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  • Rat  (286)
  • Springer  (286)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1985-1989  (286)
  • 1935-1939
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (286)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra- and interspecies analyses of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family reveal independent evolution in primates and rodents (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 126-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Carcinoembryonic antigen ; Evolution ; Gene family ; Human ; Rat ; Synonymous substitutions ; Silent molecular clock ; Evolutionary trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Various rodent and primate DNAs exhibit a stronger intra- than interspecies cross-hybridization with probes derived from the N-terminal domain exons of human and rat carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like genes. Southern analyses also reveal that the human and rat CEA gene families are of similar complexity. We counted at least 10 different genes per human haploid genome. In the rat, approximately seven to nine different N-terminal domain exons that presumably represent different genes appear to be present. We were able to assign the corresponding genomic restriction endonuclease fragments to already isolated CEA gene family members of both human and rat. Highly similar subgroups, as found within the human CEA gene family, seem to be absent from the rat genome. Hybridization with an intron probe from the human nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) gene and analysis of DNA sequence data indicate the conservation of noncoding regions among CEA-like genes within primates, implicating that whole gene units may have been duplicated. With the help of a computer program and by calculating the rate of synonymous substitutions, evolutionary trees have been derived. From this, we propose that an independent parallel evolution, leading to different CEA gene families, must have taken place in, at least, the primate and rodent orders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melatonin accelerates reentrainment of the circadian rhythm of its own production after an 8-h advance of the light-dark cycle (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1989), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Rat ; Melatonin ; Circadian rhythm ; 5-hydroxytryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rhythm in melatonin production in the rat is driven by a circadian rhythm in the pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity. Rats adapted to an artificial lighting regime of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness per day were exposed to an 8-h advance of the light-dark regime accomplished by the shortening of one dark period; the effect of melatonin, triazolam and fluoxetine, together with 5-hydroxytryptophan, on the reentrainment of the NAT rhythm was studied. In control rats, the NAT rhythm was abolished during the first 3 cycles following the advance shift. It reappeared during the 4th cycle; however, the phase relationship between the evening rise in activity and the morning decline was still compressed. Melatonin accelerated the NAT rhythm reentrainment. In rats treated chronically with melatonin at the new dark onset, the rhythm had already reappeared during the 3rd cycle, in the middle of the advanced night, and during the 4th cycle, the phase relationship between the evening onset and the morning decline of the NAT activity was the same as before the advance shift. In rats treated chronically with melatonin at the old dark onset or in those treated with melatonin 8 h, 5 h and 2 h after the new dark onset during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cycle, respectively, following the advance shift, the NAT rhythm reappeared during the 3rd cycle as well but in the last third of the advanced night only. Neither triazolam nor fluoxetine together with 5-hydroxytryptophan administered around the new dark onset facilitated NAT rhythm reentrainment after the 8-h advance of the light-dark cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190214
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of brain tumours in rats using laser-induced fluorescence and haematoporphyrin derivative (1989)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; Rat ; Detection ; Fluorescence ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been used for the identification of brain tumours in rats, which have been previously given tumour-seeking haematoporphyrin derivative. A pulsed nitrogen laser (λ=337 nm) was used in conjunction with an optical multichannel analyzer. For both inoculated RG-2 and TCVC rat-brain-tumour models, the blue autofluorescence was strongly reduced in the tumour compared with normal brain tissue, and at the same time the characteristic red-drug signal increased. The contrast between tumour and normal tissue was strongly enhanced by forming the ratio between the two signals. Implications for possible improvement of tumour delineation in brain tumour surgery are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032454
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological changes in the junctional complex of cells in the arachnoid layer of the rat after cold injury (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arachnoid cells ; Tight and gap junctions ; Cold injury ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracture technique ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The junctional complexes of cells in the outer arachnoid layer overlying the cerebral cortex of 2-week-old rats were examined with freeze-fracture electron microscopy up to 60 min after transcranial cold injury to the dorsal surface of the brain. Within 30 min after injury, areas of gap and tight junctions with morphological features characteristic of junction formation and/or junction disruption were found scattered among normal junctional complexes in some arachnoid cells. Within 60 min after injury, tight junctions with features typical of less leaky zonulae occludentes were present in all arachnoid cells examined. These morphological features include increases in the number of tight junctional strands and the number of strand-to-strand anatomoses. Gap junctions were interspersed among the tight junctional strands, and many were completely encircled by the strands. The increase in the number and complexity of the tight junctional strands in response to brain injury may be the morphological basis for the maintenance of the cerebrospinal fluid-blood dural barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218887
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional observation of the fibroblast-like cells associated with the rat myenteric plexus, with special reference to the interstitial cells of Cajal (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: SEM ; TEM ; Interstitial cell ; Myenteric plexus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An extensive cellular network becomes visible over the myenteric plexus of the rat after removal of the overlying tissues under the scanning electron microscope. The cells are mainly stellate and have many slender processes via which they interconnect. They form a three-dimensional network and are closely associated with the ganglia and nerve bundles, and also extend over the smooth muscle cells. They are considered to correspond to the interstitial cells of Cajal because of their peculiar arrangement and their topography. Transmission electron-microscopic evidence demonstrates that the majority of those cells have features of fibroblasts. Gap junctions and intermediate junctions are observed between these fibroblast-like cells, and also between them and smooth muscle cells. Examination of serial thin sections reveals that single fibroblast-like interstitial cells connect to both circular and longitudinal muscle cells via gap junctions. It is suggested that the network of interstitial cells conducts electrical signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224117
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific adhesion between pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and adrenal medullary endothelial cells in co-culture (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medullary endothelial cells ; Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells ; Co-culture ; Cell surface extracts ; Adhesion ; Cell-cell interactions ; Bovine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are found in close proximity to capillary endothelial cells, thereby forming the classical endocrine complex. To examine the possible chemical basis of their interaction in more detail, we have grown bovine adrenal medullary endothelial (BAME) cells in monolayer cultures and added to them pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, a chromaffin tumor cell line of rats. The PC12 cells were chosen because of the similarities they share with adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. PC12 cells rapidly attached to BAME cells cultures, their rate of adhesion being significantly enhanced over binding of PC12 cells to either uncoated plates or to monolayers of unrelated cell cultures. Consistent with this observation, we noted that the extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from the BAME cells did not enhance PC12 cell adhesion and did not promote neurite sprouting as previously described for ECM derived from corneal endothelial cells. The specific adhesion between PC12 and BAME cells could be abolished by cell surface extracts derived from these two cells but not by extracts derived from unrelated cell types. This activity was heat-labile, sensitive to trypsin and, to a lesser extent, to neuraminidase. We therefore conclude that PC12 cells may interact with BAME cells by specific proteinaceous adhesive factors associated with their plasma membranes. These interactions might represent the formative role of cell-cell contacts in the organization of the developing adrenal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218894
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theamylase gene-enzyme system of fishes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Amylase ; Mosquitofish ; Rat ; Drosophila ; Structure ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amylases from the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki, Pisces: Poeciliidae) and rat were purified and compared withDrosophila amylases in terms of structure and function. At the structural level, amino acid compositions of the three amylases were compared. At the functional level, amylase activities were compared on various substrates and in the presence of inhibitors. While the amylases from all three organisms had properties typical of alpha-amylases, both structural and functional differences were observed. Using resemblance coefficients of distance and similarity from numerical taxonomy, it was determined that the amylases from the rat andDrosophila were more similar to each other than either was to amylase from the mosquitofish, and that structural differences between the amylases did not reflect functional differences, i.e. there was no correlation between amylase structural and functional distances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691744
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular origin and distribution of transforming growth factor-β1 in the normal rat myocardium (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 553-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ; Myocardium ; mRNA ; Fibroblast ; Cardiomyocyte ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a biologically active polypeptide present in normal tissues as well as transformed cells. Two structurally related forms of this peptide are TGF-β 1 and TGF-β 2. Using freshly isolated cardiomyocytes and non-myocyte heart cells, and a [32P]-labelled cDNA probe to human TGF-β 1, we demonstrated that mRNA for TGF-β 1 could be detected only in the nonmyocyte fraction of heart cells. In the present study, the distribution of TGF-β 1 in the heart was determined by immunofluorescence staining by use of a polyclonal antibody to porcine TGF-β 1 in cryostat sections of rat heart. Immunofluorescence staining was intense around the blood vessels and radially diffuse in the surrounding myocardium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225603
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal tracing of autonomic nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retrograde tracing ; Immunocytochemistry ; Vascular innervation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The origin of nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery of the rat was studied by retrograde tracing with the fluorescent dye True Blue (TB). Application of TB to the rat superficial temporal artery labeled perikarya in the superior cervical ganglion, the otic ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex, and the trigeminal ganglion. The labeled perikarya were located in ipsilateral ganglia; a few neuronal somata were, in addition, seen in contralateral ganglia. Judging from the number of labeled nerve cell bodies the majority of fibers contributing to the perivascular innervation originate from the superior cervical, sphenopalatine and trigeminal ganglia. A moderate labeling was seen in the otic ganglion, whereas only few perikarya were labeled in the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex. Furthermore, TB-labeled perikarya were examined for the presence of neuropeptides. In the superior cervical ganglion, all TB-labeled nerve cell bodies contained neuropeptide Y. In the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia, the majority of the labeled perikarya were endowed with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In the trigeminal ganglion, the majority of the TB-labeled nerve cell bodies displayed calcitonin gene-related peptide, while a small population of the TB-labeled neuronal elements contained, in addition, substance P. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the majority of peptide-containing nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery originate in ipsilateral cranial ganglia; a few fibers, however, may originate in contralateral ganglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225604
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Distribution of MAP 2 in dendritic spines and its colocalization with actin (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 447-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: MAP2 ; Actin ; Dendritic spines ; Spine apparatus ; Spine synapses ; Postsynaptic density ; Synaptic plasticity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of MAP2 and actin in dendritic spines of the visual and cerebellar cortices, dentate fascia, and hippocampus was determined by using immunogold electron microscopy. By this approach, we have confirmed the presence of MAP2 in dendritic spines and identified substructures within the spine compartment showing MAP2 immunoreactivity. MAP2 immunolabeling was mainly associated with filaments which reacted with a monoclonal anti-actin antibody. Also, by immunogold double-labeling we colocalized MAP2 with actin on the endomembranes of the spine apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and in the postsynaptic density. Labeling was nearly absent in axons and axonal terminals. These results indicate that MAP2 is an actin-associated protein in dendritic spines. Thus, MAP2 may organize actin filaments in the spine and endow the actin network of the spine with dynamic properties that are necessary for synaptic plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225592
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  • 11
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    The relationship between gastrin cells and bombesin-like immunoreactive nerve fibres in the gastric antral mucosa of guinea-pig, rat, dog and man (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin ; Gastrin-releasing peptide ; Bombesin ; Stomach ; Autonomic innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig ; Rat ; Dog ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between bombesin-like immunoreactive (bombesin-LI) nerve fibres and gastrin-LI G-cells was examined in gastric antral mucosa from guineapig, rat, dog and man using a double-labelling fluorescence immunohistochemical technique. The greatest density of bombesin-LI nerve fibres was found within the basal mucosa in all species and the density of innervation decreased towards the luminal surface. Most G-cells were in a band occupying approximately the middle third of the mucosa. The proportion of G-cells found within a distance of 2 μm from bombesin-LI nerve fibres was low in all species (6% in the guinea-pig, 22% in the rat, 14% in the dog, and 9% in the human). It is proposed that the neuropeptide released from bombesin-LI antral mucosal nerve fibres traverses distances of greater than several μm to reach the target G-cells. This may be achieved by passage through the mucosal microcirculation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221648
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemistry of vacuoles occurring in rat hepatocytes after retinol administration (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinol ; Vacuoles ; Immunohistochemistry ; Plasma proteins ; Hepatocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vacuoles occurring in rat hepatocytes after intraportal injection of retinol (33 or 67 μg) were examined immunohistochemically using respective antibodies against rat albumin, human retinol-binding protein, human ceruloplasmin, human α 1-antitrypsin, human transferrin, and human prealbumin as representative plasma proteins. The occurrence of the vacuoles reached a numerical maximum 30 min after injection of 67 μg retinol, followed by a temporal decrease. Hepatocytes from control rats, which had been intraportally injected with either blood plasma diluted to 2/3 concentration or with retinol palmitate solvent (castor oil) dissolved in blood plasma, showed immunoreactive fine granules without the occurrence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Identical vacuoles in serial sections appeared immunohistochemically either immunoreactive or non-immunoreactive for all the antibodies used, with rare exceptions. The occurrence of several rare exceptions suggested that 2 kinds of vacuoles might be formed in different cytoplasmic compartments. A zonal distribution of vacuoles was apparent in the hepatic laminae (or acini) within the liver lobules. The vacuoles were predominantly distributed in zone 2, and to a lesser extent in zone 3 and zone 1 in that order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261829
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Immunological homologies between yeast ribosomal protein L2 and rat liver ribosomal proteins L4 and L24 (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ribosomal protein ; Immunological homology ; Yeast ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies raised against ribosomal protein (r-protein) L2 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were used to check for cross-reaktions with total r-proteins of rat liver. Using this procedure, the rat liver r-proteins, L4 and L24, were identified as being immunologically related to yeast L2. In addtional, homologies between rat liver L4 and L24 were detected. The possible implications for the regulation of r-protein synthesis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387769
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  • 14
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    Epilepsy and electromagnetic fields: effects of simulated atmospherics and 100-Hz magnetic fields on audiogenic seizure in rats (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Electromagnetic fields ; Rat ; Audiogenic seizure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the possible association between epileptic seizures and natural electromagnetic fields, 32 female audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible rats were exposed to simulated 10 kHz and 28 kHz atmospherics and to a sinusoidally oscillating magnetic field with a frequency of 100 Hz and field strength of 1 A/m. After the electromagnetic exposure, seizures were induced in the rats with a sound stimulus. The severity of the seizure was determined on an ordinal scale, the audiogenic response score (ARS). The time from the beginning of the sound stimulus to the onset of the seizure (seizure latency) and the duration of the convulsion was measured. No differences from the control experiments were found in the experiments with simulated atmospherics, but the 100 Hz magnetic field increased the seizure latency by about 13% (P〈0.02). The results do not support the hypothesis that natural atmospheric electromagnetic signals could affect the onset of epileptic seizures, but they suggest that AGS-susceptible rats may be a useful model for studying the biological effects of electromagnetic fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623987
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  • 15
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    Demonstration of correlations between the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics and the inflammatory reaction of rats after carrageenan injection (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Atmospherics ; Carrageenan inflammation ; Rat ; Susceptibility ; Correlations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Between the mean daily density of 28 kHz atmospherics and the onset of epileptic fits there is a highly significant correlation coefficient (r) of 0.30; there is a negative coefficient of −0.20 between the fits and the mean daily density of 10 kHz atmospherics. The onset of heart infarction is correlated with 28 kHz atmospherics (r=0.15). Furthermore, we have discovered that sudden deafness is also correlated with certain configurations of atmospherics. In this paper we report the following correlation coefficients between the inflammatory reaction of rats to a carrageenan injection (rci) into a hind paw and the mean daily pulse rate of atmospherics of the same day:r=0.49 for the 8 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.02) andr=0.44 for the 10 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.04). The correlations between rci reaction and other atmospherics (12 and 28 kHz) are smaller and not significant. By the method of multiple linear regression we found a multipleR=0.54 between rci reaction and the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics (the regression function for the rci reaction is 0.15+0.004×8 kHz+0.002×10 kHz,P〈0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045280
