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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (16,997)
  • General Chemistry  (12,303)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (16,482)
  • 1960-1964  (11,608)
  • 1910-1914  (2,932)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 32-39 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical behaviour of iron-chromium alloys GX 40 Cr 30 and GX 120 Cr 30 in sulfate and chloride containing electrolytesWhen iron-chromium alloys of the types given above are exposed to 1 N sulfuric acid the grain faces are attaqued, and this attack depends from the previous thermal treatment. The result obtained show, however, that the measurement method has a pronounced effect, too. With potentiodynamic polarisation a second maximum is found in the current density/potential curves; this second maximum is not connected with an intercrystalline corrosion and is not found when the experiments are made in quasistationary conditions with fresh electrodes. In chloride containing electrolytes potentiodynamic polarisation gives rise to pitting corrosion while under stationary conditions a grain face corrosion starting from the phase boundaries is observed.
    Notes: Werden Eisen-Chrom-Legierungen der oben genannten Arten der Einwirkung von 1 n Schwefelsäure ausgesetzt, so werden die Kornflächen angegriffen; das Ausmaß des Angriffs ist dabei abhängig von der vorherigen Wärmebehandlung. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen indessen, daß auch die verwendete Meßmethode eine ausgeprägte Wirkung besitzt. Bei potentiodynamischer Polarisation finder man in den Stromdichte-Potential-Kurven ein zweites Maximum, das nicht mit interkristalliner Korrosion verbunden ist und nicht auftritt, wenn bei den Versuchen quasistationär, mit jeweils frischen Elektroden gearbeitet wird. In chloridhaltigen Lösungen führt die potentiodynamische Polarisation zu Lochfraß, während unter stationären Bedingungen Kornflächenkorrosion, ausgehend von den Phasengrenzen, beobachtet wird.
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  • 2
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 46-46 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 47-47 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 76-79 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 80-80 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 80-80 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 9
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. XIII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 10
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Beobachtungen zur Spannungsrißkorrosion in austenitisch-ferritischen nichtrostenden StählenStähle mit austenitisch-ferritischem Gefüge besitzen sowohl im geschweißten als auch im ungeschweißten Zustand hohe Beständig keit gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion. Bei Laboratoriumsversuchen-Calciumchloridlösung bei 100 °C, mit und ohne anodische Polarisation sowie chloridhaltige Medien bei 225 °C- war es nicht möglich, Ri°bildung zu erzeugen. Die Ri°bildung im geschweißten Zustand, die in Ausnahmefällen auftreten kann, läßt sich unterdrücken durch Verwendung von Elektroden, die ein Schweißgefüge der gleichen Zusammensetzung wie der Grundwerkstoff ergeben.
    Notes: Steels having austeno-ferritic structure are highly resistant to stress corrosion cracking in the welded as well in the nonwelded condition. It has not been possible in laboratory experiments-calcium chloride solution at 100 °C, with and without anodic polarisation, and chloride containing media at 225 °C - to produce cracking. Crack formation which in exceptional cases may occur in the welded condition may be suppressed by the use of electrodes yielding a weld seam having the same composition as the base material.
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  • 11
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 86-92 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the metal substructure on the anodic dissolution mecanism of ironThe electrochemical behaviour of iron shows a pronounced dependence on the metal substructure. The surfaces formed at the rupture of the specimens are dissolved according to a non-catalytic mecanism while a heat treatment of these rupture surfaces produces a change in the mechanism so that the dissolution occurs according to a catalytic mechanism. The two mechanisms are characterized by a rather different dissolution potentials; these differences can be attributed to the state of deformation of the crystal latice.
    Notes: Das elektrochemische Verhalten von Eisen ist in ausgeprägtem Maße vom Metallsubgefüge abhängig. Die beim Bruch der Proben entstandenen Flächen werden nach einem nichtkatalytischen Mechanismus aufgelöst während eine Wärmebehandlung dieser Bruch-flächen zu einer Anderung des Mechanismus führt und die Auflösung dann katalytisch erfolgt. Die beiden Mechanismen sind durch stark unterschiedliche Auflösungspotentiale charakterisiert; diese Unterschiede können dem Verzerrungszustand des Kristallgitters zugeschrieben werden.
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  • 12
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 16
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. VII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 17
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 18
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 19
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosion in wäßrigen Lösungen und in Gasen hoher Temperatur - Analogien und DisparitätenAuf Grundlage einige Beispiele der Korrosion in den beiden obengenannten Medien wird gezeigt, daß man sowohl für wäßrige Lösungen als auch für heiße Gase und Salzschmelzen elektrochemische Korrosionsmechanismen definieren kann. In zahlreichen Korrosionsfällen zeigt sich nämlich die Wirkung von Lokalelementen. Aufgrund dieser Erkenntnisse ist man in der Lage. Parallelen zwischen der Oxidation bei hoher Temperature und der Passivierung in Lösungen zu ziehen. Disparitäten bestehen jedoch hinsichtlich der Kinetik dieser Prozesse, denn die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit kann durch verschiedene Vorgänge kontrolliert werden. Analogien findet man ebenso im Falle der Inhibierung, denn manche anorganischen Stoffe besitzen auch bei ziemlich hohen Temperaturen inhibierende Wirkungen. Die untersuchten Analogien und Disparitäten beschränken sich nicht auf reine Metalle, sondern sind auch anwendbar auf Legierungen, wo man gewisse Analogien feststellen kann, z. B. hinsichtlich der Verzunderungsbeständigkeit und der Säurebeständigkeit legierter Stähle.
    Notes: On the basis of some examples of corrosion in the two media mentioned above the author shows that electrochemical mechanisms of corrosion can be postulated with aqueous solutions as well as with hot gases and salt melts. In quite a number of corrosions the action of local cells comes to bear. On the basis of these data it is possible to define analogies between high temperature oxidation and passivation in solutions. Disparities exist, however, with respect to the kinetics of these processes because the rate can be controlled by very different reactions. Analogies are equally found in the case of inhibition where certain inorganic substances act as inhibitors even at rather high temperatures. The analogies and disparities considered here, are not restricted to pure metals but are equally applicable to alloys where it is possible to find analogies e.g. in the case of the scaling and acid resistance of alloyed steels.
