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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (15,555)
  • 1980-1984  (15,115)
  • 1945-1949  (440)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cavitation corrosion, damage phenomenology and mechanisms-comparisons between flow cavitation corrosion, cavitation by rotating perforated disc and vibration cavitationIn a joint test programme involving different cavitation test devices (vibrator, rotating disc, flow channel) the influence of imploding cavitation bubbles on aluminium was investigated.The behaviour of the material was described in terms of macroscopical (mass loss-testing time and similar curves) and microscopical (investigations by SEM) methods.Lots of similarities in the kinetic of destruction and in the appearance of the damaged material could be found.
    Notes: Im Rahmen eines Ringversuches wurde in verschiedenen Kavitationsversuchseinrichtungen (Schwinger, rotierende Scheibe, Strömungskanal) die Auswirkung der implodierenden Blasen auf das Material Aluminium untersucht.Das Materialverhalten wurde makroskopisch (Masseverlust - Laufdauer - sowie daraus abgeleitete Kurven) und mikroskopisch (rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen) erfaßt.Zahlreiche Gemeinsamkeiten im Schädigungsablauf und Schädigungsbild konnten festgestellt werden.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Parameters influencing the hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking of low alloy steelsWet H2S corrosion of steel leads to surface blistering, internal cracking at sharp edged inclusions (HIC), and in stressed specimens to transgranular micro cracks transversal to the main stress. The latter grows to SCC. HIC resistant material displays high purity of non-metallic inclusions. The critical stress level for SCC of lien pipe steels with yield strengths up to 600 N/mm2 is proportional to the yield strength. In H2S containing media different grades of low alloy and rolled steels show no correlation between life time and yield strength. In general, the susceptibility for H-induced SCC increases with decreasing pH and with cathodic polarisation, whereas the temperature dependence displays a minium of life time at 20°C.
    Notes: Bei Einwirkung H2S-haltiger wäßriger Medien treten neben oberflächennahen Blasen im Bereich von scharfkantigen Einschlüssen Innenrisse (HIC) und bei Vorliegen von Zugspannungen kleine transkristalline Mikrorisse quer zur Zugspannung auf, Nur die letzten führen zur Spannungsrißkorrosion. HIC-beständige Stähle haben einen hohen Reinheitsgrad, aber keine erhöhte Beständigkeit gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion. Bei Röhrenstählen mit Streckgrenzen bis 600 N mm-2 ist die kritische Zugspannung für Spannungsrißkorrosion der Streckgrenze proportional. In H2S-Lösung von pH 3 gibt es bei verschieden niedriglegierten und gewalzten Stählen keine Korrelation zwischen Standzeit und Streckgrenze. Im allgemeinen wird die Anfälligkeit durch abnehmende pH-Werte und durch kathodische Polarisation erhöht, während die Temperatur um 20° C ein Anfälligkeitsmaximum bewirkt.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 21-27 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion by acids formed by oxidation of bitumineous roof coveringsIn recent years there has been an increased number of case histories involving metallic roof draining systems in connection with bitumineous materials. An evaluation of 64 histories has shown that 60% of the cases could be attributed to unprotected bitumineous coatings, mastix and undefined special paint coats, 24% to weld-seems without slate covering and about 16% to inadequately sanded roof areas. No damages were counted in the case of roofs with adequate gravel or slate covering. Short-time weathering in the laboratory has confirmed these findings. It could be shown that bitumineous materials are oxidized during weathering and formed carbonic acid. It has further been shown that reaction products of chemicals used for blowing or improving bitumineous materials are not the cause of such damages. The oxidation and thus the formations of acids can be used by adequate sanding of the bitumineous materials so that the damage to roof draining systems can be excluded.
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren kam es vermehrt zu Schäden an Dachentwässerungssystemen aus metallischen Werkstoffen in Verbindung mit bituminösen Baustoffen.Eine Untersuchung von 64 Schadensfällen ergab, daß 60% der Schäden auf ungeschützte bituminöse Anstriche, Spachtelmassen und nicht definierte Spezialanstriche, 24% auf ungeschützte, d. h. nicht beschieferte Schweißbahnen und etwa 16% auf Dachflächen mit lückenhafter Bestreuung entfallen. Dagegen traten bei ordungsgemäß bekiesten oder beschieferten Dachflächen keine Schäden auf. Im Labor durchgeführte Kurzzeitbewitterungsprüfungen bestätigten diese Untersuchung. Es zeigte sich, daß Bitumen unter Einwirkung von Witterungseinflüssen oxidiert und dabei Carbonsäuren entstehen. Es konnte weiterhin geklärt werden, daß Reaktionsprodukte von Chemikalien, die beim Blasen oder zur Vergütung von Bitumen eingesetzt werden, als Verursacher ausscheiden.Nur eine ordungsgemäße Bestreuung schwächt die Oxidation und damit die Säurebildung, so daß eine Gefährdung metallischer Dachentwässerungssysteme ausgeschlossen werden kann.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of hydrogen pick-up on the alternating bending strength of carbon steel during sulfuric acid picklingSteel coupons (St 3 GBKL) were acid-pickled in 1 M sulfuric acid at 50° C. The dissolution rate (by weight), the hydrogen uptake (by high temperature vacuum extraction and gaschromatographic determination) and the alternating bending strength (by alternating bending at 25 Hz and deflection angle ± 5°) were measured as a function of pickling time. The linear corrosion rate was 21 · 10-6 · kg · m-2 · sec-1, the saturation concentration of hydrogen in steel was 8,76 ppm and the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in steel was calculated as 8,74 · 10-7 cm2 · sec-1. The number of bendings until fracture is not only a function of the integral hydrogen concentration, but is strongly influenced by the concentration profile of hydrogen in the sample; a hypothesis is given to explain this experimental finding.
    Notes: Bei der Schwefelsäurebeizung (1 M, 50° C) von Stahlproben St 3 GBKL wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Beizdauer die abgetragene Metallmenge (Gewichtsverlust), die aufgenommene Wasserstoffmenge (durch Warmauslagerung) und die Abnahme der Wechselbiegefestigkeit (konventioneller Biegeversuch bei 25 Hz und ± 5° Auslenkung) gemessen. Aus den experimentellen Daten wurden die lineare Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit zu 21 · 10-6 kg · m-2 · sec-1, die Sättigungskonzentration an Wasserstoff zu 8, 76 ppm (= 9,81 ml/100 g) und der Diffusionskoeffizient des Wasserstoffs im Stahl zu 8, 74 · 10-7 · cm2 · sec-1 bestimmt. Die Biegezahl wird nicht nur durch die integrale Menge des aufgenommenen Wasserstoffs beeinflußt, sondern hängt auch von dem Konzentrationsprofil des Wasserstoffs in der Probe ab; eine Hypothese zur Erklärung dieses Sachverhaltes wird vorgelegt.
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  • 6
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 48-55 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polarization measurements on short-circuit couples and weldments of aluminium alloysIn order to study the corrosion behaviour of welded AlZnMg alloys potential/path profiles were registered under anodic polarization in sodium chloride solutions. Using theoretical considerations it is shown that this method is particularly suitable for aluminium alloys because current break-through occurs in such solutions. The performance of the method was checked with the aid of model couples of two alloys having different break-through potentials.
    Notes: Zur Untersuchung des Korrosionsverhaltens von geschweißten AlZnMg-Legierungen wurden Potential/Weg-Profile unter anodischer Polarisation in Natriumchloridlösungen registriert. Es wird mit theoretischen überlegungen gezeigt, daß diese Methode für Al-Legierungen besonders geeignet ist, weil in solchen Lösungen Stromdurchbrüche auftreten. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der Methode wurde mit Modellelementen aus zwei Legierungen mit unterschiedlichem Durchbruchspotential überprüft.
