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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (167)
  • 1950-1954  (167)
  • 1952  (167)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Hexamethylenedithiol and 1,3-butadiene react in an emulsion system in the presence of peroxides to produce 1,6-dicrotylmercaptohexane. Hexamethylenedithiol and 1,6-dicrotylmercaptohexane did not yield a polymer by either bulk or emulsion techniques which confirms earlier work that a sulfur atom beta to a double bond prevents free radical initiated addition of a mercaptan to that bond. Hexamethylenedithiol does give a polymer with bicrotyl showing that a buried double bond will react. Polymerizations of hexamethylenedithiol with both biallyl ether and bis-10-hendecen-1-yl ether will take place, but they show that an oxygen atom beta to a double bond inhibits the free radical catalyzed addition of a mercaptan to that bond.
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  • 2
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Vulcanization with sulfur is ascribed to the formation of sulfur radicals which are believed to copolymerize with the rubber molecule double bonds. Hydrogen sulfide is proposed as necessary for chain initiation but when formed in sufficient amounts serves as a chain terminator. This is believed to lead to numerous self-limiting features including ceiling temperatures, post-vulcanization and delayed action effects. Initiation may result from the oxidation of H2S to sulfur radicals and termination to the formation of HS radicals.
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  • 3
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 289-311 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Graft vinyl copolymers have been prepared by chain transfer reaction between monomer radical and polymer molecule, followed by addition of monomer to the “macroradical.” For this purpose vinyl monomers have been polymerized in the presence of appreciable amounts (25% or more) of foreign polymer, with benzoyl peroxide as catalyst (0.5% on monomer). The separation of the graft copolymers from the other homopolymers present in the mixture is based on differences in the solubility of these products. Experiments are carried out with vinyl acetate with polymethyl methacrylate at different temperatures, 75°, 85°, and 95°C.; the graft percentage depends considerably on t°, and the following values, respectively, 15, 32, and 53% for vinyl acetate are obtained from chemical and infrared analysis. These graft copolymers were identified by their solubility properties and their osmotic and viscometric behavior, values of k′ (Huggins' constant) and μ varying greatly for a mixture of both polymers (a true copolymer and a graft copolymer) where the molecular weight and the per cent of vinyl acetate are the same. In the same way, it is possible to obtain a graft copolymer by polymerization of vinyl chloride in the presence of polymethyl methacrylate. It has not been found possible to carry out the inverse reactions, namely, the polymerization of methylmethacrylate onto polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl chloride, owing to fractionation of the polymers. Similar experiments were carried out at different temperatures with styrene on polymethyl methacrylate and with methyl methacrylate on polystyrene. In both cases the reactions are successful, and are characterized by a strong increase in solubility of the polystyrene fraction. In the first case, the amount of solubilized polystyrene increases with increasing temperature. These graft copolymerizations are related to degradation measurements described elsewhere and to the stability of the radicals formed.
    Notes: Des copolymères greffés ont été préparés par réaction de transfert de chaǐne entre un radical monomérique et une molécule de polymère suivie de l'addition de monomère au macroradical. Dans ce but, les monomères vinyliques ont été polymérisés en présence de quantités appréciables (25% et plus) de polymère étranger, en présence de peroxyde de benzoyle comme initiateur (0.5% par rapport au monomère). La séparation des copolymères greffés des autres homopolymères présents dans le mélange est basée sur les différences de solubilité de ces produits. Les expériences ont été menées au départ d'acétate de vinyle en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle à différentes températures, savoir 75°, 85° et 95°C.; le taux de greffage dépend fortement de la t°, et atteint respectivement 15, 32 et 53% d'acétate de vinyle (analyses chimiques et infra-rouges) Ces copolymères greffés ont été identifiés par leurs propriétés de solubilité et leur comportémént osmotique et viscosimétrique; les valeurs de k′ (constante de Huggins) et μ varient considérablement si on compare un mélange de polymères, un copolymère habituel et un copolymère greffé, dont les poids moléculaires et le taux d'acétate de vinyle sont semblables. De la měme façon, il a été possible d'obtenir un copolymère greffé par polymérisation du chlorure de vinyle en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle. Les réactions inverses toutefois, savoir la polymérisation du méthacrylate de méthyle en greffage sur les acétate ou chlorure de polyvinyle, n'ont pu ětre mises en évidence par des opérations de fractionnement. Des expériences semblables ont été effectuées à différentes températures avec le styrène en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle, et inversément le méthacrylate de méthyle en présence de polystyrène. Dans les deux cas les réactions réussissent et se manifestent par une solubilisation de la fraction polystyrénique. Dans le premier cas, la quantité de polystyrène solubilisé croǐt avec une augmentation de température. Ces copolymérisations par greffage sont reliées aux phénomènes de dégradation, décrites ailleurs, et à la stabilité des radicaux formés au cours des réactions.
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 346-349 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 5
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 345-346 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 6
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 350-352 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 7
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 353-364 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Direct determinations of the number average molecular weights of a variety of British and American polythenes have been made making use of two experimental techniques: (1) ebulliometry and (2) high temperature osmometry. An intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relation has also been obtained which covers the range 1.3 × 103 to 76 × 103 and includes representative samples of Alkathene. The Huggins constants k' and μ have been evaluated from viscosity and osmotic pressure data and their bearing on polythene structure discussed.
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  • 8
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of polymethacrylamide, [-CH2C(CH3)(CONH2)-]n, in aqueous solution with hypobromite and hypochlorite has been investigated. Different reaction procedures yielded polymers which were similar, and which contained a small number of primary amino groups, considerable carboxyl and unreacted amide groups and, probably, alkylacylurea groups formed by interaction between adjacent isocyanate and halogenoamide groups. Analytical data supporting these conclusions are presented. The polymer from the Hofmann reaction is soluble in dilute alkali and also in strongly acid media, precipitating on dilution. Methacrylamide monomer reacts with hypochlorite to give N-α-methylvinyl-N′-methacrylurea and acetone.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: (1) Sebacamide and N,N′-diacetylhexamethylenediamine interchange to produce acetamide and polyhexamethylene sebacamide. (2) The rate is proportional to the concentrations of the two reacting species and to the square root of carboxyl group concentration. (3) The rate increases with increasing concentration of water. Reagents which had been held in the molten state under high vacuum were still capable of reaction. (4) N-Substitution decreases the rate constant; the isobutyl group is more effective than methyl in this respect. (5) As an indication of the amount of interchange occurring during a typical polymerization, it is computed that at least 42% of the amide links interchange during the 66 nylon synthesis. This means that it is not feasible to make nonrandom copolyamides by polymerizing together low molecular weight homopolyamides. Interchange does provide for the production of nonrandom copolymers from two or more high molecular weight homopolyamides.
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  • 10
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When the acetate groups of polyvinyl acetate are removed and subsequently restored, the viscosity of the polymer is usually decreased. It is found that after such processing, vinyl acetate polymers prepared at a given temperature approach a maximum viscosity regardless of the viscosity of the original resins. This maximum is increased by lowering the temperature of polymerization and is different for other vinyl esters. The extent of degradation is negligible at low conversions. It is concluded that this phenomenon is characteristic of the monomer. The chemical bond responsible for the degradation has many of the properties of ester linkages. The resins degrade with both bases and acids although the latter catalyst sometimes requires the presence of water. They also degrade when heated in a solution of pyridine, acetic acid and acetic anhydride. The extent of degradation closely parallels the degree of hydrolysis. It is suggested that these ester linkages are formed during polymerization as a result of transfer with the carbon-hydrogen bonds of the acetate groups of both monomer and polymer. Evidence of another transfer reaction involving the vinyl group, but having no bearing on the degradation, is also advanced. If polyvinyl acetate is alcoholized with an acid catalyst, in the absence of water, the processed resin may have a higher viscosity than would be the case with an alkaline catalyst. How much higher is governed by the type of initiator used in the polymerization. This suggests that polymer molecules may be united under these conditions, but the nature of the reaction is obscure.