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  • 16
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    Binding of intravenously injected antibodies against laminin to developing and mature endocrine glands (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Basal lamina ; Laminin ; Anterior pituitary gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine whether circulating antibodies against laminin can bind in vivo to basement membranes within endocrine glands, affinity-purified sheep or rabbit anti-laminin IgG was intravenously injected into rats. One to five hours after injection, anti-laminin IgG was bound to all basement membranes of adrenal and anterior pituitary glands of mature as well as 2-day-old newborn rats as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. After the injection of anti-laminin conjugated directly to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), HRP reaction product was also present throughout adrenal and pituitary basement membranes in mature and immature glands 1–5 h post-injection. Ultrathin Lowicryl sections from rats that received unconjugated rabbit anti-laminin IgG 1 h prior to fixation with paraformaldehyde were labeled directly with anti-rabbit IgG-colloidal gold. In these cases, gold also bound specifically over the lamina densa and lamina rara. When adrenal or pituitary glands from mature rats were examined by immunofluorescence 1 week after the injection of sheep anti-laminin IgG, the patterns and amounts of bound sheep IgG were indistinguishable from those observed 1 h after injection. In contrast, significantly less fluorescence was present in glands from 7-day-old rat pups that had received anti-laminin IgG 5 days earlier. In addition, when anti-laminin IgG-HRP was injected into newborns and glands were fixed 5 days later, lengths of labeled endothelial and epithelial basement membranes were often interspersed with unlabeled lengths in zones of cellular proliferation in the outer adrenal cortex and throughout the pituitary gland. These results indicated that unlabeled basement membranes in these regions were probably assembled after the injection of anti-laminin IgG, which would also explain diminished labeling of basement membranes in these animals. Despite the continued presence of heterologous anti-laminin IgG within endocrine basement membranes, however, rat IgG, rat C3, inflammatory cells, or histologic abnormalities were observed in neither newborn nor adult glands under the conditions examined here. Sections from rats injected with control IgG or control IgG-HRP were entirely negative by immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and immunogold techniques. We therefore conclude that (1) apparently large amounts of circulating anti-laminin IgG can bind to adrenal and pituitary basement membranes, and (2) at least some of these basement membranes are assembled during development by progressive splicing of newly synthesized matrix into that already present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215462
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  • 17
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    Pathway of nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity to the major cerebral arteries of the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral arteries ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Vascular innervation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathway of nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)-like immunoreactivity to the major cerebral arteries was studied in rats by means of the indirect immunofluorescent method. The fibers are densely distributed in the ethmoidal nerves and in the adventitia of both the external and internal ethmoidal arteries. Section of both ethmoidal nerves and external ethmoidal arteries before they enter the cranial cavity induced a marked reduction of VIP-like immunoreactive fibers in the walls of the vessels of the circle of Willis and its major branches. However, section of the external ethmoidal artery alone did not result in visible changes of the nerves around major cerebral arteries. The present study suggests that VIP-like immunoreactive fibers surrounding major cerebral arteries of the rat arise from fibers in the ethmoidal nerve showing immunoreactivity to VIP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215834
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  • 18
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    Morphology of smooth muscle cells in the rat thoracic duct (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thoracic duct ; Smooth muscle cell ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure of the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the rat thoracic duct were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The muscle layer basically consists of a single layer of circularly arranged cells. The smooth muscle cell is fusiform or ribbon-like in shape, as in veins or venules with a similar or smaller diameter. Connections by spinous processes are observed between adjacent muscle cells along their length. Spot-like membrane contacts frequently occur in areas where facing membranes are closely apposed. These are thought to be gap junctions and may be responsible for electrical coupling and mechanical attachment. Large invaginations arranged regularly in rows on the surface of the smooth muscle cells can be observed. These invaginations are closely associated with a flattened sarcoplasmic reticulum, and caveolae tend to open into the invaginations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215831
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  • 19
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    Lymphocyte number and distribution in the rat uterine epithelium during estrous cycle and early pregnancy (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 241-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterus ; Intraepithelial lymphocytes ; Estrous cycle ; Early pregnancy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the luminal and glandular epithelium of the uterus of virgin rats was analysed in diestrus, proestrus and estrus, and in nulliparous rats on days 5, 7 and 9 of pregnancy. IEL number was calculated either with respect to the number of epithelial cells or to the length of epithelium section. It was found that in diestrus, the number of IEL was, on average, 3.7 per 100 luminal epithelial cells or 6.7 per 1 mm of epithelium section, whereas in proestrus, it decreased to 0.9 and 1.2 IEL, respectively. On day 5 of pregnancy (before implantation) the number of IEL decreased further to 0.45 per 100 luminal epithelial cells or 0.9 per 1 mm of epithelium. On days 7 and 9 of pregnancy, IEL number further decreased in implantation sites, whereas in interimplantation sites it remained at the level calculated for day 5 of pregnancy. The population of uterine IEL consisted of small (82–99%) and large (1–18%) lymphocytes. In all stages of the estrous cycle, IEL occurred with a frequency of 68–87% in the basal region, 8–20% in the middle region and 4–12% in the apical region of the luminal epithelium width.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221759
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    Evidence for neuroendocrine regulation of preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adipose tissue ; Cell proliferation ; Cell differentiation ; Histochemistry ; Swine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cells in fetal adipose tissue and cells in vitro are characterized by rapid proliferation. Serum factors have been shown to be important for the rapid proliferation of cells in vitro. The present experiment was performed to determine if neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms of the fetus can influence the actions of serum factors on preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Sera were obtained from decapitated fetal pigs and intact littermates during gestation. Sera were tested for their effects on primary cultures of preadipocytes and stromalvascular cells derived from inguinal adipose tissue of young Sprague-Dawley rats. Coverslip cultures were used for histochemical analysis of enzymes after 12 days of incubation with test media. Analysis of growth curves produced from sequential [3H]-thymidine labeling indicated that fetal age influences rates of proliferation. Sera from decapitated fetal pigs specifically reduced the number of proliferating preadipocytes in culture. Sera from decapitated fetal pigs induced a minimum of 50% less differentiation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity than sera from intact pigs at all fetal ages. Histochemical staining for enzymes of differentiating preadipocytes was also reduced in cultures incubated with sera from decapitated fetal pigs in comparison to sera from intact pigs. The present study has demonstrated that the in vivo effect of decapitation on fetal adipose tissue development is a consequence of alterations in systemic factors present in serum in response to removal of central regulation by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215448
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    The lattice arrangement of the collagen fibres in the submucosa of the rat small intestine: scanning electron microscopy (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Submucosa ; Intestine ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional architecture of the submucosal collagen fibres of the rat (3 weeks old) small intestine was examined by scanning electron microscopy using a selective microdissection method. The main framework of the submucosa was composed of two arrays of collagen fibre bundles running diagonally around the intestinal wall, one set in a clockwise direction, the other counterclockwise. These fibre bundles were about 5 μm in diameter and were oriented at a range of angle ± 30°–50° to the longitudinal axis of the intestine. With the advantage of the SEM observation it was demonstrated that these fibres in different arrays did not constitute two separate layers but interwove to form a unified lattice sheet. An irregular network of fine collagen fibrils over the main framework was also seen. The significance of their arrangement is discussed with respect to the skeletal function of the submucosa in the intestine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215455
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    Adhesion, proliferation, and adipogenesis in primary rat cell cultures: effects of collagenous substrata, fibronectin, and serum (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adipocyte ; Primary culture ; Collagen ; Fibronectin ; Serum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of collagenous substrata, fibronectin, and fetal bovine serum on the adhesion, proliferation, and adipogenesis of rat stromal-vascular cells are reported. There was no effect on initial stromal-vascular cell-attachment by fetal bovine serum or fibronectin. The number of cells attached to a hydrated collagen-gel was almost twice (P〈0.04) the number attached to dried collagen-gel or dried denatured collagen-gel. Total number of cells after 5 days in culture was similar among the collagenous substrata and among the treatments with or without fibronectin in the growth media. Total number of cells increased significantly (P〈0.02) with 10% FBS. Adipocytic formation was inhibited by hydrated collagen-gel (P〈0.02) compared to dried collagen-gel or dried, denatured collagenous substrata. An interaction occurred between dried, denatured gel and fetal bovine serum so that total formation of adipocytes increased by increasing the level of fetal bovine serum (P〈0.07). Adipocytic formation was inhibited by hydrated collagen-gel at all levels of fetal bovine serum. The percentage of cells that converted to adipocytes was significantly lower (P〈0.01) on hydrated collagen-gel compared to dried, denatured or dried collagen-gel. Percentage of conversion was not significantly different among levels of fetal bovine serum, although this percentage increased as fetal bovine serum level increased. Adipocytic conversion was not different between fibronectin-treated or untreated cells. Morphology of stromal vascular cells was similar on dried collagen and dried, denatured collagen-gel, but tended to remain bipolar on hydrated collagen-gel. These studies indicate that fetal bovine serum in combination with the extracellular matrix (dried, denatured collagen) increased the differentiation of rat stromal-vascular cells into adipocytes, and that hydrated collagen inhibited differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215456
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    Fine-structural localization of neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the neuronal somata of colchicine-pretreated celiac ganglia of rats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide ; Intracellular localization ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In colchicine-pretreated cells of sympathetic ganglia, intensely NPY-immunoreactive material was localized within vacuoles and vesicles of the disorganized, widely dispersed Golgi apparatus. Intensely positive large granular vesicles, which are known to be one of major storage sites of various peptides in the autonomic nerve endings, were essentially unobserved in the perikaryal cytoplasm. The present finding provides evidence that one pool of NPY-like immunoreactivity is localized in the Golgi apparatus of colchicine-pretreated as well as normal sympathetic ganglion cells. It is also clear that visualization of NPY-immunoreactive somata by colchicine-pretreatment in the sympathetic ganglia is due to the accumulation of the neuropeptide in the disorganized Golgi stacks instead of increased amount of the large granular vesicles containing NPY.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215468
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    Hydrodynamic model of the urinary bladder derived from stepwise cystometry in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 26 (1988), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Compliance ; Curve fitting ; Rat ; Stepwise cystometry ; Urinary bladder ; Viscoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The urinary bladder of the rat was examined by nearly ideal, unit step volume infusions. Spontaneous detrusor contractions occurred in vivo but ceased soon after death. A hydrodynamic model of the post mortem bladder wall was evaluated. Elastic properties were described by introducing two types of compliances; a dynamic compliance for fast response characteristics and a static compliance for the relaxed bladder wall. These compliances were easy to measure and found to vary with the degree of bladder expansion. The influence of viscosity was well described by a model with two relaxation time constants and was the optimal model in almost 50 per cent of the measurements. The long time constant was found to increase with bladder expansion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447079
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    The ontogeny and phylogenetic conservation of MAP 2 forms (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 145 (1988), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Microtubule-associated proteins ; Development ; Rat ; Quail ; Xenopus laevis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the adult rat brain, MAP 2 is a high-molecular weight protein that is highly concentrated in dendrites. Immunoblots of homogenates of developing rat brain have indicated that a low-molecular weight form of MAP 2, MAP 2 c, is transiently expressed as the brain is undergoing morphogenesis. Using MAP 2-specific monoclonal antibodies, we have demonstrated that the compartmentalization of high-molecular weight MAP 2 and the developmental regulation of MAP 2 are conserved in mammalian, avian, and amphibian brain. We have also determined the distribution of MAP 2 c in developing neuronal tissue. MAP 2 c appears before high-molecular weight MAP 2 in developing neurons, and in contrast to the dendrite-specific high-molecular weight forms of MAP 2, MAP 2 c is present in axons and glia. We have also shown that MAP 2 c is present in the adult rat retina, where it is concentrated in regenerative photosensitive cells. The transient expression of MAP 2 c in the developing brain of three species as well as in adult photosensitive cells suggests a role for this protein in neurite growth and plasticity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349359
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    Immunohistochemical identification of supportive cell types in the enteric nervous system of the rat colon and rectum (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 523-529 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein ; S-100 protein ; Supportive cells ; Intestine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The non-neuronal, supportive cells of the enteric nerve plexus were investigated in the colon and rectum of adult and developing rats by means of immunohistochemistry, utilizing antisera against GFA protein and S-100 protein. Immunoreactivity to GFA protein was almost exclusively found in cells associated with the myenteric plexus and a small number of cells within the submucous ganglia. On the other hand, the use of S-100 protein antiserum resulted in the visualization of all supportive elements in the enteric nervous system. However, two types of supportive cells could be tentatively differentiated in the enteric nerve plexus during the second week of postnatal development, using GFA protein and S-100 protein antisera; GFA protein-positive cells were clearly discernible from S-100 protein-positive cells in terms of both the morphological profiles and immunohistochemical properties. It was assumed that at least two different types of supportive cells are contained in the enteric nerve plexus. We suggest that in the enteric nervous system the terms “glial cells” and “Schwann cells” should be employed to designate the supportive cells containing GFA and S-100 proteins, and cells containing S-100 protein, respectively. We discuss the possibility that glial cells are associated with the parasympathetic preganglionic fibres directly derived from the central nervous system, while Schwann cells originate from the neural crest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213999
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    Ultrastructure of the meninges at the site of penetration of veins through the dura mater, with particular reference to Pacchionian granulations (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 621-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Perivascular space ; Cerebrospinal fluid compartments ; Dura mater ; Pacchionian granulations ; Rat ; Cebus apella, Callitrix jacchus (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary At the sites where a vein penetrates through the dura mater, two aspects deserve particular attention: (i) The delineation of the perivascular cleft, a space belonging to the interstitial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment, toward the interior hemal milieu of the dura mater. (ii) The relationship between the perivascular arachnoid layer and the subdural neurothelium at the point of vascular penetration. These problems were investigated in the rat and in two species of New-World monkeys (Cebus apella, Callitrix jacchus). Concerning the first aspect, tight appositions of meningeal cells to the vessel wall, the basal lamina of which is widened and enriched with microfibrils, prevent communication between the interstitial CSF in the perivascular cleft and the hemal milieu in the dura mater. With reference to the second aspect, the perivascular arachnoid cells are transformed into neurothelial cells at the point where they become exposed to the hemal milieu of the dura mater and subsequently continuous with the subdural neurothelium. Leptomeningeal protrusions encompassing outer CSF space can penetrate into the dura mater. These protrusions may expand and branch repeatedly, forming along the wall of the durai sinus Pacchionian granulations. At these sites, however, the structural integrity of the sinus wall and the Pacchionian granulation is not lost. Numerous vesiculations not only in the sinus and vascular walls, but also in the cellular arrays of the Pacchionian granulations or paravascular leptomeningeal protrusions indicate mechanisms of transcellular fluid transport. Moreover, the texture of the leptomeningeal protrusions favors an additional function of these structures as a “volume” buffer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214011
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    Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of calcium-binding proteins in enteric neurons (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea-pig ; Rat ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity for vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has been localized in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres in the gastrointestinal tracts of guinea-pig, rat and man. CaBP immunoreactivity was found in a high proportion of nerve cell bodies of the myenteric plexus, particularly in the small intestine. It was also found in submucous neurons of the small and large intestines. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were numerous in the myenteric ganglia, and were also common in the submucous ganglia and in the intestinal mucosa. Immunoreactive fibres were rare in the circular and longitudinal muscle coats. In the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine the immunoreactivity is restricted to one class of nerve cell bodies, type-II neurons of Dogiel, which display calcium action potentials in their cell bodies. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antibodies to spot 35 protein, a calcium-binding protein from the cerebellum. From the distribution of their terminals and the electrophysiological properties of these neurons it is suggested they might be sensory neurons, or perhaps interneurons. The discovery of CaBP in restricted sub-groups of enteric neurons may provide an important key for the analysis of their functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213828