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  • 8
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 34-45 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-corrosion resistant stainless manganese chromium steelsThe following conclusions may be drawn from the results of investigations into the stress corrosion cracking of austenitic and austeno-ferritic MnCr steels (19-22Mn, 13-18Cr, additions of Mo, V, Nb, Ti, N, B):Addition of nitrogen gives rise to a decrease of stress corrosion cracking resistance in magnesium chloride, sodium chloride with potassium dichromate and water at high temperatures. The same applies to the influence if nickel on corrosion in magnesium chloride and water, and for molybdenum in magnesium and sodium chlorides. From among laboratory melts the type 05 Mn 19Cr 13 had the highest resistance, followed by its modifications with additions of boron, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, niobium and nitrogen. From among the semi-technical melts the nitrogen containing steels turned out to be least resistant, too. During further investigations the chromium level of 13% turned out to be insufficient to prevent pitting in sodium chloride solutions including seawater.
    Notes: Aus den Ergebnissen von Untersuchungen zur Spannungsrißkorrosion von austenitisch-ferritischen MnCr-Stählen (19-22 Mn, 13-18 Cr, Zusätze von Mo, V, Nb, Ti, N, B) lassen sich die folgenden Schlüsse ziehen:Stickstoff verringert die Beständigkeit gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion in Magnesiumchlorid, Natriumchlorid mit Kaliumdichromat und Wasser bei hohen Temperaturen. Gleiches gilt für den Einfluß von Nickel auf die Korrosion in Magnesiumchlorid und Wasser sowie für Molybdän in Magnesium-und Natriumchlorid. Die höchste Beständigkeit erreichte von den Laborschmelzen der Typ 05 Mn 19 Cr; es folgen Modifikationen dieses Typs mit Zusatz von Bor, Vanadium, Molybdän, Titan und Niob sowie Stickstoff. Auch bei der Prüfung der halbtechnischen Schmelzen erwiesen sich die stickstoffhaltigen Stähle als am unbeständigsten. Der Chromgehalt von 13% erwies sich bei weiteren Untersuchungen als nicht ausreichend zur Verhinderung der Lochkorrosion in Natriumchlorid (auch Meerwasser).
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  • 9
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 55-55 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 56-62 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 62-62 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 63-65 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 68-76 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 76-81 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 82-82 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 82-82 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation and Carburization of High Alloyed Materials for Cracking Tubes - Part 2: The Carburization Behaviour in Oxygen and Carbon Containing Atmospheres with High Carbon ActivityCarburization tests have been carried out with the casting materials (German Designation) Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4848, 1.4857, 2.4813 and an experimental 25/20/5-CrNiSi melt, and with the wrought materials Werkstoff Nr. 1.4301 and 1.4848 in CO-CO2 mixtures with ac = 1, and in humid natural gas with ac 〉 1 between 1000 and 1200° C. At temperatures below appr. 1050° C oxide layers formed are analogous to those formed in air (substrate/Cr2O3/(Mn, Fe)Cr2O4) which prevent carburization. Carburization takes place only after the protective oxide layer has been destroyed. In this context several mechanisms of destruction must be considered, i.e. (a) by chemical reaction (transformation of oxide into carbide, reduction of oxide), (b) by mechanical stresses (temperature fluctuation, growth of graphite layers, creep deformation).Reduction processes are encountered with Fe-rich oxide layers only. Scale layers rich in chromium oxide are transformed into carbide above appr. 1050° C in gases with ac = 1, depending on the CO partial pressure. The rate of this transformation strongly depends on carbon activity in the gas phase. When graphite is deposited on the surface the transformation occurs at a high rate, while it is rather slow even at ac = 1 when no graphite is deposited.Deposited graphite may have a mechanically destructive effect, too, because it penetrates into cracks and pores in the oxide layer and thus produces spalling of oxide particles. When the surface of the cast material is porous particles of the substrate may become detached, too. This goes to explain the poor behaviour of tubes with as cast surfaces in cracking reactors.The positive effect of silicon is due to the formation of protective silica layers between metal and Cr2O3 and metal and external carbide layer respectively. In order to form a continuous silica layer the Si content in the material must not be below a cricital value.
    Notes: Es wurden Aufkohlungsversuche an den Gußwerkstoffen 1.4848, 1.4857, 2.4813 und einer 25/20/5-CrNiSi-Versuchsschmelze sowie an den Knetlegierungen 1.4301 und 1.4848 in CO-CO2-Gemischen mit ac = 1 und in feuchtem Erdgas mit ac 〉 zwischen 1000 und 1200° C durchgeführt. Bei T 〈 etwa 1050° C bilden sich gleichartige oxidische Deckschichten wie an Luft (Werkstoff/Cr2O3/(Mn, Fe)Cr2O4), die eine Aufkohlung verhindern. Eine Aufkohlung tritt erst nach Zerstörung der oxidischen Schutzschichten ein. Dabei müssen mehrere Zerstörungsmechanismen betrachtet werden, (a) durch chemische Reaktion (Umwandlung von Oxid in Carbid; Reduktion von Oxid), (b) durch mechanische Beanspruchung (Temperaturwechsel, Wachsen von Graphitschichten, Kriechverformung).Reduktionsvorgänge treten nur bei Fe-reichen Oxidschichten auf. Chromoxidreiche Deckschichten werden, abhängig vom CO-Partialdruck, in Gasen mit ac = 1 oberhalb etwa 1050° C in Carbid umgewandelt. Die Geschwindigkeit dieser Umwandlung ist stark von der Kohlenstoffaktivität der Gasphase abhängig. Wird Graphit auf der Oberfläche abgeschieden, so läuft die Umwandlung schnell ab, ohne Graphitabscheidung läuft sie selbst bei ac = 1 recht langsam an.Abgeschiedener Graphit kann auch mechanisch zerstörend wirken, da er in Risse und Poren der Oxidschicht eindringt und so Teile der Oxidschicht abreißt. Bei Vorliegen der porigen Gußoberfläche können sogar Teile des Werkstoffs abgesprengt werden. Das erklärt das schleche Verhalten von Rohren mit Gußoberflächen in Crackanlagen.Die positive Wirkung des Siliziums beruht auf der Bildung von SiO2-Schutzschichten zwischen Metall und Cr2O3 bzw. zwischen Metall und äußerer Carbidschicht. Zur Ausbildung geschlossener SiO2-Schichten darf der Werkstoff einen kritischen Si-Gehalt nicht unterschreiten.
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  • 21
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 114-118 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface analysis of protective layers of pitting corrosion (type I) at copperPitting type I at copper tubes is characterized by a typical protective layer formation of the corrosion product. Electronoptical and electronspectroscopical methods of surface analysis as ESCA, SAM and AES, respectively enable a qualitative and quantitative investigation of the protective layer. Moreover, this surface analysis permits conclusions of the pitting I-formation mechanism.
    Notes: Typ I-Lochkorrosion an Kupferrohren ist durch eine typische Deckschichtenausbildung des Korrosionsprodukts gekennzeichnet. Elektronenoptische und elektronenspektroskopische Analysenmethoden wie ESCA, SAM bzw. AES ermöglichen eine qualitative und quantitative Deckschichtuntersuchung und gestattet Schlußfolgerungen über die Entstehungsursache der Lochkorrosion.
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  • 22
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 108-114 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibierung der Korrosion von Eisen in wäßrigen, sauerstoffhaltigen LösungenDas Korrosionsverhalten von Eisen und Stahl wurde in belüfteten, wäßrigen 0,5 m Na2SO4 Lösungen im Bereich 7 ≤ pH ≤ 9 an rotierenden Scheibenelektroden untesucht. Die zyklisch voltammetrischen oder potentiostatisch stationär gemessenen Polarisationskurven zeigen einen Membraninhibitionseffekt, der durch die zeitabhängige Bildung von dreidimensionalen, porösen oxidischen Deckschichten auf der Elektrodenoberfläche hervorgerufen wird. In Gegenwart der Inhibitoren Hexan(1, 6)-biphosphonsäure, Natrium-dihydrogenphosphat, Preventol VP OC 2003 und Aktiphos wird der Inhibitionseffekt infolge Bildung homogenerer und kompakterer Schutzschichten deutlich verstärkt.
    Notes: The corrosion behaviour of iron and steel in aerated aqueous 0.5 M Na2SO4 solutions in the range 7 ≤ pH ≤ 9 was studied on rotating disc electrodes. The polarization curves measured cyclic voltammetrically or under steady-state potentiostatic conditions show a membrane inhibition effect caused by the time-dependent formation of three-dimensional porous oxide layers on the electrode surface. In presence of the inhibitors hexane (1, 6) biphosphonic acid, sodium-dihydrogenphosphate, Preventol VP OC 2003 and Aktiphos the inhibition effect is markedly enhanced leading to more homogeneous and compact protecting layers.