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  • 11
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 371-394 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kondensationsreaktion von Harnstoff und Formaldehyd wurde für ein Molarverhältnis 1:1 und 1:2 beider Komponenten untersucht; die Reaktion verläft immer nach der zweiten Ordnung. Dies Reaktionen wurden mit den Kondensationen von reinem Mono- und Dimethylolharnstoff verglichen und mit ihnen analog befunden. In neutraler Lösung bei Messungen bei 65, 75 und 85° war der erhaltene Wert der Aktivierungsenergie 21 Kal./Mol für beide Reaktionen; die Kondensationsreaktion im Verhältnis 1:2 ist jedoch drei Mal langsamer als die Kondensation 1:1. In saurer Lösung wurde gefunden, dass eine rein saure katalytische Wirkung auftritt, und die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten zwischen pH 3 und pH 5 waren der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration proportionell; die Aktivierungsenergie wurde für die saure Kondensationsreaktion zu ungefähr 8-10 Kal. abgeschätzt. Bei höheren pH Werten treten beide Reaktionen, die thermische und die Säure-katalysierte, zusammen auf, und der Exponent der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration in dem Ausdruck der Kondensationsgeschwindigkeit wird kleiner als die Einheit. Es werden analytische Bestimmungen der Kondensationsprodukte gegeben, und ein wahrscheinliches kinetisches Schema der Reaktionen wird angegeben.
    Notes: The condensation reaction of urea and formaldehyde was studied in a molar ratio 1:1 and 1:2 of both components; the reaction always proceeds by a second-order mechanism. These reactions were compared and found analogous to the condensations of pure mono- and dimethylolurea. In neutral medium, by measuring at 65, 75, and 85° the value obtained for the energy of activation was 21 kcal./mole for both reactions; the 1:2 ratio-condensation reaction is nevertheless three times slower than the 1:1 condensation. In acidic medium, a pure acid catalytic effect was found to be true, and the rates of the reaction between pH 3 and pH 5 were proportional to the hydrogen-ion concentration; the activation energy was evaluated at about 8-10 kcal. for the acidic condensation reaction. At higher pH values, both reactions, thermal and acid-catalytic, occur together, and the exponent to the hydrogen-ion concentration in the expression of the rate of condensation appears to be smaller than unity. Analytical determinations of the condensation products are given and a likely kinetic scheme for the reaction is indicated.
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  • 12
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 444-444 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 13
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 425-434 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Interpretations of the small-scale structure of natural cellulose have been greatly influenced by information obtained from x-ray diffraction studies. This work has given rise to a structural model, according to which there are some regions of cellulose in which the molecules are highly ordered (crystalline) and other regions in which there is considerable disorder (amorphous). This interpretation does not, however, adequately emphasize the fibrillate character of natural cellulose-a structure which, as the result of light and electron microscope investigations, is well established. Since many reactions proceed more readily in the interfibrillar regions than in the fibrils themselves, it seems that the cellulose molecules in the fibrils, in contrast to those in the interfibrillar regions, are more highly ordered. Intensive treatments, such as acid hydrolysis, may cause a further breakdown whereby the fibrils are split transversely into small rodshaped particles, but the comparatively greater ease with which fibrillation occurs following a variety of degradative reactions suggests that the ordered character of the fibrils along the long axis is not interrupted by regions of the same magnitude and extent of disorder as those which occur between the fibrils. Although x-ray diffraction diagrams of cellulose have generally been considered to indicate the presence of small elongated regions of highly crystalline cellulose, i.e., micelles, it would be equally consistent to suppose that the diffuse diffraction patterns were caused by larger essentially homogeneous regions in which the arrangement of the molecules only approximates crystalline regularity. These regions which, except for occasional grosser irregularities, have a more or less uniform intermediate molecular order, may be identified with the fine electron microscopically visible fibrils. According to this viewpoint highly ordered micelles, unlike fibrils, are to be regarded more as incidental rather than as fundamental units of cellulose structure.
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  • 14
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 445-445 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic properties of low molecular weight polyisobutylene and silicone oils have been investigated over a range of frequencies and temperatures. When subjected to oscillating stresses, these materials behave as though they had a shear modulus as well as a viscosity. Dynamic viscosities and rigidities have been determined at frequencies between 10 and 100 cycles per second and at temperatures between -50° and +60°C. Falling ball viscosities were also obtained over the same temperature range. In general, moduli increase with increasing frequency and decreasing temperature while dynamic viscosities decrease with increasing frequency and increasing temperature. At room temperature and above, the dynamic viscosity varies very little with the frequency and is essentially the same as the falling ball viscosity. At lower temperatures the dynamic viscosity decreases considerably with increasing frequency but extrapolates to the falling ball viscosity at zero frequency. If these materials are regarded as complex Maxwell liquids, the dynamic rigidities and viscosities may be written as functions of a “reduced frequency” equal to the frequency multiplied by an exponential of a constant divided by the absolute temperature. This constant can be evaluated from the slope of the linear plot of the logarithm of the falling ball viscosity over the absolute temperature versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. For a given material a single constant suffices to bring the data at all frequencies and temperatures into a single plot similar to that used by Ferry.
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  • 16
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 446-447 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 17
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 448-448 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 18
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 457-465 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Light scattering and ultracentrifuge experiments were made on iodinated fibrinogen. The molecular weight was found to be 560,000 and the length 900 A. The experiments on polymerized iodo-fibrinogen indicated that the lateral and end-to-end associations have different pH optima.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 449-456 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The sedimentation equilibrium of polymers in mixed solvents at infinite dilution of polymer was analyzed by thermodynamic methods equivalent to those used by Stockmayer and Kirkwood and Goldberg for the light scattering case. It was found that the apparent weight-average molecular weight in a binary solvent mixture (when nonrefractometric methods are used to measure the experimental concentration gradient) is formally identical with that derived by Lansing and Kraemer on the assumption of stoichiometric combination of one of the solvents with the polymer. The “solvation number” now actually measures a preference for one solvent and can be expressed in terms of thermodynamic quantities characteristic of the ternary polymer-solvent system. In the case of refractometric measurements, where the two solvents have different refractive indices, refraction terms similar to those encountered in light scattering theory for mixed solvents also enter. Under equilibrium conditions, for polymer solutions in pure solvents, thermodynamics can say nothing about “solvation,” which is inseparable from the over-all nonideal behavior at finite concentrations. There is strong reason to believe that all types of experiments designed to measure solvation in mixed solvents under equilibrium conditions must give the same answer, since the same thermodynamic quantities determine polymer-solvent interactions in all cases. By assuming a dynamic equilibrium between sedimentation and diffusion in the equilibrium case and using the sedimentation term for the sedimentation velocity case, an expression for the sedimentation constant in mixed solvents at infinite dilution of polymer has been obtained. This expression is almost the same as that previously derived by Schachman and Lauffer, the difference occurring in an assumption about the density of solvated liquid made by these authors.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A light scattering investigation of actin and actomyosin gives the following information. The weight average molecular weight of 80,000 is found for G-actin. The average molecular weight and length of F-actin decrease upon increasing concentration of electrolyte, the effect being especially pronounced in the case of KI. The average molecular weight and length of F-actin decrease with increasing of pH of polymerization. The average length and molecular weight of F-actomyosin increase with decreasing ionic strength. The average length and molecular weight of F-actomyosin decrease with decreasing size of the F-actin component.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 528-528 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 22
