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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (23,333)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (7,703)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (3,591)
  • 1980-1984  (21,293)
  • 1965-1969  (13,334)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchung des Korrosionsverhaltens einer NiCrMo-Legierung in PNP Helium mittels Röntgendiffraktion und Elektronenstrahl-MikroanalyseProben der Nickelbasis-Legierung Nimonic 86 wurden in PNP-500-artigem Helium während 1000 h bei 650, 750, 850, 900 und 950°C ausgelagert. Röntgendiffraktion zeigte nach der Wämebehandlung 5 neu gebildete Phasen an den Probenoberflächen. Ihre Bestimmung ergab (1) einen Spinell Cr2MnO4 (für T ≤ 850°C), dessen Al- und Ti-Gehalt mit zunehmender Temperatur zunimmt, (2) ein Sesquioxid Cr2O3 (für T 〉 900°C) mit einem beträchtlichen Mn-Gehalt für T ≤ 850°C, (3) ein ≠1 Oxid Ni2Mo3O (hauptsächlich bei 750°C) mit geringem Fe-Gehalt, (4) ein ≠1 Karbid (Ni, Cr, Si)3Mo3C (für T ≤ 750°C), (5) Cr23C6(für T ≤ 850°C) mit etwas Mo.
    Notes: Samples of the nickel base alloy Nimonic 86 were exposed to PNP-500 type helium for 1000 h at 650, 750, 850, 900 and 950°C. X-ray diffraction showed 5 additional phases, formed at the sample surfaces during the heat treatment. They were shown to be: (1) a spinel Cr2MnO4 (at T ≤ 850°C) containing increasing amounts of Al and Ti with increasing temperature, (2) a sesquioxide Cr2O3 (at T ≥ 900°C) containing substantial amounts of Mn for T ≤ 850°C, (3) an ≠1 oxide Ni3Mo3SO (mainly at 750°C) containing some Fe, (4) an ≠1 carbide (Ni, Cr, Si)3Mo3C (at T ≤ 750°C), (5) Cr23C6 (at T ≤ 850°C) containing some Mo.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: ESCA Untersuchungen an Stählen, gebeizt in HCl mit und ohne InhibitorzusatzEs wird berichtet über ESCA Untersuchungen (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) an kalt gewalzten ST 13 Stahlproben, gebeizt in HCl-Lösung mit und ohne Inhibitor-Zusatz (Dibutylthioharnstoff, DBTU). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das DBTU-Molekül dissoziativ an der Metalloberfläche chemisorbiert wird. Das häufig benutzte Inhibitionsmodell, daß die Metalloberfläche durch die Inhibitormoleküle vollständig bedeckt wird und damit das Metall vor dem Angriff durch die Säure geschützt wird, kann für den Inhibitor DBTU durch unsere ESCA-Experimente nicht bestätigt werden. Die Ergebnisse sind in Übereinstimmung mit anderen Beobachtungen über die Chemisorption schwefelhaltiger Moleküle an Eisen-Oberflächen.
    Notes: ESCA experiments (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) on cold rolled ST 13 steel samples, etched in HCl solutions without and with inhibitor additives (dibutylthiourea, DBTU) are reported.These data showed, that DBTU is dissociatively chemisorbed at the metal surface. The frequently used assumption that the metal surface is covered by the inhibitor molecules preventing the direct attack of the acid cannot be confirmed by our ESCA results, at least for the inhibitor DBTU. The results are in agreement with previous findings on the chemisorption of sulphurous molecules on iron surfaces.
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  • 4
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 28-30 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 16-22 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of chloroacetyl chlorides and chloroacetic acids on the corrosion of metals in trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethyleneThe corrosive behaviour of selected stainless steels, nickel, copper and zinc materials in trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene containing dichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetyl chloride or trichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetyl chloride in concentrations between 100 and 10000 ppm from room temperature to the boiling point was investigated.NiCu 30 Fe was resistant in all systems investigated. Only tetrachloroethylene containing trichloroacetyl chloride corroded the stainless steels. Corrosion rates up to 0.07 mm/y and a tendency towards pitting corrosion were detected.Trichloroethylene containing dichloroacetic acid proofed aggressive towards Cu-DHP, CuZn 15, and CuSn 6. Corrosion rates between 0.14 and 0.32 mm/y were observed.Tetrachloroethylene containing trichloroacetic acid was far less corrosive towards copper materials. In tetrachloroethylene, containing trichloroacetyl chloride, of the copper materials investigated, CuZn 15 and CuAl8 were relatively strongly attacked (corrosion rate 0.10 mm/y).Of the investigated materials, Zn 99.95 was the least resistant to corrosion. Solutions containing acids and acid chlorides proofed to be the most aggressive with corrosion rates between 0.56 and 0.66 mm/y.Some corrosion products, developed on the metal surfaces, were analysed.
    Notes: Von Raumtemperatur bis zur Siedetemperatur wurde das Korrosionsverhalten ausgewählter hochlegierter Stähle, Nickel-, Kupfer- und Zinkwerkstoffe in Trichlorethylen und Perchlorethylen untersucht, die Dichloressigsäure und Dichloracetylchlorid bzw. Trichloressigsäure und Trichloracetylchlorid in Konzentrationen zwischen 100 and 10 000 ppm enthielten.Die Nickelbasislegierung NiCu 30 Fe erwies sich in allen untersuchten Medien als der beständigste Werkstoff. Die hochlegierten Stähle wurden nur gering mit Abtragsraten bis 0,07 mm/a, aber mit Neigung zur Lochkorrosion in trichloracetylchloridhaltigem Perchlorethylen angegriffen.Dichloressigsäurehaltiges Trichlorethylen korrodierte SF-Cu, CuZn 15 und CuSn 6 merklich; Abtragsraten zwischen 0,14 and 0,32 mm/a wurden beobachtet.Mit Trichloressigsäure versetztes Perchlorethylen wirkte auf die Kupferwerkstoffe wesentlich weniger korrosiv ein. Von den untersuchten Kupferwerkstoffen wurden CuZn 15 and CuAl8 in trichloracetylchloridhaltigem Perchlorethylen mit 0,10 mm/a am stärksten korrodiert.Zn 99.95 erwies sich von den untersuchten Werkstoffen als am wenigsten beständig. Bei gleichzeitiger Anwesenheit von Säure und Säurechlorid lagen die Abtragsraten zwischen 0,56 und 0,66 mm/a.An den Metalloberflächen gebildete Korrosionsprodukte wurden analysiert.
