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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,022)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (3,022)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1983  (3,022)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (3,022)
  • 1975-1979
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Feasibility of early detection of hydrogen in metals by acoustic emission analysisAcoustic emission measurements are performed with the steels Ck 35 and 35 NCD 16. In function of the tensile strength tensile specimens are charged electrochemically with hydrogen. It is shown, that even in the charging phase acoustic emission signals can be registered. Especially during the repeated tensile test with hydrogen-charged specimens material damages can be detected with acoustic emission. In this case the well-known Kaiser effect in acoustic emission is omitted. The effect of the absorbed hydrogen is documented by changes of the mechanical properties of the material and by microfractographic investigations.
    Notes: Es werden Schallemissionsuntersuchungen an den Stählen Ck 35 und 35 NCD 16 durchgeführt. In Abhängigkeit der Festigkeit werden Zugproben elektrochemisch gezielt mit Wasserstoff beladen. Es zeigt sich. daß bereits während der Beladungsphase Schallemissionssignale registriert werden können. Insbesondere können Werkstoffschädigungen in wasserstoffbeladenen Proben beim wiederholten Zugversuch durch Schallemission nachgewiesen werden. In diesem Fall ist der bei Schallemissionsuntersuchungen bekannte Kaisereffekt unterdrückt. Die Auswirkungen des eindiffundierten Wasserstoffs werden durch Anderung der mechanischen Kennwerte des Werkstoffs und durch mikrofraktographische Untersuchungen dokumentiert.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of molybdenum on the corrosion fatigue behaviour of ferritic Cr steelsThe moving blades in the low pressure area of steam-turbines are endangered by corrosion fatigue. For industrial turbines in this section preferably the steel X20 Cr 13 is used as blade material. An effective method to raise its resistance against corrosion fatigue is to alloy molybdenum to this steel.By the results of comparative tests under dynamic load in NaC1-solutions up to 200 °C the improvements of the resistance against corrosion fatigue are shown, which can be reached by alloying 1% and 2,5% molybdenum to the X20 Cr 13 steel. Moreover, by variation of the boundary conditions it is shown that the temperature is to regard as the main parameter for the behaviour of 13% Cr-steels under alternating stress and simultaneous corrosion attack. An explanation for these effects is given by the interpretation of microanalyses of the passive films with Auger-electrons and ESCA.
    Notes: Laufschaufeln im ND-Bereich von Dampfturbinen sind durch Versagen infolge Schwingungsrißkorrosion gefährdet. In Industrieturbinen wird für diese Schaufeln bevorzugt der Stahl X20 Cr 13 eingesetzt. Eine wirksame Methode, dessen Korrosionszeitfestigkeit zu erhöhen, ist durch das Zulegieren von Molybdän gegeben.Anhand der Ergebnisse von vergleichenden SwRK-Versuchen in NaC1-Lösungen bis zu 200 °C wird gezeigt, welche Verbesserungen der Korrosionszeitfestigkeit durch Zulegieren von 1% und von 2,5% Molybdän erreicht werden können. Durch Variation der Versuchsrandbedingungen kann außerdem dargelegt werden, daß die Temperatur als wesentlicher Parameter für das SwRK-Verhalten der 13% Cr-Stähle anzusehen ist. Eine Erklärung der Beeinflussungen wird durch die Auswertung begleitender Untersuchungen der sich bildenden Passivschichten mit Hilfe von Auger-Analysen und ESCA Gegeben.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Special steels with superior corrosion resistance and strength for chemical equipment manufactureStainless steels are among the materials most predominantly used in chemical plant engineering. During the past few years, quite a number of special steels of this type have been developed to meet the eve1 increasing demands in this field. This paper deals with two of them.VEW A 963 is an austenitic CrNiMo steel containing about 6.3% molybdenum which shows superior resistance to the attack of media with a high chloride content, in other terms, excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.Stress corrosion cracking tests in NaCl solution with crust formation show steel VEW A %3 to be definitely superior to CrNiMo grades with up to 4.5% molybdenum. Corrosion resistance in acids, too, is very good. The steel possesses good weldability, and suitable filler metals are available in the form of coated electrodes and inert gas welding wire.Big scale production of steel VEW A 963 in the form of sheet and plate, bar, forgings and seamless tube is possible.VEW A 905 is an austenitic-ferritic CrNiMo steel with manganese and nitrogen additions which permit to obtain a minimum 0.2% proof stress of 590 Nlmm2 in the solution annealed condition. The micro- structure shows more or less equal parts of austenite and ferrite which hardly change with rising temperature. This is of great importance for welding: there is no grain coarsening in the heat affected zone, nor increase of ferrite content. An electrode type of the same composition is available.VEW A 905 has good resistance to pitting corrosion and to the attack of a variety of acids. Particular emphasis should be laid on its excellent resistance to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking.VEW A 905. too, is available in the form of sheet and plate, bar, forgings and seamless tube produced on a large scale.