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 528-528 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 519-527 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) can be conveniently fractionated from water by successive precipitation with acetone, from chloroform with ether, or from ethanol with benzene. The major part (60-70%) of the common PVP has the intrinsic viscosity of 0.12-0.30. The fractions can be liberated from the low molecular components by extraction of the solid polymer with acetone. Precipitability with ammonium sulfate is a very convenient means of characterizing the fractions. The amount of ammonium sulfate needed to produce turbidity decreases with increasing mean molecular weight of the fractions, with the increasing concentration of the polymer, and with increasing temperature. The molar concentration of ammonium sulfate that produces turbidity is a linear function of the logarithm of the mean molecular weight of the fractions. The amount of ammonium sulfate which produces turbidity decreases linearly with increasing temperature.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of initiation Ri of polymer chains in styrene and methyl methacrylate have been measured for four different catalysts. The results for styrene at 60°C are: Ri = 1.28 × 10-5[azo]; Ri = 2.96 × 10-6[Bz2O2]; Ri = 6.12 × 10-7[CHP]; Ri = 9.96 × 10-5[BHP]. Azo, Bz2O2, CHP, and BHP refer to 2-azobisisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, respectively. Rates are expressed in moles per liter per second. The corresponding results for methyl methacrylate at 60° are: Ri = 1.42 × 10-5[azo]; Ri = 6.62 × 10-6[Bz2O2]; Ri = 3.92 × 10-7[CHP]; Ri = 7.30 × 10-8[BHP]. Catalyst efficiencies for azo and Bz2O2 are shown to be nearly unity in both monomers. Chain transfer constants were calculated for all catalysts in both monomers. Photopolymerization was shown to proceed via chains growing in one direction only. The polymerizations were all carried out in the pure monomers (bulk polymerization) with exclusion of oxygen and other inhibitors.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 573-574 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 543-553 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A discussion of the principles for the extension of the time scale for elastoviscous data by use of experimental information obtained at various temperatures is presented. A quantity k is defined such that stress relaxation curves at all temperatures are identical if plotted versus time divided by k(T). This function k(T) is compared with the function a(T) used by Ferry and by Fox and Flory for other viscoelastic data. In particular, k(T) for polyisobutylene is found to be identical (within experimental error) with a(T) obtained by Fox and Flory from viscosity measurements.The complete composite relaxation curve Er,T(t) for polyisobutylene is constructed from data of Brown and Tobolsky and Andrews and Tobolsky. Er,T(t) is shown to have three regions: a “rubbery region,” and a “glassy region.” This conclusion is reinforced by comparison with data on polymethylmethacrylate. The “rubbery region” is molecular weight dependent, whereas the “transition region” is molecular weight independent and independent of the presence of a small concentration of cross links.Simple empirical functions are given for Er,T(t) and the corresponding distributions of relaxation times are also presented.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 574-576 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The degradation of polystyrene by heat and ultraviolet radiant energy was followed by mass spectrometric analysis of the gaseous products evolved. Oxygen content, discoloration, and insolubility of the treated polymer were also investigated. The degradation of polystyrene involves two different processes: (1) the breakdown of thermolabile groups formed in the polymer prior to degradative treatment; this breakdown is caused by exposure to heat at 120°C. in vacuo and 115°C. in oxygen and to ultraviolet radiant energy at 120°C. in vacuo and 118°C. in oxygen; it is accompanied by the removal of residual materials such as solvent; and (2) the oxidation of the polymer caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy in the presence of oxygen. The evolution of benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethylbenzenes, and alcohols is associated with the first stage involving the breakdown of thermolabile groups and the removal of residual materials. Compounds such as formaldehyde, formic acid, and acetic acid are produced as a result of oxidation of the polymer. The oxygen content of the polymer was decreased from 0.33 to approximately 0.1 percent by heating at 120°C. in vacuo and at 115°C. in oxygen, and by exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy at 120°C. in vacuo. Ultraviolet treatment at 118°C. in oxygen for 250 hours quadrupled the original oxygen concentration. Discoloration of the polystyrene was definitely noted only on exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy in oxygen and is associated with oxidation of the polymer. The material became insoluble as a result of all heat and ultraviolet treatments. The amount of insoluble material increased with severity of exposure conditions.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 577-581 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymerization of fumaronitrile (M2) with styrene (M1) gave the following values for characteristic copolymerization constants: r1 = 0.23 ± 0.1; r2 = 0.01 ± 0.01; Q2 = 0.6; e2 = 1.6. With methyl methacrylate (M1) the values were r1 = 3.5 ± 0.5; r2 = 0.01 ± 0.01; Q2 = 0.4; e2 = 2.0.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 593-598 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Apparent viscosities of aqueous solutions of polyvinylbutylpyridinium bromide (DP = 2000), after correction for instrument constants, are linear in average rate of shear in the capillary viscometer. If a non-Newtonian solute in a Newtonian solvent is assumed, the rather complicated experimental viscosity-pressure curves at various concentrations may be summarized by the simple expression ηsp./C = z∞ (1 - αz∞β)where z∞ is ηsp./C extrapolated to zero rate of shear and β is the average velocity gradient.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 607-609 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dust-free polymer solutions have been prepared with the aid of special equipment which is described.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers of butadiene with 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, acrylic acid, and methacrylic acid have been prepared and evaluated as rubbers. The 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate copolymer has good low temperature properties. The methacrylic acid copolymer has unexpectedly good oil resistance, but the low temperature properties are poor. The acrylic acid copolymers show fair oil resistance and good low temperature properties. Both acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers with butadiene show unexpectedly good tensiles.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solution properties, i.e., gel content and intrinsic viscosity, of sulfur-modified polychloroprenes were examined at monomer conversions ranging from 5 to 95% to obtain information about the mechanism of action of the sulfur modifier and other factors influencing the polymerization. Sulfur-modified polymers isolated at conversions beyond 10-40%, depending upon the polymerization temperature, were found to be insoluble before treatment with tetraethylthiuram disulfide. These results, in confirmation of earlier results with radiosulfur, indicate that sulfur in chloroprene polymerization does not act as a chain transfer agent. The intrinsic viscosity-conversion relationships for sulfur-modified, tetraethylthiuram disulfide-treated polychloroprenes show two viscosity maxima. The first maximum, at 15-20% conversion, appears to be the result of a change in polymer structure and, therefore, a change in the molecular weight-intrinsic viscosity relationship. The second maximum appears at high conversion, 85-90%, and is caused by the formation of relatively tight gel that cannot be solubilized by the tetraethylthiuram disulfide scission reaction. The less pronounced decrease in viscosity beyond this peak is caused by removal of high molecular weight polymer by gelation, leaving relatively lower molecular weight sol polymer.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 651-656 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Studies of the change of attenuation and velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves with proceeding polymerization of thermosetting plastics have revealed that this new technique may permit rapid determination of the stage of polymerization under various conditions. The ultrasonic equipment used for these tests is described in detail. On the basis of results so far obtained, future possibilities for the application of this new technique in studying polymerization reactions are outlined.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For a soft free-draining coil that changes its shape quite easily in flow, intrinsic viscosity does not depend on velocity gradient. The deformation and extension of the coil in flow, which increases the contribution of the single molecule, is just compensated for by the decrease in number of molecules crossing the flow plane and thus actually contributing to the additional shear stress. The finite valence angle and the restricted rotation around the valence bond, however, not only extend but also stiffen the molecule. The completely stiff coils - an idealization that never occurs but is very suitable for computing purposes - are oriented in the flow without any alteration of their shapes and shape distribution. The intrinsic viscosity thereby decreases with increasing orientation. The effect is the more accessible the longer the molecule, the deviations from the initial viscosity at rest being proportional to the square of the gradient and the fourth power of the degree of polymerization. The real molecules are neither quite stiff nor completely soft. Thus their intrinsic viscosity ought to lie between the two limiting cases, the decrease with the gradient being smaller than for the stiff coils. Taking into account the hydrodynamic interaction of the chain elements, the gradient dependence cannot be computed precisely. Qualitative considerations yield an increased viscosity contribution with the stretching of the coils, since they become more permeable the more they are extended. Thus the intrinsic viscosity of quite soft molecules should increase with the gradient. In completely stiff coils, however, the partial solvent immobilization does not change the gradient dependence, on the whole, since the shapes and the shape distribution are unaltered by the flow, although the appearing of the effect is displaced to higher gradients, and the absolute value of the initial intrinsic viscosity is very markedly reduced. Experiments are too rare and not sufficiently precise to allow any reliable test of the theory. In most cases, the concentrations and the gradients are too high for an unambiguous extrapolation to infinite dilution and zero gradient viscosity. But they nevertheless seem to exclude the case of quite soft molecules and are not in contradiction with the general features of the theory.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 633-649 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nitrocellulose prepared from heterogeneously degraded cotton and technical rayon pulp has been divided into different fractions by adding water to the acetone solution. The osmotic pressure and the viscosity of each acetone solution at various concentrations have been measured. Within a range of concentration of 1.5 to 10 grams per liter the reduced osmotic pressure shows a linear dependence on the concentration. The molecular weight values obtained are in the range 26,000 to 2,500,000. The value of the virial coefficient B in the osmotic pressure equation depends on the molecular weight. With increased molecular weight the value of B decreases, at first strongly, later more slowly. This fact, which has also been observed on polystyrenes by Outer, Carr, and Zimm (measurements of light scattering), cannot be explained by the Flory-Huggins theory. It depends on the flexibility of the threadlike molecules. An equation is given showing the relationship between B and M in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. This equation contains as a parameter the length of a statistical chain element (Kuhn's theory), as obtained by viscosity measurements. Schulz stated that the entropy of dilution of the system nitrocellulose-acetone differs but little from the ideal value. Consequently the positive excess term calculated for the athermal solution has to be compensated by a further negative term deriving from the solvation. Until now calculations of the solvation only supplied positive terms. Yet, a negative term is obtained, considering the fact that the bond of the acetone molecules with the nitrocellulose is fixing the orientation of the acetone molecule in a much stronger way than it would be in pure acetone. The statistical mechanical calculation shows that this model gives satisfactory results. The measurements of the viscosity cannot be represented by the Huggins theory. The plotting of ηsp./c against c gives curves the slope of which strongly increases with the molecular weight. The molecular weight being rather high, no linear relationship can be reached in plotting ηsp./c against ηsp. The intrinsic viscosity therefore had to be determined by graphic extrapolating. These values are used to find the relationship between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight, and for the quantitative testing of the Kirkwood-Riseman theory. The Staudinger formula cannot be applied for higher degrees of polymerization. The Kirkwood-Riseman theory is confirmed for degrees of polymerization down to n ≈ 200. Below this value systematic discrepancies occur, the reasons for which are discussed. The measurements seem to demonstrate that there are small but characteristic differences between the molecular parameters of cotton cellulose and wood pulp.