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  • 6
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations Concerning the Intercrystalline Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Pure AIZnMg 2-Alloy in NaCl-SolutionIn a pure AIZnMg 2-alloy diversified fully step aged or overaged in one step intergranular corrosion (IG) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in airsaturated 1 N NaCl-solution or in deaerated 0,1 N NaCl-solution at 303 K were investigated under potentiostatic control. The pure AlZnMg 2-alloy had the following composition (weight percent): Zn: 4.60; Mg: 2.00; Fe: 0.005; Si: 0.006; balance Al.In the two step aged AlZnMg 2-alloys the IG-sensitivity is lowered by an increase of the first step aging time, while SCC-susceptibility and the yield point are raised. As possible mechanism of SCC hydrogen embrittlement is suspectet. At potentials noble to IG-breakdownpotential an interaction of intergranular corrosion and SCC brings about crack velocities, which are to be regarded as a sum of the velocity of intergranular corrosion, which is virtually independent of tensile stress, and the velocity of crack propagation due to SCC.In the overaged AlZnMg 2-alloy IG-attack was observed although in this state of aging no precipitate free zone anodic to the matrix can be assumed. A model to explain this variation of intergranular corrosion, that proofs to be dependent of tensile stress, is represented.
    Notes: Das Verhalten gegenüber interkristalliner Korrosion (IK) und Spannungsrißkorrosion (SpRK) wurde an einer reinen AlZnMg 2-Legierung im vollausgehärteten, unterschiedlich stufenausgelagerten sowie in einem überalterten, warmausgelagerten Zustand unter potentiostatischen Bedingungen in luftgesättigter 1 N NaCl-Lösung bzw in stickstoffgespülter 0,1 N NaCl-Lösung bei 303 K untersucht. Die reine AlZnMg2-Legierung enthielt (Gew-%): Zn: 4,60; Mg: 2,00; Fe: 0,005; Si: 0,006; Rest Al.Bei den stufenausgelagerten Legierungen nehmen mit längerer Zwischenauslagerungsdauer die IK-Empfindlichkeit ab und die SpRK-Empfindlichkeit und die Streckgrenze zu. Als möglicher SpRK-Mechanismus wird die Wasserstoffversprödung vermutet. Bei Versuchen oberhalb des IK-Durchbruchspotentials ergibt ein Zusammenwirken von interkristalliner und Spannungsrißkorrosion Rißgeschwindigkeiten, die als Summe der praktisch zugspannungsunabhängigen Geschwindigkeit der interkristallinen Korrosion und der Geschwindigkeit der Rißausbreitung durch SpRK anzusehen sind.In der überalterten Legierung wurde interkristalline Korrosion gefunden, obwohl in diesem Auslagerungszustand kein gegenüber der Matrix anodischer ausscheidungsfreier Saum (AFS) anzunehmen ist. Es wird ein Modell zur Erklärung dieser sich als zugspannungsabhängig erweisenden Spielart der interkristallinen Korrosion vorgestellt.
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  • 7
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 30-31 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 31-32 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R1 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R6 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R9 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R17 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R24 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R25 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R25 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R27 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. R28 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 22
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 35-35 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 23
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Tantallegierungen. Verhinderung der Wasserstoffsprödigkeit von Tantal durch Legieren Das Korrosionsverhalten von TaMo-, TaW-, TaNb-, TaHf-, TaZr-, TaRe-, TaNi-, TaV-, TaWMo-, TaWNb-, TaWHf- und TaWRe- Legierungen ist untersucht worden in konzentrierter Schwefelsaure bei 200 und 250°C, siedender Salzsäure der azeotropen Zusammensetzung, konzentrierter Salzsäure bei 150°C unter Druck, fluorwasserstoffhaltigen Lösungen und 0,5%iger Schwefelsäure bei Raumtemperatur (Anodisierung).In hochkorrosiven Medien wie konzentrierter Schwefelsäure bei 250°C und konzentrierter Salzsäure bei 150°C wird Tantal durch Wasserstoffaufnahme versprödet, wahrscheinlich durch die Ausscheidung von β-Hydrid, die durch mechanische Spannungen ausgelöst wird. Sowohl die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit als auch die Wasserstoffversprödung in Schwefelsäure von 250°C werden durch Legierungselemente stark beeinflußt. Geringe Zusätze von Molybdän oder Rhenium verringern sowohl die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit als auch die Wasserstoffversprödung, während Hafnium die gegenteilige Wirkung hat. Durch Zusatz von 1-3 At.-% Molybdän (0,5-1,5 Gew.-%) kann die Wasserstoffversprödung des Tantals in der 250°C heißen Schwefelsäure vollkommen unterbunden werden. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse können mit Hilfe des Sauerstoffdefizits im Tantalpentoxidfilm und unter Berücksichtigung der Elektronenstruktur dieser Legierungen erschwert werden.
