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  • Other Sources  (777)
  • COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR  (451)
  • SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER  (326)
  • 1980-1984  (777)
  • 1983  (385)
  • 1981  (392)
  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Prediction methods and related propagation results for the evaluation of Earth-space communication paths operating above 10 GHz are presented. Gaseous attenuation, rain, cloud, fog, sand, and dust attenuation, path diversity, signal fluctuations and low angle fading, depolarization effects, bandwidth coherence, and sky noise are considered.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 195-348
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The description and measurement of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of rain and rain systems are discussed. The statistical relationships of these characteristics and their effect on polarization and attenuation are considered. Macroscopic characteristics include the size, distribution, and movements of rain cells, the height of melting layers, and the presence of ice crystals. Microscopic characteristics include the size distribution, density, and oblateness of rain drops and ice crystals. The estimation of a major propagation effect, specific attenuation, is described.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 5-39
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The hydraulic actuation system of the space shuttle main engine is discussed. The system consists of five electrohydraulic actuators and a single engine filter used to control the five different propellant valves, which in turn control thrust and mixture ratio of the space shuttle main engine. The hydraulic actuation system provides this control with a precision of 98.7 percent or an error in position no greater than 1.3 percent of full scale rotational travel for critical positions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: the 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 291-301
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The system components and operation of the space shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) dewatering set are described. The SRB dewatering set consists of a nozzle plug, control console, remote control unit, power distribution unit, umbilical cable, interconnect cables, and various handling and storage items. The nozzle plug (NP) is a remotely controlled, tethered underwater vehicle that is launched from the retrieval vessel (RV) by a crane, descends down the side of the SRB, and is positioned below the SRB nozzle. A TV camera mounted at the top of the NP central core is used by the control console operator to visually guide the NP during descent and docking. The NP is then driven up and locked into the nozzle. Compressed air is passed through the umbilical from the RV, through the NP and into the SRB motor. The water inside the SRB is expelled causing the SRB to rotate to a near horizontal attitude on the surface of the water.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 279-289
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Zero gravity testing in the KC-135 aircraft of flat fold flexible solar array test specimens sufficiently demonstrated the adequacy of the panel design. The aircraft flight crew provided invaluable assistance and significantly contributed to the design and development of the flexible solar array, and ultimately to the potential success of the solar electric propulsion solar array shuttle flight experiment program.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 115-136
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Existing data bases accumulated as the result of experiments to gather propagation data on millimeter wave Earth-space links are described. The satellites used are described and results of the significant experiments conducted in the United States are summarized. The data bases consist primarily of cumulative attenuation statistics, though some depolarization measurements are included. Additional summaries of propagation data are cited.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Its Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 155-194
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The key features of the Rice-Holmberg, Dutton-Dougherty, Global, Lin, and Piecewise Uniform Rain Rate models for estimation of cumulative attenuation statistics on Earth-space millimeter paths are summarized. The models provide either rain rate statistics or attenuation statistics, which can be related by use of the specific attenuation and the effective path length relation. The effective path length is defined. The advantages and disadvantages of each model for specific applications are discussed. The Global model is recommended as the design tool for predicting propagation effects in Earth-space communication systems.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 41-101
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The corresponding between a given propagation phenomenon and system performance is considered. Propagation data are related to system performance parameters, allowing the systems engineer to perform the analyses determining how well requirements are met by a given system design, and enabling the systems engineer to modify that design if necessary. The various ways of specifying performance criteria for different kinds of systems are discussed, and a general procedure for system design is presented and demonstrated.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 349-404
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Sources of depolarization effects on the propagation paths of orthogonally-polarized information channels are considered. The main sources of depolarization at millimeter wave frequencies are hydrometeor absorption and scattering in the troposphere. Terms are defined. Mathematical formulations for the effects of the propagation medium characteristics and antenna performance on signals in dual polarization Earth-space links are presented. Techniques for modeling rain and ice depolarization are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 103-154
