments provide no evidence for mutation induction or ploidy reduction by erythromycin.
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    Efficient expression of theEscherichia coli leuB gene in yeast (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 653-660 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene expression ; Yeast ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Efficient expression of theEscherichia coli ZeuB (ß-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase) gene occured in yeast after in vitro DNase digestion and religation of plasmid bound ZeuB and the yeastIIIS3 DNA which placed the 5′ end of the yeastHIS3 gene immediately adjacent to the coding region of theE. coli leuB gene. Two structurally distinct classes of gene fusions were constructed, each involved portions of the yeastHIS3 gene which contributed DNA sequences responsible forleuB expression in yeast. The first class involved fusion of theHIS3 coding region to bacterial DNA resulting in the production of a fusion protein with ß-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity. The second class consisted of bacterial DNA, including theleuB coding region, fused to theHIS3 promotor region with the absence of any portion of theIIIS3 coding region. In both constructions theIIIS3 promotor region is required for transcription, however, translation of the class two fusion is initiated at a bacterial DNA coded AUG, and the 5′ end of the mRNA coded by theleuB gene mapped predominantly at bacterial DNA sequences. The DNA sequence responsible for the 5′ end of theHIS3 mRNAs remain in the class two gene fusions but this did not preclude the initiation of transcription at bacterial DNA sequences. The pattern of mRNA initiation at bacterial DNA suggests that DNA sequences at, or adjacent to, the site of transcription initiation are involved in the determination of the sites of initiation, and perhaps the frequency at which initiation occurs.
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    A quantitative method for predicting shelf life of soft drinks using a model system (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1987), S. 59-62 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Zygosaccharomyces ; Spoilage ; Synergism ; pH ; °Brix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A quantitative method for the prediction of growth of the food spoilage yeastZygosaccharomyces bailii in a model fruit-drink system is described. A factorially designed experiment was employed to produce polynomial equations relating pH and sugar concentration (°brix) to the lag period and doubling time of this yeast. Low pH values (〈3.0) and high °brix values (〉40) show a strong synergistic action on the extension of lag period, which could be used, along with the model presented, in the formulation of product preservation systems.
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    Selection in yeast I: Assessing genetic stability and relative fitness of commercial yeasts (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1987), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Genetic stability ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Selection ; Reproductive fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The potential for changes in allele frequencies in yeast populations by selection was examined. Cells from the wine yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae (strain Montrachet) were grown over a large number of generations using two different culturing techniques, each with two variations: serial transfers on WLN agar plates with and without UV irradiation, and continuous culture in autoclaved and in filter-sterilized grape must. A low frequency of variant isozyme patterns was found in samples taken at the end of the experiment. Growth rates in must and on agar plates were also examined, and it was found that all samples were faster-growing than the original strain, to varying degrees. Applications for the selection system developed are discussed.
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    Thermotolerant single cell protein production byKluyveromyces marxianus var.marxianus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Single cell protein ; Sucrose ; Yeast ; Thermotolerance ; Fermentation ; Kluyveromyces marxianus var.marxianus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Amino acid analyses were undertaken on single cell protein (SCP) produced by thermotolerant strains ofKluyveromyces marxianus var.marxianus grown on sugar cane molasses at 40°C. The maximum conversion of available sugars to biomass at 45°C was only 10.8% (g dry wt.·g−1 total sugars). The amino acid composition of the SCP did not differ markedly from that reported for other yeast species.
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    Biotransformation of aromatic aldehydes bySaccharomyces cerevisiae: Investigation of reaction rates (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 49-53 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: l-Phenylacetyl carbinol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Benzaldehyde ; Biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rate of production ofl-phenylacetyl carbinol bySaccharomyces cerevisiae in reaction mixtures containing benzaldehyde with sucrose or pyruvate as cosubstrate was investigated in short 1 h incubations. The effect of yeast dose rate, sucrose and benzaldehyde concentration and pH on the rate of reaction was determined. Maximum biotransformation rates were obtained with concentrations of benzaldehyde, sucrose and yeast of 6 g, 40 g and 60 g/l, respectively. Negligible biotransformation rates were observed at a concentration of 8 g/l benzaldehyde. The reaction had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Rates of bioconversion of benzaldehyde and selected substituted aromatic aldehydes using both sucrose and sodium pyruvate as cosubstrate were compared. The rate of aromatic alcohol production was much higher when sucrose was used rather than pyruvate.o-Tolualdehyde and 1-chlorobenzaldehyde were poor substrates for aromatic carbinol formation although the latter produced significant aromatic alcohol in sucrose-containing media. Yields of 2.74 and 3.80 g/l phenylacetyl carbinol were produced from sucrose and pyruvate, respectively, in a 1 h reaction period.
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    Selection in yeast II: The fitness distribution of new mutations inSaccharomyces cerevisiae and its use in a computer simulation (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1987), S. 167-174 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Selection ; Yeast ; Fitness distribution ; Mutation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fitness distribution of new mutations inSaccharomyces cerevisiae strain Montrachet was determined for cells on agar irradiated for four periods of time with ultraviolet light. The fitness distributions were obtained by converting a large number of colony diameters into relative fitnesses. The distributions were then used to perform a computer simulation with the purpose of predicting the potential of a stock culture to increase in general fitness through selection, given a frequency and magnitude of mutations.
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    Osmotic pressure effects and intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast during fermentation (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1988), S. 365-372 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Osmotic pressure ; Intracellular ethanol ; Yeast ; Nutrient ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast and its potential effects on growth and fermentation have been topics of controversy for the past several years. The determination of intracellular ethanol based on the exclusion of [14C]sorbitol to estimate aqueous cell volume was used to examine the question of intracellular ethanol accumulation. An intracellular accumulation of ethanol inSaccharomyces cerevisiae was observed during the early stages of fermentation. However, as fermentation continued, the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ethanol became similar. Increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium with glucose or sorbitol was observed to cause an increase in the intracellular ethanol concentration. Associated with this was a decrease in yeast growth and fermentation rates. In addition, increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium was observed to cause an increase in glycerol production. Supplementation of the media with excess peptone, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate was found to relieve the detrimental effects of high osmotic pressure. Under these conditions, though, no effect on the intracellular and extracellular ethanol distribution was observed. These results indicate that nutrient limitation, and not necessarily intracellular ethanol accumulation, plays a key role during yeast fermentations in media of high osmolarity.