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  • 23
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 123-126 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Potential on Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (HIC) and Hydrogen-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking (HSCC) of Line-Pipe Steels in Weak Acidic and Neutral EnvironmentsIn weak acidic (pH 5.5), sulfide-containing environments, high-strength line-pipe steels (0.2% yield strength 430 to 700 Nmm-2) show a critical mechanical stress level σcr ≈ 60% YS above which HSCC occurs.The given value is independent of the mechanical properties. σcr decreases with decreasing pH (pH 3: σcr ≍ 30% YS), increases with increasing pH and becomes identical with the YS at sufficiently high pH. In buffer solution pH 5.5, σcr corresponds to a critical limiting potential for the occurence of HSCC, which depends on the mechanical stress level, ranging between UH = -0.42 and -0.55 V for σ = 60% YS.At potentials more negative than a cathodic limiting potential, which ranges from UH = -0.8 to -1.0 V, no HSCC occurs. This is probably due to the formation of protective layers or of an alkaline environment on the surface. This limiting potential is shifted into the positive direction with decreasing pH and does no more exist in acidic environments. With anodic polarization to potentials more positive than the free corrosion potential, uniform attack occurs resulting in failures of the specimens by reduction of area.Susceptibility to HSCC has a maximum at ambient temperature. There exists also a critical potential UHIC for the occurrence of longitudinal cracks due to HIC which is more positive than UHSCC. There is no connection found between UHIC and UHSCC nor between σcr and UHIC. From the occurrence of HIC one can not derive any conclusions for the susceptibility or resistance of the given material to HSCC.As a summary, high strength line-pipe steels display no higher susceptibility to HSCC in sulfide-containing media than steels with minor mechanical properties.The HSCC-behaviour of the steels under investigation in buffer solution pH 5.5 is completely equivalent to the behaviour in stronger acidic environments (pH 3).
    Notes: Für höherfeste Röhrenstähle (Rp0,2 430 bis 700 Nmm-2) besteht in schwach sauren (pH 5,5) sulfidhaltigen Angriffsmitteln eine kritische mechanische Grenzspannung αkr ≈ 60% Rp0,2, oberhalb derer H-induzierte Spannungsrißkorrosion (HSCC) erfolgt. Dieser Wert ist von den mechanischen Kennwerten der Werkstoffe unabhängig. αkr nimmt mit abnehmendem pH ab (pH 3: s̰kr ≈ 30% Rp0,2), mit ansteigendem pH zu und wird bei genügend hohem pH mit der Streckgrenze identisch. Der kritischen Grenzspannung αkr in Pufferlösung pH 5,5 entspricht ein zugspannungsabhängiges kritisches Grenzpotential UHSCC für das Auftreten von HSCC, das bei α = 60% Rp0,2, zwischen UH = - 0,42 und - 0,55 V liegt.Bei Potentialen negativer als ein kathodisches kritisches Grenzpotential zwischen UH = - 0,8 und - 1,0 V tritt wahrscheinlich infolge von Deckschichtbildung oder Wandalkalisierung keine HSCC mehr auf. Dieses Grenzpotential wird mit abnehmendem pH zu positiveren Potentialen verschoben und existiert in sauren Medien nicht. Bei anodischer Polarisation auf Potentiale positiver als das Ruhepotential UR erfolgt abtragende Korrosion, die Proben versagen durch Gewaltbruch infolge Querschnittsverminderung.Die Anfälligkeit für HSCC ist stark temperaturabhängig mit einem Maximum bei Raumtemperatur.Auch für das Auftreten von Längsrissen infolge H-induzierter Korrosion (HIC) besteht ein kritisches Potential UHIC 〉 UHSCC. Zwischen beiden kritischen Potentialen besteht ebenso wie zwischen s̰kr und UHIC kein Zusammenhang. Aus dem Auftreten von HIC in einem Werkstoff kann nicht auf die Anfälligkeit oder Beständigkeit für HSCC geschlossen werden.Höherfeste Stähle mit Streckgrenzen bis 700 Nmm-2 haben keine höhere Anfälligkeit für HSCC als Stähle mit niedrigerer Festigkeit.Das Verhalten der Werkstoffe in sulfidhaltigen Lösungen von pH 5,5 entspricht grundsätzlich dem in stärker sauren Lösungen von pH 3.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 126-134 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 135-136 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 136-137 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 138-148 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 148-153 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 153-154 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 154-154 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 154-154 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 154-155 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 155-156 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 155-155 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Some chemical properties of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene 1.1.1-trichloroethane - An overviewA review is presented on the liquid phase decomposition reactions of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Emphasis is placed on those reactions - like oxidative breakdown, thermolysis, hydrolysis - which are of interest for the corrosion of metals in the aforementioned chlorohydrocarbons. Tri- and tetrachloroethylene are susceptible to oxidative breakdown, whereas 1,1,1-trichloroethane shows appreciable hydrolysis.
    Notes: Die möglichen Zersetzungsreaktionen des Tetrachlorethylens, Trichlorethylens und 1,1,1-Trichlorethans in flüssiger Phase werden vorgestellt. Es werden insbesondere solche Reaktionen besprochen - wie die oxidative Zersetzung, Thermolyse und Hydrolyse -, die für die Korrosion von Metallen in den o. a. Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen von Interesse sind. Trichlorethylen und Perchlorethylen sind empfindlich gegenüber oxidativem Abbau, während 1,1,1-Trichlorethan zur Hydrolyse neigt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion in halogenated hydrocarbons - purpose, execution and results of a joint projectThe handling of halogenated hydrocarbons is not without problems as it is shown by a number of corrosion case histories. In a coordinated joint research program the corrosion behaviour of iron-, aluminium-, and copper materials have been investigated in selected halogenated hydrocarbons. The organisation of the joint program is described and the most important results under special consideration of practical aspects are given. These are the particular aggressivity of halohydrocarbon/water mixtures towards iron- and copper materials and the incubation time of corrosion attack on aluminium materials. A number of consequences with regard to material application and solvent properties are drawn.
    Notes: Eine Reihe von Korrosionsschadensfällen aus der Praxis belegt, daß die Handhabung von Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen nicht ohne Probleme ist. In einem koordinierten Gemeinschaftsprojekt wurde deshalb das Korrosionsverhalten von Eisen-, Aluminium- und Kupferwerkstoffen in ausgewählten Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen untersucht. Die Abwicklung der Gemeinschaftsarbeit wird beschrieben, und die wichtigsten Ergebnisse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung praktischer Aspekte werden zusammengestellt. Diese sind bei den Eisen- und Kupferwerkstoffen die besondere Aggressivität von Halogenkohlenwasserstoff/Wasser-Gemischen und bei den Aluminiumwerkstoffen das Auftreten einer Inkubationszeit des Korrosionsagriffes. Hieraus ergeben sich Folgerungen hinsichtlich des Werkstoffeinsatzes und der Verbesserung der Lösungsmitteleigenschaften.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the corrosion of high alloy steels in industrially important halogenated hydrocarbons, using a radionuclide methodThe corrosion behavior of some steels (1.4021, 1.4439, 1.4462, 1.4571) was tested in 1.1.1-C2H3Cl3 and C2HCl3. There is no weight loss to be observed in dry and water saturated halogenated hydrocarbons.In the two-phase systems with water the hydrolysis product HCl attacks the steels. Stabilizers against hydrolysis in the halogenated hydrocarbons effect no inhibition of corrosion.In stabilized 1.1.1-C2H3Cl3 first corrosion attack is found after incubation times, after which the stabilizer is used up. If stabilizers are removed partially incubation times decrease. The stabilizers in C2HCl3 are more stable than in 1.1.1-C2H3Cl3 but they are easier to be removed. Refined C2HCl3 shows immediate weight loss in the water phase and in the gas phase.UV-irradiation increases the corrosiveness of both two-phase-systems. The double bond of C2HCl3 is violently attacked with result of rapid decomposition and high corrosion rates.Stress corrosion cracking was not to be found on steels 1.4439 and 1.4571 in both halogenated hydrocarbons.