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Link margin estimates are calculated for 30/20 GHz satellite communication systems employing closely-spaced (4 to 100 km) 'dual diversity' switched ground sites. The link margin estimates are based on a new analysis in which the bivariate rain attenuation density function for two correlated ground sites is modelled by an exponential density function. The results of the exponential density function analysis enable derivation of a direct relation between rain margin estimates and probability of exceedance (link availability). Margins typically in the range 2 to 12 dB are calculated for various ground site separations and summarized for seven city locations and five satellite orbit positions over the U.S. The results can be easily extended to other EHF satellite frequencies and other locations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that, for convolutionally coded transmission over bandwidth-constrained channels, a mere reversal of the switching direction at the encoder output produces a change in the system bit error probability performance. This change is significant when the Viterbi demodulator/decoder is matched to the total channel memory and is more significant for linear channels than for nonlinear ones. The reversal of switching direction is a simple demonstration of the fact that the well-known optimum codes for the linear AGWN channel are no longer necessarily optimum for a bandwidth-constrained channel with or without the addition of channel nonlinearity. It is concluded that potentially significant performance improvement can be obtained by matching the encoder (through the appropriate choice of tap weights and modulo-2 summers) to the channel in addition to matching the demodulator/decoder to the channel for a given encoder.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 12
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Transmission of power in space using lasers will require devices for converting the laser power to electrical power. One such type of device for accomplishing this is the photovoltaic converter. This paper reviews photovoltaic converters and their application for conversion of monochromatic laser power to electrical power. Laser power densities greater than 1000 W/sq cm are considered. For a converter operated at 300 K a lower bandgap limit of 0.67 eV (1.80 micron) is defined. For ideal conditions, an efficiency of 47.8 percent is calculated for Nd/Liquid laser radiation incident on an Si converter. Several types of photovoltaic converters are discussed. Series resistance is identified as a major problem. Vertical multijunction converters are the most promising photovoltaic devices for use as laser to electric power converters.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A solar power plant suitable for earth orbits passing through Van Allen radiation belts is described. The solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency is estimated to be around 9 percent, and the expected power-to-weight ratio is competitive with photovoltaic arrays. The system is designed to be self-contained, to be indifferent to radiation belt exposures, store energy for periods when the orbiting system is in earth shadow (so that power generation is contant), have no moving parts and no working fluids, and be robust against micrometeorite attack. No electrical batteries are required.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Many future satellites and spacecraft with spun and despun configurations will require the transfer of power across rotating interfaces in lieu of slip-rings and/or flexures. This is particularly true of spacecraft that have to demonstrate a long life expectancy. The rotary transformer has the desirable characteristics of high reliability and low noise, which qualify it as a potential replacement for slip rings. Development of a rotary power transformer follows the successful completion of a task to develop rotary signal-level transformers for the Galileo Spacecraft Project. The physical configuration of a rotary power transformer has a significant effect on its magnetic and electrical characteristics and therefore impacts the design of the dc/ac inverter driver. Important characteristics addressed during this development effort include: operating frequency, efficiency, transformer gap size, leakage inductance, and leakage flux. A breadboard inverter and rotary transformer were designed, fabricated and tested.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The error probability performance of differential detection of narrow-band FM is determined and compared with the analogous results for limiter-discriminator detection of the same modulation. It is shown that over a large class of benign and hostile environments, e.g., Gaussian IF filter, AWGN, partial-band noise jamming, the differential detector offers no theoretical performance advantage over the limiter-discriminator receiver with integrate-and-dump postdetection filtering.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications (ISSN 0090-6778); COM-31; 1227-123
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 15, p. 2361, Accession no. A82-31876
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Journal of Energy (ISSN 0146-0412); 7; 442-448
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  • 17
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 13 p
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  • 18
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 19 p
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  • 19
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 19 p
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  • 20
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 11 p
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  • 21
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 22 p
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  • 22
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 15 p
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  • 23
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 5 p
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  • 24
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 16 p
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  • 25
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 5 p
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  • 26
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 21 p
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  • 27
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 13 p
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  • 28
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 6 p
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  • 29
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 4 p
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  • 30
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 7 p
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  • 31
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 10 p
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  • 32
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 16 p
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  • 33
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 25 p
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  • 34
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 7 p
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  • 35
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 33 p
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  • 36
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 100 p