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    Cryptic DNA plasmids of the heterothallic yeast Saccharomycopsis crataegensis (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 297-304 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Fungi ; S. crataegensis ; Yeast ; Plasmid ; Linear DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three DNA plasmids, designated pScrl-1, pScrl-2, and pScrl-3 have been found in a strain of the heterothallic yeast Saccharomycopsis crataegensis (NRRL Y-5902). pScrl-l, -2 and -3 are, respectively, 15, 7, and 5 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size. Based on the results of exonuclease digestions, all three plasmids appear to be linear molecules with blocked 5′ ends. All three plasmids also have a lower buoyant density than does nuclear DNA of S. crataegensis. The two lower molecular weight plasmids hybridize strongly with one another, but only weakly to the higher molecular weight plasmid. Two of four related S. crataegensis strains surveyed were found to contain two plasmids that are of the same size as the two larger plasmids of Y-5902. Evidence is presented indicating that the plasmids in strain Y-5902 reside in the cytosol since they were found not to be located within the major organelles (mitochondria and nuclei).
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    Phenotypic suppression and nuclear accommodation of the mit − oxi1-V25 mutation in isolated yeast mitochondria (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 305-310 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Translation ; Informational Suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phenotypic suppression by the antibiotic, paromomycin, of the mitochondrial oxi1 −-V25 mutation, a mutation which arrests by premature ochre codon the synthesis of the cox 11 subunit, was studied in isolated yeast mitochondria competent in translation. This antibiotic is known to suppress the mutation in vivo (Dujardin et al. 1984) and allowed in vitro, at concentrations of 20–1100 Mg per ml. the synthesis of the cox II subunit. This strongly suggests that phenotypic suppression of mit − mutations is due to the direct action of paromomycin on mitochondrial ribosomes. The effect of paromomycin bears a resemblance to the function of the omnipotent nuclear suppressor mutation R705. The nuclear suppression was expressed in isolated mitochondria; suppressor mutation influenced the structure of the mitoribosome. Therefore, it appears that mitoribosomes are indeed the common target in the phenotypical and genetic nuclear suppression of the oxi1-V25 mutation.
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    A new mutation for multiple drug resistance and modified plasma membrane ATPase activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 359-364 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Multiple drug resistance ; ATPase ; Yeast ; Plasma membrane ; Cycloheximide ; pma ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutant JV66 was selected from the wild type strain of S. pombe 972h− ade7-413 by its ability to grow on solid rich medium containing 200 μg Dio-9/ml. The single nuclear mutation, designated pma1 gives resistance towards diguanidines and several other positively charged compounds. The pma1 mutation also decreases plasma membrane ATPase activity and confers resistance of ATPase to vanadate. The pma1 locus is localized on chromose I at 5.3 map units from cyh1-C7 and at about 20.7 map units from the centromere. This new mutation is genetically and phenotypically different from the mutation cyh3 and cyh4 previously described (Johnston and Coddington 1983).
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    Genetic mapping of eleven spo genes essential for ascospore formation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 443-447 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mapping ; Sporulation ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sporulation-deficient mutants of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe were isolated from a homothallic strain mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate. Complementation tests defined two new genetic loci (spo19 and spo20) essential for ascospore formation, in addition to the 18 known spo loci (Bresch et al. 1968). A novel mapping procedure using random spore analysis prior to tetrad analysis allowed us to map 11 spo genes. Four genes (spo3, spo15, spo19 and spo20) were mapped on chromosome I, 6 genes (spo2, spo4, spoS, spo6, spo14 and spo18) on chromosome II and 1 gene (spo13) on chromosome III. Although there was no noticeable clustering of spo genes on the chromosomes, three pairs of linked genes (spo15-spo20, spo3-spo19 and spo2-spo18) were found.
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    Suppression of temperature sensitive mutations in oncogene-related CDC genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by catabolite repression resistance and cytoplasmic petite mutations (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 35-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Carbon catabolite repression ; Oncogene-related genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The “start” cell division control genes CDC36 and CDC28 have been reported to contain a certain sequence homology to tissue oncogenes (ets and some protein kinase encoding oncogenes respectively). Here we report that temperature sensitive mutations in these genes are suppressed in cytoplasmic “petite” mutants and catabolite repression resistant mutants.
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    The cellular level of yeast ribosomal protein L25 is controlled principally by rapid degradation of excess protein (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 733-739 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosome synthesis ; Regulation ; Ribosomal protein turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When the gene dosage for the primary rRNA-binding ribosomal protein L25 in yeast cells was raised about 50-fold, the level of mature L25 transcripts was found to increase almost proportionally. The plasmid-derived L25 transcripts were structurally indistinguishable from their genomic counterparts, freely entered polysomes in vivo and were fully translatable in a heterologous in vitro system. Nevertheless, pulse-labelling for periods varying from 3–20 min did not reveal a significant elevation of the intracellular level of L25 protein. When pulse-times were decreased to 10–45 s, however, we did detect a substantial over production of L25. We conclude that, despite the strong RNA-binding capacity of the protein, accumulation of L25 is not controlled by an autogenous (pre-)mRNA-targeted mechanism similar to that operating in bacteria, but rather by extremely rapid degradation of excess protein produced.
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    Genetic modification of the spontaneous rho − mutability in Saccharomyces cerevisiaee (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 411-413 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial rho − mutability ; Genetic analysis ; Modifying genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotypic trait “starry colony” in Saccharomyces is associated with a high spontaneous rho − petite mutability. Genetic analysis of this trait has shown the high rho − mutability to be caused by several modifying genes present together in the strains studied. Every single modifying gene produces only a relatively small enhancement of the rho − mutability.