    Notes: Das Korrosionsverhalten der Stähle 1,4021, 1.4439, 1.4462 und 1.4571 wurde in 1.1.1.-C2H3Cl3 und C2HCl3 untersucht. Diese Stähle erleiden in wasserfreien und wassergesättigten Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen keinen Korrosionsangriff.In zweiphasigen Systemen mit Wasser greift hydrolytisch gebildete HCl die Stähle an. Die in den Halogen-Kohlenwasserstoffen enthaltenen hydrolysehemmenden Stabilisatoren haben fast keine korrosionsinhibierende Wirkung.In stabilisiertem 1.1.1-C2H3Cl3 beginnt der Korrosionsangriff nach längeren Inkubationszeiten (Verbrauch der Stabilisatoren). Bei teilweiser Entfernung der Stabilisatoren verkürzen sich die Inkubationszeiten. Die Stabilisatoren in C2HCl3 sind stabiler als in 1.1.1-C2H3Cl3, lassen sich aber besser entfernen. Nach Reinigung beginnt der Korrosionsangriff in der flüssigen und in der Gasphase sofort.UV-Licht erhöht die Korrosivität der Zweiphasensysteme erheblich. Bei C2HCl3 wird die Doppelbindung stark angegriffen, und es kommt zu schnellen Zersetzungsreaktionen mit hohen Korrosionsraten.Spannungsrißkorrosion konnte an den Stählen 1.4439 und 1,4571 in den beiden Halogen-Kohlenwasserstoffen nicht nachgewiesen werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 173-178 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion tests on aluminium in halogenated hydrocarbons of practical importanceSpecially selected aluminium alloys (Al99.5, AlMn, AlMgMn, and AlMg4.5Mn) were tested as to their corrosion behaviour in the halogenated hydrocarbons CCl4, C2Cl4, and CCl3CH3.In the stabilized halogenated hydrocarbons C2Cl4 and CCl3CH3, at boiling temperature and three months' time of exposure, no losses of weight of the aluminium materials were observed.However, for the systems of aluminium material exposed to CCl4 (at boiling temperature) as well as to nonstabilized CCl3CH3, the incubation times - after which large corrosion rates then were observed - are typical.The hydrolysis product HCl is the determining corrosion factor for the aluminium materials in the two-phase systems of halocarbons and water tested.
    Notes: Es wurde das Korrosionsverhalten von ausgewählten Aluminiumlegierungen (Al99.5 - AlMn - AlMgMn und AlMg4,5Mn) in den Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen (HKW) CCl4, C2Cl4 und CCl3CH3 untersucht.In den stabilisierten Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen C2Cl4 und CCl3CH3 wurde bei Siedetemperaturen und Expositionszeiten von drei Monaten kein Massenabtrag an den Aluminiumwerkstoffen beobachtet.Dagegen sind für die Systeme der Aluminiumwerkstoffe in CCl4 (bei Siedetemperatur) sowie in unstabilisiertem CCl3CH3 die Inkubationszeiten charakteristisch, nach denen dann große Korrosionsraten beobachtet wurden.In den Zweiphasensystemen der untersuchten Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe und Wasser wird die Korrosion an den Aluminiumwerkstoffen durch das Hydrolyseprodukt HCl bestimmt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of copper base materials in carbon tetrachlorideCopper (OFHC), two copper zinc alloys (CuZn36 and CuZn15), one nickel-copper alloy (NiCu30Fe), the copper tin casting alloy G-CuSn10, and the copper aluminium casting alloy G-CuAl10Fe were immersed in the following boiling media: carbon tetrachloride dried over P4O10, carbon tetrachlorid saturated with water and two phase mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and water. The individual samples were positioned within the organic phase, within the aqueous phase, within the vapour phase and within the condensated phase, respectively.OFHC copper, NiCu30Fe, CuZn15 and G-CuAl10Fe are corrosion resistant (corrosion rate ≤ 0,01 mm/y) in dry as well as in water saturated CCl4. The same statement is valid for alloys CuZn36 and G-CuSn10 which show a corrosion rate of approximately 0,02 mm/y within the condensate of CCl4 saturated with water. All alloys exhibit more or less corrosion within the two phase mixtures. Within the aqueous phase the materials do not prove to be resistant: they are completely dissolved in less than 30 days.Paralle to the corrosion of CuZn36 and G-CuAl10Fe zinc and aluminium, respectively, went into solution.The vapour phase above the carbon tetrachloride-water mixture consisted of over 90% by volume carbon monoxide. This prove that the corrosion of all materials which had been immersed in the aqueous phase was effected by phosgene.
    Notes: Kupfer (SF-Cu), zwei Kupfer-Zink-Legierungen (CuZn36 und CuZn15), eine Nickel-Kupfer-Legierung (NiCu30Fe) sowie die Kupfer-Zinn-Gußlegierung G-CuSn10 und die Kupfer-Aluminium-Gußlegierung G-CuAl10Fe wurden in siedendem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (über P4O10 getrocknet; wassergesättigt) und in siedendem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff-Wasser-Gemisch im organischen Sumpf, im wäßrigen Sumpf sowie im Dampfraum und im Kondensat ausgelagert.SF-Cu, NiCu30Fe, CuZn15 und G-CuAl10Fe sind in wasserfreiem und wassergesättigtem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff mit max.0,01 mm/a beständig. Dies gilt auch für CuZn36 und G-CuSn10, die im Kondensat des wassergesättigten Tetrachlorkohlenstoffs Abtragungsraten von etwa 0,02 mm/a aufweisen. Im siedenden Tetrachlorkohlenstoff-Wasser-Gemisch zeigen alle Werkstoffe mehr oder weniger hohe Massenverluste. In der wäßrigen Schicht sind die Werkstoffe unbeständig; die Proben lösen sich in 〈 30 Tagen völlig auf.Die Korrosion von CuZn36 ist mit Entzinkung, die von G-CuAl10Fe mit Entaluminierung verknüpft.Der Nachweis von Kohlenmonoxid (〉 90 Vol-%)im Gas oberhalb des siedenden Tetrachlorkohlenstoff-Wasser-Gemisches belegt, daß die Korrosion aller in der wäßrigen Phase eingesetzten Werkstoffe über Phosgen abläuft.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 207-209 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 186-191 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion behaviour of metallic materials in solvent mixtures containing chlorinated hydrocarbonsThe phenomenology of the corrosive attack experienced by a C-steel in trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane containing solvents was investigated. Mixtures with ethers, especially with tetrahydrofuran (THF), show increased corrosive properties. A surface layer of FeCl2 · 4H2O and β-FeOOH developes on C-steels in these organic solvents. The mixtures with THF attack stainless chromium-nickel-(molybdenum) steels. The presence of FeCl3 increases this attack. Copper also is appreciably corroded.
    Notes: Die Phänomenologie des korrosiven Angriffs, den ein Kohlenstoffstahl in trichlorethylen-, perchlorethylen- und 1,1,1-trichlorethanhaltigen Lösungsmitteln erfährt, wurde untersucht. Mischungen mit Ethern, insbesondere mit Tetrahydrofuran (THF), zeigen gesteigerte korrosive Eigenschaften. Eine Oberflächenphase, bestehend aus FeCl2 · 4H2O und β-FeOOH, bildet sich auf dem Kohlenstoffstahl in diesen Lösungsmitteln aus. Die Gemische mit THF greifen auch nichtrostende Chrom-Nickel-(Molybdän)-Stähle an. Bei Gegenwart von FeCl3 wird dieser Angriff erhöht. Kupfer wird ebenfalls angegriffen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 191-196 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Erosion corrosion of ferrous material/plastic couples in trichloroethyleneLow alloy steel is attacked by wear corrosion if H2O and O2 are present; high alloy steel too, if hard wear particles have an abrasive effect on the protecting passive layer. If the HKW contents stabilisers in a sufficient degree, only abrasive wear can be observed.