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 13 p
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  • 38
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 109 p
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  • 39
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 39 p
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  • 40
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 12 p
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  • 41
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 13 p
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 19 p
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 27 p
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAFF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 5 p
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: JANNAFF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 5 p
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  • 46
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematical model of Viterbi decoder burst error performance is presented. This model allows for computer generation of Viterbi-like error sequences quickly and inexpensively for applications where large amounts of data are required. The model is corroborated through comparisons with actual software decoder simulations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 187-193
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An efficient computational technique is developed to evaluate the performance of coherent receivers with noisy carrier reference and multiple antennas. The received signal is assumed to be uncoded residual carrier BPSK (binary phase shift keying), with a PLL (phase locked loop) used for extracting the carrier. Explicit relationships between the error probabilities and the various system parameters are given. Specific results are given for the performance gain of combined carrier referencing over baseband only combining when the channel alignment process is ideal. A simple asymptotic expression for the performance gain is determined when the number of antennas used is increased without bound. An example using a Block 3 Deep Space Network PLL illustrates the performance of each arraying structure. The technique used is applicable to the performance evaluation for other receivers having similar decision statistics.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 194-206
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  • 48
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The DSN VLBI System was established as a network system in 1978. The evolution of the VLBI System from Mark 1-79 to Mark 4-85 is described, and the system functional requirements for Mark 4-85 are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 61-76
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  • 49
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Modification of the currently operational DSN Command System MK 3-80 consisted of improvement of the uplink carrier frequency tuning capability to satisfy Voyager 2 requirements. Upgrading of Command System monitoring functions in the Network Operations Control Center is discussed. The DSN Command System requirements and functional design are described for the Mark 4 Network.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 53-60
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  • 50
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The proposed design for the microwave subsystem of Project ORION is presented. Performance characteristics and subsystem capabilities are discussed. Functional requirements and key performance parameters are stated for the subsystem as well as a proposed schedule of events.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 10-17
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  • 51
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    Description: A single frequency communication system is considered consisting of K possibly moving users distributed in space simultaneously communicating with a central station equipped with a computationally adapted array of n = or K antennas. Such a configuration could result if K spacecraft were to be simultaneously tracked by a single DSN complex consisting of an n antennas array. The array employs K sets of n weights to segregate the signals received from the K users. The weights are determined by direct computation based on known position information of the K users. Currently known techniques require (for n = K) about (4/3)K to the 4th power computer operations (multiply and add) to perform such computations. A technique that accomplishes this same goal in 8 K to the 3rd power operations, yielding a reduction by a factor K/6, was developed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 118-127
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  • 52
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Radiometric microwave noise temperature measurements were used to estimate atmospheric transmission loss. The following lumped element model expression is used for the noise temperature contribution, T double prime = T sub p (1 - 1/L). This relationship is used to estimate the transmission loss L in terms of T double prime and the atmosphere effective physical temperature T sub p. This report evaluates T sub p in terms of assumed distributed loss and temperature models. Simplified expressions are presented for low loss applications. For these applications L was determined directly and accurately without integration or iteration.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 87-96
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: When high precision is required for range measurement on Earth space paths, it is necessary to correct as accurately as possible for excess range delays due to the dry air, water vapor, and liquid water content of the atmosphere. Calculations based on representative values of atmospheric parameters are useful for illustrating the order of magnitude of the expected delays. Range delay, time delay, and phase delay are simply and directly related. Doppler frequency variations or noise are proportional to the time rate of change of excess range delay. Tropospheric effects were examined as part of an overall consideration of the capability of precision two way ranging and Doppler systems.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 71-86
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The extension of the 26 meter antenna to 34 meter diameter decreased the F/D ratio. This F/D change resulted in unacceptable gain losses due to the hyperboloid's lateral deflections. A three direction translating mounting device was added to the hyperboloid. This device was controlled by a microprocessor to minimize the offsets of the phase centers in the cassegrain RF system and also compensated for boresight directions. The use of the radiation program to predict the gain losses from displacements computed by a structural computing program using an analytical model of the 34 meter reflector structure is discussed. Field test results showed accurate predictions for the Y and Z hyperboloid translations. In the X direction, the prediction value was low. However, the computed gain losses vs primary foci offsets by the radiation program were verified by field tests.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 112-120