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  • 20
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 172-174 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige Aspekte des Einflusses von Mangan in austenitischen nichtrostenden StählenDer Einfluß von Mangan auf die Lochfraßbeständigkeit der18 8-Stähle beruht auf seiner Neigung zur Bildung von Sulfiden, die dann als nichtmetallische Einschlüsse vorliegen. Wie die Verfasser zeigen, führt die Verringerung des Mangangehalts dieser Stähle (1,8%) auf Werte um 0,2% zu einer beträchtlichen Verbesserung des Korrosionsverhaltens. Das Lochfraßpotential verschiebt sich dann nach beträchtlich höheren Werten, ohne daß die Schweißbarkeit beeinträchtigt oder der Ferritgehalt im Guß-oder Walzzustanderhöht würde.
    Notes: The effect of Mn on the pitting corrosion resistance of 18 8 steels is due to its sulphide forming ability, because the sulphides are then present as non-metallic inclusions. As is shown by the authors that reduction of the manganese content of these steels (from normally 1.8% to values around 0.2) gives rise to a considerable improvement of the corrosion behaviour. The pitting potential is then displaced toward considerably higher values while no negative aspect is noted on a weldability and no increase of the ferrite content in the ascast and as-rolled conditions is experienced.
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  • 21
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 179-181 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent investigations into inorganic and organic coatings on steel, galvanized steel and aluminium, using an accelerated cor- rosion test according to Machu-SchiffmanThe method constitutes the improvement with respect to the salt spray method. It is based on a weakly acid solution i. e. specifically 5% NaCl solution with addition of a small quantity of hydrogen peroxide. This solution is used for immersion tests and, as to aggressivity, is comparable to industrial and marine atmospheres; the duration of the test, however, is considerably reduced (about I5 hours). A typical and optimum composition is 50 g/l NaCl, 10 millglacial acetic acid and 5 81130% HzOz, pH = 3.0. In the case of galvanized steel or zinc it is of advantage to use a solution containing 50 g/l NaCl and 10 mlJl30% HzOz. pH = 6.0. As to alumini- um both solutions can be used, depending on the aggressivity to be simulated. Duration of immersion of 16 hours at 23 OC in the solu- tion of pH 3.0 would correspond in the case of coated aluminium to 336 hours exposure to salt spray.
    Notes: Die Methode stellt gegenüber der Salzprüfung eine Verbesserung dar; man arbeitet mit einem schwachsauren Medium, nämlich einer Lösung von 5% NaCl mit einer geringen Menge Wasserstoffsuperoxid. Diese Lösung wird im Tauchversuch eingesetzt und ist hinsichtlich ihrer Aggressivität vergleichbar mit Industrie- und Meeresatmosphäre, wobei die Versuchsdauer ziemlich stark verkürzt ist (etwa 15 Stunden). Die optimale typische Zusammensetzung ist 50 g/l NaCl, 10 ml/1 Eisessig, 5 g/l 30%iges Wasserstoffsuperoxid, pH = 3,0. Im Falle von verzinktem Stahl oder Zink verwendet man vorteilhafterweise eine Lösung aus 50 g/l NaCl und 10 ml/l 30%iges Wasserstoffsuperoxid (pH = 6.0). Bezüglich Aluminium können je nach der zu simulierenden Aggressivität beide Lösungen verwendet werden. Im Falle von beschichtetem Aluminium entspricht eine Tauchdauer von 16 Stunden bei 23°C in der Lösung mit pH 3,0 einem Salzsprühnebelversuch von336 Std. Dauer.
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  • 22
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 166-171 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and properties of special metal coatings applied by thermal sprayingThermal spraying of metals of groups IVa, Va and VI a is difficult because of the fast oxidation of these metals (Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, W, Mo). It is consequently of vital importance that the atmosphere be oxygen-free, it is that the spray process is carried in an inert atmosphere. In view of the high cost involved in such a system it is necessary to provide for recirculation of an inert gas. The coatings obtained in pure argon are characterized by very high adhesion strength which is due to diffusion phenomena at the base metal/coating interphase. This diffusion takes place at high velocities and the thickness of the diffusion layer depends from the state of perturbation of the superficial zone of the base metal (e. g. perturbation due to sand blasting) and of the perturbation of the atomic structure of the liquid particles at the high temperature. Titanium coatings thus obtained are completely free from inclusions when obrained in argon, while they are severly embrittled when applied under nitrogen. The properties of coatings from all the metals considered (Ti, Zr, Mo, Nb, Ti6A14V) are perfectly comparable to those of the solid metals.
    Notes: Thermisches Spritzen von Metallen der Gruppen 1 Va, Va und VIa ist wegen der leichten Oxidierbarkeit dieser Metalle (Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, W und Mo) schwierig. Infolgedessen muß die Atmosphäre sauerstoffrei sein, d. h. man muß in inerter Atmosphäre spritzen. Da hierbei die Kosten ziemlich hoch liegen, muß das Schutzgas in Umlauf geführt werden. Die beim Spritzen in reinem Argon erhaltenen Überzüge besitzen sehr hohe Haftfestigkeit, da es zwischen Grundmetall und Überzug zu Diffusionsvorgängen in der Grenzschicht kommt. Diese Diffusion erfolgt mit sehr hoher Geschwindigkeit; die Dicke der Diffusionsschicht ist abhängig vom Störungszustand der Oberflächenzone des Grundmetalls (Störungen hervorgerufen durch Sandstrahlen z. B.) und von der Störung tur der flüssigen Metallteilchen infolge der hohen Temperatur. Die nach den Schutzgas- verfahren erhaltenen Titanüberzüge sind beim Spritzen in Argon vollkommen frei von Ein- flü,ssen, wahrend beim Spritzen unter Stickstoff starke Versprödung auftritt. Bei allen verwendeten Metallen (Ti, Zr, Mo, Nb, Ti6AI4 V) sind die Überzüge mit den massiven Metal- len vergleichbar.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 190-192 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 193-194 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 25
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 276-287 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 325-326 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The oxide layer of aluminiumThe oxide layer formed by the atmospheric oxidation of aluminium contains rather different oxides, namely AlO, Al2O2 and Al2O3. The presence of these suboxides and for their mixed crystals is responsible for the adhesion of the oxide layers to the metal because the suboxides are still able by their residual valancy electrons to react with a metal. It is consequently advisable to carry out chemical treatments in such a way as to yield suboxides, too.