    Notes: The corrosion behaviour of substitutional Ta-Mo, Ta-W, Ta-Nb, Ta-Hf, Ta-Zr, Ta-Re, Ta-Ni, Ta-V, Ta-W-Mo, Ta-W-Nb, Ta-W-Hf and Ta-W-Re alloys has been investigated in various corrosive media, i.e. (1) concentrated sulfuric acid at 250°C and 200°C, (2) boiling hydrochloric acid of azeotropic composition, (3) concentrated hydrochloric acid at 150°C under pressure, (4) HF-containing solutions and (5)0.5% H2SO4 at room temperature (anodisation).In highly corrosive media such as concentrated H2SO4 at 250°C and concentrated HCl at 150°C tantalum is hydrogen embrittled, probably by stress induced precipitation of β-hydride. Both corrosion rate and hydrogen embrittlement in concentrated H2SO4 at 250°C are strongly influenced by alloying elements. Small alloying additions of either Mo or Re decrease the corrosion rate and the hydrogen embrittlement, while Hf has the opposite effect. Hydrogen embrittlement in concentrated H2SO4 at 250°C is completely eliminated by alloying Ta with 1 to 3 at % Mo (0.5 to 1.5 wt % Mo). These results can be explained in terms of the oxygen deficiency of the Ta2O5 film and the electronic structure of these alloys.
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  • 24
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 70-71 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 25
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 60-69 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Laboratoriumsuntersuchung von 1,1,1-Trichlorethan-Metall-Inhibitor-SystemenHandelsübliche Rezepturen von 1,1,1-Trichlorethan enthalten die verschiedensten organischen Verbindungen, welche als Stabilisatoren und Inhibitoren wirken. Zur Ermittlung der Wirksamkeit von als Inhibitoren infrage kommenden Stoffen werden verschiedene Auswahl versuche durchgeführt, von denen in der vorliegenden Arbeit einige beschrieben werden. Diese ermöglichen eine vergleichende Beurteilung der Eignung für neue Lösemittelrezepturen.
    Notes: Commercial formulations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane contain a variety of organic compounds that serve as metal stabilizers. A number of screening tests are available for evaluating new inhibitor candidates. This paper describes a series of tests which together serve as a comparative screening evaluation for new solvent formulations.
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  • 26
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion protection and maintenanceThe terms of maintenance engineering were all elucidated in the German standard DIN 31051 with one curve: the decrease of the volume of wear. By the feedback of all steps of maintenance to one term, the volume of wear, the valuation-especially on operational criticism - of the different steps will become possible.Wear and corrosion are analogous reactions affecting materials and structural components. Therefore it will be beneficial to an expert of corrosion engineering to tackle with the terms of this standard.
    Notes: In der Begriffsnorm für die Instandhaltung, der DIN 31051, werden alle Begriffe der Instandhaltung anhand einer Kurve erläutert: der Abbaukurve des Abnutzungsvorrats. Durch die Rückführung aller Maßnahmen der Instandhaltung auf einen Begriff, den “Abnutzungsvorrat”, wird eine Bewertung, auch eine betriebswirtschaftliche Bewertung der Maßnahmen möglich.Verschleiß und Korrosion sind analoge Vorgänge, die auf Bauteile und Werkstoffe einwirken. Es wird- deshalb für den Korrosionsingenieur nützlich sein, sich auch mit dieser Begriffsnorm auseinanderzusetzen.
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  • 27
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Chloride-Induced High Temperature Corrosion of Iron-, Nickel-, Cobalt-Base Alloys by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microspot AnalysisThe direct oxidation at 900°C in air and the corrosion of alloys in air after short exposure to chloride have been compared under identical conditions. Chloride destroys the original oxide layers by recristallisation and modifies the following scale growing in such a manner that no firmly sticking layers can be rebuilt. After a chloride induction therefore all other following corrosions will be enhanced. Experiments in a closed system, a so called transport furnace, showed that the chloride also acts as a gas phase carrier transporting firstly the oxide layer, under reducing conditions metals, too, as volatile chloro metal gas complexes in this case from hot to cold region of the furnace. Cobalt base alloys are less attacked than iron or nickel base alloys. As chloride is not found implicitly on the treated surface the identification of the chloride induced corrosion is difficult. However the scanning electron microscopy combined with quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis has been proved as an appropriate method for early detection. As the phenomena depend on the type of alloy, respectively, an illustration and interpretation catalogue is necessary.
    Notes: Unter identischen Bedingungen wurden die Oxidation der Legierungen bei 900°C in Luft und die Oxidation nach vorheriger kurzzeitiger Chlorideinwirkung miteinander verglichen. Chlorid zerstört durch Rekristallisation die ursprünglichen Oxidschichten und verändert das nachfolgende Zunderwachstum, so daß keine festhaftenden Schichten mehr aufgebaut werden. Nach der Chlorid-Induzierung wird daher jede andersartige nachfolgende Korrosion verstärkt. Versuche im geschlossenen System, im sogenannten Transportofen, zeigten, daß das Chlorid auch die Rolle eines Transportmittels übernimmt und zunächst die Deckschichtoxide, unter reduzierenden Bedingungen aber auch Metall, in Form flüchtiger Chlorometall-Gaskomplexe-hier vom heißen zum kälteren Ort-über die Gasphase transportiert. Cobaltbasis-Legierungen erwiesen sich als weniger anfällig als Eisen- und Nickel-Basislegierungen. Da bei der chloridinduzierten Korrosion Chlorid nicht mehr unbedingt auf der behandelten Oberfläche vorhanden sein muß, gestaltet sich ihr Nachweis schwierig. Die Kombination Rasterelektronenmikroskopie/energiedispersive Röntgenanalyse mit quantitativer Auswerteeinheit erwies sich jedoch als geeignete Methode zur frühzeitigen Erkennung. Da die Erscheinungen vom Legierungstyp abhängen, ist ein Bild- und Auswertekatalog erforderlich.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 71-77 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 78-97 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 98-98 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 111-115 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Das anodische Verhalten von Zirkaloy 4 in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure mit Bildung von zwei OberflächenfilmenDie unter verschiedenen Polarisierungsbedingungen im Bereich von - 750 bis + 500 mV/g KE aufgenommenen Strom-Potentialkurven zeigen, daß man auf Zirkaloy 4 in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure (70% Gew.) zwei Oxidfilme entwickeln kann. Die Vorpolarisierungszeit und -bedingungen, die Richtung der Potentialveränderung sowie die Temperatur beeinflussen die Potentialbereiche der beiden vorhandenen Filme und den Bereich ihrer Wechselwirkungen.