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    Base analogue mutagenesis in yeast and its modulation by pyrimidine deoxynucleotide pool imbalances: incorporation of bromodeoxyuridylate and iododeoxyuridylate (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 421-427 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutagenesis ; Base analogues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are auxotrophic for thymidylate (tmp1) can also incorporate analogues of thymidylate. When the base analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridylate, is incorporated into tmp1 yeast cells it is lethal and mutagenic. Both lethality and mutation induction can be drastically altered by perturbation of the pyrimidine nucleotide pools. Analysis of mutation induction, bromodeoxyuridylate incorporation into DNA, and cell viability under various conditions revealed: (1) lethality and mutagenesis can be uncoupled, (2) thymidylate enhances mutagenesis and deoxycytidylate suppresses it, (3) mutation induction is not correlated with the magnitude of bromodeoxyuridylate incorporation into DNA. Therefore, in yeast, the pyrimidine nucleotide pools have a powerful effect on bromodeoxyuridylate mutagenesis. Both bromodeoxyuridylate and iododeoxyuridylate are extensively incorporated into the DNA of tmp1 yeast cells; however, iododeoxyuridylate is non-mutagenic. Replication proceeds at the same rate in the presence of the natural substrate or either analogue. When cells are supplied with thymidylate and bromodeoxyuridylate together, there is no discrimination against bromodeoxyuridylate as a DNA precursor. However, in the presence of thymidylate and iododeoxyuridylate, there is a 3 to 1 discrimination against iododeoxyuridylate as compared to thymidylate.
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    The glucose- and ethanol-dependent regulation of PDC1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled by two distinct promoter regions (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 337-344 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Gene regulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDCI promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 870 by promoter fragment of the PDC1 gene that includes the carbon source dependent regulatory regions was investigated using 5′ and 3′ promoter deletions. The results indicate that glucose and ethanol regulation of PDC1 transcription are independently controlled by distinct cis-acting regions. The consensus sequence AAATCGATA may play a role in this regulation, while the sequence (ATCA)AACCT may be important in transcription initiation.
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    Modifiers of ochre suppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that exhibit ochre suppressor-dependent amber suppression (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 345-354 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Informational suppressors ; Modifier ; Yeast ; tRNAs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were selected that would interact with ochre (UAA) suppressors so as to allow ochre -suppressor dependant amber (UAG) suppression, but which do not exhibit opal (UGA) suppression. Strains mutant at four distinct loci were isolated, and two of these are recessive mutations while the other two behave as dominants or semidominants. MOS3 has some suppressor activity in the absence of a resident SUP4-o gene and shares other characteristics with previously described omnipotent suppressors. MOS4, mos1 and mos2, on the other hand, exhibit no suppressor activity in the absence of a resident SUP4-o gene but do exhibit suppression of UAG alleles when there is a resident SUP4-o gene. These latter modifier strains do not interact with a SUP4-o gene to suppress UGA alleles. By genetic and physiological criteria the MOS4, mosl, and most mutations appear to be different than previously described allosuppressors or modifiers of suppression.
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    Multiple elements regulate expression of the cell cycle-regulated thymidylate synthase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 363-373 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene regulation ; Cell cycle ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Expression of the thymidylate synthase gene (TMPI) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases during the late G1 phase of the cell cycle. Using a series of gene fusions, which have placed the Escherichia coli lacZ gene under transcriptional and translational control of different portions of the TMPI gene, we have demonstrated the existence of three different regions which are important for expression. One of these regions, which was localized to within 270 base pairs of the translation start codon, is involved in the periodic expression of TMPI transcript. A second region, the deletion of which resulted in reduced levels of TMPI expression, is at least partially encoded by DNA sequences between 270 and 377 base pairs upstream of the translation start codon. A third region, located within the N-terminal 112 codons of the TMPI gene, apparently encodes information involved in a post-translational control mechanism.
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    Alkylation mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: lack of evidence for an adaptive response (1986)
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    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 647-655 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Alkylation mutagenesis ; Adaptive response ; rad6 ; rad52 ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have found no evidence for an adaptive response for either lethality or mutagenesis following treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The rad6 and rad52 mutants of S. cerevisiae are highly defective in MNNG and ethyl methanesulfonate induced mutagenesis of both stationary and exponential phase cells. These and other observations indicate that the mechanisms of repair of alkylation damage and mutagenesis differ markedly between S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli.
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    Plasmid associations with residual nuclear structures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
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    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 291-297 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Nuclear matrix ; Plasmid stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Acentric yeast plasmids are mitotically unstable, apparently because they cannot freely diffuse after replicating and therefore are not included in the daughter nucleus. This behavior could result if plasmids remain attached to structural elements of the nucleus after replicating. Since DNA replication is believed to take place on the nuclear matrix, we tested whether there was a correlation between the mitotic stability of a given plasmid and the extent to which it was found associated with residual nuclear structures. Residual nuclei were prepared from yeast nuclei by extraction with either high salt, 2 M NaCl, or low salt, 10 mM lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS). Hybridization analysis was used to estimate the fraction of plasmid molecules remaining after nuclei were extracted. We examined the extent of matrix association of three ARSI plasmids, Trpl-RI circle (1.45 kb), YRp7 (5.7 kb) and pXBAT (45.1 kb) with mitotic loss rates ranging from 3–25%. In addition we examined the matrix binding of the endogenous 2 μm plasmid and the 2 μm-derived YEp 13 which is relatively stable in the presence of 2 μm and less stable in cir° strains. Among the ARS1 plasmids we observed a negative correlation between stability and matrix association, consistent with models in which binding to the nuclear matrix prevents passive segregation of ARS1 plasmid molecules. No such correlation was observed among the 2 μn plasmids. Among all plasmids examined there is a positive correlation between size and matrix association.
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    The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD2 gene complements a Schizosaccharomyces pombe repair mutation (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 27-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Repair ; Complementation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes necessary for excision repair of UV damage in DNA, RAD1 and RAD2, were introduced individually, on a yeast shuttle vector, into seven Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants — rads1, 2, 5, 13, 15,16 and 17. The presence of the cloned RAD1 gene did not affect survival of any of the S. pombe mutants. The RAD2 gene increased survival of S. pombe rad13 to near the wild-type level after UV irradiation and had no effect on any of the other mutants tested. S. pombe rad13 mutants are somewhat defective in removal of pyrimidine dimers so complementation by the S. cerevisiae RAD2 gene suggests that the genes may code for equivalent proteins in the two yeasts.