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 243-253 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general discussion about the method of colloid titrations is given in this report. A new titration method is based on the stoichiometric combination of positive and negative colloid ions. The end point is decided by indicators (known as metachromatic coloring matters) like toluidine blue. The standard colloid reagents are P.V.S.-K (potassium salt of polyvinyl alcohol sulfate) and Macramin (N-polymethylated chitosan derivatives). The typical operations of this method are described briefly: the direct, indirect, and differential titration methods. The colloid titration curve is somewhat different from the acid-base titration curve obtained potentiometrically, but it is characteristic and reproducible under definite conditions and so it is useful in quantitative and qualitative analysis. This titration may be carried out even under extraordinary dilute conditions (5 × 10-4 N) and the entire process is quite similar to the usual acid-alkali titration. The precision is below ±ca. 5% if the method is carefully followed.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 255-256 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 40
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 288-288 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The study of the rate of polymerization per particle in emulsion systems has been extended to include the following monomers and initiator systems: TextMonomerInitiator SystemStyrenePersulfateStyreneCHP-TETAIsopreneDIBHP-TEPAIn all cases, linear rates of polymerization were obtained in the region where the number of particles can be considered as remaining constant (30-60% conversion). Furthermore, the addition of catalyst in this region did not affect the rate of polymerization, so that a rate per particle could be calculated. From the rates per particle, the following absolute propagation rates were calculated for styrene and isoprene, and are compared with values obtained for styrene from photoinitiation studies: TextMonomerCatalyst systemEact.Akp at 60°C.StyrenePersulfate7.44.1 × 107277StyreneCHP-TETA8.43.3 × 107221StyrenePhotoinitiation7.82.2 × 107176IsopreneDIBHP-TEPA9.81.2 × 10850
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 337-343 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An x-ray diffraction camera, especially adapted for the study of fibers and high polymers, has been designed. By using only pure monochromatic light, obtained by reflection on a crystal of curved quartz (method of Guinier), it is possible to have the sample in a well controlled atmosphere and at a given temperature. The film is separated from the “laboratory-space” and maintained in vacuo. By this technique it was possible to improve considerably the quality of the diagram received.
    Notes: Une chambre de diffraction de rayons X spécialement adaptée à l'étude des fibres et des hauts polymères a été construite. Conçue de façon à utiliser un rayonnement strictement monochromatique obtenu par réflexion sur un cristal de quartz courbé (méthode Guinier), elle permet deplacer l'échantillon dans une atmosphère contrôlée et à une température déterminée. Le film est isolé de “l'espace laboratoire” et est maintenu dans le vide. La qualité des diagrammes a été considérablement améliorée par cette technique.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 93-95 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Decreases in particle weight of amylose on aging in neutral and in alkaline aqueous solution are demonstrated by measurements of turbidity as a function of concentration. This further verifies that the previously reported turbidity drops are a consequence of disaggregation of an unusual type of aggregate. The same particle weights are obtained, in the case of aggregated samples, at pH 4 and in normal KOH. Anomalies arise in dilution series carried out in neutral solution and in solutions at pH 4 in the case of amyloses of low degree of aggregation, and a probable explanation is given. Samples can be partially stabilized in a given state of disaggregation by rendering the solution alkaline, and normal dilution series curves result. Disaggregation of the “native” aggregates continues along with retrogradation, and the retrograded aggregates are broken down readily by alkali. This leads to a method of disaggregation based on retrogradation followed by solution in 0.5 N KOH.
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  • 46
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The optimum pH for the emulsion polymerization of hexamethylenedithiol and diallyldimethylsilane was found to be in the region of 3.0 to 4.0. A variety of polyalkylene sulfides containing silicon were prepared using bulk, solution, and emulsion polymerization techniques. All of the polyalkylene sulfides which contained silicon were heavy oily materials which were very “tacky”.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 69-71 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory of molecular distribution in condensation polymers has been extended to include systems of a rather general type. Equations for the distribution and the weight-average molecular weight are given.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The formation of “grafted” vinyl copolymers by polymerizing one monomer in the presence of a preformed vinyl polymer has been extended to a new monomer-polymer combination and one point of attachment of the lateral (grafted) polymer chain has been shown precisely. When ethylene was polymerized in the presence of polyvinyl acetate under a variety of conditions, modified polyvinyl acetates having lateral polyethylene chains were formed. Alkaline methanolysis of such modified polymers yielded mixtures of long-chain fatty acids and ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohols (which were inseparable from any unmodified polyvinyl alcohol that may have been present). The hydrolysis to long-chain acids shows that polyvinyl acetate acts as a chain transfer agent and that one point of lateral growth of polyethylene chains is the —CH3 in the acetoxy group of polyvinyl acetate. The second hydrolysis product, the ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohol, shows that chain transfer, and subsequent growth of polyethylene chains, can also occur on the chain carbons of polyvinyl acetate. Oxidation of the ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohols yielded a mixture of oxalic acid and long-chain fatty acids. At the low ethylene pressures studied (300 to 1200 p.s.i.) only traces to small amounts of low molecular weight polyethylene waxes were formed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aqueous alkali has been assumed to be a good solvent for amylose, and has been used as a medium for physicochemical studies on this polymer. It is shown that there is a slow but substantial reduction in the turbidity of normal KOH solutions of amylose, even in the almost total absence of oxygen. More significantly there is a corresponding, but much more rapid, drop in turbidity in neutral solutions (pH 6.5-7.0). At pH 4.0 the turbidities are, in general, constant for up to at least 30 days. The results are interpreted on the basis of aggregates, which evidently must be of a very special type and are termed “native” aggregates. It is suggested that these may consist of amylose in essentially the helical configuration. The properties of these aggregates are in strong contrast to those of the retrograded aggregates. In the form of the first type of aggregate the amylose will not retrograde, at room temperature, without undergoing first a drop in turbidity suggesting that the transition from the “native” to the retrograded aggregate passes through the molecular state. The native aggregates are stabilized toward both disaggregation and retrogradation by pretreatment with iodine. Disaggregation is accompanied by a drop in relative viscosity. Some of the implications of these unexpected observations are pointed out.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 476-478 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 51
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 478-480 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In applying the quadratic form π/c = (π/c)0[1 + Γ2c + Γ3c2] to osmotic pressure of dilute polymer solutions, the use of a third coefficient (Γ3), which is related semitheoreti-cally to the second (Γ2), is to be recommended over the use of unrestricted coefficients, both from the standpoint of expediency and of accuracy in the values so obtained for the intercept (π/c)0. and the initial slope (π/c)0Γ2.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the copolymerization behavior of perfluoropropene, perfluorobutene-1, perfluorobutene-2, perfluoroisobutene, perfluoropentene-1, and perfluorononene-1. We have so far not succeeded in homopolymerizing these olefins. However, certain nonfluorinated, nonconjugated comonomers-ethylene, vinyl. chloride, vinyl acetate, and the vinyl alkyl ethers-were found to copolymerize readily, giving copolymers containing up to 50 mole per cent, and in some cases slightly more than this, of the perfluoro-olefin in the copolymer. The higher members of the series copolymerize in general less readily than the lower members. The products ranged from viscous oils to tough, film-forming solids. The difficulty of homopolymerization and the relative ease of copolymerization of the perfluoro-olefins with the above comonomers are discussed and interpreted in terms of probable electron distributions around the double-bond.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study was made of the copolymerization of vinyl acetate with vinyl palmitate, vinyl stearate, and vinyl oleate, respectively, True copolymerization was shown to have occurred on the basis of the solubility characteristics of the crude copolymers over a wide range of compositions. The monomer reactivity ratios for the comonomers vinyl palmitate (r1) and vinyl acetate (r2) were determined by two methods. One, based on an analysis of the copolymer, gave r1 = 0.78 ± 0.10 and r2 = 1.15 ± 0.13; the other, based on an analysis for each monomer in the mixture remaining after polymerization, gave r1 = 0.66 ± 0.07 and r2 = 0.84 ± 0.10. When the vinyl palmitate or vinyl stearate content of the copolymer exceeded about 20-25 mole per cent, the copolymers exhibited first-order transition points which were determined using a refractive index technique as well as a polarizing microscope method. Where no transition point could be observed, brittle point measurements were made.