    Notes: Current-potential curves drawn in different polarization conditions in the range - 750 to + 500 mV/SCE show that two oxide films can be developed on zircaloy 4 in concentrated sulphuric acid media (70 wt %). The prepolarization times and conditions, the potential sweep direction and the temperature all influence the potential ranges of existence of the two films and the range of their interactions.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 99-106 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Acid inhibitors. II. Influence of quarternary ammonium salts on the hydrogen absorption of mild steel in H2S-free and H2S-saturated hydrochloric acidThe influence of organic ammonium salts (pyridine hydrochloride and its derivates, trialkylbenzylammonium halides, pyridines, quinolinium and isoquinolinium compounds quaternarized with benzyl halides and substituted benzyl chlorides) on the hydrogen absorption of mild steel treated with H2S-free and H2S-saturated 16% hydrochloric acid at 25 °C was studied using electrochemically controlled hydrogen permeation measurements. Investigations on structure-efficiency correlations revealed that the inhibitors can influence the kinetics of the hydrogen absorption and the rate of metal dissolution with significantly different efficiency. Describing the efficiency profil of acid inhibitors it is therefore necessary to test inhibitors in both respects. This is valid especially in the presence of H2S which can change the efficiency of inhibitors fundamentally.Besides by structural and electronic variations in the organic molecule the efficiency of the inhibitors tested was influenced by the type of anion (e.g. bromide, iodide). With benzylquinolinium chloride the best results were found in both H2S-free and H2S-saturated acid.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe elektrochemisch kontrollierter Wasserstoffpermeationsmessungen wurde der Einfluß organischer Ammoniumsalze (Pyridinhydrochlorid und Derivate, Trialkylbenzylammoniumhalogenide, mit Benzylhalogeniden und substituierten Benzylchloriden quaternärisierte Pyridine, Chinoline und Isochinoline) auf die Wasserstoffabsorption von unlegiertem Stahl beim Behandeln mit H2S-freier und H2S-gesättigter 16%iger Salzsäure bei 25 °C studiert. Untersuchungen zu Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehungen zeigten, daß die betrachteten Inhibitoren die Kinetik der Wasserstoffabsorption im Metall und die Geschwindigkeit der Metallauflösung durchaus unterschiedlich beeinflussen können. Daher müssen zur Beschreibung des Wirkprofils von Säureinhibitoren stets beide Einflußbereiche untersucht werden. Dies gilt vor allem in Anwesenheit von H2S, welches die Eigenschaften von Inhibitoren grundlegend verändern kann.Neben strukturellen und elektronischen Veränderungen im organischen Teil des Inhibitormoleküls zeigten auch Variationen des Anions (z. B. Bromid, Iodid) einen deutlichen Einfluß auf die Inhibitionswirkung. Mit Benzylchinoliniumchlorid wurden die besten Resultate sowohl in H2S-freier Säure als auch in Anwesenheit von H2S erhalten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 107-110 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Acid inhibitors. II. Influence of quarternary ammonium salts on the hydrogen absorption of mild steel in H2S-free and H2S-saturated formic acidThe influence of quaternary ammonium compounds (benzylpyridinium chloride, benzylquinolinium halides, p-dodecylbenzylquinolinium chloride, benzylisoquinolinium chloride, tri-n-butylbenzylammonium halides, benzyldabcolinium chloride) on the rate of metal dissolution and absorption of corrosion hydrogen in the metal was studied at mild steel in chloride containing 10% formic acid at 25 °C in the presence and absence of H2S. Generally the same effects were observed like in the system steel/hydrochloric acid. Depending on the kind of inhibitor the presence of H2S increased or decreased the efficiency of inhibitors to block the H-absorption. Regardless of the presence of H2S p-dodecylbenzylquinolinium chloride and benzylquinolinium iodide exhibited the best efficiencies in decreasing the rate of metal dissolution and inhibiting the H-absorption in the metal.
    Notes: Es wurde der Einfluß quartärer Ammoniumverbindungen (Benzylpyridiniumchlorid, Benzylchinoliniumhalogenide, p-Dodecylbenzylchinoliniumchlorid, Benzylisochinoliniumchlorid, Tri-n-butylbenzylammoniumhalogenide, Benzyldabcoliniumchlorid) auf das Abtragsverhalten und die Absorption von Korrosionswasserstoff im Metall beim Behandeln von unlegiertem Stahl mit chloridhaltiger 10%iger Ameisensäure bei 25 °C in Anwesenheit und Abwesenheit von H2S studiert. Grundsätzlich wurden ähnliche Effekte wie im System Stahl/ Salzsäure gefunden. H2S-Anwesenheit wirkte sich je nach Inhibitorsubstanz günstig oder ungünstig auf die Kinetik der H-Absorption aus. p-Dodecylbenzylchinoliniumchlorid und Benzylchinoliniumchlorid zeigten unabhängig von der H2S-Anwesenheit die besten Hemmwerte sowohl bei der Metallauflösung als such bei der Absorption von Korrosionswasserstoff.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 116-120 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Überwachung der atmosphärischen Korrosion mit elektrochemischen Methoden in LaboratoriumsanlagenZur Überwachung der atmosphärischen Korrosion von verzinktem Eisen, verzinktem und mit SnPb beschichtetem Kupfer im Salzsprühnebel und in Wasserdampf wurde ein Überwachungsgerät (Atmospheric Corrosion Monitor) entwickelt, das mit Polarisationswiderstandsmessung arbeitet. Die Ausführung für Zinn und SnPb-Überzüge ist mit gedruckten Schaltungen ausgestattet. Die Überwachung der atmosphärischen Korrosion mittels Polarisationswiderstandsmessung und der galvanostatischen Impulsmethode ist auf dem Gebiet der atmosphärischen Korrosion neu. Die Methode liefert in kurzer Zeit Ergebnisse, ist empfindlich, zerstörungsfrei und geeignet für alle auf Metallen verwendeten anodischen und kathodischen Überzüge.