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The interim frequency standards test facility tests all frequency standards used in the DSN. It is also the central testing facility for testing all ultrastable hydrogen maser frequency standards. This proposed data acquisition/processing system was designed to support the IFSTF by acquiring and processing the large amounts of data generated there.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 22-30
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  • 56
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods and instrumentation are being developed to determine the frequency stability of Deep Space Stations. The efforts are presently focused on the verification of the stability of the X-band uplink and other RF and microwave subsystems which contribute to the overall stability of the system. The measurement methodology is presented as well as frequency stability data generated with the development measurement system. The system characteristics are highlighted and the potential areas where improvements could be made are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 35-42
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A general approach to the optimal control of large space antennas based on their RF/structural characteristics is described. The approach consists of defining a cost functional based on the degradation of the RF performance of the antenna and using the structural model as the dynamic system. The method is applied to the design of an optimal controller for a 55-m, wrap-rib offset-fed antenna. The controller's goal is to minimize the variations of the peak electric field of the antenna due to feed displacements.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 181-194
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The status of a fluorine/hydrazine thruster development program is discussed. A solid rhenium metal sea-level thrust chamber was successfully fabricated and tested for a total run duration of 1075 s with 17 starts. Rhenium fabrication methods are discussed. A test program was conducted to evaluate performance and chamber cooling. Acceptable performance was reached and cooling was adequate. A flight-type injector was fabricated that achieved an average extrapolated performance value of 3608 N-s/kg (368 lbf-s/lbm). Altitude thrust chambers were fabricated. One chamber incorporates a rhenium combustor and nozzle with an area ratio of 15:1, and a columbium nozzle extension with area ratios from 15:1 to 60:1. The other chamber was fabricated completely with a carbon/carbon composite. Because of the attributes of rhenium for use in high-temperature applications, a program to provide the materials and processes technology needed to reliably fabricate and/or repair vapor-deposited rhenium parts of relatively large size and complex shape is recommended.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: APL The 1983 JANNAF Propulsion Meeting, Vol. 1; p 85-90
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A functional description of the GCF and its relationships with other elements of the DSN and NASCOM is presented together with development objectives and goals and comments on implementation activites in support of flight projects.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 200-209
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The operational mobile VLBI data acquisition system (MV-3) requires that a voice link be established between the mobile data system and a fixed site. A communications subsystem was incorporated in the MV-3 design which consists of HF radio, VHF mobile radio telephone and conventional land line telephone. The HF antenna design was optimized for short and long range transmission using both inverted V and yagi antennas mounted on a self-supporting telescoping mast.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 210-219
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of the S-band performance of the DSS 13 26-meter antenna, equipped with the second generation S-X common aperture feed, are reported. Aperture efficiency and overall antenna gain results are compared with predicted values. The elevation dependence of the aperture efficiency is reported.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 89-94
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Antenna arraying is a crucial Deep Space Network technique in maximizing the science return of planetary and comet encounters. The equations which describe the total figure of merit for a multiple system of arrayed antennas are developed. An example is given for three Canberra DSN antennas and the Parkes 64-m antenna to be arrayed for the Voyager 2 Uranus flyby.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 83-88
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A need for an accurate but inexpensive method for measuring and evaluating time delays of large ground antennas for VLBI applications motivated the development of the collimation tower technique. Supporting analytical work which was performed primarily to verify time delay measurement results obtained for a large antenna when the transmitter was at a collimation distance of 1/25 of the usual far field criterion is discussed. Comparisons of theoretical and experimental results are also given.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 20-29
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A class of receivers called conditionally nulling receivers is defined for quantum noise limited optical communications. These receivers have the ability to decide at each moment in time whether or not to coherently combine a predetermined local oscillator field with the received optical field, prior to performing an energy measurement (photodetection) on the combined field. Conditionally nulling receivers are applicable to pulse position modulation and related modulation schemes, which have the property that, at each moment in time, the transmitted signal is in one of only two states, on or off. The local oscillator field which may or may not be added by the receiver is an exact replica of the negative of the received on field; hence, the receiver can exactly null the on signal if the on signal is present and the receiver chooses to use the local field. An ideal conditionally nulling receiver achieves very nearly the same error probability (within a multiplicative factor varying froom 1 to 2.15) as the optimum quantum measurement for quantum noise limited detection of M-ary PPM signals. In contrast, other known receiving methods, such as direct, heterodyne, and homodyne detection, are exponentially suboptimum.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 30-42