    Notes: Die bei der atmosphärischen Oxidation von Aluminium entstehende Oxidschicht enthält ziemlich verschiedene Oxide, und zwar AlO, Al2o2und Al2O3. Die Anwesenheit dieser Suboxide und ihrer Mischkristalle ist ursächlich für die Haftung der Oxidschichten am Metall, da diese Suboxide noch fähig sind, mit ihren restlichen Valenzelektronen mit dem Metall zu reagieren. Es ist daher zweckmäßig, wenn bei der chemischen Behandlung von Aluminium die Bildung der Suboxide angestrebt wird.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 330-340 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Problem of intercrystalline corrosion susceptibility of an inadequately stabilized steel 1Cr18Ni9TiA study of the relations between carbide precipitation and the corrosion susceptibility has revealed that the steel under study (0.11 % C, 0.42 % Ti) after dissolution treatment is comparable to a non-stabilized steel containing about 0.06% C. Increasing the carbon content gives rise to an ultimate displacement of the sensitivity range to extended durations and lower temperatures of the thermal treatment. From a practical point of view it is, however, permissible to consider thickness without giving rise to the danger of intercrystalline corrosion in moderate oxidants.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung der Beziehungen zwischen der Carbidausscheidung und der Korrosionsanfälligkeit hat gezeigt, daß der untersuchte Stahl (0,11 % C,0,42 % ti) nach Lösungsglühen sich wie ein nicht stabilisierter Stahl mit etwa 0,06 % C verhält. Die Erhöhung des Gehalts an gebundenem Kohlenstoff führt zu einer weiteren Verschiebung des Anfälligkeitsbereiches nach längeren Zeiten und niedrigeren Temperaturen der Wärmebehandlung. Von der Praxis her kann jedoch dieser Stahl als bis zu einer gewissen Dicke schweißbar angesehen werden, ohne daß es in Gegenwart von mäßig starken Oxidationsmitteln zu interkristaliner Korrosion kommt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 398-402 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 403-405 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 403-403 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 406-409 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 410-410 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 410-410 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 410-410 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 410-410 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. XXV 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 411-420 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of copper-aluminium alloys in sulfuric acid containing pickling solutionsWrought copper aluminium alloys (aluminium contents between 5 and 10 weight-%, additions of Fe, Ni and Mn) have been studied by continous and alternating immersion tests in a solution containing 20% H2SO4 and 10% FeSO4 at 40°C. In the as-extruded state the corrosion of monophasic alpha alloys increases with aluminium content. Larger quantities of ß' martensite exercise a negative effect. Addition of 2 weight-% Ni do not improve the corrosion resistance of the alloys with 5 and 8% Al. Cold reduction of alpha alloys give rise to a pronounced intensification of corrosion. No positive effect can be obtained by a thermal treatment of the alloys CuAl 10 Fe 4 Mn Ni and CuAl 10 Fe 4 Ni 5. The corrosion takes place under the following forms: uniform corrosion (CuAl 5), preferred corrosion of grain boundaries (CuAl*, Cual 9, Mn 2 FeNi and CuAl 10 Fe 4 Ni 5 after thermal treatment) and dealuminisation (CuAl 10 Fe 4 Mn 3 Ni). With a view to corrosion resistance the alloys CuAl 5, CuAl8 CuAl 9 Mn and - probably - CuAl 8 Fe seem to be superior to the others.
    Notes: Kupfer-Aluminium-Knetlegierungen (Al-Gehalte zwischen 5 and 10%), Zusätze von (Fe, Ni und Mn) wurden im Dauer- und im Wechseltauchversuch in einer Lösung mit 20% H2SO4 and 10% FeSO4 bei 40 °C untersucht. Im stranggepreßten Zustand nimmt die Korrosion der einphasigen alpha-Legierungen mit dem Al-Gehalt zu. Größere Menge and ß' - Martensit wirken sich negativ aus. Zusätze von 2 Gew.-% Ni verbessern die Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Legierungen mit 5 und 8% Al nicht. Kaltverformung der alpha-Legierungen führt zu einer beträchtlichen Verstärkung der Korrosion. Wärmebehandlung der Legierungen CuAl 10 Fe 4 Mn 3 Ni und CuAl 10 Fe 4 Ni 5 hat keine positive Wirkung. Die korrosion tritt unter den folgenden Formen auf: Flächenkorrosion (CuAl 5); bevorzugte Korrosion der Korngrenzen (CuAl 8, CuAl 8, CuAl9 Mn 5 FeNi und CuAl 10 Fe 4 Ni 5 nach Wärmebehandlung); Entaluminierung (Cual 10 Fe 4 Mn 3 Ni). Bezüglich der Korrosionsbeständigkeit sind die Legierungen CuAl 5, CuAl 8, CuAl 9 Mn und - wahrscheinlich - CuAl 8 Fe am günstigsten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 420-424 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Analyse einiger für die atmosphärische Korrosion von Eisen in Gegenwart von SO2 vorgeschlagener MechanismenDie geltenden Theorien der atmosphärischen Korrosion von Eisen in Gegenwart von Schwefeldioxid - nämlich der Säure-Regenerationszyklus und ein elektrochemisches Modell - werden aufgrund neuerer experimenteller Ergebnisse überprüft. Dabei wird gezeigt, daß zwischen diesen neuen Ergebnissen und der Annahme des elektrochemischen Modells als des wichtigsten Korrosionsmechanismus kein Widerspruch entsteht. Theoretische Analysen der vorgeschlagenen elektrochemischen Mechanismen werden erörtert und die Ergebnisse auf einen früher vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus sowie auf einen neuen Mechanismus angewandt, der hier als Erweiterung aufgrund der neueren Ergebnisse vorgeschlagen wird.