    Notes: An atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM) has been developed for monitoring atmospheric corrosion of Zn-coated iron and tin and SnPb coated copper in salt spray and hot steam atmosphere using the electrochemical technique of polarization resistance Rp. ACM for Sn and SnPb coatings is made using the printed circuits technology.The measurement of atmospheric corrosion using the Rp principle and the impulse galvanostatic method, is a novelty in the atmospheric corrosion studies. The method is fast, sensitive, non-destructive and suitable for all the anodic and cathodic coatings used on metals.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 121-123 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 123-124 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 125-126 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 127-138 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 150-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion behaviour of unprotected and hot-dipped galvanized steel for fuel oil storageInvestigations have been done with unprotected and galvanized steel under fuel oil storage conditions. By adding sodium chloride as corrosive agent and a commercial corrosion inhibitor conditions for localized corrosion of unprotected steel were simulated. Results show that no localized corrosion occurs with galvanized steel.
    Notes: Es wurden Untersuchungen mit ungeschütztem und feuerverzinkten Stahl unter Heizöl-Lagerungsbedingungen durchgeführt. Durch Zugabe von Natriumchlorid als korrosivem Mittel und einem handelsüblichen Korrosionsinhibitor wurden Bedingungen für die örtliche Korrosion von ungeschütztem Stahl simuliert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß bei feuerverzinktem Stahl keine örtliche Korrosion auftritt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 156-159 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Antikorrosive Eigenschaften von quartären Ammoniumverbindungen mit AlkylthiomethylrestDer Hemmwert von 3-Brom(n-alkylthiomethyl)pyridinium-, 3-Chlor(n-alkylthiomethyl)pyridinium-, 3,4-Dimethyl(n-alkylthiomethyl)pyridinium-, 1-Methyl-2-Methyl-3-(n-alkylthiomethyl)imidazolium-, 1-Butyl-3-(n-alkylthiomethyl)imidazolium- und (n-alkylthiomethyl)isochinoliniumchlorid bei der Korrosion von Kohlenstahl in 2 m Salzsäure, 2 m Schwefelsäure und Trinkwasser wurde gravimetrisch ermittelt. Der Hemmwert ist danach in sauren Medien höher als in Wasser. In stagnierendem saurem Medium bei 18 °C erreicht der Hemmwert ein Maximum bei 0,05 g/l Inhibitor und bei 8 h Versuchsdauer.
    Notes: The inhibition effect of chlorides: 3-bromo[(n-alkylthio)methyl]pyridinium, 3-chloro[(n-alkylthio)methyl]pyridinium, 3,4-dimethyl[(n-alkylthio)methyl]pyridinium, 1-methyl-2-methyl-3-[(n-alkylthio) methyl]imidazolium, 1-butyl-3-[(n-alkylthio)methyl]imidazolium and [(n-alkylthio)methyl]isoquinolinium on the corrosion of carbon steel in 2 M hydrochloric acid, 2 M sulphuric acid and drinking water was studied gravimetrically. The inhibitor efficiency is higher in acidic environments than in water. It appears that in stagnant acid solutions at room temperature maximum inhibiting efficiency is obtained at the inhibitor concentration of 0.05 g/l and 8 hrs' test duration.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 139-149 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibition der sulfat-induzierten Heißgaskorrosion durch MgSO4 und BaSO4 und ihre PotentialabhängigkeitElektrochemische Korrosionsuntersuchungen wurden mit IN 100 in einer Schmelze aus (Mol-%) 90 Na2SO4—10 K2SO4 mit verschiedenen Zusätzen an MgSO4 und BaSO4 bei 1173 K durchgeführt, um die Inhibition dieser Verbindungen und ihre Potentialabhängigkeit zu untersuchen. Es wurden sowohl potentiostatisch kontrollierte als auch Versuche beim Freien Korrosionspotential mit Messung des Polarisationswiderstandes durchgeführt.Die Inhibition von MgSO4 ist stark potentialabhängig. Bei negativen Potentialen, bei denen in elektrochemischen Nebenreaktionen Sauerstoffionen gebildet werden, wird MgO auf der Werkstoffoberfläche abgeschieden und teilweise in die Zunderschicht eingebaut. Diese MgO-reiche Zunderschicht ist beständig gegen basischen Aufschluß, weil MgO in basischen Schmelzen unlöslich ist. Bei positiven Potentialen, bei denen durch Entladen von SO4-Ionen die Säure SO3 entsteht, wird keine oder nur sehr geringe Inhibition gefunden.Zusätze von BaSO4 allein ergeben keinen Inhibitionseffekt. Zusätze von BaSO4 zu einer MgSO4-haltigen Schmelze verbessern jedoch erheblich die Inhibitionswirkung von MgSO4. Der Mechanismus dieses synergistischen Effektes wird nicht vollständig verstanden.
    Notes: Electrochemical corrosion measurements have been performed with IN 100 in a (mole %) 90 Na2SO4—10 K2SO4 melt with different additions of MgSO4 and BaSO4 at 1173 K in order to investigate the inhibition effect of these compounds and its potential dependence. Potentiostatically controlled measurements as well as free corrosion potential measurements with the determination of the polarization resistance have been performed.The inhibition effect of MgSO4 is strongly potential dependent. At negative potentials, where oxygen ions are produced by electrochemical side reactions, MgO is precipitated at the surface of the metal and becomes incorporated into the scale. This kind of MgO-rich scale is resistant to basic fluxing because MgO is not dissolved in basic media. At positive potentials, where acid SO3 is produced by discharge of SO4-ions, MgSO4 yields no or only very little inhibition.BaSO4 additions alone do not yield inhibition effects. However, additions of BaSO4 to melts containing MgSO4 improve the inhibition effect of the latter. The mechanism of this synergistic effect is not completely understood.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 159-164 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 165-166 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 167-170 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 191-217 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 186-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of metals in carbon tetrachlorideNickel, nickel alloys, titanium, the titanium-palladium alloy, carbon steel, stainless steel, zinc, aluminium und lead were immersed in the following boiling media: carbon tetrachloride dried and saturated with water and two phase mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and water.Titanium, the titanium alloy and nickel alloys of type C-4, G and 825 are high-corrosion-resistant, the alloy B-2 were only slightly corroded. Nickel, alloy 600, zinc and lead were corroded in the boiling two phase mixture. The weight loss of the stainless steel is very low, but the sensitivity of these steel grades to pitting and/or stress corrosion cracking have to be taken into account.Carbon steel and aluminium corroded heavily in contact with the boiling mixture.The composition of the gaseous phase corrosion products shows different corrosion mechanism.