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    Two nuclearly inherited loci conferring increased diuron resistance to NADH oxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 31-38 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Diuron ; Respiration ; Nuclear genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, diuron blocks the respiration pathway at the level of the bc1 complex. Nuclear diuron-resistant mutations which confer in vitro resistance to mitochondrial NADH oxidase have been identified. Five mutations were found to be clustered at two distinct nuclear loci, DIU3 and DIU4. The distance between the two loci was estimated to be about 36.7 cM. These loci do not appear to be centromere-linked and did not show a linkage to any of the genes coding for bc1 complex subunits. DIU3 and DIU4 loci might, therefore, code for other components of the respiratory chain.
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    FLP-FRT mediated intrachromosomal recombination on a tandemly duplicated YEp integrant at the ILV2 locus of chromosome XIII in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; 2μm FRT duplication ; Intrachromosomal recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A YEp chimaeric plasmid carrying SMR1 and URA3 genetic markers was integrated into chromosome XIII at the ilv2-Δ1 locus in a [cir°] background. The 1.5 kb BglII deletion of ilv2-Δ1 allowed the clear identification of an integrant structure which consisted of a direct tandem duplication (TD) of the chimaeric plasmid. Within the integrant structure, a single copy of the plasmid sequence was flanked by a direct duplication of the 2μm site-specific recombinase (FLP) recognition target (FRT). Isogenic [cir°] and [cir +] diploids formed by crossing the [cir°] TD strain to complementary haploids were analyzed for plasmid marker loss and chromosomal DNA alterations in the presence and absence of selection pressure for the URA3 and SMR1 plasmid borne markers. [cir°] diploids showed no plasmid marker loss and maintained the TD structure. In the absence of selection pressure, the [cir +] diploid underwent FLP-FRT mediated unequal interchromatid recombination, resulting in the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle and homozygotization of chromosome XIII (Rank et al. 1988). Maintenance of selection pressure for the centromere distal plasmid URA3 marker selected against FLP-FRT interchromatid recombinants so that the effects of site specific recombinase on intrachromatid recombination could be evaluated. Intrachromatid recombination at the directly duplicated FRT sites of the TD structure resulted in the loss of a diagnostic internal fragment. These results show that in the presence of FLP, FRT sites separated by up to 13.3 kb of chromosomal DNA function as substrates for intra and interchromatid recombination.
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    A reexamination of the role of the RAD52 gene in spontaneous mitotic recombination (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 211-223 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitotic recombination ; DNA repair ; Yeast ; RAD52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The RAD52 gene is required for much of the recombination that occurs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One of the two commonly utilized mutant alleles, rad52-2, increases rather than reduces mitotic recombination, yet in other respects appears to be a typical rad52 mutant allele. This raises the question as to whether RAD52 is really necessary for mitotic recombination. Analysis of a deletion/insertion allele created in vitro indicates that the null mutant phenotype is indeed a deficiency in mitotic recombination, especially in gene conversion. The data also indicate that RAD52 is required for crossing-over between at least some chromosomes. Finally, examination of the behavior of a replicating plasmid in rad52-1 strains indicates that the frequency of plasmid integration is substantially reduced from that in wild type, a conclusion consistent with a role for RAD52 in reciprocal crossing-over. Analysis of recombinants arising in rad52-2 strains suggests that this allele may result in the increased activity of a RAD52-independent recombinational pathway.
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    An α-specific gene, SAG1 is required for sexual agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 393-398 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mating ; Sexual agglutination ; a-Specific mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seven α-specific mutants specifically defective in sexual agglutinability were isolated. The other α mating functions exhibited by these mutants, designated sag mutants, such as the production of α pheromone and response to a mating pheromone, were normal. While the MATα sag1 cells did not agglutinate with wild-type a cells, the MATα sag1 cells did, indicating that the SAG1 gene is expressed only in α cells. The mutations were semi-dominant and fell into a single complementation group, SAG1, which was mapped near met3 on chromosome X. Complementation analysis showed that sag1 and aga1, the latter being a previously reported α-specific mutation, were mutations in the same gene.
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    Meiotic segregation of circular plasmid-minichromosomes from intact chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 385-392 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Meiosis ; Distributive disjunction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Distributive disjunction is defined by first meiotic division segregation of either two nonhomologous chromosomes that lack homologous pairing partners, or of two homologous chromosomes that have failed to undergo crossing-over. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, plasmid minichromosomes, synthetic linear chromosomes and a fragment of a real chromosome have been observed to segregate from nonhomologous DNA species at the first meiotic divisions. Suggesting that this organism may have a distributive mechanism for chromosome segregation. However, it is not known whether intact chromosomes also participate in a distributive process. To determine whether intact, full length, S. cerevisiae chromosomes could segregate from nonhomologous chromosomal species, the meiotic behavior of an unpaired intact copy of chromosome I has been analyzed with respect to several centromere-containing circular plasmid minichromosomes. Strains monosomic or trisomic for chromosome I were transformed with centromere plasmids containing either homologous or nonhomologous inserts, sporulated, and analyzed genetically both for the presence of plasmid and for the number of copies of chromosome 1. Each plasmid segregated from an intact unpaired copy of chromosome I at the first meiotic division in a significant majority (63–93%) of the asci examined. These results suggest that intact chromosomes from S. cerevisiae are capable of distributive disjunction.
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    A novel class of vector for yeast transformation (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 21-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Vectors ; Stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have constructed a set of hybrid yeast Escherichia coli vectors which utilise the site specific recombination function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2 μm plasmid to completely eliminate the bacterial moiety upon introduction into yeast. A number of these plasmids have been shown to exhibit high inheritable stability in both laboratory and industrial strains during non-selective growth. These plasmids are beneficial for the genetic modification of industrial yeast, particularly those used in the production of food and beverages, and are of benefit in the study of plasmid maintenance and heterologous gene expression.