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A polysoap was prepared from poly-4-vinylpyridine by quaternizing 43.4% of the pyridine nitrogens with ethyl bromide and 46.7% with n-dodecyl bromide. Temperatures considerably higher than 25°C. were necessary to bring the polysoap into solution; but, once prepared, the solutions remained stable when cooled to 25°C. Viscosities measured just after the polymer had dissolved were irreproducible. On further heating, the viscosity decreased, eventually reaching a constant value which was reproducible. The viscosity decreases of three portions of a 0.5% solution was followed at 45°C., 55°C., and 65°C., respectively, and it was found to be fastest at the highest at the highest of these temperatures and slowest at the lowest. The final values reached at all three temperatures were approximately the same. These results are consistent with the assumption that the initially irreproducible viscosities are due to clusters of polysoap molecules which have not had enough time to break up. Prolonged heating is necessary to produce complete dissolution into individual molecules. Once reproducibility was attained it was shown that the polysoap exhibited essentially the same viscosity and solubilization characteristics as had previously been observed for polysoaps derived from poly-2-vinylpyridine.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 252-252 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 229-251 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A mechanism is proposed for the degradation of natural rubber by the cold mastication process. The rubber hydrocarbon is considered to be ruptured into free radicals by the deformation of the rubber. These recombine, or react with oxygen or other suitable reactant, and thereafter do not necessarily recombine. Experimental evidence supporting this mechanism is reported, mainly the masticating or rubber in an atmosphere of nitrogen after incorporation of substances likely to interact with the radical ends of the ruptured chains. Forty-seven substances functioning in this way are listed. A more detailed study has been carried out with one of these, benzoquinone, varying separately concentration, time of mastication, temperature, and mean chain length of rubber. A similar mechanism is shown to apply to the synthetic rubbers tested. The probable chemical reactions occuring and the correlation of cold mastication with other freeradical systems are discussed. The role of oxygen in cold mastication is considered in detail. The possible significance and practical application of the work is suggested.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 279-281 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 282-285 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 60
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Relationships between organic compounds of silicon and carbon are based, in large part, upon the facts that the two elements have the same normal covalence and bonding orbitals, but different atomic weights, covalent radii, electronegativity, and maximum covalence. Similarities are most noticeable in the physical properties; and differences, in the chemical properties of analogous compounds of the two elements. One of the most outstanding chemical differences is seen in the high reactivity of bonds between silicon and electronegative elements when compared with similar bonds to carbon. The silicon halides are much more readily hydrolyzed than are analogous carbon halides, and the two types may hydrolyze by different mechanisms. In the hydrolysis of carbon of carbon halides the importance of bond breaking almost always equals, and frequently far exceeds, that of bond making. In the hydrolysis of silicon halides, however, exactly the reverse is true. The greater size of the silicon atom is illustrated by the case of formation of such compounds as tetraphenylsilane and hexaphenyldisilane, but the unreactivity of silicon compounds containing α-substituted groups shows that steric interference between groups attached to silicon does occur. Well-authenticated compounds containing silicon-silicon or silicon-carbon double bonds are unknown, and evidence that resonance contributions from such structures are small is found in the facts that siliconium ions are not formed from triarylsilanols by acid, hexaaryldisilanes do not dissociate into free radicals, and the retarding effect of the p-dimethylamino group is less in the hydrolysis of triarylsilanes than in the hydrolysis of ethyl benzoates.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By emulsion polymerization at 55°C., samples of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer were prepared, whose content of divinylbenzene varied from 0 to 0.150%. Measurements of intrinsic viscosity and of the slope constants β and k′ were made, at 25.0°C. in butanone and in benzene, of these samples and of fractions obtained from them by fractional precipitation. In both solvents the intrinsic viscosity of unfractionated polymer was at a maximum at a divinylbenzene content of about 0.005% and k′ was at a maximum at about 0.10%. Since the gel point was also in the neighborhood of 0.10%, it is concluded that a maximum in k′ is a better indication of the gel point than a maximum in [η]. As with linear polymers, [η] was smaller and k′ larger in the poorer solvent. For the higher fractions of a given lightly cross-linked sample, k′ increased with increasing intrinsic viscosity, deviating progressively more from the value (0.40 in butanone) characteristic of the low fractions and of linear polystyrene. This progressive deviation appeared to begin at an intrisic viscosity which for different samples decreased with increasing proportion of divinylbenzene. These effects are accounted for qualitatively in termas of Baker's “microgel” concept and the effects of the two solvents on the dissolved molecules and dispersed microgel particles.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 286-288 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent advances in the techniques and theories of low-angle x-ray diffraction are critically analyzed from the point of view of the practical possibilities they offer in the investigation of macromolecules and micelles.
    Notes: Les progrès récents réalisés dans la technique et dam les différentes théories de la diffraction des réactions-X à faible angle sont analysés de façon critique en vue d'examiner les possibilités pratiques qu'ils offrent dans les recherche sur les macromolécules et les miceues.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 575-579 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 66
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 579-581 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new light-scattering instrument is described, in which the incident light beam is rotated by a mirror system, and the photomultiplier cell (E.M.I. type 5311) which measures the scattered light remains stationary. A study of the osmotic and light-scattering molecular weights (Mw) of a series of polyvinyl acetate fractions shows that the process of fractionation separates the several molecular species present according to both size and shape. The average dimensions of the polymer chain (D) can be deduced from the dissymmetry measurements, assuming the random chain model. These results show that the most insoluble fraction has the highest molecular weight, but is also the least extended in solution. The lower-molecular-weight samples are relatively longer. The ratio Mw/D2 is a measure of the degree of branching of the polymer chain, and the minimum value measured for ten samples is 0.5. This is believed to be the value characteristic of the linear molecule. A photopolymer prepared at -25°C. and low conversion, that is, under conditions favoring the formation of linear polyvinyl acetate molecules, also had this same minimum value of Mw/D2 = 0.5.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To continue the study of the effect of structure on reactivity, an experimental investigation of the free radical copolymerization behavior of eight monomer pairs has been made. The monomer pairs include: vinyl acetate-methyl vinyl ketone; vinyl acetate-1,3-acetoxybutadiene; acrylonitrile-1,3-acetoxybutadiene; methylacrolein-acrylonitrile; vinylsulfonic acid-methyl methacrylate; 2,5-dichlorostyrene-2,5-dimethylstyrene; vinyl acetate-fumaryl chloride; and styrene-fumaryl chloride.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The emulsion copolymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene (25) is initiated by redox systems containing potassium chromate as oxidizing constituent. In alkaline (soap) recipes, the system chromate-arsenic trioxide is especially effective, giving a rate of conversion of about 20% per hour at 30°C. with 5 parts of potassium myristate (0.3 part of potassium chromate and 0.07 part of arsenic trioxide per 100 parts of monomers). Other fatty acid soaps or sodium alkyl sulfate may be used instead of myristate, although no other soap or emulsifier tested gives a rate as large as does myristate. Mercaptan has a slight accelerating effect but the presence of mercaptan is not necessary for initiation of polymerization. The use of arsenic trisulfide as reducing agent gives rise to rapid polymerization but the rates vary with different suspensions of arsenic trisulfide. Potassium antimonyl tartrate also may be used in combination with chromate to give rapid polymerization at 40°C. with fatty acid soap. Tin(II) is much less effective than either arsenic(III) or antimony(III). Inorganic reducing agents which in combination with chromate are inefficient in initiating the copolymerization include iron(II), thallium(I), dithionite, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and sulfide.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new initiating system, named the “Veroxazine” system, for the copolymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene (25) is described. Ferric versenate is reduced by hydrazine to the ferrous complex which in turn reacts with hydroperoxide to produce the radicals which initiate polymerization. At 5°C., with 5 parts of K-fatty acid soap, 0.1 part of Diox D, 0.1 part of N2H4·H2SO4, 0.0615 part of sodium hydroxide (to give free hydrazine base from the salt), 0.0005 M ferric iron (equivalent to 0.036 part ferric nitrate nonahydrate per 100 parts monomers), 0.0005 M versene, 1 part of K4P2O7 and 0.3 part sulfole, 70% conversion is reached in 12 hours. The rate of conversion can be varied within wide limits by changing the concentration of ferric iron, versene, or hydrazine. Typical conversion-time data at 5°C. with K-fatty acid soap, 0.1 Diox D, and 1 part of K4P2O7 are summarized below. TextFe(III)VN2H4·H2SO4, partConversion, %124812 hrs.0.005M0.002M0.114254790 - 0.002M0.001M0.111224475 - 0.001M0.0008M0.19193264850.0005M0.0005M0.16162848700.0003M0.0002M0.14101938530.001M0.0005M0.417315292 - 0.001M0.0005M0.215274081 - 0.001M0.0005M0.111213362830.001M0.0005M0.05614274766With a given concentration of ferric iron the maximum rate is found with a molar concentration of versene slightly smaller than that of ferric iron. The excess of ferric iron over versene is kept in aqueous solution as the complex with pyrophosphate. The addition of potassium pyrophosphate up to one part increases the rate of conversion and yields a normal latex free from precoagulation. In the absence of pyrophosphate a viscous latex subject to precoagulation is obtained. The effects of kind and amounts of soap, of free acid or base, of kind and concentration of hydroperoxide, kind and concentration of mercaptan, of oxygen, of methanol, and of shortstops have been investigated. Veroxazine recipes which give from 55 to 70% conversion in 12 hours at -5°C. are described.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic equations are derived, first for degradation of polymers as a reversal of polymerization processes and, second, for degradation polymerization processes ultimately leading to equilibria between monomer and polymer.