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The subject interface measurements are described for the Ion Auxiliary Propulsion System (IAPS) flight test of two 8-cm thrusters. The diagnostic devices and the effects to be measured include: 1) quartz crystal microbalances to detect nonvolatile deposition due to thruster operation; 2) warm and cold solar cell monitors for nonvolatile and volatile (mercury) deposition; 3) retarding potential ion collectors to characterize the low energy thruster ionic efflux; and 4) a probe to measure the spacecraft potential and thruster generated electron currents to biased spacecraft surfaces. The diagnostics will also assess space environmental interactions of the spacecraft and thrusters. The diagnostic data will characterize mercury thruster interfaces and provide data useful for future applications.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Propagation phenomena affect the design of radio frequency (RF) transmission systems. Propagation phenomena limit the suitability of portions of the frequency band for some applications, limit the reliability of RF transmission systems, and provide a means of coupling unwanted signals from one system to another with the potential of producing interference. The possibility of interference is the fundamental limitation to the unrestricted use of the frequency band. Phenomena affecting suitability, reliability, and the potential for interference are considered for frequencies in the 1- to 300-GHz range.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE; vol. 69
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  • 67
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An introduction to the phase four receiver subsystem to be implemented into the DSN for VLBI applications is presented. The key design areas are discussed along with the design approach. Preliminary evaluation data indicate a feasible, straightforward design may be obtained.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 18-29
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The capacity is derived under both peak and average signal power constraints and without a signal bandwidth constraint. A random telegraph wave type signalling scheme of Kabanov is known to achieve capacity provided enough signalling bandwidth is available. In the absence of received background noise, an optimally coded PPM system is shown to achieve capacity with greatly reduced bandwidth as compared to Kabanov signals.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 51-70
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Baseband combining with and without combined carrier referencing for antenna arrays are compared under two scenarios for the Voyager 2 Uranus encounter. The combined carrier reference scheme is estimated to outperform the baseband only scheme by less than 0.3 dB E (sub b)/N (sub 0) at a bit error probability of 0.005. These results were attained both with mathematical modeling and software Viterbi decoder simulations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 105-111
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ground and spacecraft hardware research, design, and implementation lead to an end to end in flight technology demonstration on the International Solar Polar Mission spacecraft. An introduction to the overall effort is given and the flight experiment objectives are established. The expected improvements in the telecommunications performance are summarized. Also presented is a conceptual mission operations plant.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 50-62
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Rectenna deviations are described which produce errors in the since of reduced efficiency and/or scattering. Three classes of deviations are emphasized: random construction variations; systematic variations; and atmospheric induced randomness.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 93-107
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  • 72
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radiation patterns characteristic of an indefinite planar array of isotropic antennas was investigated. Particular emphasis was given to the grating lobe scatter from the rectenna. It is shown that an idealy arrayed rectenna of indefinite extent would produce grating lobes which are impulsive. It is further shown that a shift to finite extent or introduction of typical variations in element placement should generate more typical patterns.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 81-90
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model is presented which quantifies the electromagnetic modes (field configurations) in the immediate vicinity of the rectenna element. Specifically, the waveguide model characterizes the electromagnetic modes generated by planar waves normal to the array. The model applies only to incidence normal to the array.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 59-77
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  • 74
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The conditions required for a large rectenna array (i.e., reference design) to absorb nearly 100% of transmitted energy were studied. Design parameters including element spacing, and the manner in which these affect scatter were formulated. Amplitudes and directions of scatter and development of strategies for mitigation were also investigated. The effects on rectenna behavior of external factors such as weather and aircraft overflights were determined.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 1-36
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A set of standard formatting rules for the data sets, and a standard computer-readable language with which to describe the data, are two tools which are used to create the Standard Format Data Unit (SFDU). The NASA/JPL proposal for creation and utilization of SFDUs is presented, and its relationship to recommendations from the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is discussed. Several current and planned implementations of the SFDU concept among major space flight projects are identified. The purpose of creating the concept of an SFDU is to allow members of the science community to share national and global resource data independently of project or program. The feedback from SFDU implementation efforts is considered an essential part of the CCSDS activity. Even though the CCSDS specifically deals with space data systems, the SFDU concept can be applied to practically every data system on an open network. The SFDU is in the early phase of CCSDS standard definition work, and must go through several other phases before being formally recommended as an international standard.