    Notes: Two established theories of SO2/atmospheric corrosion of iron, viz. the Acid Regeneration Cycle and an electrochemical model, are reviewed in terms of recently reported experimental results and acceptance of the electrochemical model as the main corrosion path.Theoretical analyses of proposed electrochemical mechanism are discussed and applied to a previously suggested mechanism, and a new one suggested here as an extension of recently reported results.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 424-429 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Lochfraßkorrosion im FlußstahlAufgrund von optischen und elektro-optischen Beobachtungen von Lochkeimen und ganz ausgebildeten Löchern, die in alkalischen Lösungen auf Flußstahl entstanden waren, werden Folgerungen über Entstehen und Wachstum des Lochfraßes gezogen. Die Bilder zeigen einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen den Lochfraßmikroschädigungen beim Angriffsanfang und Gefügefehlern im Metall. Nach Beginn der Lochbildung werden die Kristallflächen je nach ihrer Energie unterschiedlich gelöst. Dadurch werden vier- und sechseckige Löcher begrenzt von den (001) und (011) Flächen des α-Eisens gebildet.
    Notes: Conclusions on the initiation and growth of pits are drawn from optical and electrooptical research of the starting points and well developed pits formed in alkaline solutions in low carbon steel. The pictures show that the first attack is closely connected with dislocations in the metal. After growth of the micro-pits, the different crystals planes are dissolved in accordance with their energy. Consequently, pits with square-and hexagonal shape which are bounded by (001) and (011) planes of the α-iron are created.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 435-437 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of microgeometry on corrosion - (III)Atmospheric corrosion with capillary condensationWhile there is no condensation on a smooth surface, such a condensation can take place even at relative humidities below 100% in the case of complex and in particular capillary surface. The conditions existing on such a surface can be approximated by a model involving hemi-spherical elevation in contact with each other. On the basis of this model it is possible to calculate the rate to be expected in terms of the geometrical parameter. It is shown that the corrosion effect at the contact points increases as the radius of the hemi-spheres is increased, while the overall corrosion is reduced since the overall number of hemispheres per unit surface is reduced in this case.
    Notes: Während in Luft mit weniger als 100% Feuchtigkeit an glatten Oberflächen keine Kondensation auftritt, kann eine solche Kondensation an komplex geformten und speziell kapillaren Oberflächen wohl erfolgen. Die an einer solchen Oberfläche herrschenden Bedingungen können näherungsweise durch ein Modell mit halbkugelförmigen Erhebungen dargestellt werden, wobei die einzelnen Halbkugeln miteinander in Kontakt stehen. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells läßt sich die zu erwartende Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit in Abhängigkeit vom geometrischen Faktor berechnen. Demnach nimmt die Intensität der Korrosion an den Kontaktstellen mit zunehmendem Radius der Halbkugeln zu, während die Gesamtkorrosion abnimmt, da dann die Zahl der Halbkugeln pro Flächeneinheit zurückgeht.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 475-476 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 473-475 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 476-476 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 476-478 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 479-479 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 478-478 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 564-564 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 565-570 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of cold reduction of steel on hydrogen absorption and embrittlement during electrolytic chargingThe influence of cold work on hydrogen absorption in steel was studied using cold drawn wires. Hydrogen was electrolytically evolved at the steel surface and the absorbed amount analytically determined (hot extraction and gaschromatographic determination) The correlation between absorption time amount of absorbed hydrogen is shown in diagrams for different degrees of deformation by cold work. From these a mean diffusion coefficient is calculated. At low degrees of deformation (10-20% reduction by cold work) the saturation concentration of absorbed hydrogen (after 25 hours) is about 3 ppm. With increasing reduction the saturation concentration increases to a maximum of ca. 11 ppm (at 50%reduction). At still higher degrees of deformation (more than 60%reduction) the saturation concentration decreases again to about 4 PPm.For interpretation of these experimental results two different model hypotheses are discussed.
    Notes: An kaltgezogenen Stahldrähten mit Verformungsgraden von 10 bis 90% wurde der Einfluß der Verformung auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme studiert. Dazu bediente man sich der Methode der elektrolytischen Beladung mit nachfolgender Bestimmung der aufgenommenen Wasserstoffmenge durch Heißextraktion im Vakuum und gaschromatographische Analyse. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Beladungszeit und der Wasserstoffkonzentration in den Proben wird für alle Verformungsgrade in Diagrammen dargestellt und daraus nach bekannten Verfahren ein mittlerer Diffusionskoeffizient berechnet. Bei geringen Verformungsgraden (10-20%) beträgt die Sättigungskonzentration (nach 25 Stunden) etwa 3 ppm, steigt bei zunehmenden Verformungsgraden zu einem Maximum (etwa 11 ppm) bei ca. 50% Verformung, um bei noch höheren Verformungsgraden (über 60%)wieder auf ca. 3 ppm abzusinken. Abschließend werden zwei Möglichkeiten der Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse zur Diskussion gestellt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 587-592 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the structure of zinc alloys on the protective capacity of zinc anodes in sea waterThe use of zinc for cathodic protection duties in sea water is restricted because of the considerable polarisation of zinc. The behaviour is due in particular to cathodically active additions of lead, copper and iron. The microcouples then formed give rise to considerable zinc dissolution and to the formation of a thick and dense passivation layer. Since, however, any reduction of the iron content in zinc involves high cost it is more economical to add small quantities of Al, Cd, Si, Hg, Sn or Mn. These additions produce a considerable grain refinement and thus reduce the tendency to form microcouples even in the presence of iron.