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    Nerve growth factor-inducible, large external (NILE) glycoprotein in developing rat cerebral cells in culture (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic rat brain ; Cell culture ; Development ; NILE-glycoprotein ; Neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fetal rat cerebral cells underwent neuronal differentiation in culture. This process was accompanied by distinct changes in the cellular glycoprotein pattern. The incorporation of [3H]-fucose into two proteins of apparent molecular weights of 30000 and 60000 daltons was significantly decreased and specific developmental changes were observed in a group of glycoproteins with high molecular weights (150000–250000 dalton). By means of indirect immunoprecipitation one of them was identified as NILE gp (nerve growth factor-inducible large external) glycoprotein (200000 dalton), a marker of central and peripheral neurons. Its developmental expression on neurons of dissociated rat cerebral cultures was studied using the indirect immunofluorescence technique and compared to the fluorescent-labeling pattern of other neuronal markers. Neurons expressing NILE gp were detected as early as after one day in culture. No preferential staining of neuntes versus cell bodies was observed. Two classes of NILE gp-positive cells were identified. One group consisted of a rounded cell-type, whereas the other group was represented by larger, more spindle-shaped neurons with a limited number of neuritic processes. In most cases one of these neuritic processes was preferentially labeled. Astroglia cells, as identified by immunolabeling with antisera against the glial acidic fibrillary protein, were observed to develop and mature after the first week in culture. NILE-positive neurons were found to be positioned in close association with glial cell processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213840
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of l-glutamate decarboxylase and GABA in rat pancreatic zymogen granules (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Glutamate decarboxylase ; GABA transaminase ; Exocrine pancreas ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its regulating enzymes, l-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma aminobutyrate-α-ketoglutarate transaminase, was determined utilizing an immunogold post-embedding protocol in pancreatic exocrine tissue. Within the acinar cell, GABA and its biosynthetic enzyme, GAD, were localized in zymogen granules. Quantitative analysis of the GABA immunoreactivity in the acinar cell revealed 1.7±0.5 gold particles/μm2 over the cytoplasm, 36.6±14.1 gold particles/ μm2 over the zymogen granules, and 2.9±2.1 gold particles /μm2 over the mitochondria. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of colloidal gold particles, representing glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the acinar cells, revealed 38.4±2.5 gold particles/μm2 over the zymogen granules, 4.7±1.1 gold particles/μm2 over the mitochondria and 6.3±0.5 gold particles/μm2 over the remainder of the cytoplasm. Substitution of normal sheep serum for the sheep anti-glutamate decarboxylase serum revealed a significant (p〈 0.001) decrease of the colloidal gold particle distribution over the zymogen granules and cytoplasmic compartments of the acini. Gamma aminobutyrate -α-ketoglutarate transaminase, the catabolic enzyme for GABA, was not detected in the mitochondria, zymogen granules, and cytoplasm of the acinar cell, suggesting that GABA is not catabolized within the acinar cell. Preabsorption and substitution controls resulted in an absence of labeling. These results suggest that GABA may act extracellularly and/or have a role within the zymogen granule in the exocrine pancreas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213841
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    TRH-like immunoreactivity in endocrine cells and neurons in the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat and guinea pig (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 347-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Stomach ; Intestine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Somatostatin ; Avian pancreatic polypeptide ; Insulin ; Gastrin ; Rat ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the cellular localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied in the gastrointestinal tract of rats and guinea pigs of different ages. TRH-like immunoreactivity (LI) was observed in many pancreatic islet cells of young rats and guinea pigs but only in single cells of 6-month-old rats. In aged guinea pigs, a reduction in the number of TRH-positive cells was evident; however, numerous strongly fluorescent cells were still present. In the guinea pig, TRH-LI was in addition observed in gastrin cells in the stomach. TRH-positive nerve fibers occurred in the myenteric plexus of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine of the rat, and in the muscle layers of the guinea pig. These results suggest a functional role of TRH both as hormone and neuroactive compound in various portions and sites of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat and guinea pig
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222291
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    Ventricular and atrial myocytes of newborn rats synthesise and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide in culture: Light-and electron-microscopical localisation and chromatographic examination of stored and secreted molecular forms (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 161-169 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Ventricular myocytes ; Atrial myocytes ; Cell culture ; Secretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have demonstrated that atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity is stored and secreted by ventricular and atrial myocytes in dissociated cell culture preparations from the heart of newborn rat. Culture preparations were maintained in either foetal calf serum-supplemented medium 199 or in hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium 199. The presence of atrial natriuretic peptidelike immunoreactivity in the cultured myocytes was demonstrated at both light-and electron-microscopical levels. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity into the culture medium was measured by radioimmunoassay; molecular forms of the stored and secreted peptide were determined by gel column chromatography. The atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity of cultured atrial and ventricular myocytes was concentrated in the perinuclear cytoplasm and was localised to electron-dense secretory granules. The number of immunoreactive ventricular myocytes and the intensity of their immunofluorescence changed with time in culture and was higher in cultures in foetal calf serum-supplemented medium than in serum-free medium. Gamma-atrial natriuretic peptide was stored and released by cultured atrial and ventricular myocytes, but was broken down to alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide in the growth medium. This process was foetal calf serum-independent, since it occurred in both the media used, indicating that cardiac myocytes in culture may release a factor that cleaves gamma-atrial natriuretic peptide to form alphaatrial natriuretic peptide.
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    Structural changes produced in Kupffer cells in the rat liver by injection of lipopolysaccharide (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 205-214 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kupffer cells ; Granulocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Lipopolysaccharide ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of Kupffer cells has been studied at various times after an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella abortus equii. The most prominent effects were: an increase in the number and dimensions of phagocytic vacuoles (often containing ingested LPS and neutrophilic granulocytes); mitochondrial damage, including disintegration of the matrix and cristae; an increase in the amount of dilated, lucent rough endoplasmic reticulum; presence of fat droplets in the cytoplasm. Five days after injection of lipopolysaccharide, the Kupffer cells had resumed their normal ultrastructure. Several minutes after injection of lipopolysaccharide, platelets adhered to the Kupffer and endothelial cells. Between one and six hours, neutrophilic granulocytes accumulated in the liver sinusoids. The resulting obstruction of the hepatic microcirculation most probably affected cellular ultrastructure by ischaemia. At three days, the number of Kupffer cells was doubled, and increased further at later time intervals.
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    Immumochemical and immunocytochemial characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody recognizing a 140 kDa protein in cerebral pericytes of the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 543-555 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibody ; Blood-brain barrier ; Cerebral pericytes ; Transporting epithelia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 140 kDa peripheral plasma membrane protein in pericytes of nervous tissues of the rat is described. Microvessels of brain cortex and perineurium of peripheral nerves are shown to react positively to this antibody. The antigen is absent in brain regions that lack a blood-brain barrier, i.e., choroid plexuses and area postrema. Antigen expression starts as early as day 18 of embryonic development. By means of immuno-electron microscopy the 140 kDa antigen was detected as clusters along the entire circumference of cerebral pericytes. The same antigenic determinant is also expressed in apical domains of plasma membranes of a variety of transporting epithelia, such as hepatocytes, enterocytes of the small intestine, and epithelial cells of proximal tubules of the kidney. We postulate the 140 kDa protein as being a constituent of the pericytes involved in regulative functions of the blood-brain barrier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216641
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    Morphometrical analysis of the gap-junctional area in parenchymal cells of the rat liver after administration of dibutyryl cAMP and aminophylline (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 611-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gap junctions ; cAMP ; Theophylline ; Freeze-fracture ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In view of the presumed involvement of gap junctions in the coordination of metabolic activities, the influence of cAMP as a regulatory signal of cell metabolism on gap junctions of hepatocytes has been examined. Male rats received two intraperitoneal doses of 10 mg dibutyryl cAMP/100 g body weight with a time interval of 2.5 h and were decapitated 2.5 h later. After this 5-h interval, analysis of freeze-fracture replicas of fixed liver tissue revealed an increase in the mean (± SEM) gap-junctional membrane portion on the lateral hepatocyte membranes from 0.049 + 0.003 (n = 66) in controls to 0.061 ± 0.003 (n = 70) in treated rats, while the configuration of the connexons appeared unaltered. This effect could not be reinforced by prior administration of aminophylline: the relative gapjunctional area is similarly extended from 0.054 ± 0.003 (n = 126) in the control group to 0.065 ± 0.004 (n = 105) in the experimental animals. Probing for the time course of the junctional response, a group of rats was sacrificed 3 h after the onset of treatment. Already within this time, the gapjunctional area is augmented from 0.042 ± 0.004 (n = 63) in the concurrent controls to 0.069 ± 0.006 (n = 42) in the treated rats. These statistically significant increases in area may suggest a stimulating effect of cAMP on gap junctions of hepatocytes in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216648
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    Study on the origin of apical tubules in ileal absorptive cells of suckling rats using concanavalin-A as a membrane-bound tracer (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 511-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocytosis ; Absorptive cells ; Ileum ; Intestine, small ; Apical tubules ; Membrane recycling ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ileal absorptive cells of suckling rats exhibit high levels of endocytic activity being engaged in nonselective uptake of macromolecules from the intestinal lumen. The apical cytoplasm usually contains an extensive network of small, membrane-limited tubules (apical tubules: AT), in addition to newly formed endocytic vesicles and large endocytic vacuoles. To determine whether the AT are directly involved in the endocytic process by carrying the tracer into the cell, we have analysed movements of the apical cell membrane of the ileal absorptive cells by using a membrane-bound tracer (horseradish peroxidase-labelled cancanavalin-A: Con-A HRP). The ileal absorptive cells were exposed in vitro to Con-A HRP for 10 min at 4° C, incubated for different times in Con-A free medium at 37° C, and prepared for electron microscopy. After 1 min incubation at 37° C, invaginations of the apical cell membrane, including coated pits, and endocytic vesicles were labelled with HRP-reaction product, whereas the AT and large endocytic vacuoles were negative. After 2.5 min, almost all the large endocytic vacuoles were labelled with reaction product, which was seen in their vacuolar lumen and along the luminal surface of their limiting membrane. A few AT with reaction product were seen in the apical cytoplasm; they were in frequent connection with the reaction-positive large endocytic vacuoles. With increasing incubation time, the number of the labelled AT increased. Thus, after 15 min at 37° C, the apical cytoplasm was fully occupied by the reaction-positive AT. The ends of these AT were often continuous with small spherical coated vesicles. No reaction product was detected in the Golgi complex at any time after incubation. These observations indicate that the AT located in the apical cytoplasm probably originate by budding off from the large endocytic vacuoles, rather than being involved in the process of endocytosis.
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    Interendothelial junctions of cardiac capillaries in rats: their structure and permeability properties (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 57-66 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Endothelium ; Tracer studies ; Junctional structures ; Permeability ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The isolated perfused heart model was used to examine the structure of rat cardiac capillaries and their permeability to macromolecules of various sizes. Haemoglobin (diameter 6.4 nm) and catalase (10.4 nm) did not cross the endothelium but remained on the luminal side. Cytochrome C (3 nm) and horseradish peroxidase (6 nm) both crossed the endothelium to the subendothelial space and filled the caveolae on the abluminal side as well as the entire length of the lateral intercellular spaces. The membranes of the endothelial cells are separated by an intercellular gap of mean width 18.2 nm. At one or more zonular regions within each lateral intercellular space the two membranes approach each other more closely and frequently appear to fuse. However, tilting the specimen shows that, in these regions, there is a gap of mean width 5.4 nm (in lanthanum- and tannic acid-treated tissue, 3.8 nm in ferrocyanide-treated tissue) between the membranes. We conclude that these narrow regions sieve macromolecules on the basis of size although other factors may determine their permeability properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213826
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    Orthogonal arrays of particles in non-pigmented cells of rat ciliary epithelium: Relation to distribution of filipin- and digitonin-induced alterations of the basolateral membrane (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 165-173 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliary epithelium ; Orthogonal arrays of particles ; Filipin ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been suggested that orthogonal arrays of particles may increase the rigidity of plasma membrane, as does cholesterol. Therefore, using freeze-fractured non- pigmented ciliary epithelium, the distribution of such arrays was compared to the distribution of membrane deformations induced by the sterol-probes filipin and digitonin in different domains of the basolateral plasma membrane. The distribution of orthogonal arrays of particles was homogeneous between different regions of the basolateral membrane of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, while the number of filipin-induced alterations was nearly 4 times higher in the membrane domains not in contact with the basal lamina than in domains in contact with it. Contrary to the homogeneous distribution of arrays, digitonin-induced deformations also differed markedly in these two basolateral membrane domains. Considering that a marked positive response to sterol probes implies a high sterol content, we conclude that orthogonal arrays of particles can occur in plasma membrane regions well-provided with cholesterol and not in direct contact with the basal lamina. Other possible roles of these arrays are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213838
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    Morphological studies on endocytosis of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan by rat liver endothelial cells (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 39-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Receptor-mediated endocytosis ; Chondroitin sulphate ; Colloidal gold ; Liver endothelial cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endocytosis via the hyaluronic acid/chondroitin sulphate receptor of rat liver endothelial cells was studied ultrastructurally, by use of a probe consisting of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan attached to 15-nm gold particles. The probe bound to the surface of the cells exclusively in coated regions of the plasma membrane. Internalization at 37° C took place in less than one minute during which time interval the bound probe was transferred to coated vesicles. Further transfer to lysosomes was delayed in association with an accumulation of probes in a prelysosomal compartment consisting of large vacuoles in which probes lined the inner aspect of the membrane. Transport to lysosomes occurred only after a lag phase of at least 40–60 min at 37° C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221737
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    Protein and collagen content of rat skeletal muscle following space flight (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 251-253 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Space flight ; Skeletal muscle ; Collagen ; Protein ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biochemical determinations of non-collagenous protein and hydroxyproline were made on rat skeletal muscles following 7 days of space flight aboard the NASA space shuttle mission SL-3. Relative to ground-based controls, the wet weight of each experimental muscle was significantly reduced. This was concomitant with a reduction in noncollagenous protein in the muscles. Protein concentration, however, was reduced only in slow-twitch muscles. The effect of space flight on the concentration and hydroxyproline content was different among the muscles. As a result, the loss of muscle mass in some muscles was the consequence of a reduction in both collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, while in others it was primarily the result of a non-collagenous protein loss.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220042
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    Pinealocytes immunoreactive with antisera against secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ: A comparative study (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 469-480 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal complex ; Pinealocytes, receptor line ; Subcommissural organ ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein secretion ; Neuroendocrine system Geotria australis (Cyclostomata) ; Onkorhynchus kisutch (Teleostei) ; Eupsophus roseus (Anura) ; Heloderma suspectum, Varanus monitor (Lacertilia) ; Domestic fowl ; Rat ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of light-microscopic immunocyto-chemistry two polyclonal antibodies (AFRU, ASO; see p. 470) directed against secretory glycoproteins of the subcom-missural organ were shown to cross-react with cells in the pineal organ of lamprey larvae, coho salmon, a toad, two species of lizards, domestic fowl, albino rat and bovine (taxonomic details, see below). The AFRU-immunoreactive cells were identified as pinealocytes of the receptor line (pineal photoreceptors, modified photoreceptors or classical pinealocytes, respectively) either due to their characteristic structural features or by combining AFRU-immunoreaction with S-antigen and opsin immunocytochemistry in the same or adjacent sections. Depending on the species, AFRU- or ASO-immunoreactions were found in the entire perikaryon, inner segments, perinuclear area, and in basal processes facing capillaries or the basal lamina. In most cases, only certain populations of pinealocytes were immunolabeled; these cells were arranged in a peculiar topographical pattern. In lamprey larvae, immunoreactive pinealocytes were observed only in the pineal organ, but not in the parapineal organ. In coho salmon, the immunoreaction occurred in S-antigen-positive pinealocytes of the pineal end-vesicle, but was absent from S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes of the stalk region. In the rat, AFRU-immunoreaction was restricted to S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes found in the deep portion of the pineal organ and the habenular region. These findings support the concept that several types of pinealocytes exist, which differ in their molecular, biochemical and functional features. They also indicate the possibility that the AFRU- and ASO-immunoreactive material found in certain pinealocytes might represent a proteinaceous or peptidic compound, which is synthesized and released from a specialized type of pinealocyte in a hormone-like fashion. This cell type may share functional characteristics with peptidergic neurons or paraneurons.