    Notes: Die korrosionsbeständigen Stähle gehören mit zu den wichtigsten Werkstoffen des chemischen Apparatebaus. Um den ständig steigen- den Anforderungen N entsprechen, wurde in den letzten Jahren eine Reihe von Sonderstählen entwickelt. über zwei derartige Stähle wird berichtet.VEW A %3 ist ein austenitischer CrNiMo-Stahl mit etwa 6,3% Molybdän, der eine hervorragende Beständigkeit in hochchloridhaltigen Medien, das heißt, eine ausgezeichnete Lochfraß- und Spaltkorrosionsbeständigkeit hat.Die Prüfung auf Spannungsrißkorrosion in NaCI-Lösung unter Krustenbildung zeigt eine starke Überlegenheit des Stahles VEW A 963 gegenüber den CrNiMo-Stählen mit bis zu 4.5% Molybdän. Auch die Beständigkeit in Säuren kann als sehr gut bezeichnet werden. Der Stahl ist gut schweißbar, und Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe stehen in Form von Schutzgasschweißdrähten und umhüllten Elektroden zur Verfügung.Die Erzeugung des Stahles VEW A 963 ist großtechnisch als Blech, Stabstahl, Schmiedestück und Nahtlosrohr möglich.VEW A 905 ist ein austenitisch-ferritischer CrNiMo-Stahl mit Mangan- und Stickstoffzusatz. Durch diese Zusätze wird im lösungsgeglühten Zustand eine 0,2-%-Dehngrenze von 〉 590 N/mm2 erreicht.Das Gefüge besteht zu etwa gleichen Teilen aus Austenit und Fer- rit, wobei sich die Anteile mit steigender Temperatur kaum ändern. Dies ist für die gute Schweißbarkeit des Stahles wesentlich. Es kommt neben dem Schweißgut weder zu einer Grobkornbildung, noch entsteht ein Ferritsaum. Eine artgleiche Elektrode ist verfügbar.VEW A 905 hat eine gute Lochfraßbeständigkeit und ein gutes Korrosionsverhalten in verschiedenen Säuren. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die gute Beständigkeit gegen Chlorid-Spannungsrißkorrosion.Wie VEW A 963 wird auch VEW A 905 großtechnisch als Blech, Stabstahl, Schmiedestück und Nahtlosrohr hergestellt.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verbesserung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit, der mechanischen Eigenschaften und der Schweißbarkeit von austenitisch-ferritischen StählenKorrosionsverhalten, Festigkeit und Schweißbarkeit von nichtrostenden Stählen mit Duplex-Gefüge können durch entsprechende Zusammensetzung und Einstellung des Austenit: Ferrit-Verhältnisses im Grundwerkstoff und im Schweißgut verbessert werden. Zusatz von Stickstoff verbessert die Duktilität und die Lochkorrosionsbeständigkeit; diese wird ebenfalls verbessert durch erhöhte Chromgehalte, welche die Passivierungsschicht stabilisieren. Diese Wirkung wird noch verstärkt durch Zusatz von Molybdän, das jedoch bestimmte Grenzen nicht überschreiten darf, da sonst die Gefahr der Sigma-Phasen-Sprödigkeit bei höheren Temperaturen besteht. Auch Kupfer in Mengen bis 1,5% verbessert die Korrosionsbeständigkeit besonders in Meerwasser, doch sollte wegen der abträglichen Wirkung auf die Warmzähigkeit ein bestimmter Gehalt nicht überschritten werden. Wegen der wichtigen Rolle von Nickel für das Austenit:Ferrit-Verhältnis (vorzugsweise 50:50) muß der Nickelgehalt entsprechend gewählt werden und sollte im Schweißgut etwas erhöht werden.