    Notes: Nickel, Nickel-Legierungen, unlegiertes und mit Palladium legiertes Titan, unlegierter Stahl, austenitischer Chrom-Nickel-Stahl, Zink, Blei und Aluminium wurden in siedendem technischem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (trocken bzw. mit Wasser gesättigt) und in siedenden Tetrachlorkohlenstoff-Wasser-Gemischen beansprucht.Titan, die Titan-Legierung sowie die Nickel-Legierungen vom Typ C-4, G und 825 besitzen eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit; die Legierung vom Typ B-2 wird nur geringfügig korrodiert. Nickel, NiCr 15 Fe sowie Zink und Blei werden in dem siedenden Zweiphasengemisch angegriffen. Die Abtragungsraten des austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stahls sind zwar gering, jedoch ist die Anfälligkeit dieser Stahlsorten gegenüber Lochkorrosion und/oder Spannungsrißkorrosion zu beachten. Unlegierter Stahl und Aluminium sind im siedenden Zweiphasengemisch unbeständig.Aus der Zusammensetzung der gasförmigen Korrosionsprodukte wird auf unterschiedliche Korrosionsmechanismen geschlossen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 171-178 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations Into transgranular and intergranular stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels In hot magnesium chloride solutionsThe stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steels in hot magnesium chloride solutions is known to be transgranular. Therefore the slip-step-dissolution model is most favourable when explaining the failure mechanism.Constant load and constant extension rate tests (CERT) show that both methodes are almost equivalent. Moreover constant extension rate tests in more concentrated magnesium chloride solutions at 135°C reveal a small potential range of intergranular stress corrosion cracking more negative than the range of transgranular SCC.Observations of crack nucleation and crack propagation make plain that crack nucleation is a localized corrosion process. Pitting produces crack nucleis in the elastic range whereas cracks start along slip lines after plastic deformation.Fractography of specimens which failed by intergranular and transgranular SCC show macroscopically brittle fracture surfaces. Therefore a model is proposed which explains crack propagation by hydrogen-induced intermitted cracking at high-stressed sites at the crack tip.
    Notes: Die Spannungsrißkorrosion (SpRK) des austenitischen Chrom-Nikkel-Stahles X 5 CrNi 189 (Werkstoff Nr. 1.4301) wurde in heißen Magnesiumchlorid-Lösungen untersucht und der ablaufende Schadensvorgang im Hinblick auf das bekannte slip-step-dissolution Modell überprüft. Parallele SpRK-Prüfungen mit zeitlich konstanter Last und zeitlich konstanter niedriger Dehnrate bestätigen die Vergleichbarkeit beider Prüfverfahren. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Versuche mit zeitlich konstanter Dehnrate, daß in höherkonzentrierter Magnesiumchlorid-Lösung bis 135°C neben der transkristallinen auch interkristalline SpRK möglich ist. Die Beobachtungen zur Rißentstehung und Rißausbreitung verdeutlichen, daß es sich bei der Rißentstehung um lokale Korrosionsprozesse handelt. Zum einen erzeugt Lochkorrosion an elastisch gespannten Proben Rißkeime, zum anderen setzt bei plastischer Verformung bevorzugt Korrosion entlang von Gleitlinien ein.Die beobachtete trans- und interkristalline SpRK zeigt sich makroskopisch verformungslos. Deshalb wird ein Modell aufgezeigt, das den Rißfortschritt durch wasserstoffinduziertes sprödes intermittiertes Reißen im Bereich hoher Spannungen hinter der Rißspitze erklärt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 179-185 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibition of pitting corrosion of Iron and steel in neutral solutions by organic phosphonic acid derivativesPitting corrosion and inhibition by organic phosphonic acid derivatives were investigated for pure iron, mild steel, 99,5% nickel and annealed austenitic steel (AISI 304) electrodes in aerated, not stirred and chloride ions containing borate buffer solution of pH = 8.0.Inhibition efficiency is different for the electrode materials investigated. Best results were obtained for nickel, were the inhibition efficiency decreases following the row: benzole-1.4-diphosphonic acid, hexane-l.6-diphosphonic acid-monohydrate, propane- 1.3-diphosphonic acid-monohydrate, amino-tris(methylene-phosphonic acid) and 1-hydroxyethane-1.1-diphosphonic acidmonohydrate. For iron and mild steel the last two substances do not show any inhibition efficiency. For stainless steel none of the compounds investigated can be used as inhibitor for pitting corrosion.For all materials inhibition depends significantly on the ratio of the inhibitor to the chloride concentration. Potentiodynamic measurements as well as cathodic discharging experiments of passive electrodes show that the inhibiting molecules are not incorporated into the passive layers but work by the adsorption mechanism. Results of Photopotential- and AES-investigations are in agreement with this statement.