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    Selective decrease of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigrostriatum of adult male rats after N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 251-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: MPTP ; Rat ; Nigrostriatum ; Parkinsonism ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Animal model ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several laboratories have reported that N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine causes damage to the nigral dopamine neurons of man, monkey, and mouse. Controversial data suggest that a rat model of Parkinsonism may be possible. Although loss of dopamine cells has not been detected in the rat brain, our immunocytochemical studies show that immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme which synthesizes dopamine, is significantly reduced in concentration, or its antigenicity altered, in substantia nigra/pars compacta as well as the caudate nucleus. Optical density measurements demonstrate the reduction or alteration of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigro-striatal neurons, indicating that axonal terminals, as well as parent perikarya, may be sensitive to the drug. After treatment, abnormal morphological remodelling may result in the affected neuronal processes, perhaps indicating sublethal toxicity, followed by slow recovery. Despite the lack of nigral cell death, it is proposed that the present data support the use of the rat as a model to investigate the early effects of Parkinsonism induced by this agent, and the biological mechanisms of cellular recovery.
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    Transient involvement of enkephalins in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the submandibular gland of rats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 529-537 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin-nerves ; Transient appearance ; Submandibular gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A time course study with enkephalin(Enk)-like immunoreactivity has revealed that nerve fibers intensely immunoreactive for Enk-8 appeared transiently only during the postnatal week 2 and 4 within the acini as well as in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues of the submandibular gland of rats. At these stages numerous nerve fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) appeared also in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues and within the acini. Coincidently with these postnatal stages, abundant Enk-immunoreactive principal ganglion cells appeared in the superior cervical ganglion. These were not immunoreactive for neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY). A substantial number of Enk-immunoreactive ganglion cells were also present in the submandibular ganglia at these younger postnatal stages. Superior cervical ganglionectomy at these stages resulted in a marked decrease in number of the inter- and intralobular Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers, a slight decrease in number of the intraacinar Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers, and almost complete disappearance of intraglandular TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Immuno-electron-microscopic analysis revealed that Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the submandibular gland were identified as electron-dense neuronal profiles enclosed by Schwann cells in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues and those directly apposed to secretory cells within the acini. They contained small clear vesicles mixed with some large granular vesicles. After postnatal week 6, no Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in the submandibular gland, and no TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen within the acini, while TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers remained numerous in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues. These findings indicate that both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers exhibit Enk-like immunoreactivity transiently during postnatal weeks 2 and 4. It is further indicated that the inter- and intralobular nerve fibers lose Enk-like immunoreactivity while the intraacinar fibers disappear at the adult stage.
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    44-kDal bone phosphoprotein (osteopontin) antigenicity at ectopic sites in newborn rats: kidney and nervous tissues (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 23-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone phosphoprotein ; Osteopontin ; Kidney ; Inner ear ; Trigeminal nerve ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous immunohistochemical data have shown that the 44-kDal bone phosphoprotein (44K BPP, also called sialoprotein I or oestopontin) recently isolated in our laboratory was synthesized by osteoblasts and osteocytes and was expressed early during differentiation of boneforming cells. We report here the presence of 44K BPP antigenicity at certain ectopic sites, namely, the proximal-convoluted tubule of the kidney, neurons, sensory and secretory cells in the internal ear. To insure specificity and reproducibility, different immunohistochemical methods were used and affinity-purified antibodies against two separate preparations of pure 44K BPP were tested. In the cells of the proximal-convoluted tubule, 44K BPP immunoreactivity was observed within apical endocytotic vacuoles and within lysosomes. This staining thus correlates with the degradation of the 44K BPP epitope which we previously demonstrated to occur in serum. On the other hand, in the neurons of the acoustic ganglion and the sensory cells of the macula, 44K BPP immunoreactivity was associated with the Golgi apparatus indicating synthesis and secretion by these cells. The finding that the 44K BPP (or a structurally related molecule) is synthesized by neurons and neuroepithelial cells deserves further investigation with respect to a possible embryologie relationship between neuroectodermal cells and the precursors of some bone forming-cells of the skull.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215443
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    Innervation of periodontal ligament and dental pulp in the rat incisor: An immunohistochemical investigation of neurofilament protein and glia-specific S-100 protein (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 13-21 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Periodontal ligament ; Incisor ; Neurofilament protein ; S-100 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nervous elements in the periodontal ligament and dental pulp of rat incisors were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry for neurofilament protein (NFP) and glia-specific S-100 protein. The periodontal ligament in the incisors was densely innervated by NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers; the distribution of the nerve fibers and their terminations differed markedly from those in molars. NFP-positive, thick nerve bundles entered the lingual periodontal ligament through slits located in the mid-region of the alveolar socket, and immediately formed numerous Ruffini-like corpuscles. In the labial periodontal ligament, all of the NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers terminated in free endings. The restricted location of the stretch receptor, Ruffini-like corpuscle, in the lingual periodontal ligament appears to be an essential element, because this region is regularly extended during mastication. The nervous elements were restricted to the alveolar half of the periodontal ligament in every region; they avoided the dental half of the periodontal ligament, which presumably moves continuously with the tooth. Pulpal nerve fibers in incisors also showed a characteristic distribution different from those in molars; individual nerve fibers with beaded structures ran in the center of the pulp toward the incisai edge, and did not form the subodontoblastic nerve plexus of Raschkow. Immunostaining for S-100 protein revealed a distribution pattern of nervous elements similar to that for NFP, suggesting that the nerves supplying the periodontal ligament and dental pulp were mostly covered by a Schwann sheath.
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    Abundant GABAergic innervation of rat posterior pituitary revealed by inhibition of GABA-transaminase (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Posterior pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Anti-GABA ; GABA-transaminase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was used to identify GABAergic elements immunocytochemically in the rat posterior pituitary. In order to increase the intracellular concentration of GABA, rats were treated with the GABA-transaminase inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG). Light-microscopic observations of Vibratome and semithin sections revealed the presence of numerous immunoreactive nerve fibers throughout the neural lobe; the mean number and length of these fibers increased by 90% after GVG treatment. Electron microscopy demonstrated the immunostained axons to be of small diameter. The reaction product was confined to small vesicles. No immunostaining occurred in pituicytes. The richness of the GABAergic innervation of the neural lobe contrasts with previous reports using antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase and supports the idea that GABA participates in the presynaptic control of neurosecretion.
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    Cytoskeletons of retinal pigment epithelial cells: Interspecies differences of expression patterns indicate independence of cell function from the specific complement of cytoskeletal proteins (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 301-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal pigment epithelium ; Cytoskeleton ; Cytokeratins ; Vimentin ; Desmosomes ; Anura (Rana ridibunda, Xenopus laevis) ; Chicken ; Bovine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vertebrate tissue development a given cell differentiation pathway is usually associated with a pattern of expression of a specific set of cytoskeletal proteins, including different intermediate filament (IF) and junctional proteins, which is identical in diverse species. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a layer of polar cells that have very similar morphological features and practically identical functions in different vertebrate species. However, in biochemical and immunolocalization studies of the cytoskeletal proteins of these cells we have noted remarkable interspecies differences. While chicken RPE cells contain only IFs of the vimentin type and do not possess desmosomes and desmosomal proteins RPE cells of diverse amphibian (Rana ridibunda, Xenopus laevis) and mammalian (rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cow, human) species express cytokeratins 8 and 18 either as their sole IF proteins, or together with vimentin IFs as in guinea pig and a certain subpopulation of bovine RPE cells. Plakoglobin, a plaque protein common to desmosomes and the zonula adhaerens exists in RPE cells of all species, whereas desmoplakin and desmoglein have been identified only in RPE desmosomes of frogs and cows, including bovine RPE cell cultures in which cytokeratins have disappeared and vimentin IFs are the only IFs present. These challenging findings show that neither cytokeratin IFs nor desmosomes are necessary for the establishment and function of a polar epithelial cell layer and that the same basic cellular architecture can be achieved by different programs of expression of cytoskeletal proteins. The differences in the composition of the RPE cytoskeleton further indicate that, at least in this tissue, a specific program of expression of IF and desmosomal proteins is not related to the functions of the RPE cell, which are very similar in the various species.
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    Qualitative and quantitative variability in different classes of proteins: Comparison of mouse and rat (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1987), S. 260-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mouse ; Rat ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Quantitative variability of proteins ; Qualitative variability of proteins ; Protein classes ; Membrane proteins ; Organ-specific proteins ; Regulatory genes ; Speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Proteins of membranes and cytosols were extracted from the livers and brains of mice (inbred strain DBA/6J) and rats (inbred strain DA/Han) and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The 2-DE patterns were compared with regard to qualitative (spot position) and quantitative (spot intensity) characteristics of the proteins of these two species. The following results were obtained: (1) Brain had more (higher percentage) conservative proteins (proteins found in both mice and rats) than liver; (2) plasma membranes had more conservative proteins than the cytosols; (3) organ-unspecific proteins contained more conservative proteins than relatively organ-specific proteins; (4) the pattern of distribution of genetic variability among different classes of proteins represented by findings 1–3 was the same for the qualitative and quantative characteristics of the proteins; and (5) some observations indicated that quantitative variability occurred more frequently among proteins than did qualitative variability. Our conclusion is that regulatory sequences in the DNA (regulatory genes) are subjected to functional constraints that differ in strength among different classes of proteins by the same ratios as the constraints acting on the structural genes. The overall effect of the selective pressure is, however, less stringent for regulatory genes than for structural genes. The results obtained here by comparing two different species are very similar to previous results we obtained by studying different subspecies (inbred strains of the mouse). From this finding arises a new concept: the study of molecular evolution on the basis of different classes of proteins. Our results were compared with data from the literature that were obtained in part from studies on cultured cells. The comparison suggested that cultured cells have lost their tissue-specific proteins, and so generate predominantly extremely conservative proteins.
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    Distribution of vitamin A in various organs of rats in relation to the quality and the quantity of dietary proteins (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary protein ; Vitamin A ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß von Qualität und Quantität von Nahrungsproteinen auf die Verteilung einer einzigen massiven Dosis von Vitamin A in verschiedenen Organen wachsender Wistar-Ratten untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Casein- und Bengal-Gram-Diäten mit 20 % und 10 % Proteingehalt und auch mit radioaktiv markiertem Retinylacetat durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Leberspeicherung sowohl von Vitamin A aus der Nahrung als auch die einer einzigen starken Vitamin-A-Gabe (20 000 I.U.) stark herabgesetzt war bei Ratten, die nach der Bengal-Gram-Diät gefüttert wurden, verglichen mit Ratten, die auf Casein-Diät gesetzt waren. Im Gegensatz zur Leberspeicherung ist das Vitamin-A-Niveau im Plasma in allen Gruppen vergleichbar. Füttern niedriger Protein-Qualität reduzierte die Gewebeverteilung von [3H]-Retinylacetat sowohl bei Kontrollratten als auch bei solchen, denen eine massive Dosis Vitamin A gegeben wurde. Diese Untersuchung läßt vermuten, daß sowohl schlechte Qualität als auch unzureichende Mengen von Nahrungsproteinen nachteilige Einflüsse auf den Vitamin-A-Zustand wachsender Ratten haben.
    Notes: Summary The influence of the quality and the quantity of dietary proteins on the distribution of a single massive dose of vitamin A in various organs of growing Wistar strain rats has been studied by using casein and bengal gram diets at 20 % and 10 % protein levels. The distribution of [3H]-retinyl acetate in various tissues was also investigated in these dietary conditions. The results show that the hepatic storage of dietary as well as a single massive dose (20,000 I.U.) of vitamin A was profoundly decreased in the rats fed on bengal gram diets as compared to those fed on casein diets. Regardless of hepatic stores, the plasma vitamin A levels were comparable in all the groups. Feeding of low quality of protein reduced the tissue distribution of [3H]-retinyl acetate in control as well as rats given a massive dose of vitamin A. This study suggests that both the poor quality and the inadequate quantity of dietary protein are detrimental influences on the vitamin A status of the growing rats.
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    Rapid axoplasmic transport of insulin-like growth factor I in the sciatic nerve of adult rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 241-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatomedin C ; Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) ; Axoplasmic transport ; Sciatic nerve ; Schwann cell ; Trophic influence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatomedin C (Sm-C; insulin-like growth factor I; IGF-I) is a polypeptide (Mr 7649), often dependent on growth hormone (GH), with trophic effects on several different tissues. Monospecific IGF-I antisera were used to investigate its localization in the sciatic nerve and corresponding nerve cells, as well as its possible axoplasmic transport in the adult rat. IGF-I-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in anterior horn motor nerve cells in the spinal cord and in spinal- and autonomic ganglion nerve cells. Faint IGF-I immunoreactivity was under normal conditions observed in axons of the sciatic nerve and in the Schwann cells. Using crush technique, accumulation of IGF-I immunoreactivity was seen in dilated axons within 2 h, both proximal and distal to the crush. However, only a small fraction of the anterogradely transported IGF-I immunoreactive material could be demonstrated to be transported in retrograde direction. Colchicine injected proximal to a crush prevented accumulation of IGF-I immunoreactivity proximal to the crush, but not distal to it. IGF-I-immunoreactive material is synthesized in the cell bodies of peripheral sensory and motor nerve cells. It is transported at rapid rates in the axoplasm of the sciatic nerve of adult rats both in anterograde and retrograde directions. We propose that axonally transported IGF-I may be released and exert trophic influence on innervated cells, tissues and organs.