    Notes: Niedrig legierter Stahl wird bei Anwesenheit von H2O und O2 durch Verschleißkorrosion angegriffen; hochlegierter auch, wenn harte Verschleißpartikel abrasiv auf die schützende Passivschicht einwirken. Bei Anwesenheit von Stabilisatoren in ausreichendem Maße findet nur abrasiver Verschleiß statt.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Kinetics of metal corrosion in halogenated hydrocarbonsThe corrosion kinetics of non alloyed steel in the solvents Trichloroethylene, Perchloroethylene, 111-Trichlorethane has been investigated. Parameters are water content, the temperature and the concentration of Dibromethane. Thermodynamic calculations show that Fe and Al in contact with HKW may corrode. Investigations into the rate of hydrolysis give increasing values in the sequence Trichloroethylene - Perchloroethylene - 111-Trichloroethane. In absolutely pure HKW iron is not corroded, but in presence of water, especially if it is present as a secondary phase, strong corrosion attack occurs. An incubation time is interpreted as the time for the build-up of critical concentration of aggressive agents in the aqueous phase. Aluminium may be corroded electrochemically (in two phase HKW/water mixtures) as well as by a radical (metalorganic) mechanism. It is shown that the incubation time of the system Al/C2H4Br2 is connected with the build-up of a critical radical concentration at the metal surface. During the investigations into the system Al/C2H4Br2 the enthalpie production has been used for measuring the corrosion rate.
    Notes: Die Kinetik der Korrosion von unlegiertem Stahl und Aluminium wird in den Lösungsmitteln Trichlorethylen, Perchlorethylen, 111-Trichlorethan und 12-Dibromethan untersucht. Parameter sind der Wassergehalt, die Temperatur und die Dibromethankonzentration. Thermodynamische Berechnungen zeigen, daß Fe und Al im Kontakt mit allen HKW Korrosionsreaktionen eingehen können. Hydrolyseuntersuchungen ergeben, daß die Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit in der Reihenfolge Trichlorethylen - Perchlorethylen - 111-Trichlorethan stark zunimmt. Eisen wird in völlig reinen HKW nicht korrodiert, doch kommt es in Gegenwart von Wasser, insbesondere, wenn es als Zweitphase zugegen ist, zu starker Korrosion. Eine auftretende Inkubationszeit wird als Zeit für den Aufbau einer kritischen Konzentration an angreifenden Agenzien in der wäßrigen Phase interpretiert. Aluminium kann sowohl elektrochemisch (in zweiphasigen HKW/Wasser-Gemischen) als auch nach einem radikalischen (metallorganischen) Mechanismus korrodieren. Am System Al/Dibromethan wird gezeigt, daß die Inkubationszeit mit dem Aufbau einer kritischen Radikalkonzentration an der Metalloberfläche zusammenhängen muß. Bei den Untersuchungen am System Al/C2H4Br2 wird die Enthalpieproduktion zur Messung der Korrosionsrate herangezogen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 215-215 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 209-215 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 220-224 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 216-220 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 224-236 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 249-251 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 251-253 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 236-249 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 251-251 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 253-255 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 255-256 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 267-271 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations into the corrosion processes on steel after one-time's chloride contaminationInvestigation of chloride adsorption and desorption on mild steel St 37 (1.0120) and austenitic stainless steel X 5 CrNi 189 (1.4301) showed chloride adsorption layer, determined radiochemically, depends upon the material, the state of metal surface layer, and its pretreatment. Ground surface of St 37 retains comparatively less chloride ions on washing than an unpretreated specimen. On the other hand the chloride could be removed from the austenitic steel by rinsing twice in unagitated washing medium which lowered the chloride content to below the detection level of 0,02 m̈g Cl-/cm2.Corrosion behaviour of specimens of 1.4301 in autoclave showed no difference with regards to corrosion in the test cycles of 300 and 400 h at 150 and 200° C whether or not the specimens were contaminated by chloride.Mild steels whose state of surface is similar to St 37 should be guarded against chloride contamination to prevent delayed damage. In case of steel similar to 1.4301 with regards to their surface characteristics cleaning the surface is relatively easy. Long time tests to assess risks of delayed damage are in progress and will be communicated later.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung der Chlorid-Adsorption und -Desorption an Stahlproben aus St37 (1.0120) und X 5 CrNi 189 (1.4301) ergab, daß der radiochemisch gefundene Chlorid-Belag an den Stahloberflächen vom Material, seinem Oberflächenzustand und der Oberflächenverarbeitung abhängt. St 37 mit unbehandelter Oberfläche läßt sich von den untersuchten Proben am schlechtesten vom Chlorid reinigen. Bei St 37 mit geschliffener Oberfläche ergab sich eine wesentlich intensivere Reinigungswirkung. Bei austenitischem Stahl reichten zwei Wäschen in unbewegter Waschflüssigkeit, um den Chlorid-Gehalt unter die Nachweisgrenze von 0,02 m̈g Cl-/cm2 zu senken.Korrosionsversuche im Autoklaven bei 150° C bzw. 200° C an dem Stahl 1.4301 zeigten innerhalb der jeweiligen Versuchsdauer von 300 bis 400 h keine korrosionsmäßigen Unterschiede, unabhängig davon, ob die Proben chloridkontaminiert waren oder nicht.Bei Stählen, deren Oberflächengüte den untersuchten Proben des Stahls St 37 ähneln, sollte die Kontamination mit Chlorid vermieden werden, um Spätschäden sicher zu vermeiden. Bei Stählen, deren Oberflächenbeschaffenheit den Proben des Stahls 1.4301 entsprechen, läßt sich die Oberfläche relativ leicht reinigen. Um eine endgültige Aussage über die Gefährdung durch Spätschäden zu ermöglichen, muß das Ergebnis von Langzeitversuchen abgewartet werden. Nach dem Versuchsende wird hierüber eine kurze Mitteilung veröffentlicht werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 257-267 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen über das elektrochemische und das Spannungsrißkorrosionsverhalten eines austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stahles in Phosphat-Lösungen bei hohen Temperaturen und DrückenIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Spannungskorrosion hochlegierter Stähle in Hochdruck-, Hochtemperatur-Phosphatelektrolyten im Hinblick auf deren Verhalten im Sekundärkreislauf von Druckwasserreaktoren untersucht.Es wird der Aufbau einer Apparatur beschrieben, in der elektrochemische und elektrochemisch kontrollierte Spannungsriß-Korrosionsuntersuchungen bei Temperaturen bis zu 300° C an Zugproben durchgeführt werden können, auf die mit Hilfe eines Faltenbalgmechanismus eine definierte mechanische Spannung aufgebracht werden kann.An einem Modellsystem, bestehend aud dem Stahl X 5 CrNi 189, W. Nr. 1.4301 und einer 0,4 M Na2HPO4/0,4 M NaH2PO4-Lösung, werden Beispiele für Strom-Spannungs-Kurven gebracht, die auf eine starke Stromdichtezunahme in allen gemessenen Potentialbereichen bei erhöhter Temperatur hinweisen. Der Werkstoff erweist sich jedoch auch noch bei 300° C als spontan passiv, wenn auch mit, um den Faktor 10-15, erhöhter Passivstromdichte, verglichen mit denen bei Raumtemperatur.Spannungsriß-Korrosionsuntersuchungen beim Ruhepotential und unter potentiostatischen Bedingungen am genannten System zeigen, daß zur Erzeugung von Rissen sehr hohe mechanische Spannungen und Versuchsdauern von mehr als 100 h notwendig sind.Zusätzlich wird der eventuelle Einfluß von starken Phosphatniederschlägen auf den Probenoberflächen auf das Korrosionsverhalten des Werkstoffs angeschnitten.