    Notes: Die Verwendbarkeit von Zink füf den kathodischen Schutz in Meerwasser ist wegen der beträchtlichen Polarisation des Zinks begrenzt. Die Ursache liegt vor allem bei den kathodisch wirkenden Beimengungen von Blei, Kupfer und Eisen. Die dann entstehenden Mikroelemente führen zu einer beträchtlichen Auflösung des Zinks und zur Bildung einer dicken und dichten Passivierungsschicht. Die Verringerung des Eisengehalts im Zink ist jedoch mit hohen Kosten verbunden, weshalb es wirtschaftlicher ist, das Zink mit geringen Mengen von Al, Cd, Si, Hg, Sn oder Mn zu legieren. Hierdurch wird das Gefüge wesentlich feinkörniger und die Tendenz zur Bildung der Mikroelemente wird auch bei Anwesenheit von Eisen verringert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 604-605 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 593-602 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Spaltkorrosion von Titan und Stahl AISI 304 in sauren Lösungen. Vergleich von experimentellen und berechneten WertenDer Anfang der Spaltkorrosion der beiden Metalle wurde experimentell untersucht. Dabei wurden zusätzlich die Strom- und die Potentialverteilung über die Spalten durch numerische Integration der entsprechenden Differentialgleichung bestimmt. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse stimmen befriedigend mit den berechneten Werten überein und bestätigen die bei der schematischen Modellierung der Spaltkorrosion eingeführten Annahmen. Bei längerer Versuchsdauer ergaben sich jedoch starke Abweichungen der experimentellen von den berechneten Werten; der Trend war dabei für die beiden Versuchs- werkstoffe entgegengesetzt. So wird im Falle des Stahls nach einer Zeit (die anscheinend unabhängig von dem an die freie Oberfläche angelegten Potential ist) die gesamte Oberfläche innerhalb des Spalts allmählich passiv, während im Gegensatz dazu im Falle von Titan das Korrosionsverhalten der innerhalb des Spalts befindlichen Fläche einen stationären Zustand erreicht.
    Notes: The beginning of crevice corrosion of titanium and AISI 304 in acid solution was investigated experimentally. In addition, the current and potential distributions along the crevices were determined by numerical integration of the differential equation that describes the phenomenon. The experimental results agree satisfactorily with those obtained by calculation and confirm the assumptions introduced in the schematization of the phenomenon. However, long time experiments revealed a progressive deviation of the experimental results from the calculated ones, in the opposite direction for AISI 304 and titanium. Thus, in the first case, following a time that seems to be independent of the potential imposed upon the free surface, the entire surface within the crevice becomes gradually passivated. In contrast, in the case of Titanium the corrosion behaviour of the area within the crevice reaches a steady state.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 635-635 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 635-635 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 646-652 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the corrosion reaction of iron in hydrochloric, sulfuric and perchloric acidsAt pH values between 0 and 4, even under circulation, a linear relationship results between log jcorr and the pH value, the slope of the corrosion straight line being between -0.23 and -0.27. The dissolution process is predominantly under cathodic control by hydrogen ion discharge; at pH values above 3 the diffusion inhibition of the hydrated proton is the rate controlling step. The corrosion potential in sulfuric and perchloric acids decreases by about 50 mV as the pH is increased, while a different behaviour is observed in hydrochloric acid; this behaviour may be explained in terms of the chloride ion adsorption. In the acids of higher concentration the activation energy is higher than in those of lower concentrations; this phenomenon may eventually be ascribed to a change in the mechanism of the corrosion reaction.
    Notes: Bei pH-Werten zwischen 0 und 4, auch unter Durchströmung, ergibt sich eine lineare Beziehung zwischen log jkorrund dem pH-Wert, wobei die Steigerung der Korrosionsgeraden zwischen -0,23 und -0,27 liegt. Der Auflösungsvorgang ist überwiegend kathodisch gesteuert durch Wasserstoffionenentladung; bei pH-Werten oberhalb 3 ist die Diffusionshemmung des hydratisierten Protons geschwindigkeitsbestimmend. Das Korrosionspotential nimmt in Schwefel- und Perchlorsäure mit steigendem pH um etwa 50 mV ab, während sich für Salzsäure Abweichungen ergeben, die durch die Chloridion-Adsorption zu erklären sind. In den Säuren mit höherer Konzentration liegt die Aktivierungsenergie höher als bei niederen Konzentrationen; das kann eventuell einer Änderung im Mechanismus der Korrosionsreaktion zugeschrieben werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 643-646 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of unalloyed steel in oxygen-free carbonic acid solutionThe investigation into the influence of dissolved carbon dioxide on the anodic partial reaction of iron dissolution in 0.5 M sodium sulfate solution has revealed, in agreement with data published in literature, 1) that the transfer of acid molecules to the cathode is the step controlling the rate of cathodic hydrogen evolution in oxygen-free solutions of little dissociated weak acids. The cathodic limiting current density is, consequently, a direct function of acid concentration and not of the pH value as in the case of strong acids.2) that the anodic dissolution of iron in sulfate solution is catalyzed by carbonic acid which gives rise to a change of the dissolution mechanism, although this change is not reflected by a change of the cathodic protection potential (-0.85 VCU/CuSo4) which, consequently aplies to waters rich in carbonic acid, too.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung des Einflusses von gelöstem Kohlendioxid auf die anodische Teilreaktion der Eisenauflösung in 0,5 m Natriumsulfatlösung hat -in Übereinstimmung mit Literaturangaben - gezeigt, 1) daß der Transport der Säuremoleküle zur Kathode in sauerstoffreien Lösungen wenig dissoziierter schwacher Säuren der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt für die kathodische Wasserstoffentwicklung ist. Die kathodische Grenzstromdichte ist daher eine direkte Funktion der Säurekonzentration und nicht wie im Falle starker Säuren des pH-Wertes,2) daß die anodische Auflösung von Eisen in Sulfatlösung durch die Kohlensäure katalysiert wird, wobei es zu einer Änderung des Auflösungsmechanismus kommt; diese Änderung äußert sich jedoch nicht in einer Verschiebung des kathodischen Schutzpotentials (-0.85 VCu/CuSO4), das daher auch in kohlensäurereichen Wässern gültig ist.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 663-669 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Über die Auslösung des Lochfraßes auf austenitischen nichtrostenden Stählen in ChioridlösungenEine Literaturübersicht hat gezeigt, daß eine Theorie, welche eine erhöhte anodische Reaktionsfähigkeit an einzelnen Punkten eines Passivfilms postuliert, mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit zutreffend sein dürfte. Auf Grund dieser Vermutungen wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde mit der Elektronenmikrosonde gezeigt, daß Chlorionen an einzelnen Punkten der Metalloberfäche bevorzugt adsorbiert werden, bevor noch Lochfraßstellen zu beobachten sind. Ferner wurde gezeigt, daß während der Induktionsperiode örtlich pH-Änderungen auftreten. Diese beiden Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, daß schon während der Induktionsperiode Korrosion auftritt. Messungen haben jedoch gezeigt, daß die Induktionsperiode nicht gut reproduzierbar ist; besser reproduzierbar ist die pro entstehende Lochfraßstelle ubertragene Ladungsmenge vor dem Passivschichtdurchbruch. Daraus läßt sich dann die Menge der Chlorionen ermitteln, die zur Schaffung einer aktiven Stelle erforderlich ist. Messungen nach der statischen Potentialbandmethode zeigen, daß derartige Lochfraßstellen bei jedem oberhalb des Lochfraßpotentials liegenden Potentialwert entstehen können. Die entstehenden Löcher können sich jedoch auch bei jedem Potential repassivieren. Der Lochfraß beginnt danach mit der Chloridionadsorption an einzelnen Punkten, vor allem an Punkten mit örtlichen Spannungen. Die örtliche anodische Stromdichte wird dann erhöht, so daß Bedingungen (niedriger pH, hohe Chloridkonzentration) entstehen, welche die Bildung passivschichtfreier Stellen auf der Metalloberfläche begünstigen. Hierbei handelt es sich um einen autokatalytischen Prozeß. Die zur Bildung dieser Bedingungen erforderliche Zeit entspricht der beobachteten Induktionsperiode. Die Migration der aktivierenden ionen und die dadurch bedingte pH-Änderung an einem Punkt müssen einen kritischen Wert übersteigen, da sonst die den Passivfilm stabilisierenden Wirkungen überwiegen. Die hier vorgelegte Modellvorstellung stützt die Sure-Theorie und verbindet sie mit der Peptisierungstheurie.