    Notes: An Magnetreineisen, unlegiertem Stahl St 37 bzw. St 1303, 99,5%igem Nickel und dem austenitischen Stahl X 5 CrNi 189, Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4301, im diffusionsgeglühten Wärmebehandlungszustand wurde die durch Chloride in belüftetem, ruhendem Boratpuffer pH = 8,0 hervorgerufene Lochkorrosion und deren Inhibition durch Phosphonsäurederivate untersucht. Die Inhibitionswirkung der untersuchten Phosphonsäurederivate für die Lochkorrosion erweist sich als werkstoffspezifisch. Die besten Ergebnisse ergeben sich für Nickel. Die Inhibitionswirkung nimmt hierbei in der angegebenen Reihenfolge ab: Benzol-1,4-diphosphonsäure, Hexan-1,6-diphosphonsäure-monohydrat, Propan-1,3-diphosphonsäure-monohydrat, Amino-tris (methylenphosphonsäure) und 1-Hydroxyethan-1,1-diphosphonsäure-monohydrat. Im Falle des Eisens und unlegierten Stahles weisen die beiden letzten Substanzen keine Inhibitionswirkung mehr auf. Beim austenitischen Stahl ist die Inhibitionswirkung generell nochmals verringert bzw. überhaupt nicht mehr vorhanden.In allen Fallen hängt die Inhibition vom Verhältnis der Konzentrationen der Inhibitormoleküle zu den aggressiven Chloridionen ab. Insbesondere am Eisen und unlegierten Stahl durchgeführte potentiodynamische Messungen sowie galvanostatische Reduktionsversuche der Passivschichten lassen den Schluß zu, daß die inhibierenden Substanzen nicht in die Oxidschichten eingebaut werden, sondern adsorptiv wirken. Hiermit in Übereinstimmung stehen die Ergebnisse von Photopotentialmessungen und AES-Untersuchungen. Der Adsorptionsmechanismus wird wegen gleicher ermittelter Abhängigkeiten auch für die übrigen untersuchten Werkstoffe angenommen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 217-220 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 220-230 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 245-245 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 230-245 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 43 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 247-253 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effects of Carburization of the Creep Behaviour of a FeNiCr-High Temperature AlloyIncoloy 800 and Incoloy 800 doped with 1% Nb were carburized at 1000 °C in CH4-H2 to 0.83% C (mass content). The undoped alloy shows relatively coarse large M23C6 carbides at the grain boundaries, the alloy with 1% Nb has mainly fine carbides in the grains.Creep experiments were performed with the carburized and uncarburized specimens at 1000 °C, in which creep rates were attained in the range 10-9… 10-7 s-1 of secondary creep. The stress dependence of the creep rate indicates two creep mechanisms: diffusion creep at low stresses and dislocation creep at high stresses. The diffusion creep is faster for both alloys after carburization. The dislocation creep is retarded by carburization for the undoped alloy.At about equal creep rate ε = 10-7 s-1 the carburized specimens have a longer lifetime. The fracture is brittle for Incoloy 800 in the uncarburized and carburized state, characterized by void and crack formation and poor reduction in area. The fracture of the carburized Incoloy 800 with 1% Nb is rather ductile with less void formation. The results indicate that carburization does not deteriorate the creep behaviour of the FeNiCr alloy if the reached carbon content is not too high. An addition of Nb is very favorable for the creep properties after carburization.
    Notes: Im CH4-H2-Gemisch wurden die beiden Legierungen Incoloy 800 und Incoloy 800 + 1% Nb bis zu 0,83% C (Massengehalt) aufgekohlt. Die nicht mit Nb dotierte Legierung zeigt danach relativ grobe M23C6Ausscheidungen an den Korngrenzen, die Legierung mit 1% Nb überwiegend feine Carbide MC im Korn.In inerter Atmosphäre wurden Kriechversuche bei 1000 °C mit den aufgekohlten und nichtaufgekohlten Legierungen durchgeführt, wobei Kriechgeschwindigkeiten im sekundären Bereich zwischen 10-9 bis 10-7 s-1 eingestellt wurden. Die Abhängigkeit der Kriechgeschwindigkeit von der Spannung zeigt, daß zwei Kriechmechanismen auftreten, Diffusionskriechen bei niedriger Spannung und Versetzungskriechen bei hoher Spannung. Das Diffusionskriechen wird für beide Legierungen durch die Aufkohlung beschleunigt, das Versetzungskriechen der nicht mit Nb dotierten Legierung wird durch die Aufkohlung gehemmt.Bei etwa gleicher Kriechgeschwindigkeit ε = 10-7 s-1 zeigen die aufgekohlten Zeitstandproben eine längere Lebensdauer. Der Bruch ist spröde für das aufgekohlte und nichtaufgekohlte Incoloy 800 und wird eingeleitet durch Poren- und Rißbildung bei geringer Duktilität (Querschnittsabnahme). Der Bruch der aufgekohlten Legierung mit 1% Nb ist dagegen sehr duktil bei geringer Hohlraumbildung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Aufkohlung die Kriecheigenschaften einer FeNiCr-Legierung nicht wesentlich verschlechtert, solange der erreichte Kohlenstoffgehalt nicht zu hoch wird. Ein Zusatz von Nb ist sehr vorteilhaft für das Kriechverhalten nach Aufkohlung.
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  • 96
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 266-272 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Silicium und Yttrium auf die Verzunderung austenitischer FeCrNi-Legierungen bei thermischer WechselbeanspruchungMit Hilfe von thermogravimetrisch und aufgrund der Resonanzfrequenz erhaltenen Ergebnissen sowie der Gefügeanalyse wird der Einfluß von Silicium- und/oder Yttrium-Zusätzen zu Fe 24 Cr 24 Ni auf das Oxidationsverhalten bei thermischer Wechselbeanspruchung untersucht. Silicium begünstigt danach die Bildung eines schützenden Chromoxidzunders, jedoch kann die Ansammlung einer mechanisch schwachen, siliciumreichen Oxidschicht an der Zunder/Metall-Grenzfläche zum Abplatzen des Zunders führen. Yttrium allein beeinflußt das Oxidationsverhalten nur geringfügig; zusammen mit Silicium verhindert es jedoch die Bildung der genannten siliciumreichen Zwischenoxidschicht. Die Temperaturänderung, die erforderlich ist, um den Zunder zum Abplatzen zu bringen und die schützende Wirkung aufzuheben, dient als Maß für die mechanische Integrität der entstandenen Zunderschicht. Die Fähigkeit von Legierungen, auch bei häufigem Temperaturwechsel rasch schützende Zunderschichten zu bilden und Schäden der Zunderschicht im Laufe längerer isothermischer Behandlung zum Ausheilen zu bringen, werden getrennt untersucht.