    Notes: The present investigation concerns the effects of stress corrosion on the behaviour of high-alloy steels in high-pressure, high-temperature phosphate solutions, with the view on service conditions in the secondary loop of pressurized water reactors.An apparatus is described which enables electrochemical and electrochemically controlled stress-corrosion experiments up to 300° C with tensile specimens stressed with a defined stress by a bellows arrangement.The polarization curves of a model system of X 5 CrNi 189 stainless steel (AISI Type 304) and 0.4 M Na2HPO4/0.4 M NaH2PO4 solution exhibit a large increase in current densities at higher temperatures at all potentials investigated. However, the material proves to be spontaneously passive even at 300° C, although the passive current densities are about 10-15 times higher than those at room temperature.Stress-corrosion experiments at open circuit potential and under potentiostatic control show that high stresses and exposure times of more than 100 h are necessary to cause cracking.In addition, some possible effects of thick phosphate layers on the sample surface on the corrosion behaviour of the material are mentioned.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 286-290 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Tertiäre Arsine als Korrosionsinhibitoren für Zink in SäurenTertiäre Arsine, wie Diphenylethyl-, Diphenylmethyl- und Triphenylarsin, sind als Inhibitoren der Korrosion von Zink in Perchlorsäure verwendet worden. Diese Stoffe hemmen, auch wenn sie nur in Spuren vorhanden sind, die Korrosion wirksam. Der Hemmwert verringert sich in der oben angegebenen Reihenfolge der Inhibitoren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluß von pH und Temperatur auf die inhibierende Wirkung untersucht. Aufgrund der unter stationären Bedingungen erhaltenen anodischen und kathodischen Polarisationswerte beruht die Inhibierung auf Grenzflächeneffekten. Die scheinbaren freien Energien der Inhibitoradsorption werden für verschiedene mögliche Adsorptionsarten mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Tertiary arsines such as diphenylethyl arsine (DPEA), diphenylmethyl arsine (DPMA) and triphenyl arsine (TPA) have been used as corrosion inhibitors for zinc in perchloric acid solution. These inhibitors inhibit corrosion effectively even in traces. The percentage inhibitor efficiency of the inhibitors are in the order DPEA 〉 DPMA 〉 TPA. The effect of pH and temperature on the inhibitor efficiency is studied. Steady state anodic and cathodic polarization data reveal that tertiary arsines act as interfacial corrosion inhibitors for zinc in acidic solution. The apparent free energies of adsorption of inhibitors have been reported for different possible modes of adsorption.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 290-296 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosion von Aluminium 3 S in Alkaligemischen und ihre Inhibierung durch OxoanionenDie Korrosion von Al 1,3 Mn (Al3S) in Lösungen von Natriumhydroxid, Trinatriummonophosphat, Natriumcarbonat und Natriumhydrogencarbonat (entweder allein oder in binären Gemischen) wurde untersucht. Danach nimmt die Aggressivität in der oben angegebenen Reihenfolge der angreifenden Mittel ab; im Falle von Gemischen sind diejenigen, die NaOH enthalten, am stärksten aggressiv, gefolgt von denen mit Trinatriummonophosphat und Natriumcarbonat. Für den Hemmwert der in Konzentrationen zwischen 0,1 und 1% zugesetzten Stoffe ergibt sich im Falle der Gemische mit Trinatriummonophosphat und Natriumcarbonat die folgende Reihe mit abnehmender Wirkung: Kaliumdichromat - Kaliumpermanganat - Kaliumchromat - Natriumtetraborat - Kaliumpersulfat - Wasserstoffperoxid. Der Anstieg des Korrosionspotentials von Aluminium in inhibierten Lösungen zeigt, daß alle sechs Inhibitoren vorwiegend auf die anodischen Bereiche einwirken, was durch Polarisationsmessungen bestätigt wird.
    Notes: The corrosion of 3 S aluminium (Al-1.3% Mn) in solutions of NaOH, Na3PO4, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, either alone or as binary mixtures, has been studied. The corrosivity of the substances studied increased in the order: NaHCO3 〈 Na2CO3 〈 Na3PO4 〈 NaOH. In the case of mixtures those containing NaOH were most corrosive, followed by those containing Na3PO4 and Na2CO3.The general order of inhibitive efficiency of the compounds studied at 0.1-1.0% concentration in the mixtures containing Na3PO4 and Na2CO3 was found to be: K2Cr2O7 〉 KMnO4 〉 K2CrO4 〉 Na2B4O7 〉 K2S2O8 〉 H2O2.The increase in the corrosion potential of aluminium in inhibited solutions indicates that all the six inhibitors predominantly act on local anodes; this is confirmed by polarization data.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 272-280 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Scaling and decarburization of iron-carbon alloys in carbon dioxide containing gasesThe simultaneous scaling and decarburization of iron-carbon alloys in carbon dioxide containing gas was investigated in a closed apparatus at constant volume. In order to obtain continuously available measuring values for the oxidation of iron as well as of carbon, the weight change of the sample and the change of pressure in the reaction volume was measured simultaneously during the experiment. The experimental temperatures were 1000, 1100, and 1200 degree centigrade, whereas the carbon contents amounted 0,196%, 0,33%, 0,48%, and 0,73%. The total oxygen transfer to the sample increased linearly with time in all experiments, the rate constant being the same as in the oxidation of armco iron. The rate of carbon oxidation was determined by the diffusion of carbon in the iron. From these results it was concluded that the total amount of oxygen transferred to the sample is taken up at the outer surface of the scale layer, whereby the phase boundary reaction determines the rate of this oxygen pick-up. A part of the oxygen is consumed for the carbon oxidation, the rest oxidizes the iron. At the phase boundary wustite-iron the oxidation reactions proceed at lasting equilibrium between wustite, iron, dissolved carbon, and the gas phase. The topochemistry of the simultaneous oxidation of iron and carbon at the phase boundary wustite-iron is discussed.
    Notes: Die gleichzeitige Verzunderung und Entkohlung von Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Legierungen in Kohlendioxidhaltigem Gas wurde in einer geschlossenen Apparatur bei konstantem Volumen untersucht. Um sowohl für die Eisenoxidation als auch für die Kohlenstoffoxidation je einen kontinuierlich erfaßbaren Meßwert zu erhalten, wurden die Gewichtsänderung der Probe mit einer magnetischen Schwebewaage und die Druckzunahme im Reaktionsvolumen mit einem Membranmanometer gemessen. Die Versuchstemperaturen lagen bei 1000, 1100 und 1200° C, die Kohlenstoffgehalte der Proben betrugen 0,196%, 0,33%, 0,48% und 0,73%. Bei allen Versuchen nahm die gesamte auf die Probe übertragene Sauerstoffmenge linear mit der Zeit zu, wobei die Zeitkonstante die gleiche war wie bei der Oxidation von Armco-Eisen. Für die Kohlenstoffoxidation war die Diffusion des Kohlenstoffs im Eisen geschwindigkeitsbestimmend. Hieraus wurde gefolgert, daß der gesamte an die Probe übertragene Sauerstoff an der Oberfläche der Zunderschicht aufgenommen wird, wobei für die Geschwindigkeit dieser Sauerstoffaufnahme die Phasengrenzreaktion bestimmend ist. Ein Teil des so aufgenommenen Sauerstoffs oxidiert den Kohlenstoff, der Rest geht an das Eisen. An der Phasengrenze Wüstit-Eisen erfolgen die beiden Oxidationsreaktionen bei währendem Gleichgewicht zwischen Wüstit, Eisen, gelöstem Kohlenstoff und Gas. Die Topochemie der gleichzeitigen Oxidation von Eisen und Kohlenstoff an der Phasengrenze Wüstit-Eisen wird diskutiert.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Beitrag zur Diskussion über die örtliche Korrosion nichtrostender Stähle in MeerwasserMit Hilfe elektrochemischer Hysteresemethoden werden experimentell Potential-pH-Diagramme für einige handelsübliche nichtrostende austenitische und ferritische Stähle in 3%iger Natriumchloridlösung bei Raumtemperatur ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit dem elektrochemischen Verhalten und den Gewichtsverlusten der einzelnen nichtrostenden Stähle in Meerwasser verglichen. Aufgrund des Vergleichs ergeben sich gewisse Gesichtspunkte hinsichtlich des Mechanismus der Auslösung und des Fortschreitens von Loch- und Spaltkorrosion unter natürlichen Bedingungen. Die größere Wahrscheinlichkeit der Lochkorrosion, die bei Naturversuchen gefunden wurde, läßt sich auf die Ablagerung eines mikrobiologischen schleimigen Mediums auf der Metalloberfläche zurückführen, wodurch die freien Korrosionspotentiale von passiven Oberflächen auf +400 bis +450 m V SCE angehoben werden. Die Spaltkorrosion wird wiederum einer mäßigen örtlichen Aufsäuerung zugeschrieben, die sich bei gehemmter Diffusion unter dem Einfluß des Passivierungsstromes einstellt, wodurch Lochkeimbildung auftritt, die sonst sehr unwahrscheinlich ist. Das Lochwachstum beschleunigt die Aufsäuerung in den Spalt, bis es zu einer allgemeinen Korrosion der Spaltwände kommt.