    Notes: The corrosion behaviour, toughness and weldability of duplex stainless steel can be improved by controlling the composition and austenite: ferrite ratio in the base metal and in the weld deposits. Addition of nitrogen is beneficial to ductility and restistance to pitting corrosion; the latter is also improved by increased chromium contents which stabilize the passive film. This effect is further enhanced by the addition of molybdenum which, however, should not exceed sigma phase at high temperatures. Copper in amounts up to 1.5% improves the resistance to marine environments; however, a certain upper limit should not be exceeded because of adverse effects on hot ductility. In view of the function of nickel concerning the austenite: ferrite ratio (which should be about 50:50) the nickel content should be appropriately selected and should be higher in the filter metal.
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  • 6
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 42-45 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 46-47 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 40-42 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 48-48 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R1 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermoplastic fluoropolymers in the construction of modern tanks, pipes and apparatusThe thermoplastic fluoropolymer PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and FEP (tetrafluorethylene hexafluorpropylene) open up new posibilities in protection from corrosion in practically all branches of industry. These two materials hold a special position in the construction of tanks, containers, pipes and apparatus with organic materials. As polymers they are characterized by the well-tested excellent chemical and temperature resistance of a fluoroplastic, on the other hand have the technological advantages of a thermoplastic. The thermoplastic properties enable to fabricate tanks, pipes and apparatus with traditional, approved technologies and equipments.The supply of laminates, sheets and pipes with industrially pretreated surface opens up economically attractive possibilities of construction. Such products can be used in duallaminates with fibreglassreinforced plastics (FRP) and as steel linings or other substrates.The optimum choice and combination of materials requires a critical and well-founded method of reflection on the individual properties. Possible consequences of disregarding this rule are excessive demands on the material which lead to failure and finally give the material an unjustifiable, bad image. Designers and planners are thus recommended to specify the conditions of application as carefully and realistically as possible and take the necessary risk faktors in consideration. Unjustified safety surcharges (e.g. for the operating temperature) render an economic solution impossible.Plastics in general and especially if they are used as linings and duallaminates, are regarded as relatively recent materials. This is in spite of the fact that, for example, thermoplastics have been successfully used for more than twenty years as duallaminates with fibreglassreinforced plastics.The use of plastics in corrosion protection is becoming increasingly important in view of the rising price of special steels and metals in the last few years.
    Notes: Die Fluorkunststoffe PVDF (Polyvinylidenfluorid) und FEP (Tetrafluroethylen-Hexafluorpropylen) eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten im Korrosionsschutz in praktisch sämtlichen Industriebereichen. Diese beiden Werkstoffe nehmen auf dem Gebiet des Behälter-, Rohrleitungs- und des Apparatebaues mit organischen Werkstoffen eine Sonderstellung ein. Als Polymer zeichnen sic sich durch erprobte, hervorragende Korrosions- und Temperaturbeständigkeit eines Fluorkunststoffes aus besitzen aber die technologischen Vorteile eines Thermoplasten. Die thermoplastischen Eigenschaften ermöglichen die Fertigung von Behältern, Rohrleitungen und Apparaten mit traditionellen, bewährten Technologien und Einrichtungen.Das Angebot von Tafeln, Bahnen und Rohren mit industriell vorbehandelten Oberflächen eröffnet wirtschaftlich interessante Konstruktionsmöglichkeiten. Solche Produkte Können im Verbundbau mit glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (GF-UP) und als Auskleidungsmateria im Verbundbau mit Stahl und anderen Trägerwerkstoffen verwendet werden.Voraussetzung für die optimale Materialwahl bzw. Materialkombination ist eine kritische, fundierte Betrachtungsweise der einzelnen Eigenschaften. Die Mißachtung dieser Regel kann eine Überforde rung der Konstruktion zur Folge haben, welche Ausfälle nach sich zieht. Dem Material wird dadurch ungerechtfertigt ein schlechtes Image aufgeprägt. An den Konstrukteur und Planer sei hier der Appell gerichtet, die Einsatzbedingungen möglichst sorgfältig, realistisch und den notwendigen Risikofaktoren angepaßt zu spezifizieren. Ungerechtfertigte Sicherheitszuschläge (z. B. bei der Einsatztemperatur) können eine wirtschaftliche Lösung unmöglich machen.Kunststoffe, speziell wenn sie als Auskleidungs- und Verbundwerkstoff Einsatz finden, gelten als relativ junge Materialien. Dies, obwohl z.B. Thermoplaste in Verbindung mit glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen seit über 20 Jahren mit Erfolg eingesetzt werden.Der Einsatz von Kunststoffen im Korrosionsschutz gewinnt nicht zuletzt aufgrund der in den letzten Jahren eingetretenen Verteuerung von Edelstählen und Sondermetallen zunehmend an Bedeutung.