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A study was undertaken to develop a methodology for analyzing, selecting, and implementing automation functions for multi-hundred-kW photovoltaic power systems intended for manned space station. The study involved identification of generic power system elements and their potential faults, definition of automation functions and their resulting benefits, and partitioning of automation functions between power subsystem, central spacecraft computer, and ground. Automation to a varying degree was concluded to be mandatory to meet the design and operational requirements of the space station. The key drivers are indefinite lifetime, modular growth, high performance flexibility, a need to accommodate different electrical user load equipment, on-orbit assembly/maintenance/servicing, and potentially large number of power subsystem components. Functions that are good candidates for automation via expert system approach includes battery management and electrical consumables management.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The developmental history, major design drives, and final topology of the computer memory power system on the Galileo spacecraft are described. A unique method of generating memory backup power directly from the fault current drawn during a spacecraft power overload or fault condition allows this system to provide continuous memory power. This concept provides a unique solution to the problem of volatile memory loss without the use of a battery of other large energy storage elements usually associated with uninterrupted power supply designs.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Four laser receiver systems are compared to onboard solar photovoltaic power generation for spacecraft electrical requirements. The laser photovoltaic and laser MHD receivers were found to be lighter than a comparable planar solar photovoltaic system. The laser receiver also shows less drag at lower altitudes. Panel area is also reduced for the laser receiver allowing fewer Shuttle trips for construction. Finally, it is shown that a 1 megawatt laser and receiver system might be constructed with less weight than a comparable planar solar photovoltaic system.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Matrix methods for computing the projected area of a solar array as a function of the rotational position of a spacecraft and of array position on a spacecraft are presented. Formulas are derived which provide the optimum solar array pitch, cant and tracking angles for a given spacecraft configuration and orbit. These formulas are general and applicable to many spacecraft. Formulas are also provided for determining the energy output from an array for a given orbit and the resultant energy available to spacecraft loads. Results are simply obtained and realizable with a hand calculator. The methods above can be extended to the case of computer analysis of solar array shadowing. How this can be done is outlined and results are presented from a spacecraft study program.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Battery cell voltage scanners have been previously used in low voltage spacecraft applications. In connection with future missions involving an employment of high-power high voltage power subsystems and/or autonomous power subsystem management for unattended operation, it will be necessary to utilize battery cell voltage scanners to provide battery cell voltage information for early detection of impending battery cell degradation/failures. In preparation for such missions, a novel battery cell voltage scanner design has been developed. The novel design makes use of low voltage circuit modules which can be applied to high voltage batteries in a building block fashion. A description is presented of the design concept and test results of the high voltage battery cell scanner, and its operation with an autonomously managed power subsystem is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Simple, practical methods for damping reflector vibrations and designing antenna-feed attitude control systems in large deployable spaceborne antennas are proposed. The former involves a movable damper which is positioned so that the rate-of-change of total vibrational energy is minimized. The latter introduces a mechanical decoupler between the flexible boom and the antenna-feed, whereby the feed-attitude control system can be designed independent of boom dynamics. The validity of these approaches are substantiated by analytical studies, computer simulation, and experimental studies.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 143-161
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Known models of Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) performance have failed to produce pressure-time traces which accurately matched actual motor performance, especially during the first 5 seconds after ignition and during the last quarter of web burn time. Efforts to compensate for these differences in model reconstruction and actual performance resulted in resorting to the use of a Burning Anomaly Rate Function (BARF). It was suspected that propellant erosive burning was primarily responsible for the variation of model from actual results. The three dimensional Hercules Grain Design and Internal Ballistics Evaluation Program was made operational and slightly modified and an extensive trial and error effort was begun to test the hypothesis of erosive burning as an explanation of the burning anomaly. It was found that introduction of erosive burning (using Green's erosive burning equation) over portions of the aft segment grain and above a threshold gas Mach number did, in fact, give excellent agreement with the actual motor trace.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: APL The 1983 JANNAF Propulsion Meeting, Vol. 1; p 7-13
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper considers the performance of quadrature partial response (QPR) in the presence of jamming. Although a QPR system employs a single sample detector in its receiver, while quadrature amplitude shift keying (or quadrature phase shift keying) requires a matched-filter type of receiver, it is shown that the coherent detection performances of the two in the presence of the intentional jammer have definite similarities.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-29; Nov. 198