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    Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity in scattered chromaffin cells and nerve fibers in the adrenal gland of rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CGRP ; Chromaffin cells ; Nerve fibers ; Adrenal gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present immunohistochemical study reveals that a small number of chromaffin cells in the rat adrenal medulla exhibit CGRP-like immunoreactivity. All CGRP-immunoreactive cells were found to be chromaffin cells without noradrenaline fluorescence; from combined immunohistochemistry and fluorescence histochemistry we suggest that these are adrenaline cells. In addition, all CGRP-immunoreactive cells simultaneously exhibited NPY-like immunoreactivity. CGRP-chromaffin cells were characterized by abundant chromaffin granules with round cores in which the immunoreactive material was densely localized. These findings suggest the co-existence of CGRP, NPY and adrenaline within the chromaffin granules in a substantial number of chromaffin cells. Thicker and thinner nerve bundles, which included CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers, with or without varicosities, penetrated the adrenal capsule. Most of them passed through the cortex and entered the medulla directly, whereas others were distributed in subcapsular regions and among the cortical cells of the zona glomerulosa. Here the CGRP-fibers were in close contact with cortical cells. A few of the fibers supplying the cortex extended further into the medulla. The CGRP-immunoreactive fibers in the medulla were traced among and within small clusters of chromaffin cells and around ganglion cells. The CGRP-fibers were directly apposed to both CGRP-positive and negative chromaffin cells, as well as to ganglion cells. Immunoreactive fibers, which could not be found close to blood vessels, were characterized by the presence of numerous small clear vesicles mixed with a few large granular vesicles. The immunoreactive material was localized in the large granular vesicles and also in the axoplasm. Since no ganglion cells with CGRP-like immunoreactivity were found in the adrenal gland, the CGRP-fibers are regarded as extrinsic in origin. In double-immunofluorescence staining for CGRP and SP, all the SP-immunoreactive fibers corresponded to CGRP-immunoreactive ones in the adrenal gland. This suggests that CGRP-positive fibers in the adrenal gland may be derived from the spinal ganglia, as has been demonstrated with regard to the SP-nerve fibers.
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    Time course and cellular site of mitotic activity in the exocrine pancreas of the rat during sustained hormone stimulation (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Caerulein ; DNA synthesis ; Mitotic activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies from our laboratory indicate that the adaptive response of the exocrine pancreas of the rat to prolonged stimulation with optimal doses of caerulein (0.25 μg × kg-1 × h-1) follows a characteristic time course in which each step in the secretory pathway is activated. The immediate response is the depletion of zymogen-granule stores followed by coordinate and anticoordinate changes in individual rates of (pro-)enzyme synthesis after a lag period of 2 h. The sum of such changes leads to an increase in total rate of protein synthesis by 3 h which is combined with acceleration of intracellular transport packaging and granule discharge. In the present study the time course of DNA synthesis and the labeling index of five populations of pancreatic cells have been analyzed after caerulein stimulation for periods ranging from 6 to 72 h, using in vivo labeling with 1 μCi/g 3H-thymidine 1 h prior to sacrifice of the animals. DNA synthesis did not change during the initial 18 h in spite of persistent stimulation indicated by a 80% reduction of enzyme content. Following this lag period a sharp rise in DNA synthesis 20- to 25-fold above control levels was observed, which decreased by 48 h to reach control levels by 72 h. Increase in DNA synthesis was most pronounced in animals with lowest enzyme content in the pancreas. From the five cell populations studied by autoradiography interlobular duct cells and islet cells had no significant increase in labeling index at any time of stimulation. Acinar cells, intralobular duct cells and interstitial cells showed a marked increase in labeling index after a latent period of 18 h with peak values at 36 h 30 to 50 times higher in intralobular duct and acinar cells, respectively, and 4 times higher in interstitial cells. The increased labeling indices in all three cell populations reverted to lower values at 48 h and reached control values by 72 h. The data indicate a phasic and limited growth response of the rat exocrine pancreas to persistent stimulation with acinar cells as the major contributing cell population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218320
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    Primary sensory neurons of the rat showing calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and their relation to substance P-, somatostatin-, galanin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive ganglion cells (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 417-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dorsal root ganglia ; Neuropeptides ; Coexistence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) has been analyzed in cervical and lumbar dorsal root ganglia of untreated and colchicine-treated rats. In addition, lumbar ganglia were examined 2 weeks after transection of the sciatic nerve. The occurrence of CGRP-positive cells in relation to ganglion cells containing substance P-, somatostatin-, galanin-, cholecystokinin (CCK)-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/peptide histidine isoleucin (PHI)-LI has been evaluated on consecutive sections as well as using elution-restaining and double-staining techniques. CGRP-LI was observed in many ganglion cells of all sizes ranging in diameter from 15 μm to 65 μm. Thus, this peptide occurs also in the large primary sensory neurons. In contrast to the sensory peptides described to date, CGRP-positive cells constituted up to 50% of all and 70% of the medium-sized neurons, thus being the most frequently occurring peptide in sensory neurons so far encountered. Subpulations of CGRP-positive neurons were shown to contain substance P-, somatostatin-, or galanin-LI and some CGRP-positive neurons contained both substance P- and galanin-LI. In fact, most substance P-, somatostatin- and galanin-positive cell bodies were CGRP-immunoreactive. The coexistence analysis further revealed that galanin and substance P often coexisted and that some cells contained both substance P- and somatostatin-LI, whereas no coexistence between galanin and somatostatin has as yet been seen. VIP/PHI-LI was only shown in a few cells in untreated or colchicine-treated rats. However, after transcetion of the sciatic nerve numerous VIP/PHI-positive cells were observed, some of which also contained CGRP-LI. The present results indicate that a CGRP-like peptide is present in a wide range of primary sensory neurons probably not related to specific sensory modalities. Often this peptide coexists with other biologically active peptides. Taken together these findings suggest that CGRP may have a generalized function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218323
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    Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like immunoreactivity in sensory ganglia of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 441-444 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) ; Neuropeptide immunocytochemistry ; Trigeminal ganglion ; Spinal ganglion ; Development, ontogenetic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in the trigeminal and spinal ganglia of fetal, young and adult rats by use of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. GRF-like-immunoreactive cells first appear during the second half of embryonic life, as early as day 17. In untreated animals the GRF-immunoreactive elements form approximately 1% of all ganglion cells in the trigeminal and spinal ganglia; their numbers do not change significantly during development. The granular immunoreaction product is confined to perikarya, especially to the perinuclear region. Nerve fibers displaying GRF-like immunoreactivity were found neither in the ganglia, nor in the corresponding central and peripheral areas of termination. The possible role of GRF in sensory ganglia is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218325
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    Macromolecules can pass through occluding junctions of rat ileal epithelium during cholinergic stimulation (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 547-554 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Goblet cells ; Small intestine ; Tight junctions ; Peroxidase ; Cholinergic drugs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Crypt, but not villus, goblet cells in the ileum accelerate their secretion of mucus within 5 min following cholinergic stimulation. This study was done to determine whether the macromolecular permeability and structure of occluding junctions in the ileum are altered during accelerated secretion. Rats were injected intravenously with horseradish peroxidase followed by carbachol (250 μg/kg, subcutaneous) and the intestinal mucosa was fixed 3–12 min later. In control mucosa (saline-injected), peroxidase filled lateral intercellular spaces up to the occluding junctions of both crypt and villus epithelium, but did not enter occluding junctions or pass into the lumen. In 3 of 8 carbachol-stimulated rats, peroxidase was present within occluding junctions in crypt epithelium and in the crypt lumen, although all intermembrane junctional fusion sites appeared intact. Villus epithelial occluding junctions, in contrast, continued to exclude peroxidase. In freeze-fracture replicas of crypt cells prepared after carbachol stimulation, we detected no structural changes in strand networks of occluding junctions that could account for increased paracellular permeability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215748
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    Distribution and fine structure of ependymal cells possessing intracellular cysts in the aqueductal wall of the rat brain (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 555-564 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral aqueduct ; Ependyma ; Cystic ependymal cells ; Ectopic ependymal cells ; Ependymal ridge ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The wall of the cerebral aqueduct was examined in 20 male rats at the light- and electron-microscopic levels. Disorder in ciliary orientation was occasionally seen in ordinary ependymal cells. Ependymal cells possessing intracellular cysts of 5 to 30 urn in diameter were observed within and beneath the aqueductal ependyma in all animals examined. Light-microscopic reconstruction from serial, 10-μm thick frontal sections revealed an extensive distribution of cystic ependymal cells (CECs), especially along the ependymal ridges in the rostral half of the aqueduct, and along the dorsal region of the aqueductal lining in the caudal half. Both cystic and surface membranes of CECs bore microvilli and cilia. Ectopic ependymal cells (EECs) characterized by densely packed microvilli, well-developed intermediate junctions and cilia, but without cysts, were situated in the subependymal region adjacent to a CEC or another EEC. The ependymal ridges were long, narrow and sporadically stratified ependymal linings extending rostrocaudally and bilaterally along the aqueductal surface. Tanycyte-like cells filled the surface region of the ridge, and CECs and EECs were frequently seen in the core. Intraventricularly injected microperoxidase was detected among densely packed microvilli but not in the cystic lumina of CECs, indicating that EECs and CECs are distinct entities.
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    A serial-section study of perforated synapses in rat neocortex (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 565-572 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Perforated synapses ; Synaptic plasticity ; Serial section reconstructions ; Synaptic curvature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of perforated synapses in the molecular layer of rat parietal cortex has been studied in 28-day-old animals. Of the perforated synapses analyzed, 92% were axospinous and of these all had asymmetrical contacts. A spinule was present in 20% of them, and 63% had a negative curvature (concave with respect to the presynaptic terminal) overall. Up to 95% of perforated synapses had one or more negatively-curved segments. The perforated synapses studied were characterized by postsynaptic densities (PSD) with a mean length of 581 nm, compared with 233 nm for non-perforated synapses. A study of over 100 serially sectioned synapses demonstrated that, in perforated synapses, the PSD and perforations often had a highly irregular shape and arrangement, the site of the perforation frequently projected into the presynaptic terminal, and coated evaginations of membrane, or coated vesicles, were sometimes found at the site of a perforation or towards the periphery of perforated PSDs. Preliminary reconstructions of perforated synapses suggest that, for descriptive purposes, three types can be recognized. Criteria are formulated for determining, on the basis of a study of single sections, which non-perforated profiles belong to perforated synapses.
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    Electron-microscopic characterization of adrenergic axon terminals in the diencephalon of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 393-398 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenaline ; Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Central nervous system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of adrenergic axon terminals was examined in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PNT) and in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence (ARC-ME) complex by use of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) immunocytochemistry. In the PNT, immunoreactive terminals formed a dense and well-circumscribed plexus. In the ARC, labeled varicosities were less numerous and more evenly distributed. In the ME, they were scarce and confined to the inner zone. In all these areas, the diameter of immunoreactive varicosities ranged between 0.2 and 1.3 μm; in the ME and in the transitional zone between the ARC and the ME, a population of larger boutons (〉2 μm) was also visible. All immunoreactive varicosities exhibited densely packed small, clear vesicles associated with a few large granular vesicles. In the PNT and the ARC, but not in the ME, they formed synaptic contacts with dendritic elements and were occasionally apposed to neuronal cell bodies. These axo-somatic appositions showed no junctional specializations. In the ME and transitional zone, immunoreactive terminals were frequently juxtaposed to, and occasionally established differentiated synaptic contacts with, tanycytes. These data support a transmitter role for adrenaline in the diencephalon and suggest that adrenaline plays a role in hypothalamo-hypophysiotropic regulation through interactions with neural and glial elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218207
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    Determination of the numerical density of perforated synapses in rat neocortex (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 399-407 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Perforated synapses ; Synaptic plasticity ; Synaptic density ; Morphometry ; Serial sections ; Section thickness ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The numerical density and frequency of perforated synapses in the molecular layer of rat parietal cortex have been determined using 4 procedures in an attempt to overcome problems associated with the size and complex three-dimensional shape of perforated synapses. The following procedures were compared: A, single-section analysis; B, adjacent-section analysis; C, semi-serial-section analysis; and D, complete serial-section analysis. All procedures made use of an unbiased counting rule. Estimates of the numerical density of perforated synapses ranged from 0.06 to 0.27×109 mm-3, and that of all synapses (non-perforated and perforated) from 1.88 to 2.50×109 mm-3. The frequency of perforated synapses varied from 4.5 to 18.0%. Procedures B (adjacent-section analysis) and D (complete serial-section analysis), neither of which utilize assumptions regarding the shape of synapses, produced comparable results (numerical density of perforated synapses 0.19–0.27×109 mm-3, and of all synapses 2.24–2.45×109 mm-3; frequency of perforated synapses 8.6–10.9%). The frequency of perforated synapses appeared to be underestimated by procedure A (single section analysis; 4.5%) and overestimated by C (semi-serial section analysis; 18%). It is concluded that adjacent-section analysis is the most efficient and effective procedure for determining the numerical density and frequency of complex particles, such as perforated synapses. There is, however, no significant difference in the performance of this procedure compared with that of single-section analysis, for determining the numerical density of synapses in general. Nevertheless, inherent problems of bias within the single-section procedure make the adjacent section method the procedure of choice.
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    In vivo binding and uptake of low-density lipoprotein-gold- and albumin-gold conjugates by parenchymal and sinusoidal cells of the fetal rat liver (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; LDL-gold conjugates ; Albumin-gold conjugates ; Endocytosis ; B, E receptor ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the participation of fetal rat liver cells in the receptor-mediated internalization of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), rat fetuses were injected with either LDL-gold or albumin-gold conjugates. The degree of binding and uptake of LDL-gold and albumin-gold by parenchymal and sinusoidal cells of the fetal rat liver differs markedly. Endothelial cells exhibit low LDL-gold uptake. In contrast, parenchymal cells internalize LDL-gold more actively (45 ± 8 LDL conjugates/100 μm2 cytoplasm within 60 min). Kupffer cells exceed this value by a factor of 20. The uptake of albumin-gold by endothelial and Kupffer cells is high, whereas it is extremely low in parenchymal cells. Estradiol pretreatment causes a significant doubling (p〈0.05) of the LDL-gold particle density/100 μm2 cytoplasm both in parenchymal and Kupffer cells, whereas estradiol has no effect on the albumin uptake. The results strongly indicate that LDL uptake by parenchymal and Kupffer cells in the fetal rat liver is mediated by estrogen-inducible receptors, which may correspond to B, E receptors in the adult liver.
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    Calmodulin blocker inhibits Ca++-ATPase activity in secretory ameloblast of rat incisor (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 103-110 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Secretory ameloblast ; Ca++-ATPase ; Na+-K+-ATPase ; Ultracytochemistry ; Calmodulin blocker, trifluoperazine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the calmodulin blocker, trifluoperazine (TEP), on membrane-bound Ca++ -ATPase, Na+ -K+ -ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3.) and the ultrastructure of the enamel organ were investigated in the lower incisors of normal and TFP-injected rats. The rats, of about 100 g body weight, were given either 0.2 ml physiological saline or 100 μg TFP dissolved in 0.2 ml physiological saline through a jugular vein and fixed by transcardiac perfusion with a formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture at 1 and 2 h after TFP administration. Non-decalcified sections of the enamel organ less than 50 μm in thickness, prepared from dissected lower incisors, were processed for the ultracytochemical demonstration of Ca++-ATPase and Na+-K+ -ATPase by the one-step lead method at alkaline pH. In control saline-injected animals the most intense enzymatic reaction of Ca++-ATPase was demonstrated along the plasma membranes of the entire cell surfaces of secretory ameloblasts. Moderate enzymatic reaction was also observed in the plasma membranes of the cells of stratum intermedium and papillary layer. Reaction precipitates of Na+-K+-ATPase activity were localized clearly along the plasma membranes of only the cells of stratum intermedium and papillary layer. The most drastic effect of TFP was a marked disappearance of enzymatic reaction of Ca++-ATPase from the plasma membranes of secretory ameloblasts, except for a weak persistent reaction in the basolateral cell surfaces of the infranuclear region facing the stratum intermedium. The cells of stratum intermedium and papillary layer, however, continued to react for Ca++-ATPase even after TFP treatment. Similarly, Na+-K+-ATPase activity in these cells was not inhibited by TFP administration. Ultrastructural examination of secretory ameloblasts revealed that administration of TFP caused no considerable cytological changes and did not act as a cytotoxic agent. These results suggest that secretory ameloblasts may have an active Ca++ transport system, which is modulated by an endogenous calmodulin.