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  • 13
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R2 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R4 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R10 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R16 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R17 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R17 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R18 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 20
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das anodische Verhalten von amorphen Fe40Ni40B20-und Fe39Ni39B10Si12-LegierungenAmorphe Legierungen wie Fe40Ni40B20 und Fe39Ni39B10Si12 zeigen bei anodischer Polarisation in Borat-und/oder Phthalat-Pufferlösungen bei pH 4,0; 5.3; 6.3 und 8,4 einen typischen Aktiv-/Passiv-übergang. Das anodische Verhalten der Legierungen in diesen Medien wird durch Silicium nicht wesentlich beeinflußt. Beide Legierungen erleiden in chloridhaltigen Lösungen Lochkorrosion, doch die Si-haltige Legierung is gegen die Zerstörung der Passivität widerstandsfähiger. Aufgrund von AES-Untersuchungen ist in der Passivierungsschicht auf der Si-haltigen Legierung das Silicium stark angereichert; dieser Umstand dürfte für die verbesserte Beständigkeit ausschlaggebend sein.
    Notes: Amorphous alloys Fe40Ni40B20 and Fe39Ni39B10Si12 exhibit a typical active/passive transition when anodically polarized in borate and/or phthalate buffer solutions, at pH = 4.0; 5.3;6.3 and 8.4. There is no large effect of Si on the anodic behaviour of the alloys in these media.Both alloys undergo a typical pitting corrosion in chloride containing solutions, but, the Si bearing alloy is more resistant to the breakdown of passivity. AES analysis revealed a large enrichment in Si within the passivating film formed on the Si bearing alloy, which most probably accounts for its enhanced stability.
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  • 22
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsverhalten experimenteller Legierungen in simuliertem HTGR Helium im Temperaturbereich von 750-1050°C rangeEine Anzahl experimenteller Legierungen (grundsätzlich Ni 20 Cr mit Zusatz eines oder mehrerer der Elemente Al, Ti, Nb und Y) wurden untersucht, nachdem sie einer Heliumatmosphäre vorgegebener Reinheit 1000 bis 6000 h lang bei 750 bis 1050°C ausgesetzt worden waren. Die Versuche sollten die Bedingungen im primären Kühlgas eines Hochtemperatur-gasgekühlten Reaktors simulieren. Legierungen mit AI waren besonders empfindlich gegen innere Oxidation im Bereich der niedrigeren Temperaturen, während bei mehr als 950 °C Karbidbildung als vorwiegender Korrosionsmechanismus auftrat. Am beständigsten waren Ni20 Cr und Ni 20 Cr mit geringen Zusätzen von Si, Ti und Nb. In Gegenwart von 1% Y nahm die Karbidbildung schon bei nur 850 °C stark zu.
    Notes: A series of experimental alloys (basically Ni-20 Cr, with addition of one of more of the elements Al, Ti, Si, Nb and Y) has been examined after exposure to controlled purity helium for periods of 1000-6000 hours at 750-1050 °C. This environment was intended to simulate the primary coolant of a high temperature gas-cooled reactor. Alloys containing aluminum were found to be particularly susceptible to internal oxidation at the lower temperatures, but at 950 °C and above carburization became the dominant corrosion mechanism. The most corrosion resistant alloys were Ni-20Cr and Ni-20 Cr containing small amounts of silicon, titanium and niobium. The presence of 1% yttrium dramatically increased the incidence of carburization, even at temperatures as low at 850°C.