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    Molecular cloning of chromosome I DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: localization of a repeated sequence containing an acid phosphatase gene near a telomere of chromosome I and chromosome VIII (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 131-137 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Chromosome organization ; Acid phosphatase ; Telomere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 17 kb region from near the right end of chromosome I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated on recombinant λ bacteriophages. This region contained the PH011 gene which was located only 3.4 kb from the right end of the chromosome. We found that this region also was repeated approximately 13 kb from the end of the chromosome VIII DNA molecule. The chromosome VIII sequence appears to be a previously unnamed acid phosphatase gene that we propose to call PH012. Thus, similar to the repeated SUC, MAL, X and Y' sequences, some members of the repeated acid phosphatase gene family also appear near the termini of yeast chromosomes.
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    Genetics and biochemistry of resistance to axenomycin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 61-67 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Axenomycin ; Ribosome genetics ; Yeast ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Axenomycin inhibits protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic acts by binding to ribosomes, most probably to the large ribosomal subunit. Mutant strains resistant to axenomycin appear to contain ribosomes that are not inhibited by the antibiotic. The responsible gene has been mapped on the VII chromosome between the centromere and the leu1 gene.
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    Control of recombination within and between DNA plasmids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Plasmids ; Transformation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary [2 μm+ and [2μm°] yeast were transformed to stable leucine prototrophy with the hybrid yeast — E. coli plasmid, pJDB219. This plasmid contains the entire sequence of the endogenous 2 μm yeast DNA plasmid in addition to the yeast nuclear LEU2 + gene and the Co1E1 derivative, pMB9. In the [2 μm+] transformants, a new wholly yeast LEU2 + plasmid, pYX, was generated, probably by a recombination event between pJDB219 and 2 μm DNA. The plamid, pYX, in the absence of 2 μm DNA, was found to exist in equimolar amounts of two forms, A and B, which probably arise by intramolecular recombination across the inverted repeat sequences of the 2 μm DNA portion of the plasmid. pJDB219 was found to require the presence of 2 μm DNA to undergo this intramolecular recombination. The results suggest that 2, μm DNA and pYX code for a gene product required in this recombination event which pJDB219 cannot produce.
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    The UV excision-repair system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in the removal of methylcytosines formed in vivo by a cloned prokaryotic DNA methyltransferase (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA methylation ; DNA methyltransferase ; rad mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DNA methyltransferase activity is not normally found in yeast. To investigate the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the presence of methylated bases, we introduced the Bacillus subtilis SPR phage DNA-[cytosine-5] methyltransferase gene on the shuttle vector, YEp51. The methyltransferase gene was functionally expressed in yeast under the control of the inducible yeast GAL10 promoter. Following induction we observed a time-dependent methylation of yeast DNA in RAD + and rad2 mutant strains; the rad2 mutant is defective in excision-repair of UV-induced DNA damage. Analysis of restriction endonuclease digestion patterns revealed that the relative amount of methylated DNA was greater in the excision defective rad2 mutant than in the RAD + strain. These data indicate that the yeast excision-repair system is capable of recognizing and removing m5C residues.
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    Recombinational analysis of oxi2 mutants and preliminary analysis of their translation products in S. cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intragenic recombination ; Mutant polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic and biochemical studies were performed with mutants allocated to the mitochondrial oxi2 gene. Recombinational analysis of 19 oxi2 mutants was performed using α and a mutant strains derived from the same genetic background. The frequencies of wild-type recombinants in oxi2 − × oxi2 − crosses varied from 0.002 to 17%. The map of oxi2 mutations constructed on the basis of these frequencies shows many internal inconsistencies. In the course of rho − deletion mapping five classes of oxi2 mutations were distinguished. The results of deletion analysis are in agreement with those of recombinational mapping. The analysis of mitochondrial translation products by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis of 20 oxi2 mutants shows that 17 of them are connected with conspicuous changes of 22 kd polypeptide band corresponding to subunit III of cytochrome oxidase. At least four of them carried instead of subunit III clearly visible significantly shorter polypeptides (12.8 to 20.1 kd). These were, most likely, shorter fragments of subunit III resulting from chain termination mutations. Colinearity was observed between the lenght of new polypeptides and the positions of the respective mutations on the recombinational map. These data confirm hat oxi2 encodes subunit III of cytochrome oxidase and suggest that translation of the oxi2 gene is in the direction from V303 to V273.
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    The effect of canavanine on the maintenance in yeast of chimeric plasmids containing portions of the 2-µm DNA plasmid (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 363-367 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Canavanine ; Yeast ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have found that the application of the amino acid analog canavanine to a culture of yeast cells transformed with chimeric plasmids based on the yeast 2-µm DNA plasmid increases the percentage of cells which have lost the transforming plasmid. This effect is found whether the plasmid carries the CAN1 sensitive allele and the yeast strain carries a can1 mutation confering resistance, or the plasmid contains no CAN1 allele and the yeast strain carries the wild-type CAN1 sensitive allele. Canavanine exerts this effect on yeast strains transformed with chimeric plasmids containing either a portion or the entire 2-µm DNA plasmid, yet canavanine does not appear to effect the maintenance of the native 2-µm DNA plasmid complement within the cell. The effect of canavanine on strains transformed with chimeric plasmids is the same whether or not the yeast strain also contains native 2-µm plasmid DNA. Neither the amino acid analog ethionine, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, nor the DNA replication inhibitor hydroxyurea exhibit this effect. Some of the experimental results suggest that canavanine may be a curing agent rather than an agent which selects for spontaneous plasmid loss.
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    Chloroplast and nuclear DNA fragments from Chlamydomonas promoting high frequency transformation of yeast (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 473-480 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ars sequences ; Yeast ; Chlamydomonas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A hybrid plasmid (pLG4) containing pBR325 and the yeast arg4 gene was constructed then used to isolate DNA fragments of Chlamydomonas able to promote high frequency transformation of yeast. Three plasmids containing EcoRI restriction fragments of chloroplast DNA and two plasmids containing Aval fragments of nuclear DNA were shown to support autonomous replication of plasmids in yeast. The three EcoRI fragments correspond to restriction fragments R4, R5 and R11 of native chloroplast DNA. These fragments are clustered in the physical map of chloroplast DNA constructed by Rochaix (1978). All isolated plasmids were shown to transform yeast at high frequency but the yeast transformants were quite unstable mitotically. Potential cloning sites are still available in the new plasmids which could be used as vectors in yeast and possibly in Chlamydomonas itself.