    Notes: A literature survey has lead to the conclusion that a theory which postulates an increased anodic reactivity on a local site in the passive film is very probable. Experiments have been set up to confirm these suggestions. By means of the electron-microanalyser, it is shown that CI-ions are preferentially adsorbed at singular points at the metal surface before the stage that pits can be observed. It has also been demonstrated that pH changes occur at local areas during the induction period. These two observations indicate that corrosion already occurs during the induction period. Induction time measurements have shown that the induction time is not very reproducible. The quantity of transferred charge per initiated pit before the breakdown of the film is redly a better re- producible figure. From this, the quantity of Cl-ions necessary to create an active site is calculated. Experiments with the static potential band method reveal that pits can initiate at any potential higher than the pitting potential. Growing pits can repassivate at any potential. A model for the initiation is given. The pitting corrosion process starts with adsorption of chloride ion at singular points, mainly local stress points. The local anodic current density will be higher and in this way favourable conditions (low pH, high Cl-concentration) are created for the formation of a local site in the metal surface free of a passivating film The creation of those conditions is an autocatalytic process. The time required to form those favourable electrochemical conditions corresponds with the observed induction period. The migration of activating ions and the occurring pH change at a singular point must exceed a critical rate, otherwise passive film stabilizing effects will dominate. This model for the pitting corrosion supports the acid theory and links this theory with the peptization theory.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 676-686 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 687-688 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 688-689 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 689-694 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 694-697 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 703-703 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 703-703 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 703-704 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 727-734 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion inhibitors in the chemical industriesOn the basis of some examples form industrial practice potential applications of inhibitors for the solution of specific corrosion problems are shown. It was e.g. possible to prevent corrosion of titanium equipment in a chemical factory by adding chlorine to the hydrochloric acid use for cleaning; in this case chlorine acts as a gaseous passivator. In another case titanium could be protected against attack by formic acid vapours by aerating the vapours; crevice corrosion encountered in this case was suppressed by adequate increases of the aeration rate, the inhibition efficiency being controlled by built-in reference electrodes. Protection by aeration was also successful in the case of columns of CrNiMo steal in contact with contaminated acetic acid. Difficulties were encountered with salt like inhibitors when a liquid as well as a gaseous phase was present. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of water additions to liquid ammonia in the case of steel vessels.
    Notes: Anhand einiger Beispiele aus der industriellen Praxis werden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Inhibitoren zur Lösung spezifischer Korrosionsprobleme gezeigt. So konnte die Korrosion von Titananlagen in einem chemischen Betrieb durch Begasen der zum Reinigen verwendeten Salzsäure mit Chlor verhindert werden, da das Chlor in diesem Falle als gasförmiger Passivator wirkt. In einem anderen Falle konnte Titan gegen Angriff durch Ameisensäuredämpfe durch Belüften der Dämpfe geschützt werden; die dabei ebenfalls auftretende Spaltkorrosion wurde verhindert durch entsprechende Erhöhung des Luftzusatzes, wobei die Überwachung der Inhibierung durch eingebaute Bezugselektroden war auch erfolgreich im Falle von Kolonnen aus Stahl 1.4571, die mit verunreinigter Essigsäure beaufschlagt waren, Schwierigkeiten ergeben sich mit salzförmigen Inhibitoren, wenn sowohl eine flüssige als auch eine dampfförmige Phase vorliegt. Ebenfalls herausgestellt wird die Bedeutung von Wasserzusätzen zu flüssigem Ammoniak im Falle von Stahl.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 734-739 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of imposed protection currents on the efficiency of inhibitors for cooling watersIn case where the cathodic protection of a cooling system is not feasible a combination of cathodic protection and inhibition may be of advantage. The authors have studied the potential influence of a direct current on the efficiency of an inhibitor; during the experimental work they have used a current intensity corresponding to the maximum intensity of the protection current used in practice. Using potentiokinetic methods they have found that the number of inhibitors which may be used in such conditions is rather small. In the case of inhibitors based on nitrites or amines the protecting efficiency is rather reduced after some hundred hours' operation under direct current, and in some case even a corrosion stimulation has been experienced. Inhibitors based on chromates and anticorrosion oil emulsions exhibit improved electrochemical stability, though, in the case of oils emulsion breaking must be taken into account after relatively short durations of operation.