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  • 23
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 62-67 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Nicht eindeutiger Einfluß der Kathodenpolarisation auf das Rißwachstum bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion von AluminiumlegierungenDie Kinetik des Rißwachstums bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion einiger Aluminiumlegierungen in Elektrolyten mit verschiedener Anionenzusammensetzung und pH-Werten zwischen 0 und 13 wurde untersucht. Dabei wurde gezeigt, daß für die meisten Systeme Legierung/Elektrolyt anodische Polarisation das Rißwachstum beschleunigt, während die kathodische Polarisation es verlangsamt. Für die Elektrolyte „Chromsäure/Natriumchlorid“ wurde ein nicht eindeutiger Einfluß der Kathodenpolarisation auf das Rißwachstums bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion festgestellt. Am Beispiel der Legierung A127-1 wird der Mechanismus des Rißwachstums bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion in diesen Elektrolyten erörtert.
    Notes: The kinetics of crack growth under the conditions of stress corrosion cracking of aluminum alloys in electrolytes with different anion composition and pH values from 0 to 13 has been studied. It is shown that for the majority of alloy-electrolyte systems anodic polarization accelerates whereas cathodic polarization decelerates crack growth. For “chromic acid - sodium chloride” electrolyte it is shown that cathodic polarization under the conditions of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has an ambiguous effect on crack growth. The behaviour of A127-;1 alloy is taken as an illustration of such SCC cracking growth in these electrolytes.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 68-77 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibition of pit initiation and pit growth on aluminumUnder potentiostatic conditions over 40 organic and inorganic compounds have been investigated in order to determine their inhibiting effect on the pitting corrosion of aluminum in 0.01 molar NaC1 solutions.The concentration dependent inhibitor efficiency decreases in the order:Na-oleate, NO-3 ≫ WO2-4 〉 IO-3, MoO2-4, BrO-3, Na-benzoate 〉 CrO2-4 〉 NO-2, Na-tartrate.SO2-4, ClO-4 and the other organic compounds tested accelerate the pit growth as well as too low concentrations of inhibiting ions. The accelerating effect depends directly on the conductivity of the electrolyte.The inhibitor efficiency depends on the potential and is deteriorated by non inhibiting ions such as ClO-4 or SO2-4. The minimum concentration required to inhibit completely the pit initiation and the pit growth is often not identical. This fact explains partly the inconsistent data found in the literature.The phenomena observed are explained on the basis of the Temkin isotherm.
    Notes: über 40 organische und anorganische Substanzen wurden unter potentiostatischen Bedingungen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf die Lochfraßkorrosion bei Aluminium in 0,01 molaren NaCl-Lösungen untersucht.Die konzentrationsabhängige Wirksamkeit nimmt in folgender Reihe ab:Na-Oleat, NO-3 ≫ WO2-4 〉 IO-3, MoO2-4, BrO-3, Na-Benzoat 〉 CrO2-4 〉 No-2, Na-Tartrat.SO2-4 ClO-4 und die anderen geprüften organischen Verbindungen beschleunigen den Lochwachstums-Prozeß, da durch die Zugabe dieser Substanzen der Elektrolytwiderstand verkleinert wird. Zu kleine Inhibitorkonzentrationen beschleunigen das Lochwachstum ebenfalls.Die Inhibitorwirksamkeit ist potentialabhängig und wird durch nicht inhibierende Ionen wie ClO-4 oder SO2-4 vermindert. Die zur vollständigen Inhibierung der Lochbildung und des Lochwachstums notwendigen Inhibitorkonzentrationen sind in vielen Fällen nicht identisch, was die Widersprüche in der vorhandenen Literatur zumindest teilweise erklärt. Mit Hilfe der Temkinisothermen wird versucht, die festgestellten Phänomene zu deuten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 84-88 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Composition and formation of coloured layers on stainless steel: II. Discolorations formed under the conditions in an automatic dish-washerDiscolorations can appear on stainless dishes or pots upon cleansing in a dish-washer, also the stainless steel components of the dish-washers can show such discolorations after long use. These discolorations are caused by corrosion of the stainless steel at a high redox potential of the electrolyte and intermediate pH-values. Such corrosive conditions result from a content of organic acid in the cleansing agent. The alloying elements Cr, Ni and Fe are dissolved under formation of complexes and an unsoluble, coloured oxyhydrate is enriched on the surface, which stems from a small Ti-content of the steels. This thin golden yellow or bluish violet passive layer is very corrosion resistant. The process can be avoided if there are no strongly oxidizing components in the cleansing agent.