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Technology features of a beam forming network (BFN) employing ferrite devices to provide multiple beam antenna pattern control for satellites used in telecommunications are described. The BFN produces the phase and amplitude distribution for each horn in an antenna array, with the number of horns in the array being equal to the number of outputs in the BFN. One configuration involves microwave switches and permits illumination of a single feed horn at a time using ferrite latching circulators that function by reversing the circulation direction. A more flexible version, yielding a variable amplitude distribution across the feed horn array to accommodate changing traffic patterns or serving a TDMA system, includes the capability of forming nulls in the system with a variable phase shifter in the input ports. The antenna scan angles in phased arrays can be limited to 8 deg from center. Acceptable insertion losses have been demonstrated in BFN with hundreds of ports and switching rates as high as 10 kHz.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Microwave Journal (ISSN 0026-2897); 26; Aug. 198
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 17, p. 2705, Accession no. A82-35015
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: (ISSN 0001-1452)
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  • 86
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 19, p. 3280, Accession no. A81-40847
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: (ISSN 0022-4560)
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  • 87
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photovoltaic solar array technology dominates NASA space station planning for the late 1980s, although the reduction of fabrication costs and the extension of service life for such arrays remain essential goals for research and development. Attention is given to concentrator arrays, in which highly reflective surfaces concentrate solar energy onto the solar cells. Two types of concentrator arrays are under consideration: one with a low geometric concentration ratio which after reflector losses can produce about 5 suns at the cell surface, and the other with a Cassegrainian concentrator that produces a flux level of 100 suns on the cell surface. Costs are reduced from the $300/W for planar arrays to $250/W and as little as $100/W, respectively, in 1982 dollars. The storage of electrical energy by means of novel battery systems is also considered.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 21; Mar. 198
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  • 88
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Anthropometric Measurements Laboratory has accumulated a large body of data from a number of previous experiments. The data is very noisy, therefore it requires the application of some signal processing schemes. Moreover, it was not regarded as time series measurements but as positional information; hence, the data is stored as coordinate points as defined by the motion of the human body. The accumulated data defines two groups or classes. Some of the data was collected from an experiment designed to measure the flexibility of the limbs, referred to as radial movement. The remaining data was collected from experiments designed to determine the surface of the reach envelope. An interactive signal processing package was designed and implemented. Since the data does not include time this package does not include a time series element. Presently the results is restricted to processing data obtained from those experiments designed to measure flexibility.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: NASA. Johnson (Lyndon B.) Space Center The 1983 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Research Program Research Reports; NASA. Johnson (Lynd
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This study analyzes certain selected topics in rival dc and high frequency ac electric power systems for a Space Station. The interaction between the Space Station and the plasma environment is analyzed, leading to a limit on the voltage for the solar array and a potential problem with resonance coupling at high frequencies. Certain problems are pointed out in the concept of a rotary transformer, and further development work is indicated in connection with dc circuit switching, special design of a transmission conductor for the ac system, and electric motors. The question of electric shock hazards, particularly at high frequency, is also explored. and a problem with reduced skin resistance and therefore increased hazard with high frequency ac is pointed out. The study concludes with a comparison of the main advantages and disadvantages of the two rival systems, and it is suggested that the choice between the two should be made after further studies and development work are completed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Johnson (Lyndon B.) Space Center The 1983 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Research Program Research Reports; NASA. Johnson (Lynd
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A major unresolved question in the field of atmospheric research using VHF radar techniques is the relative merit of the two most widely used systems. These systems are the Doppler method and the spaced antenna method. It has been suggested that one radar of each type be operated side by side for a direct comparison of the two techniques. This duplication of effort is not cost effective. The major components of both systems are identical, and one radar could be operated in both modes by proper design of a suitable antenna system and by proper data analysis. The Chung-Li radar will be able to switch between modes on a time scale of seconds and is the first VHF radar to be able to directly compare the Doppler data with spaced antenna data. The system will have performance comparable with the present SOUSY spaced antenna system and will provide mesospheric data in addition to stratospheric and tropospheric data. The major specifications of the Chung-Li radar are given.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Intern. Council Sci. Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 383-386
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Wave Propagation Laboratory is developing a ground-based remote sensing system called PROFILER to measure troposphere parameters currently measured in operational meteorology by radiosondes. The prototype PROFILER uses two radars for wind sounding: a 6-m radar located at Platteville, Colorado, and a 33-cm radar located at Denver's Stapleton International Airport. In addition, a network of three 6-m wind-profiling radars is being installed in Colorado, and a fourth site is planned. The location of the five radars, their characteristics, and their limitations are described.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Intern. Council Sci. Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 325-329