    Notes: In Fällen, wo der kathodische Schutz eines Kühlsystems schwer durchführbar ist, erweist sich eine Kombination von kathodischem Schutz und Inhibierung als vorteilhaft. Die Verfasser untersuchten mögliche Einflüsse von Gleichstrom auf die Wirksamkeit von Inhibitoren; bei diesen Versuchen arbeiteten sie mit einer Stromstärke, welche der maximalen in der Praxis verwendeten Schutzstromstärke entsprach. Mit Hilfe von potentiokinetischen Methoden wurde gefunden, daß die zahl der unter diesen Bedingungen verwendbaren Inhibitoren sehr klein ist. Im Falle von Inhibitoren auf Basis von Nitriten oder Aminen verringert sich schon nach einigen Stunden Gleichstromeinwirkung die Schutzwirkung und in manchen Fällen zeigt sich sogar eine stimulierende Wirkung. Die Inhibitoren auf Basis von Chromaten oder Korrosionsschutzölemulsionen sind hingegen elektrochemisch gut beständig im Falle der Öle ist jedoch damit zu rechnen, daß die Emulsion schon nach verhältnismäßig kurzer Betriebsdauer bricht.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 749-750 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß von Kupfersulfat und Eisen-III-sulfat auf die Korrosion und das elektrochemische Verhalten von Titan in 47 n PhosphorsäureDer Einfluß von Cu-Sulfat und Fe-III-sulfat wurde potentiodynamisch und gravimetrisch untersucht. Dabei wurden wirksame (kritische) Inhibitorkonzentrationen gefunden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß beide Salze die Korrosion des Titans in Phosphorsäure bei höheren Temperaturen durch Passivierung inhibieren. Der kathodische Prozeß wird dabei erleichtert und das anodische Potential steigt auf Werte oberhalb des Passivierungspotentials. Dem entsprechend gibt es bei Anwesenheit dieser Salze keine Zone aktiver Korrosion.
    Notes: The influecne of Cu- and Fe-III sulfates has been investigated by potentiodynamic and gravimetric methods. The results show that there are effective (critical) inhibitor concentrations. According to the results obtained both salts inhibit the corrosion of titanium in phosphoric acid at elevated temperatures by passivating the metal. The cathodic process is then facilitated and the anodic potential is increased to values above the passivation potential. Correspondingly, there is no zone of active corrosion in the presence of these salts.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 740-748 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsinhibierende Eigenschaften von Bleimennige - I. Pigmentsuspensionen in wässerigen LösungenMit Hilfe von potentiostatischen Untersuchungen wird gezeigt, daß eine wässerige Aufschlämmung von Bleimennige in 0,1 m Natriumperchloratlösung sowohl das anodische als auch das kathodische Verhalten von Stahl beeinflußt. Die Sauerstoffreduktion an der Kathode inhibitorfreien Lösung verlangsamt. Aufgrund von Untersuchungen mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop und der Mikrosonde sowie der Röntgenbeugungsanalyse nach Guinier besteht die bei etwa -1100 mV an der Kathode entstandene Schicht aus metallischem Blei, Bei negativeren Potentialen entsteht eine bisher noch nicht identifizierte Phase.
    Notes: It has been shown by means of a potentiostatic technique that both the anodic and the cathodic behaviour of steel are inhibited in an aqueous red lead slurry with 0.1 M sodium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte. The oxygen reduction on the cathode takes place at a slower rate in the slurry than in the pure electrolyte solution. According to scanning electron microscopy with microprobe analysis and Guinier X-ray diffraction phase analysis, the layer formed on the cathode at about -1100 mV consisted of metallic lead deposited from solute lead species. At more negative potentials and unidentified phase appeared.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 750-753 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into corrosion inhibitors for iron in hydrofluoric acidA study (gravimetrically, measurement of the polarization resistance, tracing of potentiodynamic polarization curves) of the inhibition of the corrosion of iron in hydrofluoric acid has revealed that dibenzyl sulfoxide and lauryl pyridinium isooctyl xanthogenate (with thiourea) are efficient corrosion inhibitors. Thiourea, pyridinium xanthogenate and urotropine as well as diphenyl thiocarbazide and diphenyl guanidine exhibit good inhibiting properties. The effect can be interpreted generally in terms of the availability of free electron pairs.
    Notes: Bei einer Untersuchung (gravimetrisch, Polarisationswiderstandsmessung, Aufnahme potentiodynamischer Polarisationskurven) der Inhibierung der Korrosion von Eisen in Flußsäure erwiesen sich Dibenzylsulfoxid und Laurylpyridinium-isooctyl-xanthogenat mit Thioharnstoff als wirksame Korrosionsinhibitoren. Auch Thioharnstoff, Pyridinium-xanthogenat und Urotropin sowie Diphenylthiocarbazid und Diphenylguanidin zeigten gute Hemmwirkung. Die Wirksamkeit läßt sich allgemein durch das Vorhandensein freier Elektronenpaare erklären.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 765-771 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 759-764 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 753-756 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsinhibitoren für Aluminium und dessen Legierungen in neutralen MedienAusgehend von bisher bekannten Inhibitoren für Wasser, Natriumchlorid und andere Salzlösungen wird über neue Ergebnisse berichtet, die mit der Inhibierung in Natriumpersulfatlösungen erhalten wurden. Die dabei untersuchten Inhibitoren zeigen zunehmende Wirksamkeit in der Reihe Nicotinsäure - Chinolin - Pyridin-alpha-Picolin-2,4-Lutidin. Die Wirksamkeit ist vor allem bedingt durch das Stickstoffatom, das die Chemisorption der Verbindung an der Oberfläche des Metalls erleichtert. Die Wirksamkeit läßt sich erklären durch die Erhöhung der Elektronendichte des heterocyclischen Systems am Stickstoff.
    Notes: On the basis of results so far available on inhibitors for water, sodium chloride and other salt solutions new results are reported which were obtained with respect to the inhibition in sodium persulfate solutions. The inhibitors studied in this context show increasing efficiency in the order nicotinic acid - quinonline - pyridine - alpha-picoline - 2,4-lutidine. The efficiency is primarily due to the nitrogen atom facilitating chemisorption of the particular compound to the metal surface. The efficiency may be interpreted in terms of the increased electron density of the heterocyclic system at the nitrogen atom.