    Notes: Beim Spülen von rostfreiem Geschirr und Töpfen in der Geschirrspülmaschine und besonders auf Bauteilen der Geschirrspülmaschinen aus rostfreiem Stahl können Verfärbungen entstehen, die durch Korrosion des Stahls bei hohem Redoxpotential des Elektrolyten und mittleren pH-Werten bedingt sind. Diese Bedingungen können durch Gehalte an organischen Säuren im Klarspüler auftreten. Die Legierungselemente Cr, Ni und Fe werden unter Komplexbildung gelöst, und ein unlösliches, farbiges Oxidhydrat reichert sich an der Oberfläche an, das aus geringen Ti-Gehalten der Stähle gebildet wird. Diese dünne, goldgelbe bis blauviolette Passivschicht ist sehr korrosionsbeständig. Der Vorgang kann unterbunden werden, wenn im Klarspüler keine stark oxydierenden, komplexbildenden Komponenten verwendet werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 78-83 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bestimmung der Korrosionsprodukte auf Eisen in reinem und in mit Sulfiden verunreinigtem MeerwasserZum Nachweis und zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Korrosionsprodukte von Eisen in reinem und in mit Schwefelwasserstoff verunreinigtem Meerwasser wurde eine Methode entwickelt. Diese beruht auf der selektiven Auflösung der verschiedenen Verbindungen mit geeigneten Reagenzien (Methanol, Glycin, Brom-Methanol, Salzsäure usw.); anschließend werden die verschiedenen gelösten Elemente bestimmt. Die so erhaltenen Informationen werden mit Hilfe einer Röntgenbeugungsanalyse integriert. Die folgenden Korrosionsprodukte wurden gefunden:Fe(OH)2 = Fe3O4FeO(OH)/Fe2O3 + einer nicht identifizierten Verbindung (wahrscheinlich Oxychlorid) in Meerwasser bei pH 8,1 und 7 ppm SauerstoffFeOC1/Fe(OH)2/Fe3O4/FeOOH in teilweise entlüftetem Meerwasser (3 ppm Sauerstoff bei pH 8,1)Fe0.95S/Fe(OH)2 in Meerwasser bei pH 7 und 10 ppm Sulfid.Fe0.95S/FeS/Fe3.6 · Fe0.9 (O · OH · CI) und FeOCI/Fe3O4/FeO(OH)/Fe2O3 · H2O in Meerwasser bei pH 7 und anfänglich 10 ppm oxidierbaren Sulfids.Da die hier entwickelte chemische Analysenmethode quantitative Informationen über die Verteilung des Eisens auf die verschiedenen Anionen und die verschiedenen Oxidationsstufen liefert, ist sie als ein nützliches Hilfsmittel zur Untersuchung von Korrosionskinetik und -mechanismus anzusehen.
    Notes: A method was developed to characterize and quantify iron corrosion products in clean and sulphide polluted sea water. This method is based upon a selective dissolution with suitable reagents (methanol, glycine, bromine-methanol, hydrochloric acid etc.) of the various compounds and the subsequent chemical analysis of the various dissolved elements. The information thus obtained is integrated by a diffractometric X-ray analysis.The following corrosion products were found:Fe(OH)2 = Fe3O4 - FeO(OH) - Fe2O3 + unidentified compound Cr (probably oxychloride) in sea water with pH = 8.1 having a 7 ppm D.O. content.FeOC1 - Fe(OH)2 - Fe3O4 - FeO.OH in partially deoxygenated sea water (D.O. = 3 ppm) at pH 8.1;Fe0.95S - Fe(OH)2 in sea water at pH = 7 with 10 ppm of sulphides;Fe0.95S - FeS - Fe3.6 · Fe0.9(O · OH · C1) and FeOC1 - iron oxisulphide - Fe3O4 - FeO(OH) - Fe2O3 · H2O in sea water at pH = 7 and 10 ppm initial sulphides left to oxidate.Since the method of chemical analysis thus developed supplies quantitative information in iron distribution among the various anions and on the various oxidation forms, it is deemed a useful tool for investigation of the corrosion kinetics and mechanism.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 92-94 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R19 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R21 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R26 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R21 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R32 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 95-101 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Verzunderungsverhalten einer Cu 27,6 Sn-Legierung in Sauerstoff bei 550 bis 725°C und 1 atmDie Korrosion einer Bronze mit 27.6 Gew.% Sn in Sauerstoff wurde zwischen 550 und 725°C untersucht. Die Oxidationsgeschwindigkeit dieser Legierung ist wesentlich geringer als die von reinem Kupfer und ist vergleichbar mit derjenigen einer Cu 13 Sn-Legierung. Bei 650°C und darunter liegenden Temperaturen kommt die Reaktion nach einer verhältnismäßig kurzen Zeit quasiparabolischer Kinetik (etwa 5 h) zum Stillstand. Bei höheren Temperaturen hingegen schließt sich an das parabolische Wachstum eine Periode mit linearem Wachstum an. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich mit der Annahme deuten, daß bei 650°C und darunter als unterste Zunderschicht eine durchgehende Schutzschicht aus SnO2 entsteht, während bei höheren Temperaturen eine Dispersion von SnO2-Teilchen in Kupferoxid vorliegt. Die Auswirkung des weitgehenden Fehlens von Cu2O auf die Näherungswerte der parabolischen Oxidationskonstanten im Vergleich zu den Verhältnissen bei reinem Kupfer werden ebenfalls untersucht.