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    Cellular response to ectopically implanted silk sutures and osteopetrotic bone (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 79-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone resorption ; Implantation ; Osteoclasts ; Osteopetrosis ; Mononuclear phagocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Faulty osteoclasts, characteristic of the incisors-absent (ia) rat mutation of osteopetrosis, cause a resorptive defect which results in the persistence of immature, highly mineralized bone matrix. We implanted osteopetrotic bone subcutaneously into normal andia rats to determine ifia bone could induce functionally active and morphologically identifiable osteoclasts at the implant surface. Assays of45Ca released from the preparations showed that normal andia recipients were capable of equivalent cell-mediated release of Ca over a 2-week implant period, indicating that theia resorptive defect was not reproduced at the subcutaneous site. Freeze-thawed osteopetrotic bone released twice as much45Ca as normal bone. This difference was eliminated by collagenase treatment. Cellular profiles were similar in both normal andia animals regardless of the implant preparation. At 3 days after implantation, both bone and suture were surrounded by mononuclear cells. By 14 days, multinucleated cells appeared at the implant surfaces. Morphological comparison of implant-induced multinucleated cells and tibial osteoclasts indicated that bone-elicited multinucleated cells lacked the ruffled borders characteristic of normal osteoclasts or the extensive clear zones typical ofia osteoclasts, but more closely resembled suture-induced macrophage-polykaryons. We conclude that ectopically implantedia bone as compared to normal bone elicits a different functional response from structurally similar cell populations. Bone-elicited multinucleated cells could not be classified as active osteoclasts despite evidence of release of45Ca. Release of labeled Ca was probably due to the action of mononuclear phagocytes and macrophage-polykaryons rather than to osteoclastic resorption.
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    Neuroregulation of protein synthesis in odontoblasts of the first molar of the rat after wounding (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 119-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblasts ; Protein synthesis ; Denervation ; Neural regulation ; Wound healing ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Odontoblasts respond to occlusal trauma by increased elaboration of a matrix which is subsequently calcified to form reparative dentin. The purpose of the present study was to analyze quantitatively and compare the ability of odontoblasts to synthesize collagen after wounding in rats with an intact innervation (baseline) and in rats with sensory (inferior alveolar nerve, IAN) and/or sympathetic (superior cervical ganglion, SCG) surgical denervation. Surgery was performed 7 days prior to wounding. All rats had 1 mm of enamel and dentin removed from the occlusal surface of the first mandibular molar (resected side) with the contralateral tooth serving as a control. Rats were killed 1 h after injection with3H-proline on days 0, 5, 10 or 15 after wounding, and mandibles were removed and processed for autoradiography. Grain counts were performed over odontoblasts throughout the pulp horns for each time period and for control and experimental molars in intact (baseline) and denervated groups. When compared to the control baseline, the experimental baseline data showed increased3-proline uptake throughout the study with a peak at 5 days. When compared to the baseline data, IAN and SCG results demonstrated a delay or attenuation of the protein synthetic response. The results indicate that the sensory and sympathetic neural components may regulate odontoblastic response to wounding.
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    Dihydrotestosterone induces a sexual dimorphism in estrogen uptake by specific anterior pituitary cell types in vivo (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 477-479 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Androgen ; Estrogen ; Pituitary ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Castrated male and female rats pretreated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were injected i.v. with 3H-estradiol (E2). Nuclear uptake and retention of 3H-E2 was measured in each of five cell types of the anterior pituitary gland using a combined quantitative autoradiographic and immunocytochemical procedure. In non-pretreated groups, each cell type bound a characteristic amount of ligand but no sex differences were apparent. DHT pretreatment, however, caused a significant decrease in 3H-E2 retention by gonadotrophs in both males and females. The treatment also caused a decrease in binding by lactotrophs and somatotrophs, but only in the females. No other cell types were altered. Thus, androgen appears to modulate E2 binding and retention by pituitary cells in both a cell-type and sexdependent manner. Our results also indicate that the inhibitory effects of androgens on E2 binding by the pituitary gland is more complex than can be explained by simple competition for the estrogen receptor.
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    Expression of binding sites for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin at the apical aspect of collecting duct cells in rat kidney (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 481-485 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lectin histochemistry ; Transport epithelia Immunolocalization: (Na++K+)-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase ; Kidney collecting ducts ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify precisely the structural and functional cell type in the collecting duct of the rat kidney expressing binding sites for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), we stained serial paraffin sections of kidney with horseradish peroxidase-labeled DBA and with immunocytochemical methods for localizing (Na++K+)-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), enzymes found preferentially in principal and intercalated cells, respectively. Most principal cells expressing a strong basolateral staining for (Na+ + K+)-ATPase showed binding sites for DBA at their luminal surfaces. However, a minority of cells rich in CA II and showing morphologic characteristics of intercalated cells also expressed DBA binding sites at their luminal surface and apical cytoplasm. These data suggest that DBA cytochemistrycan provide a useful tool for studying the functional polarity of the main cell types of the collecting duct of the rat kidney.
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    Intragranular colocalization of arginine vasopressin and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide in CRF-axons in the rat median eminence (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 497-507 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immuno-electron microscopy ; Triple-immunogold-labeling ; CRF axon terminal ; Median eminence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural appearances of axonal terminals containing corticoliberin (CRF) were examined in the rat median eminence prepared by a freeze-drying procedure. Immunolabeling was performed by using 5-, 8-, or 15-nm gold-antibody complexes for CRF, arginine vasopressin (VP) and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide (Enk-8), singly or in combination. In intact animals, the CRF-containing secretory granules were only slightly labeled with goldanti-VP or -Enk-8. In adrenalectomized rats, granules within single axons appeared to be labeled with all the immunogold complexes. This intragranular colocalization of the three antigens was confirmed by using three neighboring sections of the same axon terminals which were stained separately with each one of the antibodies and visualized with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. The granules labeled for CRF had decreased 9 days after adrenalectomy but had increased again by day 21, while those labeled for VP steadily increased after adrenalectomy. However, this did not correspond with the appearances of cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus; the cell bodies labeled for both CRF and VP steadily increased in number and in stainability. By contrast, Enk-8 immunoreactivity in the axonal terminals and cell bodies was not affected by adrenalectomy. These findings suggest that although the three peptides could be released simultaneously from the axonal terminals, VP may play some special role in the expression of CRF activity.
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    Diversification of the myofibrillar M-band in rat skeletal muscle during postnatal development (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 169-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: M-band structure ; Fibre type ; Skeletal muscle ; Cryo ultramicrotomy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the M-band in soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in newborn and four-week-old rats was studied using electron-microscopic techniques. In newborn rats, all myotubes and fibres in both muscles had an identical myofibrillar appearance. A five-line M-band pattern was seen in longitudinal sections and distinct M-bridges in cross-sections. The Z-discs were of medium width. On the other hand, in four-week-old rats, different muscle fibre types were observed on the basis of their myofibrillar pattern. In SOL two fibre types were distinguished in longitudinal sections. One had a four-line M-band pattern and very broad Z-discs, whereas the other type had five lines in the M-band and broad Z-discs. In EDL, three different myofibrillar patterns were observed. The M-bands were composed of three, four or five lines. Fibres had either thin, broad or medium Z-disc widths, respectively. In cross-sections of the SOL muscle one group of fibres showed indistinct M-bridges, whereas distinct M-bridges were seen in the other fibres and in all observed EDL muscle fibres. We conclude that initially there seems to be a single intrinsic program for M-band genesis; this program becomes modified upon the induction of functionally differentiated fibres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239978
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    Nucleolar alterations induced by 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine in adrenal cortex and liver cells of rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Liver ; Nucleolus ; 4-amino-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleolar ultrastructural changes produced in adrenal zona fasciculata cells and hepatocytes of rats by 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d) pyrimidine (4-APP), an inhibitor of the lipoprotein synthesis, are described. Male rats were injected intraperitoneally for three consecutive days with 4-APP in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mg/Kg/day). On the 4th day, the animals were sacrificed and their adrenals and liver were processed for EM. The nucleoli of the adrenal zona fasciculata cells showed nucleolar fragmentation with loss of their normal reticular appearance, separation of fibrillar and granular components, extensive vacuolization and evidence of fibrillar centers. The hepatocyte nucleoli also exhibited fragmentation. These changes seem to be the morphological counterpart of alterations in rRNA synthesis and processing, since 4-APP inhibits “de novo” purine synthesis and thus interferes with its incorporation into RNA and DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239986
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    Intercellular spaces between macula densa cells: An ultrastructural study comparing high pressure perfusion fixation with in situ drip-fixation of rat kidney (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macula densa ; Intercellular spaces ; Ultrastructure ; Frusemide ; Tubulo-glomerular feedback ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In situ drip-fixation of superficial glomeruli and tubules in the rat kidney verified the results obtained from high pressure perfusion fixation studies indicating that distinct spaces normally exist between the cells of the macula densa. Following treatment with frusemide these intercellular spaces between the macula densa cells became closed in both drip-fixed and perfusion-fixed kidneys. These findings suggest that the variability of extracellular compartmentation found in the macula densa is unlikely to be an artifact but most likely represents changes in the in vivo status of the macula densa.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase in absorptive cells of rat small intestine after colchicine treatment (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 521-529 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Small intestine ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colchicine and vinblastine on the localization of alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) in rat duodenum in relation to structural changes. AlPase was localized on the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi stacks, cytoplasmic vesicles, microvilli, on lateral plasma membranes, and in some lysosomes of the duodenal epithelial cells of rats treated with either lumicolchicine or 0.9% NaCl alone. Microvilli were most intensely stained, and AlPase-positive Golgi stacks were regularly distributed in the supranuclear regions. After colchicine treatment, microvilli were shortened and the staining intensity became weaker, whereas basal as well as lateral plasma membranes showed stronger staining. The AlPase-positive microvilli appeared not only on the luminal surfaces, but also on the baso-lateral plasma membranes and even on the surfaces of characteristic intracytoplasmic cysts. Golgi stacks became smaller and their distribution became less localized, and the staining intensity of the Golgi stacks became weaker. AlPase localization in rats treated with vinblastine was almost identical with that of rats treated with colchicine. Thus, colchicine and vinblastine appeared to have elicited a disorientation of intracellular transport of intestinal AlPase by inhibiting microtubule organization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218943
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    The presence of chondroitin sulfate in parotid secretory granules and saliva of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Chondroitin sulfate ; Secretory granules ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of chondroitin sulfate in secretory granules of the rat parotid gland and its saliva was revealed by radioactive sulfate incorporation, followed by isolation and partial characterization of the sulfated species contained within the granules and in the parotid saliva. 35SO 4 = was incorporated into chromatographically identical macromolecular material both in vitro, in a gland-slice system followed by isolation of granule contents, and in vivo as measured in the pure parotid secretion following intravenous administration of 35SO 4 = . The majority of the 35SO 4 = label appeared in a peak in the region where the family of acidic proline-rich proteins elute from a DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column. Papain digestion freed the sulfated material from the bulk of protein present in this peak, leaving sulfate-labelled material that chromatographed on Sepharose CL6B as a single peak corresponding to a molecular weight of 13000 daltons. The ratio of uronic acid to amino sugar in this sulfated peak was 0.56. The sulfated material was susceptible to degradation by chondroitinase AC. The presence of this chondroitin sulfate in secretory granules and saliva is consistent with previous suggestions that sulfated polyanions may play a role in formation and maturation of secretory granules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214675
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    Binding and endocytosis of heparin-gold conjugates by the fenestrated endothelium of the rat choriocapillaris (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 257-266 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choriocapillaris ; Endocytosis ; Endothelium ; Eye ; Glycosaminoglycan ; Heparin ; Receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Heparin-gold probes were used to localize regions of heparin binding on the luminal surface of the diaphragmed-fenestrated endothelium of the rat choriocapillaris. Structures of endothelial cells were unlabeled when rats were kept on ice and perfused with solutions at 4° C. When the heparin-gold quantity was doubled, only a few heparin-gold particles marked some diaphragms spanning fenestrae, vesicles and channels, parajunctional regions of the plasmalemma, and coated pits. With solutions at 4° C, but the animals kept at room temperature, all of these structures in the endothelial cells were labeled. This binding was not altered by the perfusion of low levels of unlabeled heparin, but was eliminated following high levels of unlabeled heparin, and by digestion with trypsin and pronase. At 37° C, heparin was localized to the above structures and, in addition, was internalized into coated vesicles, endosomes, and multivesicular bodies, but not other types of lysosomes. Some particles were found in tubules adjacent to the Golgi stacks. Heparin-gold was also transported to the abluminal front of the endothelium by vesicles. A desulfated, non-anticoagulant, fraction of heparin bound to gold was localized to the endothelium in the same manner. These results demonstrate receptors for heparin on the surface of a fenestrated endothelium. Furthermore, they show the pathway of endocytosis and transport of heparin. The possible roles of heparin in the function of the endothelium is discussed.
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    In vivo effects of tunicamycin on the secretory processes of rat parotid glands (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 323-330 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tunicamycin ; β-Receptor ; Parotid gland ; Isoproterenol ; Secretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological and functional effects of tunicamycin were studied in rat parotid glands at the stage of the reformation of secretory granules following secretory stimulation by isoproterenol. Tunicamycin inhibited the incorporation of (3H)-mannose into the acid-insoluble fraction but had no effect on total protein synthesis as determined by the incorporation of (14C)-leucine. Thus the administration of tunicamycin in vivo inhibits the synthesis of mannose-rich glycoproteins in a manner similar to that in an in vitro system. The ultrastructure of the acinar cell showed little change following treatment with this drug, except that the number of reaccumulated secretory granules was greater than in the control. Amylase secretion stimulated by isoproterenol was inhibited in tunicamycin-treated cells, but did not decrease following treatment with N6,2′-O-dibutyryladenosine 3′-5′-cyclic monophosphate, a secretory stimulator bypassing the β-receptor. A radio-receptor assay using (3H)-dihydroalprenolol and direct localization using the fluorescent β-adrenergic blocker 9-amino-acridin propranolol showed a marked reduction in the binding activity of β-receptor following treatment with tunicamycin. Thus the inhibition of N-linked glycosylation appears to produce profound effects on the β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase complex of acinar cells, although the steps of the transport and the exocytotic discharge of secretory materials are not affected.
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    Compartments in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis of the rat and their delineation against the outer cerebrospinal fluid-containing space (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 331-347 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) ; Capillaries ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Leptomeninges ; Blood-blood barrier ; Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as tracer, we demonstrate, that — in contrast to other neurohemal regions — the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) is composed of two functionally different divisions. Both parts of the OVLT are endowed with fenestrated capillaries which, however, obviously differ in their permeability for HRP. In one of these portions the neurohemal region remains unlabeled under the experimental conditions used, while the other portion, in analogy to the majority of neurohemal regions, is labeled by the tracer. The functionally different divisions of the OVLT are separated from one another by tanycytic processes and meningeal cells establishing a barrier between the two hemal compartments. The meningeal elements penetrate the organ in the form of an uninterrupted layer; they are continuous with the pia mater and produce large amounts of basal lamina-like material. Furthermore, they provide the delineation of the OVLT against the outer cerebrospinal fluid-containing compartment, a structural feature that is characteristic of both divisions of the OVLT and corresponds to the arrangement of meninges in all other portions of the brain where a blood vessel penetrates its surface.