    Notes: Data obtained using thermogravimetric and resonant frequency techniques and the results of structural analysis are used to evaluate the effects on oxidation of silicon and/or yttrium additions to an Fe-24% Cr-24% Ni alloy tested under thermal cycling conditions. Silicon promotes the formation of a protective chromia scale, but the accumulation of a mechanically weak, silicon-rich oxide at the scale-metal interface eventually leads to scale spalling. Yttrium alone is found to have little influence on the rate of alloy degradation, but in alloys containing silicon its presence prevents the accumulation of the interfacial silicon-rich oxide layer. The temperature change required to cause scale failure and loss of protection to the substrate material is used as a measure of the mechanical integrity of the scales formed. The ability of alloys to form scales rapidly under conditions of frequent thermal cycling and to repair damage caused to a scale grown over a prolonged period of isothermal exposure are separately examined.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 254-265 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Critical values of Influencing parameters for stress corrosion cracking of austenitic 18 Cr-10 Ni steel in chloride solutionsIn critical systems “material and corrosive environment”, stress corrosion cracking can only occur with the stress exceeding critical values (“classical” systems of SCC) or the strain rate being within a critical range (“non-classical” systems of SCC) and, furthermore, with certain parameters of the critical system, especially potential, temperature and concentration of the specific corrosive medium being present in the environment, also exceeding critical values.Based on hints given in the literature and on own investigations, the present knowledge about critical values of the influencing parameters mentioned above, is described. Above all is shown by open-circuit corrosion experiments that for stress corrosion cracking to occur with the critical system 304 SS/boiling 42% MgCl2, a threshold stress does exist at very low stress levels of about 50 Nmm-2. This low threshold stress can only be found when residual compressive or tensile stresses are completely avoided in the unaxially loaded tensile specimens used for the experiments. The experimental results are also influenced by the chemistry of the corrosive medium. A MgCl2 solution already boiling for a longer time is less aggressive than a just prepared solution.In isothermal exposure tests performed with U-bend specimens showing a triple phase boundary material/aggressive medium (CaCl2 solutions of various concentrations)/air, a critical threshold temperature below which no SCC occurs was found. This critical temperature does not depend on the chloride concentration over a broad concentration range between 1 and 100 g/l chloride ions and runs between 40 and 45 °C. This critical temperature was found somewhat lower than that measured when investigating SCC with ground flat specimens in diluted NaCl (0.1 g/l chloride ions). For U-bend specimens with triple phase boundary, the critical temperature for SCC to occur increases when lowering the chloride concentration (0.1 g/l Chloride ions) but decreases slightly at increasing concentrations.The system parameters potential and temperature influence each other and their value depends furthermore on the alloy composition of the austenitic CrNi steels, i. e. on the chemical resistant properties of these materials.
    Notes: An kritischen Systemen “Werkstoff und Korrosionsmedium” tritt Spannungsrißkorrosion nur auf, wenn kritische Werte der Zugspannung (klassische Systeme der Spannungsrißkorrosion) überschritten worden oder die Dehnrate in einem kritischen Bereich liegt (nichtklassische Systeme der Spannungsrißkorrosion) und ferner für bestimmte Systemparameter, vor allem für Potential, Temperatur sowie Konzentration des spezifisch wirkenden Angriffsmittels im Korrosionsmedium, kritische Werte überschritten werden.Anhand von Literaturhinweisen sowie nach eigenen Untersuchungen wird der Stand der Kenntnisse über kritische Werte der genannten Einflußgrößen, die für Systeme 18 Cr-10 Ni-Stahl/Chloridlösungen überschritten werden müssen, beschrieben. Hierbei wurde durch außenstromlose Versuche vor allem gezeigt, daß im System Werkstoff Nr. 1.4301/42%ige siedende Magnesiumchlorid-Lösung eine Grenzspannung bei sehr niedrigen Spannungen um 50 N mm-2 besteht, die nur bei völligem Vermeiden von Zug- oder Druckeigenspannungen in den für die Versuche verwendeten einachsig gespannten Rundzugproben erkannt wird. Die Versuchsergebnisse werden auch vom Chemismus des korrosiven Mediums beeinflußt. Eine über eine längere Zeitdauer siedende Magnesiumchlorid-Lösung ist weniger aggressiv als eine frisch angesetzte Lösung.Bei Vorliegen von Dreiphasengrenzen Werkstoff/Angriffsmittel (Kalziumchlorid-Lösungen unterschiedlicher Konzentrationen)/Luft, an denen Inkrusten entstehen können, wurde in isothermen Auslagerversuchen an Bügelproben, die durch eine zeitlich konstante Dehnung beansprucht werden, eine kritische Grenztemperatur, unterhalb derer keine Spannungsrißkorrosion auftritt, gefunden. Sie ist über einen weiten Bereich der Chloridkonzentration (1 bis 100 g l-1 Chlorid Ionen) von der Chloridkonzentration des Angriffsmittels unabhängig und liegt zwischen 40 und 45 °C. Diese Grenztemperatur liegt etwas niedriger als diejenige, die bei Untersuchung geschliffener Flachproben in verdünnter (0,1 g 1-1) Natriumchlorid-Lösung an anderer Stelle gefunden wurde. Zu niedrigeren Chloridkonzentrationen steigt bei Untersuchungen an Proben mit zeitlich konstanter Dehnung und Vorliegen von Dreiphasengrenzen die Grenztemperatur an (0,1 gl-1 Chlorid-Ionen: 65 °C), zu höheren Konzentrationen nimmt sie etwas ab.Die Systemparameter Potential und Temperatur beeinflussen sich unter bestimmten Bedingungen gegenseitig, ihre Lage hängt ferner von der Legierungszusammensetzung der austenitischen Chrom-Nikkel-Stähle, d. h. von deren chemischer Beständigkeit ab.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 311-314 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 99
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 319-319 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 100
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 319-319 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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