    Notes: Electrochemical hysteresis methods are employed to develop experimental potential-pH diagrams for some commercial austenitic and ferritic stainless steels in 3% sodium chloride solutions at room temperature. The results were compared with the electrochemical and the gravimetric behaviour of the single stainless steels in natural sea water. The comparison suggested some considerations about the mechanism of initiation and growth of pitting and crevice corrosion prevailing in natural environment. The higher probability of pits observed in field exposure was correlated to the deposit of a microbiological slime on metal surface that ennobles the free corrosion potentials of passive surfaces up to +400 ÷ +450 m V SCE. The crevice corrosion initiation was in turn attributed to a moderate local acidification originating in conditions of reduced diffusion under the action of passivity current that makes possible pit nucleation which is otherwise unlikely to occur. The pitting growth speeds up the acidification process in the interstice until it causes general corrosion of the walls.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 296-299 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 299-302 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 302-309 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 315-322 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 313-315 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 310-313 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 322-329 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 329-330 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 330-332 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 332-334 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 335-337 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 334-335 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 338-338 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 339-339 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 347-353 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanisms of the selective electrolytical corrosion of homogeneous alloysThe problem of the selective removal of less noble components during the anodic dissolution of alloys is surveyed. For the case of binary alloys containing a noble metal component the characteristic polarization curves and the presently discussed mechanisms of the preferential dissolution of the less noble component are presented. A critical comparison between various experimental results yields some aspects in favour of the surface diffusion mechanism. A recent attempt to calculate the polarization curve of a preferentially corroding noble metal alloy is explained.
    Notes: In Form eines Überblicks wird das Problem der selektiven Auflösung unedler Legierungskomponenten erörtert. Am Beispiel der Korrosion edelmetallhaltiger Legierungen werden dabei charakteristische Stromspannungskurven besprochen und die derzeit diskutierten Mechanismen der selektiven Korrosion homogener Legierungen vorgestellt. Der kritische Vergleich verschiedener experimenteller Ergebnisse ergibt einige Gesichtspunkte, die für das Vorherrschen eines Oberflächendiffusionsmechanismus sprechen. Ein unlängst unternommener Versuch zur Berechnung der anodischen Stromspannungskurven edelmetallhaltiger Legierungen wird erläutert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 353-358 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanismus der Passivitätszerstörung von Eisen unter instationären BedingungenMit der rotierenden Ring-Scheiben-Elektrode wird die Bildung von Fe2+-Ionen in 0,5 m Schwefelsäure und 1 m Perchlorsäure bei Potentialänderungen von passivierten Eisenproben untersucht. Da während der Abnahme des Elektrodenpotentials ein Fe2+-Impuls festgestellt werden kann, kann diese Erscheinung als Indikator für kurzzeitige Einwirkung vom Elektrolyt auf kleine Flächenbereiche blanken Metalls benutzt werden. In Gegenwart von aggressiven Anionen wird die Repassivierung dieser Deckschichtfehler verhindert, so daß Korrosionslöcher entstehen. Die Zunahme der Lochkeimbildung nach Potentialänderungen fällt qualitativ mit dem Auftreten der den Fe2+-Ionen entsprechenden Veränderungen zusammen. Für diese Bedingungen muß der Adsorptionsmechanismus ausgeschlossen werden, denn er postuliert die Wirkung von aggressiven Anionen gleich zu Beginn der Deckschichtzerstörung.
    Notes: The formation of Fe2+-ions is studied in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M HClO4 during changes of the potential of passivated iron specimen with the rotating-ring-disk technique. An Fe2+-pulse is found during the decrease of the electrode potential serving as an indicator for the short exposure of small areas of bare metal to the electrolyte. In the presence of aggressive anions the repassivation of these defects is prevented leading to the formation of pits. The increase of the pit nucleation after potential changes coincides qualitatively with the occurrence of the Fe2+ transients. The adsorption mechanism may be excluded for these conditions because it postulates the action of aggressive anions for the very beginning of the breakdown process.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 340-347 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige Einflüsse des Oberflächenzustandes von korrodierenden Metallen auf die Kinetik der AuflösungsprozesseDie Auflösung von Eisen in Chlorid- oder Sulfatlösung bzw. von Kupfer in Perchloratlösung erfolgt nach unterschiedlichen Mechanismen, abhängig von vorhergegangener Ätzbehandlung. Dieses Verhalten wird der Bildung von zwei verschiedenen Oberflächenzuständen zugeschrieben. Bei beiden Metallen kann der übergang zwischen den beiden Zuständen bei konstantem Potential mit Hilfe von Stromdichte-Zeitkurven untersucht werden; der eine der beiden übergänge kann auch mit Hilfe der Avrami-Gleichung beschrieben werden. Die Geschwindigkeit der übergänge ist abhängig vom Potential und von der Zusammensetzung des Elektrolyten; infolge der großen Zahl von Einflußfaktoren ist aber eine vollständige Deutung noch nicht möglich. Im Rahmen einer Erörterung von möglichen experimentellen Fehlern wird aber speziell für Eisenelektroden gezeigt, daß der übergang nicht nur von Veränderungen der Lochform bestimmt wird, sondern daß auch andere Faktoren dabei eine Rolle spielen.
    Notes: Depending on etching, iron in chloride or sulphate solutions and in some degree copper in perchlorate solution can be made to follow one or the other of two clearly different dissolution behaviours. This is attributed to the establishment of two alternative states of the metal surface. For both metals the transitions (at constant potential) between the two states can be followed by means of cd-time curves, and one of these transitions can be described in terms of the Avrami equation. The rates of the transitions are dependant on potential and on the composition of the electrolyte solution, but because of the great number of details influencing these phenomena a complete interpretation is not yet available. However, sources of some experimental errors are discussed in detail, and for iron electrodes it is shown that other fundamental phenomena than the relaxation of pit shape must be assumed as the basis of the transitions.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 364-370 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Anwendung der coulostatischen Methode auf die Messung der KorrosionsgeschwindigkeitDie coulostatische Meßtechnik vermeidet einige wesentliche Nachteile der Polarisationswiderstandsmethode; sie ermöglicht vor allem eine Reduzierung des Zeitaufwands, da es meist ausreicht, wenn die Potentialabnahme bis auf 50% des Ausgangswertes verfolgt wird (hierzu sind weniger als 0,1 s erforderlich). Versuche in 1 n Schwefelsäure (mit Eisen), in entsalztem Wasser, in belüfteter und entlüfteter 0,1 m NaCl-Lösung sowie in einer belüfteten Lösung mit 0,05 m NaCl + 0,03 m Natriumsulfat (mit Stahl) ergeben Korrosionsverluste, die mit nach anderen Methoden ermittelten Werten gut vergleichbar sind; das gilt auch, wenn auf den Metallen eine Deckschicht entsteht. Versuche mit Stahl 304 in Fe-III-Chloridlösung sowie (unter Spaltkorrosionsbedingungen) mit Stahl 403 in 5% NaCl-Lösung zeigen, daß die coulostatische Methode auch bei örtlicher Korrosion (und damit entsprechend geringen Mengen an Korrosionsprodukten) gut reproduzierbare Ergebnisse liefert. Auch im Fall der Unterschichtkorrosion arbeitet die Methode zuverlässig und ermöglicht daher eine rasche Prüfung des Schutzwertes verschiedener Anstrichsysteme.