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Azolen als Korrosionsinhibitoren für Aluminium 3003 in Trichloressigsäurelösungen2-Mercaptobenzthiazole, 1,2,3-Benztriazol, 2-Methylbenzthiazol sowie Indol sind wirksame Inhibitoren der Korrosion von Aluminium 3003 in 0,1 n Trichloressigsäure. Mit Ausnahme von 1,2,3-Benztriazol, das einen Inhibitor vom Mischtyp darstellt, sind die anderen Substanzen kathodisch wirksam. Die Einführung von -SH-Gruppen erweist sich als günstig. Die Wirkung der Inhibitoren dürfte darauf beruhen, daß die betreffende Substanz an der Metalloberfläche adsorbiert wird und dort stabile Verbindungen zwischen Metall und Schwefel bzw. Stickstoff gebildet werden. Die Bindung mit Schwefel ist dabei stärker.
    Notes: 2-Mercaptobenzthiozole, 1,2,3-benztriazole, 2-methylbenzthiazole and indole are efficient inhibitors of the corrosion of aluminium 3003 in 0.1 N trichloroacetic acid. With the exception of 1,2,3-benztriazole which is a mixed type inhibitor the other compounds are cathodic inhibitors. The introduction of -SH-group is favourable. The effect of the inhibitors may be due to the fact that the particular substance is adsorbed to the metal surface where stable bonds are formed between metal and sulfur and nitrogen respectively. The metal-sulfur bond is stronger.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 785-786 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 772-784 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 786-787 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 787-792 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 792-794 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 795-796 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 794-795 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of the intermetallic ZrV2 phase on the oxidation and corrosion behaviour of zirkonium vanadium alloysThe good oxidation resistance of zirkonium and some of its alloys is due to the formation of an oxide layer characterized by good adhesion. Since, however, cracks are formed in such a layer upon prolonged oxidation the corrosion rate can be rather high in the later stages. An improvement of the properties of the oxide layer may be obtained by providing for the incorporation into the scale of atoms able to prevent oxygen diffusion. In the case of vanadium, however, no protective effect is obtained and the corrosion rate even increases as the vanadium content is increased. This phenomenon is due to the poor solubility of vanadium in the zirconium so that the incorporation of vanadium in the scale is inhibited during the initial stages of corrosion. The corrosion mechanism is the same in saturated vapour and NaCl-solution: there are ZrV2-Particles which are not attacked and are embedded in a largely destroyed zirkonium matrix.
    Notes: Die gute Oxidationsbeständigkeit von Zirkonium und manchen seiner Legierungen beruht auf der Bildung einer durch gute Haftung charakterisierten Oxidschicht. Da in einer solchen Schicht jedoch bei längerer Oxidationsdauer Risse entstehen, kann die Korrosion in einem späteren Stadium beschleunigt ablaufen. Eine Verbesserung der Schichteigenschaften läßt sich erreichen, wenn man dafür sorgt, daß in den Zunder Atome eingebaut werden, welche die Diffusion des Sauerstoffes hindern. Im Falle des Vanadium ergibt sich jedoch keine Schutzwirkung, vielmehr steigt die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit mit zunehmender Menge des Legierungszusatzes. Der Grund hierfür ist die geringe Löslichkeit des Vanadiums in der Zirkoniummatrix, wodurch der Einbau des Vanadiums in den Zunder im Anfangsstadium der Korrosion behindert wird. Der Korrosionsmechanismus ist in Sattdampf und in NaCl-Losung der gleiche: man findet immer ZrV2-Partikel, die unangegriffen in einer weitgehend zerstörten Zirkoniummatrix liegen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 842-847 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 847-849 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 867-870 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 889-892 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Instrumental arrangement for the mechanical activation of metallic boundary layers in electrolytesA planing method is used for obtaining active metallic surfaces in an electrolyte. The current flowing through the metal/electrolyte boundary face can be recorded during and after the activation process with a resolution in time of about 1 ms; a potentiostatic measuring arrangement is used for this pur-pose. The mechanical as well as the electrical and electrochemical parts of the experimental setup are described in detail. The method described is particularly useful for the study of the repassivation behaviour of metals in electrolytes.
    Notes: Zur Erzeugung von aktiven metallischen Oberflächen im Elektrolyten wird ein Hobel verfahren verwendet. Mit Hilfe einer potentiostatischen Meßanordnung kann der Strom, der durch die Grenzfläche Metall/Elektrolyt fließt, während und nach dem Aktivierungs- prozeß mit einer zeitlichen Auflösung von etwa 1 ms registriert werden. Sowohl der mechanische als auch der elektrische und elektrochemische Teil der Versuchsanordnung werden eingehend beschrieben.
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Experience gained with titanium installations fed with sea and brackish waters and used for the seawater desalination and chemical process coolingTitanium and its alloys have proven their usefulness in various parts of desalination equipment, e. g. in the preheating sections and in the cooling zones. Experience in refineries has shown that titanium is resist-ant on the product side (build-up of chlorides and sulfides) as well as on the cooling water side and in the desulphuration zone (formation of H2S). In power plant condensors (impact corrosion) and in the degas-sing zone of such equipment (enrichment of CO2, NH3 and 02) titanium is superior to copper base structures and -at chloride levels exceeding 250 ppm -even to stain-less steel. Care should be taken in designing such equipment to eliminate structural crevices (crevice corrosion, in particular in tube sheets).
    Notes: Titan und dessen Legierungen haben sich in verschiedenen Teilen von Entsalzungsan lagen bewährt, z. B. in den Vorwärm und den Kühlzonen. Erfahrungen in Raffinerien zeigen, daß Titan sowohl auf der Produktseite (Akkumulation von Chloriden und Sulfiden) als auch in der Entschwefelungszone (Bildung von H2S) beständig ist. In Kraftwerkskondensatoren (Aufprallkorrosion) und in den Entgasungsteilen derartiger Anlagen (Anreicherung von CO2, NH3 und 02)ist Titan den entsprechenden Konstruktionen aus Kupferlegierungen und bei Chloridgehalten über 250 ppm auch Konstruktionen aus nichtrostenden Stählen überlegen. Bei der Konstruktion derartiger Anlagen ist darauf zu achten, daß konstruktive Spalten vermieden werden (Gefahr der Spaltkorrosion besonders in Rohrböden).
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