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    An immunohistochemical study of adenohypophyseal cells containing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the phase of selective follicle-stimulating hormone release in postnatal female rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 689-693 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary gland ; FSH cells ; LH cells ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the juvenile female rat increases independently from that of luteinizing hormone (LH). The objective of this study was to determine whether this increase in serum FSH is accompanied by a proliferation of FSH-cells greater than the proliferation of LH-cells. Thus, we measured circulating FSH and LH in female rats on days 3, 10, 13, 17, and 20, calculated the percentages of adenohypophyseal cells that contained FSH or LH on days 3, 10, and 20, and determined whether cells containing only FSH existed on day 10. Serum FSH concentrations on days 10 and 13 were significantly greater than those on days 3, 17, or 20. No differences existed in serum LH concentrations. Cells containing FSH or LH were distributed throughout the entire adenohypophyses of 3, 10, and 20-day-old females. Clusters of these cells were observed in the ventral regions of adenohypophyses of 3-day-old females. The percentages of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH increased significantly from ∼9% in 3-day-old rats to ∼17% in 10-day-old rats and then decreased to ∼14% in 20-day-old animals. At all ages the percentages of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH were similar to the percentages of cells containing LH. At 10 days of age, all cells containing FSH also contained LH and all cells containing LH also contained FSH. These data suggest that the increase in serum FSH in the juvenile female rat is associated with an increase in the percentage of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH and that at this time all cells containing FSH also contain LH.
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    The early postnatal development of the primary immune response in rat popliteal lymph node, stimulated with thymus-independent type-1 and type-2 antigens (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 695-699 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Primary immune response ; Thymus-independent antigens ; Development, ontogenetic ; Lymph nodes ; Spleen ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To examine the development of the postnatal immune response to thymus-independent type-1 (TI-type 1) and TI type-2 antigens, respectively, trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) or TNP-Ficoll was injected subcutaneously into the hind footpads of young rats of various ages. After 5 days the popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) were removed and the localization pattern of specific anti-TNP antibody-containing cells was studied. The first specific antibody-containing cells elicited in rats by TNP-LPS appeared in animals at day 19 after birth. The results suggest that the development of these cells from lymphocyte to plasma cell occurs while they migrate from cortex to medulla. An unexpected finding was the low response to TNP-Ficoll in PLN; from 6 weeks after birth only very few specific antibody-containing cells were found. However, in the spleen numerous anti-TNP antibody-containing cells were found in the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths. To test the exclusive role of the spleen in the appearance of anti-TNP antibody-containing cells in lymph node after subcutaneous administration of TNP-Ficoll, the experiment was repeated in rats that had been splenectomized. Evidence from these experiments suggests that the spleen plays a major role in the appearance of the above-mentioned cells in lymph nodes.
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    Silver staining in pinealocyte nuclei: Observations and quantitative analysis during the rat oestrous cycle (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 138 (1987), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Silver staining ; Nucleolus ; Quantitative analysis ; Pineal gland ; Rat ; Oestrous cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphology, distribution and number of different argyrophilic aggregates appearing in pinealocyte nuclei have been studied during the rat oestrous cycle. Using the Ag-NOR reaction we have found two types of argyrophilic aggregates in pinealocyte nuclei. One of them, corresponding to the fibrillar centres and the surrounding fibrillar component, appears in the nucleoli. The silver grains are more loosely packed in the dense fibrillar component than in the fibrillar centres. A decrease in the number of these nucleolar argyrophilic aggregates was obtained at oestrous. A second type of silver grain aggregate was observed in the pinealocyte nucleoplasm. We call them “Ag-granule clusters” because they are similar to the interchromatin granule clusters and constitute the only silver deposit forming aggregates apart from the nucleolus. The number of Ag-granule clusters is significantly smaller at oestrous and meta-oestrous than at dioestrous and pro-oestrous.
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    Stimulation of pancreatic secretory process in the rat by low-molecular weight proteinase inhibitor (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 63-67 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Proteinase inhibitor ; Cholecystokinin ; Protein synthesis ; Enzyme synthesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral application of a single dose of a new synthetic proteinase inhibitor Camostate (Foy-305) in male Wistar rats was carried out together with studies of in vitro amino acid incorporation followed by separation of proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The aim of this experiment was to analyze changes produced by the inhibitor in total protein and individual enzyme biosynthesis. Administration of 100 mg/kg Foy-305 resulted in significant inhibition of total pancreatic protein synthesis, without changes in fractional rates for individual enzymes. 50 mg/kg Foy-305 induced a 10-fold elevation of cholecystokinin (CCK) levels in serum; this persisted for 3 h and led to a significant increase in the total rate of protein synthesis with peak values at 6 and 9 h (78% and 84% above control levels, respectively), returning to control by 15h. Changes in fractional rates of synthesis occurred with a latency of 6 h and were restricted to amylase and the anionic form of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Amylase biosynthesis decreased by about 40% from control levels at 9 h to return to control levels by 15 h. Increased synthesis of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen was observed; this was also phasic. The results show similar enzyme-specific regulation as previously described for exogenous CCK stimulation and for the adaptation of the pancreas to diets enriched in protein. They demonstrate the effectiveness of pulsatory endogenous hormone release in the regulation of protein synthesis.
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    Concentrations of elements in rat thymocytes measured by X-ray microanalysis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 215-220 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: X-ray microanalysis ; Thymocyte ; Mitosis ; Sodium ; Potassium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Elemental concentrations of rat thymocytes in vivo were studied by X-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried sections. Cells from different regions, the subcapsular zone, the cortex and the medulla were studied in thymic tissue from a number of animals. Generally thymocytes situated in the medulla had higher concentrations of K compared to those in the subcapsular zone. The concentration of Na in the nucleus was constant in the medulla in all animals but some variation in this element was seen between animals in the subcapsular zone. The distribution of K/Na ratio in individual thymocytes was different in each region of the thymus. Cells with low K/Na ratio (〈5) were predominant in the subcapsular zone, whereas cells with higher values for K/Na ratio were found in the cortex and medulla. The subcapsular zone is the region where mitotic cells are mostly situated. The finding of thymocytes with higher concentrations of Na and low K/Na ratios in this region is in accord with in vitro studies on thymocyte stimulation.
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    Studies on satellite nucleoli in rat hepatocytes and Novikoff hepatoma cells (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 235-239 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Satellite nucleoli ; Normal, stimulated and malignant hepatocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to provide information on the presence and frequency of satellite nucleoli in cells with increased nucleolar biosynthetic activity. The number of hepatocytes containing satellite nucleoli was analyzed in rat liver, regenerating liver 18 h after partial hepatectomy and in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells. In comparison with hepatocytes of normal liver, the number of both stimulated hepatocytes and malignant hepatoma cells containing satellite nucleoli was significantly reduced. The results also indicated that whereas most satellite nucleoli contain protein C23, a smaller percentage contain protein B23.
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    Postnatal development of epididymis and ductus deferens in the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 257-265 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis ; Ductus deferens ; Myosin ; Actin ; Fibronectin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal maturation of regions of the epididymis and intragonadal segment of the deferens duct was studied in the rat by light-and transmission electron microscopy. Maturation of the genital duct starts in the distal cauda epididymidis and ductus deferens after one week of life, and one week later, in the more cranial segments of the epididymis. Epithelial principal cells and peritubular contractile cells are structurally mature 35 days after birth. The synchronous changes of these cells indicate that the same factors control their postnatal maturation. The epithelial principal cells obtain an endocytotic apparatus and long stereocilia, whereas peritubular cells acquire contractile features. These changes are associated with a progressive increase in the immunoreaction for smooth muscle actin in both cell types. Smooth muscle myosin is detected in the apical region of the epithelial cells and the peritubular cell cytoplasm by day one of postnatal development. The differentiation of contractile cells in the wall is accompanied by progressive organization of the pericellular matrix into a continuous basement membrane. Although fibronectin is visible at birth, it is gradually removed from the tubule wall.
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    Morphology, composition, and function of struts between cardiac myocytes of rat and hamster (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 247-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Extracellular matrix ; Collagen fibers and filaments ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology, composition, and function of struts that interconnect the lateral surfaces of cardiomyocytes were examined in the hearts of rats and hamsters. Methods included brightfield and fluorescent light microscopy, secondary and backscatter scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with silver stain, cationic dye, and antibody to type-I collagen. These studies reveal a twisted, beaded appearance and a complex substructure of collagen fibrils embedded in a ground substance that has a positive reaction with cationic dye. A hierarchy of patterns of branching and attachment was seen among intercellular struts ranging in diameter from 0.1 μm to several urn. The hypothesis that struts tether not only the surfaces but the contractile lattices of laterally adjacent myocytes is supported by the following: (a) the attachments of struts to the collagen weave of the sarcolemma, often lateral to the level of Z bands, (b) the presence of collagen type I in a composite material arrangement, (c) the relative dispositions and configurational changes of struts and myocyte surfaces in various physiological states and induced, non-physiological perturbations of cardiac muscle, (d) the corrugated sarcolemmas with infoldings near Z bands, and (e) the continuity of intracellular filaments from Z bands to the inner aspect of the sarcolemma in relaxed and contracted myocytes. Implications of struts acting as tethers and sites for storage of energy in the motions of myocytes during the cardiac cycle are discussed.
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    Fine-structural changes of synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats after long-term administration of GABA (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 267-275 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA-treatment ; Superior cervical ganglion ; Synaptic plasticity ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of adult rats was exposed to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by means of long-term microapplication. Serial sections were cut from GABA-treated and control ganglia, and subsequently the fine structure of individual synapses was investigated. The quantitative analysis of structural parameters of studied synapses showed that significant changes consisting of (1) a reduction in size of presynaptic axon terminals, (2) a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles, and (3) a diminution in the extent of the postsynaptic membrane thickening at the dendritic side developed as an effect of GABA-treatment. These results provide morphological evidence that long-term application of GABA to the SCG exerts a combination of effects on both presynaptic and postsynaptic elements. It is suggested that the structural changes observed in the fine structure of individual synapses within the SCG may play an integral role in the development of the synaptogenetic action of GABA.
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    Effects of extracellular osmolality on renin release and on the ultrastructure of the juxtaglomerular epithelioid cell granules (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 325-329 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renin release ; Epithelioid cells ; Osmosensitivity of renin release ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Superfusion with hypoosmotic solutions stimulates renin release from rat epithelioid cells adherent to isolated glomeruli. This stimulatory effect may be related to the observed swelling of the secretory granules; the swelling may markedly increase the probability of pre-exocytotic fusions between the granule and cell membranes, and consequently increase the frequency of exocytotic events.
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    The highly modified membrane of cornified cells in stratified squamous epithelia: A comparison of heterogenous deposits in keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelia (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 331-336 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell membrane ; Transglutaminase ; Cysteine ; proteinase inhibitor ; Epithelium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The chemical nature of the thickened plasma membrane of cornified cells in stratified squamous epithelium was investigated in comparison with that in noncornified epithelium. Localizations of transglutaminase, molecular weight 92000 daltons, and detection of epidermal cysteine proteinase inhibitor were effected with a monoclonal antibody and a monospecific rabbit anti-inhibitor immunoglobulin, respectively, directed to the antigens. N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl) maleimide was used to demonstrate S-S cross-linking. In all keratinizing epithelia, the enzyme and inhibitor were deposited on membranes of granular cells. S-S bonds were formed in cornification with the appearance of electron-dense material by the inner leaflet. Both enzyme and inhibitors occurred on the corneal epithelium, but S-S linkage and the thickened plasma membrane did not form even at the last stage of maturation. On the other hand, the internal vaginal epithelium in the proestrous stage without keratinization contained the enzyme, but neither inhibitor nor S-S linkage. Both antigens and S-S bonds were detected when keratinization proceeded during estrus. The staining patterns in the epithelium near the vaginal introitus were identical to those in the skin. Cuboidal and simple epithelia exhibited none of those constituents. The findings indicated that heterogenous components contribute to modification of the plasma membrane of cornified cells, but S-S cross-linkages are associated exclusively with formation of the ultrastructurally unique membrane structure. In addition, findings suggested hormonal regulation in the chemical modification of the membrane in estrogen-sensitive internal vaginal epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215516
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    Origin of regenerating Leydig cells in the testis of the adult rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 367-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ethane dimethanesulphonate ; Leydig cells ; Destruction ; Regeneration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) was used as a specific cytotoxin to eliminate the Leydig cell population of the adult rat testis. Ultrastructural, morphometric and serum gonadotrophin and testosterone analysis was used to study the response of the intertubular tissue of the testis from 1 day to 10 weeks after EDS treatment. In control animals, the testis contained approximately 28 million Leydig cells and 8 million macrophages. Three to seven days after EDS treatment, Leydig cells were absent and serum testosterone was undetectable. Macrophage numbers increased three-fold by 3 days and returned to pretreatment values thereafter. At 2 and 3 weeks post-EDS, foetal-type Leydig cells (∼1–2 million per testis) appeared in proximity to perivascular and peritubular tissues, a feature also observed at 4 weeks when numerous such cells (∼15 million per testis) formed prominent clusters in perivascular and peritubular locations. Between 6 and 10 weeks after EDS treatment, the foetal-type Leydig cells were transformed morphologically into adult-type Leydig cells, they occupied central intertubular positions and their numbers were restored to pretreatment values. Regeneration of Leydig cells was reflected by elevated serum testosterone levels which returned towards the normal range. The results demonstrate the regenerative capacity of the testicular intertubular tissue and indicate a dual site of origin of Leydig cells which initially resemble foetal-type Leydig cells prior to establishing the adult-type Leydig cell population. The morphological pattern of Leydig cell regeneration suggests that in addition to gonadotrophic stimulation, local testicular factors from the seminiferous tubules may stimulate Leydig cell growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215521
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  • 87
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    Endocytosis of native and cationized ferritin by intralobular duct cells of the rat parotid gland (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 577-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parotid gland ; Duct cells ; Ferritin ; Endocytosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ability of the intralobular ducts of the rat parotid gland to take up protein from the lumen was examined after retrograde infusion of native and cationized ferritin. At high concentrations (3–10 mg/ml), cells of both intercalated- and striated ducts avidly internalized the tracers. No differences were noted in the mode of uptake or fate of native or cationized ferritin. Large, apical ferritin-containing vacuoles up to 5 μm in size were present in cells of the intercalated ducts after infusion for 15 min. Small, smooth-surfaced spherical or flattened vesicles and tubules containing ferritin were also observed, often in association with the large vacuoles. Ferritin uptake increased with increasing infusion time, up to 1 h. Uptake by the striated ducts was less consistent than by the intercalated ducts, and occurred mainly in small vesicles and tubules. Secondary lysosomes became labeled with ferritin in both cell types. Ferritin was not observed in the Golgi saccules, nor was it discharged from the cells at the basolateral surfaces. At low concentrations (0.3–1 mg/ml), uptake was reduced, especially by cells of intercalated ducts, and differences were noted in the behavior of the two tracers. Cationized ferritin was internalized mainly into vesicles and tubules of cells of striated ducts; little uptake of native ferritin occurred at low concentrations. These results demonstrate that the ductal cells of the salivary glands are capable of luminal endocytosis of foreign proteins. They also suggest that in addition to modifying the primary saliva by electrolyte reabsorption and secretion, and secretion of various glycoproteins, the ductal cells are able to reabsorb proteins secreted by the acinar cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217329
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  • 88