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  • 72
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Intrinsic viscosities of low molecular weight polystyrene fractions measured in an “ideal” solvent (i.e., in cyclohexane at the “θ temperature,” 34°C.) are in accord with the relationship [η]θ = KM1/2. Even at a molecular weight of only 4000, the observed value of K agrees with that for high molecular weights.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 385-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A detailed study has been made of the scratches produced by a needle on natural rubber vulcanizates of different composition. The surface damage brought about in this way depends markedly on the nature of the rubber. In particular, the traces on unloaded vulcanizates are discontinuous whereas the traces on carbon loaded rubbers of the tire tread type are continuous. It has been found possible to explain the results qualitatively by reference to hardness, friction, and tear resistance of the vulcanizates.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 405-415 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: With the polyelectrolyte solutions prepared by adding potassium chloride into the solution of sodium carboxymethyl celluloses in the various proportions, the activity of chloride ion was measured potentiometrically, from which the ionic strength of the sample solutions was computed. From these experimental results it has been found that Lewis' law of ionic strength, although it does not hold in the original sense as it is, seems applicable for the polyelectrolyte solutions if an assumption is permitted that the so-called segment accompanied by a portion of counterions behaves like a permanent point-charge ion. Thus, the degree of fixation of counterions was computed, and the dissociation state of strong polyelectrolyte was discussed. Furthermore, a brief report was made on the difference between the activity coefficients of byions and counterions in their thermodynamical meaning as well as on the connection of the nature of polyelectrolyte solutions with that of simple electrolyte solutions according to the authors' two phase conception.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 417-422 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The vapor pressures of monomeric styrene and methyl methacrylate have been measured over a wide range of temperatures. The data are compared with values in the literature where this is possible.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 463-465 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new recipe called the Veroxasulfide Recipe is described for the polymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene (25). The initiating system is composed of ferric versenate, sodium sulfide, and a hydroperoxide. With K-fatty acid soap as emulsifier, the use of 0.00728 part of ferric nitrate nonahydrate (corresponding to 10-4 M ferric iron in the aqueous phase), 10-4 M versene, 0.02 part of sodium sulfide, and 0.1 part of Diox D, the following conversions are found at 5°C.: TextTime, hrs.124812Conversion, %816326685The optimum amount of sodium sulfide is 0.02 part (equivalent to 0.062 part of the nonahydrate) but the rate does not depend critically on the amount. The optimum rate is found with approximately 0.00025 M ferric versenate (8.3% in 8 hours at 5°C.) and the rate may be adjusted conveniently by adjustment of the amount of ferric versenate. The presence of a considerable excess of versene over ferric iron does not affect the rate. With less versene than the amount equimolar to the amount of ferric iron the rate corresponds approximately to that observed with the corresponding amount of ferric versenate; that is, the rate is determined by the amount of ferric versenate rather than by the total amount of ferric iron. Latex of normal fluidity is obtained with charges containing 0.5 part or more of potassium chloride; without added electrolyte thick latex subject to precoagulation is obtained. Satisfactory rates are found with mixtures of Dresinate 214 and K-fatty acid soap. Mercaptan is not needed for initiation; the same rate is found with n-dodecyl mercaptan, with sulfole mercaptan, and without mercaptan. The kind of agitation has no or slight effect on the rate. Added oxygen has only a slight effect which is largely eliminated by the addition of sodium dithionite. A recipe is given which at -5°C. yields 70-75% conversion in 12 hours. Polymerization using the Veroxasulfide recipe at 25°C. may provide a sensitive test for traces of iron in ingredients used in polymerization recipes, since with 2 × 10-6 M ferric versenate (corresponding to 0.1 p.p.m. of ferric iron per liter of aqueous phase), 32% conversion is reached in 11 hours, whereas in the absence of iron 3% conversion is reached in the same time.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 467-475 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A thorough experimental study of the ionic polymerization of styrene using antimony pentachloride containing radioactive antimony as the catalyst shows that, contrary to earlier work, no catalyst remains attached to the polymer chain. The implication of this finding for the mechanism of ionic polymerization is discussed.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 476-476 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some copolymers which contain either aldehyde or ketone carbonyl groups have been treated with phosphorus trichloride and then in sequence with acetic acid and water. On the basis of phosphorus analyses of the resulting products, α-hydroxyphosphonic acid groups have been introduced in amounts ranging from zero to 100% of the theoretical amount. These phosphorus containing polymers with 2% or more of phosphorus are somewhat flame resistant.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A sample of copolymer of divinylbenzene and styrene has been prepared and fractionated. Using the techniques of light scattering and viscometry the relations between the molecular size, intrinsic viscosity, and weight-average molecular weight have been determined. The results may be interpreted in terms of the already existing theory of branched polymers. The curve of logarithm of intrinsic viscosity plotted against logarithm of molecular weight shows clearly the effect of branching in the polymer chains, the intrinsic viscosities of the higher molecular weight fractions being low compared to those of pure polystyrene. The mean square radius of the molecules as determined by light scattering shows similar effects, though complications obscure the picture. Some of the other solution properties of the branched materials also are peculiar. The results show that the semiquantitative determination of branching is possible in this way.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 503-518 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A review of the data available in the literature and new data reported in this paper show that in any homologous series of condensation polymers there is a uniform change in the melting point as the hydrocarbon content of the polymer is increased. If all such series are treated as copolymers of the simplest modifying element and polyethylene and the composition expressed on a mole fraction basis, the data when presented graphically show that the melting points of any such series passes through a minimum at some intermediate composition. The position of the minimum as well as the depth of the minimum is dependent on the polarity of the modifying group. This survey has included aliphatic polyesters, aromatic polyesters, polysulfides, cellulose derivatives, and polyamides. Some of the series are complete enough to show a definite minimum with compositions on either side of the minimum with higher melting points. In some compositions based on the very highly polar groups, such as amides, the series is not complete enough to establish the complete shape of the curve, but the indications are strong that the minimum does exist.