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    Nuclear suppressors of mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance in Baker's yeast: their use for the isolation of novel mutants (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Antibiotic resistance mutations ; Suppressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Strains that are genotypically sensitive to chloramphenicol and also contain one of the nuclear suppressors of mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance (Waxman et al. 1979) were constructed. A manganese mutagenesis on such a strain produced chloramphenicol resistant mutants, most of which resulted from mutations in nuclear genes. These mutants may be either dominant or recessive, and they probably do not code for membrane proteins. The few mitochondrial mutants fall into several classes, but all result from mutations in the 21S rRNA gene. The suppressor allele effectively prevents the appearance of the most common group of mitochondrial mutants (those that map at cap1), and thereby enhances the selection of novel mutants in the region.
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    Second-site antibiotic resistance mutations in the ribosomal region of yeast mitochondrial DNA (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 5 (1982), S. 21-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Antibiotic resistance mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A large proportion of the spontaneous erythromycin resistant mutants isolated from a strain carrying a previously-induced chloramphenicol resistance mutation at cap3 do not map at ery1, the locus most often associated with mitochondrial erythromycin resistance. Most of the new mutations are also nonallelic at spil, spi2, and other known antibiotic resistance loci within the 21S rRNA gene; they are allelic with each other and define the new locus, ery2. Induced second-site erythromycin resistant mutants from the cap r3 strain, as well as spontaneous or induced mutants from strains carrying a cap r 1 mutation, all tend to map at eryl. The cap r3 mutation is apparently necessary for the expression of erythromycin resistance resulting from a second mutation at ery2.
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    Mitochondrial and nuclear mitoribosomal suppressors that enable misreading of ochre codons in yeast mitochondria (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial ochre mutations ; Nuclear informational suppressors ; Mitochondrial informational suppressors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A systematic search for suppressors of mutations which cause a deficiency in the splicing of mitochondrial RNA has been undertaken. These splicing mutations were localized in the mRNA-maturase coding sequence of the second intron of the cob-boxgene, i.e. in the box3locus. A total of 953 revertants (mostly spontaneous in origin) were isolated and their genetic nature (nuclear vs. mitochondrial) and phenotype characterized. Most revertants were mitochondrially determined and displayed a wild-type phenotype. A mitochondrial suppressor unlinked with the box3 −target mutation was uncovered among the revertants displaying a pseudo-wild phenotype: out of 26 revertants analyzed, derived from 7 different box3− mutants only one such suppressor mutation mim3-1 was found. It was localized by rho− deletion mapping in the region between the oxi2 and oxi3 gene, within (or in the vicinity) the gene specifying the 15S ribosomal RNA. Nuclear suppressors were isolated from seven different box3 −mutants. All were recessive and had a pseudo-wild phenotype. Three such suppressors nam3-1, nam3-2 and nam3-3 were investigated more extensively. Tetrad analysis has shown that they are alleles of the same nuclear locus NAM3 and mitotic analysis has shown that they do not segregate mitotically.
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    Mitochondrial and nuclear mitoribosomal suppressors that enable misreading of ochre codons in yeast mitochondria (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 11-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial ochre mutations ; Specificity of suppressors ; Mitoribosomal misreading ; Intron-encoded maturases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe studies on the action spectra of the mitochondrial suppressor mim3-1 and the three alleles of nuclear suppressor nam3. Their specificity of action was tested on 516 mit − mutations located in different mitochondrial genes. The degree of suppression was quantified by the extent of cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome b synthesis. We show that the four suppressors are allele-specific gene-nonspecific informational suppressors. They would act by changing the structure of the small mitoribosomal subunit which would decrease fidelity of translation enabling misreading of some but not all ochre codons. The implications of the results on the role of intron encoded maturases are discussed.
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    Structure of a linear plasmid of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis; Compact organization of the killer genome (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 147-155 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Killer ; Yeast ; Linear plasmid ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some strains of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis contain a pair of linear DNA plasmids, k1 and k2, 8.8 and 13.8 kilobase pairs long, respectively. Simultaneous presence of the two plasmids confer a killer phenotype on the cell by producing a toxin which blocks the growth of sensitive yeast species. Previous genetic studies have suggested that the toxin protein is coded by the k1 plasmid. We have now determined the total nucleotide sequence of k1 DNA. The genome is 8,874 base pairs in length. It contains four protein-coding reading frames, three transcribed from one strand and the fourth transcribed from the complementary strand and has terminal inverted repeats of 202 base pairs. Nuclease S1 mapping confirmed this arrangement and showed that these genes are transcribed. The terminal repeats and the four genes form an extremely compact genome, with some overlapping of genes. All four genes use highly biased codons, 86% of them having A or T at the wobble position, reminiscent of yeast mitochondrial genes. Three genes share a very similar 5′ leader sequence. The nature of gene products is discussed in the light of what is known of the excreted toxin protein.
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    Characterization of blasticidin S — resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 179-181 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Blasticidin S ; Yeast ; Resistant mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Blasticidin S-resistant mutants of S. cerevisiae were isolated and characterized. Resistant mutations were found to fall into two complementation groups. A single recessive nuclear gene was responsible for each group, donated as bls1 and bls2, respectively. A gene bls1 was linked to an ilv3 gene located on the right arm of chromosome X. The resistant phenotypes from both genes were not associated with ribosomes known to be target sites of Blasticidin S, when analyzed by poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. The resistant mechanisms of the mutations are discussed in this paper.