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    Localization of high-affinity GABA uptake and GABA content in the rat duodenum during development (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 593-600 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) ; Autoradiography ; Development, ontogenetic ; Duodenum ; Uptake sites ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of high-affinity uptake sites for 3Hγ-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA) was investigated in the rat duodenum during ontogenesis and also at the adult stage (from 15.5 days of fetal life up to 105 days post natum) by means of low- and high-resolution autoradiography. At all stages studied, specific endocrine cell types of the epithelium were labelled and an intense uptake was detected in the nervous tissue, especially in glial cells but also in scarce neurones. When the incubation medium was supplemented with β-alanine (1 mM), a blocker of the glial uptake for GABA, the labelling persisted only in endocrine cells and in few neurones. The intensity and the frequency of the labelling decreased at later periods compared to the earlier developmental stages. The GABA content of the duodenum as measured by a new ion-exchange column chromatography-HPLC-coupled method was higher in the early postnatal period compared to later stages. These observations suggest that GABA, in addition to being a neurotransmitter, may play an important role during development of the duodenum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217331
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  • 89
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    Effects of aging and life-long physical training on collagen in slow and fast skeletal muscle in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Slow and fast skeletal muscle ; Age ; Endurance training ; Endomysium ; Perimysium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intramuscular collagen in a slow (m. soleus) and a fast (m. rectus femoris) skeletal muscle was studied by biochemical, morphometric, and immunohistochemical methods. Wistar white rats of 1, 4, 10, and 24 months were used as experimental animals. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of life-long physical training (treadmill running, 5 days a week for 1, 3, 9, and 23 months depending on the age attained). The biochemical concentration of collagen was higher in m. soleus than in m. rectus femoris and it increased in youth and in old age in m. soleus. The trained rats had higher concentrations of collagen than the untrained rats at 10 and 24 months. The morphometrically measured area-fractions of both the endomysium and perimysium were higher in m. soleus than in m. rectus femoris. The age-related increase in intramuscular connective tissue was of endomysial origin. The immunohistochemical staining of type-I, -III, and -IV collagens indicated the more collagenous nature of m. soleus as compared with m. rectus femoris for all major collagen types; this was most marked for type-IV collagen of basement membrane. The results indicate that both age and endurance-type physical training further distinguish the slow and fast muscles with respect to their connective tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218191
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  • 90
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    Rapid formation of myometrial gap junctions during parturition in the unilaterally implanted rat uterus (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterus (myometrium) ; Gap junctions ; Pregnancy ; Morphometry ; Freeze-fracturing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In uterine smooth muscles, gap junction plaques rapidly form during the final stages of gestation. To investigate the related mechanisms, regional differences in myometrial gap junction development in rat uterus were examined quantitatively during delivery, using thin-section and freeze-fracture techniques in combination with light- and electron microscopy. Examination of implanted and nonimplanted horns in the unilaterally ligated rat bicornuate uteri, revealed no differences in the occurrence of gap junction plaques, but after 2 to 4 pups had been delivered, the contracted segments contained more gap junction plaques than did noncontracted segments examined immediately before delivery. In all segments, gap junctions were found more frequently in the circular muscle layers than in the longitudinal muscle layers. Gap junctions ranged in size from 0.002 μm2 to 0.52 μm2, but two-thirds were less than 0.1 μm2. The frequency of small gap junction plaques (less than 0.1 μm2) was higher in the noncontracted segment. These results suggest that gap junctions are dynamic structures, and that their formation is controlled not only by general hormonal factors, possibly involved in gap junction increases in the myometrium before delivery, but also by local factors, possibly related to the contraction, that may accelerate an increase in gap junction formation during delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218196
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  • 91
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a novel pituitary polypeptide “7B2” in the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 707-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 7B2 polypeptide ; Gastro-intestinal tract ; Endocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity to the polypeptide designated “7B2” recently isolated from human and porcine pituitary glands, appears to be consistently confined to neuroendocrine and endocrine cells in various tissues. In rat gut, immunoreactive 7B2 was found in endocrine-paracrine cells. Highly labeled cells were found in the antrum of the stomach and, cells with lower concentrations, in the fundus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Except for a few cells which were simultaneously positive for 5-hydroxytryptamine, and a few others showing Grimelius's reaction, “7B2” cells do not exhibit argentaffin and/or argyrophil character. The 7B2 polypeptide seems to be distributed amongst several different types of endocrine cells in the gut.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217343
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  • 92
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    Galanin-immunoreactive nerves in the rat iris: alterations induced by denervations (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Galanin ; Iris ; Choroid membrane ; Immunohistochemistry ; Trigeminal ganglion ; Superior cervical ganglion ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Capsaicin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The iris and choroid membrane of the adult rat contain nerve fibers expressing immunoreactivity to the neuropeptide galanin. The density and distribution of galanin-positive nerve fibers varied from iris to iris and, particularly, among animals. Smooth, non-terminal axons were seen running in nerve bundles consisting of otherwise negative fibers. From the choroid membrane these bundles reached the iris via the ciliary body. Axons were frequently seen to branch giving rise to a sparse system of varicose, single fibers in the dilator plate and sphincter area. Galanin-positive fibers were sometimes also seen outlining blood vessels. Capsaicin, in a dose that causes permanent depletion of substance P- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive fibers in the iris, caused no change in amount of galanin-positive fibers. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion caused a rapid and pronounced increase in the number of galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Similarly, removal of the ciliary ganglion appeared to increase galanin immunoreactivity, while removal of the pterygopalatine ganglion was less effective. Lesioning of the trigeminal ganglion caused a disappearance of galanin immunoreactivity. The sympathetectomy-induced increase was counteracted by capsaicin. Galanin-positive nerve cell bodies were present in both the superior cervical and the trigeminal ganglia. In the superior cervical ganglion, immunoreactive galanin did not seem to coexist with neuropeptide Y-positive cells; in the trigeminal ganglion, some galanin-positive cells also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity, while most cells did not. In the iris, double-staining suggested that CGRP and galanin immunoreactivities were contained in different fiber populations. We conclude that the rat iris and choroid membrane contain a sparse plexus of nerve fibers expressing galanin-like immunoreactivity. It is suggested that these fibers are derived from the trigeminal ganglion. The iris is able to respond with a pronounced increase in number of galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers to certain denervation procedures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219071
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    Effects of prolonged treatment with cyanoketone on the zona fasciculata of rat adrenal cortex (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 599-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Cyanoketone ; Corticosterone ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a 7-day administration of cyanoketone (CKT) on the adrenal zona fasciculata were examined in “normal” and dexamethasone/ACTH-infused rats. The drug caused a 48–56% decrease in the blood concentration of corticosterone, coupled with a 53–58% lowering in the activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), in both groups of animals. In the “normal” rats, CKT induced a significant hypertrophy of the zona fasciculata and its parenchymal cells, due to an increase in volume of the mitochondrial compartment and to proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), as well as a notable rise in both the volume of the lipid-droplet compartment and the intracellular concentration of total cholesterol. The activity of 11β-hydroxylase was conspicuously enhanced. All these responses of zona fasciculata cells to CKT did not occur in dexamethasone/ACTH-treated animals, and therefore they were considered to be non-specific and mediated by the augmented secretion of ACTH following lowering of the corticosterone level in the blood. In the dexamethasone/ACTH-infused rats, the only morphological change induced by CKT was a significant decrease in the surface area per cell and surface density of the SER, which was interpreted as the morphological counterpart (not masked by the increased level of circulating ACTH) of the drug-induced inhibition of the microsomal 3βHSD.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218953
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    Morphological correlates of serotonin-neuropeptide Y interactions in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: Combined radioautographic and immunocytochemical data (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 657-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Neuropeptide Y ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Radioautography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological substrate of putative serotonin (5-HT)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) interactions in thé suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was investigated by combined radioautography and immunocytochemistry after intraventricular administration of (3H)5-HT in the rat. In the ventral portion of the SCN, the distribution of (3H)5-HT uptake sites overlapped closely the NPY-immunoreactive terminals. Previous investigations have shown that the dense 5-HT and NPY innervations of the SCN originate in different structures, i.e., the midbrain raphe nuclei and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, respectively. Accordingly, in the present study, destruction of 5-HT afferents by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine was not found to induce any modification in NPY staining and, in ultrastructural immuno-radioautographic preparations, two distinct pools of axonal varicosities could be identified. Both 5-HT and NPY terminals established morphologically defined synaptic junctions, sometimes on the same neuronal target. Some cases of direct axo-axonic appositions between the two types of terminals were also encountered. These data constitute additional criteria for characterizing the cytological basis of the multiple transmitter interactions presumably involved in the function of the SCN as a central regulator of circadian biological rhythms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218960
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    Application of automatic image analysis for morphometric studies of peroxisomes stained cytochemically for catalase (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Image analysis ; Morphometry ; Peroxisomes ; Catalase ; Cytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The feasibility of the application of a television-based image analyzer, the Texture Analysis System (TAS, Leitz Wetzlar, FRG) in conjunction with a light microscope for morphometric studies of hepatic peroxisomes has been investigated. Rat liver peroxisomes were stained with the alkaline-DAB method for localization of catalase and semi-thin (0.25 and 1 μm) sections of plastic-embedded material were examined under an oil immersion objective. The TAS detected the peroxisomal profiles selectively and determined their morphometric parameters automatically. The same parameters were obtained also by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs from the same material. The volume density of peroxisomes determined by TAS in semithin sections of normal liver, after correction for section thickness, is quite close to the corresponding value obtained by morphometry of electron micrographs. The difference is approximately 20%. In animals treated with the hypolipidemic drug bezafibrate, which causes proliferation of peroxisomes, TAS detected readily the increase in volume density of peroxisomes in semithin sections. In comparison with electron microscopy, however, the light-microscopic approach seems to underestimate the proliferation. The lower resolution of the light microscope and overlapping of neighbouring particles in relatively thick sections used for lightmicroscopic analysis may account for the differences. The present study has demonstrated the usefulness of automatic image analysis in conjunction with selective cytochemical staining of peroxisomes for morphometry of this organelle in rat liver. The light-microscopic approach is not only faster but is also extremely economical by obviating the use of an electron microscope.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216560
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    Differences in myocyte subpopulations from segments of the thoracic aorta and their modifications with age and hypertension in the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myocyte subpopulations ; Hypertension ; Cell volume ; Doubling time ; Tetraploid cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle cells obtained from three distinct segments of the thoracic aorta of both Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) taken at different stages of development were studied in terms of their volume, DNA content in single cell suspensions, and doubling time in primary cultures. The proliferative activity and mean cell volume of myocytes from WKY rats increase along the thoracic aorta in a gradient from the aortic arch to the diaphragm. The slope of this gradient is increased in SHR because of an extension of the area that contains myocytes with low proliferative activity in primary cell culture and large cell volumes in suspension. Tetraploid myocytes are found in both strains and their proportions are larger in SHR than in WKY, specifically after the onset of hypertension. However, they appear to be evenly distributed along the thoracic aorta with a size distribution that is included in that of the diploid cells from the same area. It is suggested that changes in the structural properties of the aortic-cell compartment, associated with maturation and hypertension, reflect quantitative changes in the relative proportions of several myocyte subpopulations within the aorta of the rat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216565
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    Segmental variations in the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum of the rat nephron (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane transport ; Metabolism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spatial organization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was examined in all segments of rat nephron. Tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde, impregnated “en bloc” with osmium tetroxide, prepared for and examined by standard (80–100 kV) and high voltage (1 mEV) transmission electron microscopy. In all proximal tubule cells, ER forms a continuous and extensive network of canaliculi and abundant fenestrated saccules which surround mitochondria and cytoplasmic bodies; the cage-like structure of the fenestrated saccules was most evident around the spherical mitochondria of the S3 segment. In the cells of the distal straight and convoluted tubules, the network consists mostly of canaliculi with rare non-fenestrated saccules. The ER network of canaliculi is particularly rich in intercalated cells, in contrast with its rudimentary appearance in the adjacent principal cells of the collecting tubule. In fact, in these cells there are few isolated ER cisternae and they are rarely impregnated. The nuclear envelope is well impregnated in most cells throughout the various segments. Segmental variations in ER organization and its relative abundance are most likely related to the well, established functional heterogeneity of the nephron segments. Moreover, the extensive and unique organization among mitochondria, ER and the basolateral membrane suggests that these three organelles function as a unit which is related to active electrolyte transport. In addition, because of its transepithelial organization, ER may well constitute a transcellular pathway for molecules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216564
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    Ultrastructural study of the long-term development of two experimental cutaneous calcinoses (topical calciphylaxis and topical calcergy) in the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 525-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcergy ; Calciphylaxis ; Cutaneous calcinosis ; Experimental calcification ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin calcification induced by topical calciphylaxis was provoked by a subcutaneous injection of iron chloride in rats previously sensitized by dihydrotachysterol. A cutaneous topical calcergy was induced by an injection of potassium permanganate. An electron-microscopical study of the long-term evolution of both these models of calcification was made. After the initial stages, mineralization of the connective tissue continued by a secondary nucleation process without matrix vesicles. The mineral composed of needle-like structures, apatite in nature, was mainly deposited between and around collagen fibrils, and showed various arrangements in calcified plaques. Intrafibrillar calcification was rarely observed and appeared only in the later stages. The extension of calcified deposits then stopped. Finally, there was a fragmentation of the mineralized area which was progressively surrounded by uncalcified collagen fibrils. A demineralization process, caused by cells such as macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, rather than a resorption of the calcified deposits, was noted. It is important to emphasize that, in both models of ectopic calcification, an evolution toward ectopic ossification was never observed, which is perhaps due to the absence of extensive resorption mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215745
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  • 99
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    Effects of a prolonged treatment with aminoglutethimide on the zona fasciculata of rat adrenal cortex: A morphometric investigation (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 519-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Aminoglutethimide ; Corticosterone ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a 7-day administration of aminoglutethimide (AG) on the adrenal zona fasciculata were examined in “normal” and dexamethasone/ACTH-treated rats. There was a 70–74% decrease in the concentration of corticosterone in blood, but no conspicuous qualitative changes suggesting cell degeneration occurred. Morphometry showed that AG induced a significant hypertrophy of the zona fasciculata and its parenchymal cells only in “normal” animals, which was due to an increase in the volume of the mitochondrial compartment and to proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This response to AG was considered to be non-specific and mediated by the enhanced secretion of ACTH following the decrease in the blood level of corticosterone. AG administration significantly increased the volume of the lipid-droplet compartment and the number of intramitochondrial lipid-like inclusions in both groups of animals. These changes were interpreted as the morphological counterpart of the AG-induced block of cholesterol utilization in steroid synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216478
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  • 100
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    The cross-ply arrangement of collagen fibres in the submucosa of the mammalian small intestine (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 491-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine, small ; Collagen ; Submucosa ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Whole-mount preparations of the submucosa were made from the small intestine of rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits and sheep. In the distended intestine the collagen fibres ran straight and approximately parallel to the serosal surface. They formed a characteristic lattice, with two arrays of fibres running diagonally in a clockwise and an anticlockwise direction, and making an angle of 50°–55° with the longitudinal axis of the intestine. This collagenfibre lattice was flexible and changed with the movements of the intestinal wall; when the radial distension predominated, the angle between collagen fibres of the submucosa and longitudinal axis of the intestine increased to 60°–65°, and when the longitudinal distension predominated the angle decreased to about 30°.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216474
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