    Notes: The coulostatic method avoids some of the essential short-comings of the polarization resistance method; in particular, it enables the time to be reduced because in most cases it is sufficient to follow potential decay down to 50% of the original value (this requires less than 0.1 sec). Experiments in 1 n sulfuric acid (with iron) in deionized water, in aerated and deaerated 0.1 m sodium chloride solutions and in an aerated solution containing 0.05 m NaCl + 0.1 m sodium hydrogen carbonate + 0.03 m sodium sulfate (with steel) yield corrosion losses which are well reproducible with the results of other methods, even when surface layers are formed on the metals. Tests with steel 304 in ferric chloride solution and (under crevice corrosion conditions) with steel 403 in 5% NaCl-solution show that the coulostatic method yields reproducible results even in the case of local corrosion with very small amounts of corrosion products being formed. Reliable results are obtained under the conditions of subsurface corrosion, too, so that a rapid screaming of the protective value of various coatings systems becomes feasible.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 358-363 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionshemmende Wirkung von durch Unterpotentialabscheidung erzeugten Metallüberzügen auf EisenDas Polarisationsverhalten von Eisen in Perchlorat-, Chlorid-und Sulfatgrundelektrolyten im pH-Bereich 0,3 ≤ pH ≤ 3,5 kann durch Zugabe geringer Mengen von Schwermetallionen Mez+ = Pb2+, Tl+ drastisch verändert werden. Bei Potentialen, die positiver als das Gleichgewichtspotential der entsprechenden Me/Mez+-Elektrode sind, tritt eine starke Inhibition sowohl der aktiven anodischen Eisenauflösung als auch der durchtrittskontrollierten kathodischen Wasserstoffentwicklung ein. Dieser Effekt läßt sich mit der Ausbildung einer kompletten Me-Adsorbatbedeckung auf der Eisenoberfläche, entsprechend einer Unterpotentialabscheidung von Mez+, deuten. Während in entlüfteter Lösung ein Inhibitionsfaktor von 98% erzielt werden kann, wird die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit in belüfteten Lösungen an rotierenden Elektroden praktisch nicht erniedrigt. Im letzteren Fall ist die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit im wesentlichen durch die bulk-diffusionskontrollierte Sauerstoffreduktion bestimmt, die durch das Metalladsorbat nahezu unbeeinflußt bleibt. In salzsauren Lösungen muß eine Konkurrenzadsorption von Cl- in Betracht gezogen werden.
    Notes: The polarization behaviour of iron in perchlorate, chloride and sulphate base electrolytes at pH values ranging from 0.3 ≤ pH ≤ 3.5 was found to be changed drastically by the addition of small amounts of the heavy metal ions Mez+ = Pb2+, Tl+ to the electrolyte solutions. At potentials positive to the corresponding Me/Mez+-electrode a strong inhibition of the active iron dissolution process as well as the charge transfer controlled hydrogen evolution was observed. This effect can be explained by an underpotential deposition of Mez+ leading to a complete coverage of Me-adsorbate on the iron surface. In deaerated solution an inhibition factor of 98% can be obtained, whereas in aerated solutions especially under rotating conditions the corrosion rate was not decreased. In the latter case the corrosion process is dominantly determined by the limiting diffusion controlled oxygen reduction reaction which was found to be not markedly inhibited by the metal adsorbates. In acid chloride solutions a competetive adsorption of Cl- must be taken into account.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 394-412 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 371-386 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanismus der Hochtemperatur-Sulfidkorrosion von Metallen und LegierungenZur Untersuchung des Hochtemperaturverhaltens von Metallen ist die Sulfidierung gegenüber der Oxidation in verschiedener Hinsicht von Vorteil: Der Sulfidzunder entsteht wesentlich rascher und bei niedrigerer Temperatur; außerdem ist das Arbeiten mit dem radioaktiven Schwefelisotop wesentlich einfacher. Die Untersuchungen können sowohl in Schwefeldampf als auch in Wasserstoff-Schwefelwasserstoff-Gemischen durchgeführt werden, wobei sich lediglich wegen des unterschiedlichen Schwefelpartialdrucks gewisse Veränderungen ergeben. Sulfidzunder entsteht sowohl auf reinen Metallen (z. B. Cu, Ag, Ni) als auch auf binären und ternären Legierungen (z. B. FeNi, NiCr, CuZn, CoCr, FeCrAl), wobei die Ergebnisse durchweg gut reproduzierbar sind. Unabhängig von Zunderdicke und -struktur wird die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit immer durch die nach außen gerichtete Diffusion bestimmt, wobei die hohe Fehlstellenkonzentration im Zunder hohe Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten begünstigt. Da verschiedene Metalle niedrigschmelzende Metall/Metallsulfid-Eutektika bilden, muß immer unterhalb des jeweiligen Schmelzpunktes gearbeitet werden. Im Gegensatz zu der inneren Oxidation gibt es keine innere Sulfidierung. Die Schutzwirkung von Sulfidzunder ist wesentlich geringer als die von Oxidzunder. Bisher gibt es nach der vorliegenden übersicht noch keinen Werkstoff, der ausreichende Verzunderungsbeständigkeit mit guter Warmfestigkeit verbindet; eine Möglichkeit zur Lösung dieses Problems kann vielleicht der Zusatz von Seltenerdmetallen bieten.
    Notes: Sulfidation appears to be considerably more suitable than oxidation for studying the high-temperature behaviour of metals. Sulfide scales are formed at considerably higher rates and at lower temperatures, in addition it is much easier to work with the radioactive sulfide isotope. The experiments can be conducted in sulfur vapour or in hydrogen/hydrogen sulfide mixtures; differences are due only to different sulfur partial pressures. Sulfide scale is formed on pure metals (e. g. Cu, Ag, Ni) as well as in binary or ternary alloys. (e. g. FeNi, NiCr, CuZn, CoCr, FeCrAl) with consistantly reproducible results. Irrespective of scale thickness and structure the reaction rates are always controlled by outward diffusion with the high defect concentration favouring high reaction rates. Since various metals tend to form low melting metal/metal sulfide eutectics, it is necessary to keep temperatures below the particular melting point. Contrary to inner oxidation there is no inner sulfidation. The protective action of sulfide scale is considerably inferior to that of oxide scale. According to the results of the present compilation no material has become available which combines sufficient scaling resistance with good high-temperature mechanical properties. Solution of this problem may perhaps be found by adding rare earth metals.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 413-414 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 412-412 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 387-393 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pitting and crevice corrosion of stainless steels in chloride solutionsIn practice stainless steels in chloride containing waters are found to be susceptible to crevice corrosion and pitting. Corrosion tests were carried out on AISI 304 L stainless using a simulated crevice and the compositions of the electrolyte in the crevice determined. Long term potentiostatic tests were used to determine the critical potentials for crevice corrosion (US), for various steels in sodium chloride solutions at different concentrations and temperatures. The steels studied were 22 CrMo V 121, X 22 CrNi 17 and AISI 304 L.Like the critical pitting potential (UL), US was found to have a strong dependence on the chloride content of the external solution. At higher concentrations the two potentials were similar. At lower concentrations the US was lower than UL. The knowledge of these critical potentials together with well known rest potentials for a steel in an electrolyte of known concentration, allows conclusions to be drawn about its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion.The method is suitable also for other passive metals.
    Notes: In der Praxis entstehen bei rostfreien Stählen, die in chloridhaltigem Wasser eingesetzt werden, immer wieder Schäden durch Spaltkorrosion. Es wurden Korrosionsversuche in einem Spaltmodell mit dem Stahl AISI 304 L angestellt und die Zusammensetzung des Spaltelektrolyten bestimmt. Anhand potentiostatischer Langzeitversuche in Natriumchloridlösungen verschiedener Konzentration und Temperatur wurden in einer Spaltkorrosionszelle die kritischen Potentiale für Spaltkorrosion (US) folgender Stähle bestimmt: 22 CrMo V 121, X 22 CrNi 17 und AISI 304 L.Analog zu den kritischen Potentialen für Lochkorrosion (UL) zeigte US eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Chloridgehalt der Außenlösung. Bei hohen Konzentrationen lagen beide Potentiale nahe beisammen, bei tiefen Chloridkonzentrationen war US tiefer als UL. Die Kenntnis der kritischen Potentiale erlaubt, bei bekanntem Ruhepotential UR eines Stahles in einem Elektrolyten bekannter Chloridkonzentration Rückschlüsse auf die Gefährdung durch Loch- und Spaltkorrosion zu ziehen.Die Methode eignet sich auch für andere passivierbare Metalle.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 417-419 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 415-417 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 419-426 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 426-431 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 431-432 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 432-432 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 432-434 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 435-435 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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