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The high crystallite melting point of polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene) compared with the melting points of the aliphatic polyesters emphasizes the significance of the p-phenylene linkage as an important factor determining polymer properties. A consideration of other polymer structures containing the p-phenylene linkage shows that its influence is independent of any polar groups which may be present. X-ray examination of the crystallite structure of polyethylene terephthalate and related substances has revealed no evidence of strong intermolecular forces.From a study of co-polyesters based upon polyethylene terephthalate with aliphatic dibasic acids it is shown that the melting point of compositions containing more than 40 mole per cent of ethylene terephthalate is essentially independent of the aliphatic di-basic acid employed. The Flory relationship between crystallite melting point and mole fraction of the units forming the crystallites shows fair agreement with the results obtained. The calculated latent heat of fusion of polyethylene terephthalate approaches closely to that of the corresponding aliphatic polyesters, and suggests that the high melting point induced by the p-phenylene linkage is due to chain rigidity rather than to strong interchain attraction.This rigidity is consistent with the second order transition temperatures of such polyesters. It is shown that second order transition temperature is a linear function of the number of p-phenylene linkages per unit chain length. The p-phenylene linkage reduces the possibilities of change of shape available to a given length of chain, so accounting for the low entropy of crystallization and high melting point of polyethylene terephthalate.Evidence is advanced for the isomorphism of adipyl and terephthalyl linkages in linear polyamides. The absence of isomorphism in polyethylene adipate/terephthalate copolymers is ascribed to the weakness of the interchain forces.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: (1)The reactivity of monomers in an ionic copolymerization is shown to be a function of the polarity of the substituent on the ethylenic double bond.(2)The nonalternating tendency is explained by the absence of an alternating polar effect during the propagation step.(3)The results seem to indicate in the case of the monomers studied here the absence of any other selective effects (e.g., steric) and furthermore that the reactivity of the carbonium ions derived from these different monomers is the same. Therefore it is suggested that:(4)The original Wall equation, dM1/dM2 = α(M1/M2) may be applied.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: If a great similarity exists between polyamides n-n′ and 1-n′, the latter show characteristics which indicate that their spatial structure is different from that of polyamide n-n′. More precisely, it is possible to admit the existence in these compounds of interaction forces of order two due to hydrogen bond; and these forces are amplified by the proximity of the —CONH— groups. Therefore the melt point F of these compounds is abnormally high, which causes the difference between the normal polyamides.These conclusions, however, do not claim to be absolute; it is not impossible that there will be some cross links between the molecular chains. Therefore, the structure of the polyamides 1-n more nearly resembles that of urea-formaldehyde resins than that of nylon.
    Notes: D'autres travaux sont encore à effectuer pour permettre un choix certain entre ces trois hypothèses. Les faits expérimentaux montrent cependant que, s'il existe une grande ressemblance entre les polyamides n-n′ et 1-n′, ces derniers presentent des particularités qui permettent de supposer que leur structure spatiale peut differer de celle des polyamides n-n′. Plus précisément, il est possible d'admettre l'existance dans ces composés, de forces d'interactions hydrogène d'ordre bifurque, que la proximité des groupements —CONH— amplifie. Cela se traduit par une élévation anormale du point de fusion de ces composes qui les met à part dans la hiérarchie des polyamides normaux.Il faut signaler cependant que ces conclusions ne peuvent, en l'état de la question, ětre absolues, et qu'il y a lieu de ne pas négliger la possibilité de l'existence de ponts de covalence interchaînes qui rapprocheraient alors les polyamides 1-n des résines uréeformol plutôt que des Nylons.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The lowering of the vapor pressure of the solvent in solutions of low molecular weight polystyrenes in benzene and in toluene was measured by a differential manometer. Heats of dilution of the same solutions were measured in a small calorimeter. The calorimeter had been designed in such a way that there was no vapor space above the solution and above the solvent. The activity of the solvent as a function of concentration can be represented either by Orr and by Guggenheim's formulas, using site fractions, or by Huggins' and by Flory's formula, using volume fractions, but only in the latter case is the interaction constant μ independent of the solvent, and only slightly dependent on chain length. Heat is always evolved on dilution and can be represented by a van Laar type of expression. The partial molar entropy of mixing of the solvent comes out very near to its value in an ideal solution. No satisfactory explanation can be given in terms of current statistical theories based on the lattice model.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the description of a simple technique for determining the molecular weight distribution curve of polystyrene (and presumably any other soluble polymer consisting of a polymer-homologous series). The general theory of the method as well as preliminary experimental results will be covered. The method is characterized by: (1) simple technique and equipment; (2) no need to isolate and measure fractions; and (3) a general basis in thermodynamic theory of polymer solutions, although a double calibration is needed to determine numerical parameters. The method consists in adding increasing quantities of nonsolvent to a dilute solution of polystyrene in a good solvent and observing the cumulative volume of precipitate as a function of nonsolvent content. The settled gel must re-equilibrate (hence deswell) with the new solvent after each alcohol addition. The swelling ratio, S (cc. of swollen gel per gram of dry polymer), of the swollen precipitate is approximately independent of the molecular weight and depends mainly on the volume percent of nonsolvent, γ according to (1)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma {\rm } = {\rm }\alpha + {\sigma \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\sigma {\left( {S^S } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {S^S } \right)}} $\end{document} where α, σ, and s are constants. Likewise, the molecular weight, M, of the species precipitated at any nonsolvent content is given by the Schulz precipitability equation: (2)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma {\rm } = {\rm }\alpha + {\beta \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\beta {\left( {M^m } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {M^m } \right)}} $\end{document} where α, β, and m are constants. For the system polystyrene-benzene-methanol, we find s = 4/3 while Schulz had already noted that m = 2/3. Elimination of γ and α leads to the prediction of a linear relation between M and S2. A two-fold calibration to obtain the constants in equations (1) and (2) is necessary to convert the observed data to an absolute cumulative weight versus molecular weight curve. However, even the simple plot of cc. of precipitate versus percent nonsolvent is informative. The relationship of these results to the thermodynamic theories of polymer solutions of Flory, Huggins, Gee, and Scott is outlined. The plot of cumulative volume of precipitate against percent nonsolvent has two characteristic features: an inflection point and a maximum. If the original polymer has a weight distribution function of the Schulz type, i.e., MkM × (1 - k)2, where k is related to the number-average molecular weight, M̄n, through M̄n = M0(1 - k)-1, then it can be shown that the maximum occurs at M̄n while the inflection point occurs at 2.15 M̄n.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Branching and cross-linking are noted in emulsion and mass polymerizations involving vinyl benzoate and nuclearly substituted vinyl benzoates. A theory is proposed to account for this phenomenon based on free radical addition to the benzoate nucleus. Six new vinyl esters of substituted benzoic acids are described.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 89
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 123-125 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study has been carried out on the emulsion polymerization of butadiene, using the Mutual Recipe, in an attempt to evaluate the absolute propagation rate, according to the theory of Smith and Ewart, from a determination of the rate of polymerization per particle of latex. It was found, as expected, that the number of particles formed is a function of the temperature of initiation, almost doubling in number for a 10°C. rise in temperature. This number is also a function of the soap charge, being approximately proportional to the square root of the soap concentration. Unlike the case of styrene polymerization, the rate of polymerization per particle was found to be affected by the amount of soap adsorbed on the particle, hence it cannot be considered as representing the true propagation rate for butadiene. However, the rate of polymerization, when calculated per mole of soap present, was found to be a function of temperature only, yielding an activation energy value of ca. 14 kcal.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper presents certain results concerning the solubility of polyvinyl chloride in mixed solvents of which one is carbon disulfide or acetone. The technique consists in immersing a pressed disc of the polymer in the mixed solvent at constant temperature for a fixed length of time and observing the depth of penetration of the solvent into the sectioned disc. Three classes of solvents are distinguished. (1) Inert solvents producing no change. (2) “Disintegrating liquids” in which dissolution proceeds without previous visible swelling. (3) Solvents producing swelling (“gelatinization”) and sometimes subsequent dissolution. The speed of penetration of several pairs of solvents are examined over the whole concentration range and a maximum in the depth of penetration is found on varying the solvent composition, at near stoichiometric proportions. It is suggested that the speed of penetration is closely related to solvent power, and the importance of solvation of the polymer (perhaps strong enough to be called “molecular combination”) both in swelling and in completed dispersion is stressed. It is concluded that class 3 solvents (high dipole moments) increase the solubility of class 2 solvents (low to zero dipole moment) by the solvation effect.