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    The DEL1 mutator gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not act in trans (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 259-262 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty1 ; Trans ; Deletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DEL1 strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit a high rate of deletions of the three linked genes, CYC1, OSM1, and RAD7. Classical genetic methods showed that DELI segregated as a single Mendelian gene closely linked to CYC1. In addition, genetic evidence suggested that DEL1 was both cis- and trans-dominant (Liebman et al. 1979). Molecular analysis of deletions isolated from a haploid DEL1 strain established that deletion formation was mediated by recombination between yeast transposable elements, Ty's (Liebman et al. 1981). We now report the molecular characterization of deletions isolated from diploids in the trans configuration. This analysis reveals that these deletions probably arose in a two-step process involving mitotic recombination followed by Ty-mediated deletion formation in cis.
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    Virus-like particles from the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 279-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Virus-like particles ; Double-stranded RNA ; Yeast ; Yarrowia lipolytica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four out of the 24 strains of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica we have checked for the presence of virus-like particles (VLPs) proved to contain encapsidated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, 4.9 kb long. A major VLP polypeptide of MW 80,000 was observed in all 4 cases, and a second one of MW 77,000 in three cases. dsRNA from the VLPs harboring only the larger polypeptide showed little homology with the 3 others. We have found no homology between VLP dsRNAs and host DNA or dsRNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and no relationship between the presence of VLPs and a possible killer phenomenon in Y. lipolytica.
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    Conserved sequences upstream of yeast ribosomal protein genes (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 273-277 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Sequence analysis ; Conserved elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Computer analysis has previously revealed the presence of a 12-nucleotide common sequence element (AACATC CA TG T A G CA; HOMOL1) in the upstream regions of several yeast ribosomal protein genes. By extending the sequence analysis of the 5′-flanking regions of a number of other ribosomal protein genes (including those encoding S10-1, S10-2, S33 and L16-2) we could establish that HOMOL1 occurs upstream of most but not all yeast ribosomal protein genes. Apart from HOMOL1 an additional conserved sequence (ACCCATACATT A T ; RPG-box) was detected in front of nearly all yeast ribosomal protein genes, although in some cases it is present in the opposite orientation in the other strand. There seems to be no correlation between the occurrence of one box and that of the other. However when both boxes are present the RPG-box is always located 3′ to the HOMOL1-sequence mostly at a distance of only a few nucleotides. A further one-to-one comparison of the upstream regions of several yeast ribosomal protein genes revealed extensive additional sequence homologies that are suggested to be involved in the coordinate control of ribosomal protein gene expression in yeast.
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    Antisuppression of class I suppressors in an isopentenylated-transfer RNA deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Antisuppression ; Suppression ; tRNA ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of a previously isolated antisuppressor mutation from bakers' yeast, that reduced the efficiency of the tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressor, SUP7-o, on other tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressors has been determined. As expected, the antisuppressor mutation, mod5-1, restricted the capacity of all eight tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressors to suppress nonsense mutations. Based on the suppression of five ochre alleles in the presence of mod5, the eight class I suppressors can be grouped into three subclasses. The most efficient subclass had only one member, SUP4-o. Members of the second group included SUP2-o, SUP3-o, SUP7-o, and SUP8-o. The third and least efficient subclass included SUP5-o, SUP6-o, and SUP1 1-o. These differences in efficiencies are a function of the relative expression of the eight genes encoding tRNATYR.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405428
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    A regulatory mutation in yeast which affects catalase T formation and metabolism of carbohydrate reserves (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 47-50 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Catalase ; Trehalose ; Glycogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations at the GLC1 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae result in a major deficiency in synthesis of catalase T, but do not affect catalase A. Three independent glc1 mutations were shown to have the same pleiotropic phenotype: catalase T deficiency, defective glycogen synthesis and defective trehalose accumulation. These three deficiencies appear to be determined by a single, nuclear gene. The possibility that glc1 mutations alter a protein kinase is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376785
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    L-ornithine transaminase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Induction by allophanate, intermediate and inducer of the urea degradative pathway adds to arginine induction (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Arginine catabolism ; Regulation ; Ornithine transaminase ; Double induction ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Yeast ornithine transaminase is known to be induced by arginine and ornithine, through the action of regulatory elements common to arginase induction. We show here that it is subject to a second induction circuit, that which is responsible for urea amidolyase and urea permease induction by allophanate and defined by the regulatory mutants durL − and durM −
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376788
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    Mutant Gene snm2-1 ts, conferring thermoconditional mutagen sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is allelic with RAD5 (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 5 (1982), S. 93-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Thermoconditional DNA repair ; Mutagenesis ; Allelism test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Of two mutant genes (snm1-2 ts and snm2-1 ts) conferring thermoconditional mutagen sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae one (snm2-1 ts) is shown to be centromere-linked. At the restrictive temperature this allele reduces UV-induced back mutation frequency of the ochre allele hiss-2 but has no influence on forward mutation at the CAN1 locus. Complementation tests and recombination analysis revealed snm2 ts to be allelic with rad5 (rev2).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365699
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    The role of the cdc9 ligase in replication and excision repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 29-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Plasmid ; Repair ; Ligase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We show that the DNA ligase encoded or controlled by the cdc9 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for replication of plasmid DNA but that excision repair of pyrimidine dimers in plasmid DNA can be completed in its absence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397638
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    Transfer of mitochondrial function into a cytoplasmic respiratory-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces yeast by electro-fusion (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 25-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Electro-fusion ; Yeast ; Plasmogamy ; Proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electric field-induced fusion was induced between Saccharomyces cerevisiae protoplasts from the ρ − heterozygous diploid strain 2114 and the respiratory-competent diploid strain 3441, carrying chromosomal markers. Close membrane contact between the cells of the two different strains (ratio 1:1) was achieved by dielectrophoresis in a weak inhomogeneous alternating field (about 1 kV/cm, 2 MHz). Due to dielectrophoresis pearl chains of two or more cells of the two strains are formed between the electrodes. Cell fusion was induced by application of two single square field pulses sufficiently high to induce reversible electrical breakdown in the membrane contact zone between cells within a pearl chain (about 7 to 8 kV/cm field strength and 40 Ms duration). The two subsequent pulses were applied at an interval of about 10 s. Hybrids could be isolated on selection medium in a high yield (compared with conventional fusion techniques). The hybrids were diploid, respiratory-competent and produced prototrophic spores. Thus, the fused hybrids contained only the chromosomal markers of strain 2114 and the cytoplasmic marker for respiratory competence from strain 3441; electro-fusion thus resulted mainly in plasmogamy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397637