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The European Incoherent Scatter Radar Facility also has facilities which can be used for coherent scatter research of the middle atmosphere. The observatory consists of two independent systems which allow observations of the upper, middle, and lower atmosphere: a tristatic UHF radar capable of vector drift measurements, and a monostatic VHF system. The characteristics of the components are are described including inter-site communication, on-line displays, and the real-time operating system. Analysis of about 60 hours of middle atmosphere observations in 1982 indicate that EISCAT's capabilities to measure mesospheric parameters should improve during moderately or strongly disturbed conditions, enabling measurement of profiles of wind velocity, electron density, and temperature/collision frequency, and in some instances, ion masses. Because of not yet optimized transmit-receive switching, some limitations exist in the monostatic mode when observing coherent scattering in the stratosphere at short ranges.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Intern. Council Sci. Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 305-314
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  • 93
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The spaced antenna drift method is a simple and relatively inexpensive method for determination of atmospheric wind velocities using radars. The technique has been extensively tested in the mesosphere at high and medium frequencies, and found to give reliable results. Recently, the method has also been applied to VHF observations of the troposphere and stratosphere, and results appear to be reliable. This paper discusses briefly the principle of the method, and investigates both its strengths and weaknesses. Some discussions concerning criticisms of the technique are also given, and it is concluded that while these criticisms may be of some concern at times, appropriate care can ensure that the method is at least as viable as any other method of remote wind measurement. At times, the technique has definite advantages.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 171-186
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Spectrum analysis and correlation methods used to measure the horizontal and vertical velocities of radar echo signals are examined mathematically. Topics include scattering/reflection geometry, monostatic versus bistatic operation, spaced antenna measurements, radar interferometry and the Doppler method. Vertical velocity determination, optimum pointing angles, and time resolution for periodic variations are also investigated.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 150-163
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  • 95
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Doppler spectra of VHF radar returns typically indicate a Gaussian back-ground shape with superimposed spikes. An average of 10 Doppler spectra are shown which are calculated from a time series of seven min of complex data. A proper Gaussian fit to the background distribution is possible by neglecting the strong amplitude spikes. If this background distribution is due to beam width broadening, either diffuse reflection or rather isotropic scattering is required. If beam width broadening is neglected, the width of the distribution is given by turbulent velocity fluctuations. The reflected component is about 1/3 of the scattered component. It is assumed that the amplitude spikes due to diffuse reflection indicate a Gaussian frequency distribution such as for the amplitudes due to scattering.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 112-113
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effects on the signal detectability of varying the pulse repetition rate (PRF), peak pulse power (p(pk)) and pulse width (tau(p)) (tp) are examined. Both coded and uncoded pulses are considered. The following quantities are assumed to be constant; (1) antenna area, (z)echo reflectivity, (3) Doppler shift, (4) spectral width, (5) spectral resolution, (6) effective sampling rate, and (7) total incoherent spectral averagaing time. The detectability is computed for two types of targets.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 100-104
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: VHF radar echoes are greatly enhanced near the zenith relative to other directions. This enhancement must be due to reflection from horizontally stratified laminate of refractive index. The refractivity laminate are due to the displacements of low frequency buoyancy (internal gravity) waves acting on the background vertical gradient of refractivity. VANZANDT (1982) has shown that the observed spectra of mesoscale wind fluctuations in the troposphere and lower stratosphere are modeled by a universal spectrum of buoyancy (internal gravity) waves. Since the observed frequency spectrum is red, the buoyancy wave model of the vertical displacement spectrum is strongly enhanced near the zenith. In other terms, the resulting refractivity irregularities are strongly stratified.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 78-80
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  • 98
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Following reception and analog to digital conversion (A/D) conversion, atmospheric radar backscatter echoes need to be processed so as to obtain desired information about atmospheric processes and to eliminate or minimize contaminating contributions from other sources. Various signal processing techniques have been implemented at mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radar facilities to estimate parameters of interest from received spectra. Such estimation techniques need to be both accurate and sufficiently efficient to be within the capabilities of the particular data-processing system. The various techniques used to parameterize the spectra of received signals are reviewed herein. Noise estimation, electromagnetic interference, data smoothing, correlation, and the Doppler effect are among the specific points addressed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 535-542
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  • 99
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Many radars used for wind sounding generate Doppler power spectra as output. For compact data archiving purposes, as well as for data analysis, several parameters were produced to characterize each spectrum. The parameters chosen were noise level, echo signal strength, velocity, and width. Because the derived parameters may be the only quantities available for future analysis, it was important that they did not contain biases imposed by the derivation techniques. This consideration led to a processing scheme in which the parameters were derived independently for each spectrum.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 546-547
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  • 100
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The individual steps in the data processing scheme applied to most radars used for wind sounding are analyzed. This processing method uses spectral analysis and assumes a pulse Doppler radar. Improvement in the signal to noise ratio of some radars is discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 528-531
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