    Notes: Après avoir rappelé quelques considérations générales concernant la mise en solution des hauts polymères dans les liquides organiques, les auteurs relatent les principaux résultats de leurs expériences sur la solubilisation des chlorures de polyvinyle industriels dans les liquides binaires. Ils montrent qu'en pastillant par compression le polymère il est possible d'examiner sur ces comprimés l'action de divers liquides et distinguent: (1) les liquides inertes; (2) les liquides désagrégeants; (3) les liquides gélatinisants. Les meilleurs solvants binaires se présentent généralement sous forme de mélange d'un liquide gélatinisant et d'un liquide désagrégeant ce qui revient à combiner l'action d'un liquide polaire et d'un liquide non polaire.Ils montrent ensuite comment on peut apprécier le pouvoir solvant d'un solvant binaire en fonction de sa composition en mesurant la vitesse de pénétration de ce dernier dans une pastille de polymère. Les courbes obtenues ainsi accusent des maxima correspondant sensiblement à des rapports stoechiométriques simples entre les molécules des deux constituants.Ils insistent ensuite sur la nécessité de considérer un phénomène de solvatation comme facteur de gélification et, par suite, comme premier stade de la dissolution. Ceci s'appuie sur leur détermination des degrés de solvatation du chlorure de polyvinyle au moyen de la méthode graphique des restes. Ces solvates font intervenir un seul ou deux des constituants du liquide binaire utilisé comme solvant. Mais dans le cas d'une fixation simultanée des deux constituants du solvant sur le polymère il y a lieu de considérer une action individuelle de ces deux constituants, les propriétés physiques des mélanges étudiés excluant en effet l'hypothèse de complexes d'addition dans le solvant binaire lui-même.Enfin les auteurs pensent que la solvatation des molécules du polymère persiste dans la solution colloïdale de ce dernier et annoncent qu'ils poursuivent actuellement leurs essais dans le but de mettre cette solvatation en évidence.
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  • 92
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cyclopentadiene can be catalytically converted into a deep red polycyclopentadienetrichloroacetic acid adduct (I). Oxidation and hydrogenation experiments show that each repeating unit of (I) contains one double bond. Other observations, including spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements indicate that these double bonds are conjugated, and that this polymerization involves the migration of hydrogen atoms. The kinetics of the formation of (I) are investigated and some results of these measurements, together with those pertaining to the alkaline hydrolysis of (I), make it probable that the initiation step is in acid-catalyzed esterification of the diene and that the final polymer is an ester. Colloid chemical properties of (I) are described.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 129-155 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A frequency-dependent stiffness μB was found from the action of high frequency shear waves on dilute solutions of polyisobutylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, hevea rubber, and polybutadiene microgel. A dynamic viscosity associated with streaming of solvent through the molecular coil, ηB, dropped far more rapidly with rising temperature than solvent viscosity, denoting that it, too, reflected configurational changes. (The μB for polyisobutylene in solution declined moderately with rising temperature, corresponding to an exponential coefficient of 2.3 kcal.) This behavior suggested three chief mechanisms for deformation of isolated chains: (1) viscoelastic configuration changes (W. Kuhn's “macroconstellation changes”) with contribution to rigidity per average molecule per cubic centimeter of solution of 〈 μ2 〉 or force constant 〈 f2 〉; (2) temporary entanglements of interpenetrating segments in the chain coil (like the interchain entanglements in concentrated solutions of J. D. Ferry), with contribution to rigidity 〈 μ3 〉; and (3) restrictions to rotational flexibility around chain linkages, with rigidity contribution 〈 μ4 〉. Arrangement of these processes in parallel with solvent viscosity yielded frequency-independent constants in agreement with the limited data so far obtained in the 103 to 108 cycle range.Such a model gave molecular mechanical constants correlating roughly with chemical structures. For polyisobutylene, force constants per average molecule were 〈 f2 〉 = 17.1 × 10-13 dyne cm., 〈 f3 〉 = 6.3 × 10-12 and 〈 f4 〉 = 1.6 × 10-10. Lower molecular weight (1.2 × 106 vs. 3.9 × 106) gave slightly lower values. 〈 f4 〉 represents restrictions to rotation per isobutylene residue in the chain of 2.3 × 10-15, or about 104 less than valence bond infrared vibrational or twisting force constants for hydrocarbons. The combined average chain rigidities expressed by the force constant 〈 fB 〉, at 20 kc. and 25°C. were, for polyisobutylene of M̄V ∼ 106, 1.8 × 10-12; hevea rubber of M̄V = 2.3 × 105, 1.5 × 10-15; polystyrene of M̄V = 2.3 × 105, 4.5 × 10-16. Hence, single polystyrene chains are quite flexible, but polybutadiene microgel has 〈 fB 〉 = 5.2 × 10-11, for M̄W ∼ 18 × 106, showing effect of internal cross-linking.“Poor” solvents (“solvent power” μ 〉 0) caused chain rigidity of polyisobutylene and polystyrene to decrease, compared to good solvents (“solvent power” μ ∼ 0), and viscosity decreased also. Apparent decrease in 〈 fB 〉 apparently means external (solvent) “compression” of chain, and agrees with technological efficiency of poorly compatible plasticizers.Complete theory of effects has been outlined by Kirkwood, for a rod model. Great range of rigidities shown even by hydrocarbon chains (intrinsic rigidity of polyethylene soln., [μ] = 906 dynes/cm.2, of polypropylene soln., [μ] = 92 dynes/cm.2) has not yet been treated, however.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermokinetic aspects of adsorption and of the heat evolved as functions of the amount of substance absorbed per weight gram of adsorbent were followed by measurements on a microcalorimeter (especially designed for slow processes). For insoluble substances these experiments make possible evaluation of the area and surface of powders and of the approximate expansion rate of the films, as well as a study of the activated surface fraction. For soluble compounds they show the generally well-known phenomenon of adsorption which precedes dissolution and make possible the interpretation of the mechanism of dissolution. For macromolecular substances they permit classification of the solvents and gelatinizing agents according to their activity, and the study of swelling, the complex of solvation, etc.
    Notes: L'étude thermocinètique de l'adsorption et celle de la chaleur dégagée en fonction de la masse du corps adsorbé par unité de masse de l'adsorbant réalisées au microcalorimètre (spécialement adapté à la mesure des phénomènes lents) nous parait présenter un grand intérêt: pour les corps insolubles ces études permettent l'évaluation des surfaces des poudres, la mesure approximative de la vitesse d'expansion des films, l'étude de la fraction activée des surfaces; pour les corps solubles elles permettent de mettre en évidence le phénomène très général de l'adsorption qui précède la dissolution et d'interpréter le mécanisme de la dissolution; pour les substances macromoléculaires elles permettent de classer les solvants ou gélatinisants suivant leur activité, d'étudier le gonflement, les complexes de solvatation, etc. Tout cela démontre le nécessité d'organiser des Centres bien équipés de microcalorométrie des phénomènes lents.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the usual model of linear macromolecules the number of chain links, Z, is so assumed that in the calculation only the highest term in Z need be considered. This is correct if Z is infinite, and holds fairly well in the soft, flexible molecules, but fails completely in the stiffer ones - like cellulose - even for molecular weights of some hundred thousands. With the exact values for the effective distance of the chain elements the theory of the sedimentation constant and of the intrinsic viscosity yield results which fit the experiments much better than could be achieved by the simple theory of the infinite chain. In plotting log (M/[η]) and log [s] versus log M, a pair of the characteristic parameters α and a/b can be determined from the experiments. Since α = cos β is the mean cosine between two consecutive links, it measures the stiffness of the macromolecule. In the second parameter a is the hydrodynamic radius and b the length of the chain unit. The values for cellulose acetate in acetone are in good agreement with our knowledge about the cellulose.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the extent of hydrolysis in a given set of conditions is qualitatively related to the thickness of the rayon skin. This interpretation is preferable to that of relating extent of hydrolysis to crystalline amorphous ratio.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and the properties of permutoids with ionic active groups and the kinetics of the decomposition of diazoacetic ester and of nitrosomethylurea through the ionic active groups are dealt with. A discussion follows of the synthesis of high polymers and permutoids with active groups of the chlorophyll and hemin series obtained by the introduction of the corresponding active groups into high-polymeric compounds, by copolymerization, and by inclusion of the prosthetic group in the polycondensation process. A report is added on the optical properties of the high-molecular compounds provided with active groups and on remarkable differences between low-molecular compounds in a dissolved state and as active groups linked to high polymers. The apparatuses developed for taking absorption and reflection spectra are described. Finally, the catalytic effect of the high polymers provided with active groups of the hemin series is examined.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinyl alcohol was condensed with straight and branched chain aldehydes (CnH2nO, n = 2 to 8) to varying degrees of completion. Measurements on resins and plasticized compositions included apparent modulus of elasticity at various temperatures, brittle temperature, tensile strength and elongation, and solubility. From these measurements it is concluded that: (1) Increasing degree of acetalization results in lowered transition temperature, lower stiffness at transition, narrower transition range, higher brittle temperature, decreased tensile strength, and shift in solubility toward solvents of lower dielectric constant. (2) Acetals of higher normal aldehydes have lower transition and brittle temperatures, lower tensile strength, and more limited solubility. (3) Branched chain aldehydes have higher transition and brittle temperatures than their normal isomers.
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