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    A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 285-288 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Arginyl-tRNA-Protein transferase ; Yeast ; Post-translational modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase has been isolated. The responsible mutation designated ate1, was localized near the centromere of chromosome VII. It probably involves the structural gene for the transferase since residual enzyme activity in the mutant is temperature-sensitive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376073
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    Formation of intergeneric hybrids of yeast by protoplast fusion of Yarrowia and Kluyveromyces species (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Protoplast fusion ; Yeast ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Kluyveromyces lactis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Prototrophic hybrids have been obtained by the fusion of auxotrophic haploid strains of the two yeasts Yarrowia (Saccharomycopsis) lipolytica and Kluyveromyces lactis. The hybrid fusants had a colonial morphology intermediate between that of the two parent strains, were uninucleate, and contained an approximately diploid amount of DNA per cell. The growth rates of all the fusants on a minimal glucose medium were slower than those of the two parents. Two of the fusants studied could utilise a novel range of carbon sources. All of these data suggested that the hybrids contained a diploid nucleus formed by the fusion of the two haploid parental nuclei. However, analytical CsCl density gradient centrifugation demonstrated that the nuclear DNA of the fusants was derived almost entirely from the Y. lipolytica parent. Moreover, an examination of the protein constitution of the fusants by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that their protein patterns were indistinguishable from that of Y. lipolytica. Two possible mechanisms for the formation of a diploid nucleus containing DNA derived almost entirely from one of the haploid parents are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405432
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    Sensitivity to ethidium bromide during meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ethidium bromide ; Meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ethidium bromide was found to inhibit nuclear and mitochondrial DNA synthesis during meiosis which resulted in the inhibition of meiotic gene conversion and sporulation and was also lethal. Protection from the effects of ethidium bromide on meiotic gene conversion and survival was found to coincide with DNA synthesis, but it is possible that protection from sporulation inhibition occurs only later in meiosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405434
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    A revised chromosome map of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chromosome map ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Gene conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genetic map of the nuclear genome of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been extended by mitotic and meiotic mapping data. A total of 158 markers are now assigned to the three linkage groups known in this organism, and 118 of them have been located on the corresponding chromosome map. Chromosome II and III each consist of one linkage group. There is some indication that the two large fragments which define chromosome I are meiotically linked, but the linkage observed is significant at the P = 0.05 level only. The length of the map is at least 1,700 map units, corresponding to an average of about 8 kilobases per map unit. The latter figure is comparable to the one obtained for intragenic recombination in the sup3 gene (Hofer et al. 1979). The basic frequency of gene conversion as measured for 21 genes varies according to a distribution of Poisson (with a modal value of 0.6% conversion per meiosis and per gene), in sharp contrast with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Fogel et al. 1980) and Ascobolus immersus (Nicolas 1979). This may reflect the rarity of gene or region-specific rec alleles in S. pombe and may be related to the homothallism of this organism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420223
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    Selection and stability of yeast transformants expressing cDNA of an Ml killer toxin-immunity gene (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Killer toxin ; Plasmid selection ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transformants of sensitive yeast strains containing an expressed cDNA copy of the yeast killer toxin-immunity gene could be selected for by exposure to added killer toxin. For strain AH-22 the transformation frequency was approximately 10% that obtained by selection for leucine prototrophy. The procedure required time for expression of immunity prior to selection, and a screening step to remove non-transformed survivors. Under conditions where active toxin was produced, transformants containing the toxin-immunity gene were at a selective advantage, and cells losing the plasmid were killed. This resulted in self selection of transformants, and affords a way of maintaining plasmid stability in protrophic strains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419957
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    Exposure of cdc8 homozygous diploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to nonpermissive temperature leads to an increase in mitotic conversion frequencies (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 447-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; cdc8-1 mutation ; Mitotic recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a diploid strain homozygous for the cdc8-1 mutation, a block in DNA synthesis caused by restrictive temperature resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of intragenic recombination at the HOM2 locus. Under restrictive conditions, incorporation of radioactivity into DNA was reduced to 2% of the control and alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed that only short DNA fragments were synthesized. There was no considerable fragmentation of template DNA during incubation of cdc8-1 strains under restrictive conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434049
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    Formation and stability of linear plasmids in a recombination deficient strain of yeast (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 441-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Telomeres ; Recombination ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Natural termini from macronuclear DNA of the ciliated protozoans Tetrahymena thermophila and Oxytricha fallax can support telomere formation in yeast. However, plasmids carrying these ciliate termini are modified by the addition of DNA which hybridizes to the synthetic oligonucleotide poly [d(C-A)], a sequence which also hybridizes to terminal restriction fragments from yeast chromosomes but not to Tetrahymena or Oxytricha macronuclear DNAs. Thus, in yeast, the creation of new telomeres on ciliate termini involves the acquisition of yeast-specific terminal sequences presumably by either recombination or non-templated DNA synthesis. The RAD52 gene is required for the majority of yeast mitotic and meiotic recombination events. Moreover, the absence of an active RAD52 gene product results in high rates of chromosome loss. Here we demonstrate that terminal restriction fragments from Tetrahymena macronuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) support the formation of modified telomeres in a yeast strain carrying a defect in the RAD52 gene. Moreover, linear plasmids bearing these modified ciliate termini are stably propagated in rad52 − cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434048
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    Either one of the two yeast EF-1α genes is required for cell viability (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 693-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; TEF genes ; Gene disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two genes,TEF1 andTEF2, encode the protein elongation factor EF-1α in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. We have generated yeast haploid strains containing eitherTEF1 orTEF2 interrupted by insertion of a large piece of foreign DNA. Cells which contain either one functional copy of the EF-1α genes are viable. In contrast, attempts to isolate a yeast haploid strain with bothTEF1 andTEF2 inactivated have failed suggesting that the double gene disruption is a lethal event.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00449823
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