    Notes: The corrosion in oxygen of a bronze containing 27.6 wt% tin has been studied in the range 550-725°C. The oxidation rate of this alloy is considerably smaller than that of pure copper and compares favourably with that of the more dilute 13 wt% tin alloy. In fact at 650°C and below the reaction stops after a relatively short time of quasi-parabolic kinetic (about 5 hr). At higher temperatures instead the initial parabolic stage is followed by a second stage of linear kinetics. The results are interpreted by assuming the formation of a continuous protective layer of SnO2 at the base of the scale at 650°C and below and of a dispersion of SnO2 particles in copper oxide at higher temperatures. The importance of the practical absence of Cu2O from these scales in relationship of the approximate values of the parabolic values of the parabolic rate constant for this alloy as compared to those on pure copper is also examined.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 102-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: On the chemisorptive interaction of hydrogen with the components carbon and iron of steelA tensioned steel of high tensile strength may fail while being under the influence of small amounts of hydrogen. Atomic hydrogen in the metal forms metastable complexes with inner and outer surfaces which weaken the metal-metal-bonds in the lattice. Indications of that already emerge when studying the effect of hydrogen on single iron-carbon-bonds.
    Notes: Bei einem gespannten Stahl hoher Zugfestigkeit können schon geringe eindiffundierte Wasserstoffmengen zum Versagen führen. Der Gefügezusammenhalt wird hierbei dadurch vermindert, daß atomarer Wasserstoff an inneren und äußeren Oberflächen metastabile Komplexe bildet, welche die chemischen Bindungskräfte des Metallgitters herabsetzen. Anhaltspunkte hierfür sind bereits aus der Untersuchung des Wasserstoffeinflusses auf isolierte Eisen-Kohlenstoff-und Eisen-Eisen-Bindungen zu entnehmen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 112-117 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen der Konkurrenzadsorption der Anionen in der Rißspitze bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion der Aluminiumlegierung AI 27-1Es wird eine Methode zur Berechnung der Konzentration der Chlorionen behandelt, die bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion der Aluminiumlegierung AI 27-1 in Lösungen auf der Basis von Chromsäure an der Rißspitze adsorbiert werden. Der Methode liegen Vorstellungen von der Abhängigkeit der Wasserstoffpermeabilität des passivierenden Filmes auf dem Metall in der Rißspitze von der Konzentration der adsorbierten Chlorionen zugrunde. Als experimentelle Unterlagen für die Berechnungen dienen der kritische Spannungskoeffizient KHE und die kritische Geschwindigkeit des Rißwachstums v,krit, bei deren Erreichen die Wasserstoffversprödung zum Hauptmechanismus des Rißwachstums bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion wird.
    Notes: A method to determine chloride ion concentration adsorbed at the tip of crack in stress corrosion cracking of AI27-1 aluminium alloy in chromic acid based solutions is discussed. The dependance of hydrogen permeability of passivating film at the tip of crack on the concentration of adsorbed chloride ions is the backbone of the method. Critical stress intensity factor, KHE, and critical crack growth rate, Vcr data form an experimental base for the method and are a necessary prerequisite of hydrogen embrittlement as the main mechanism of cracking in stress corrosion conditions.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 107-111 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of iron-pickup by potable water - A new method for the assessment of surface layers in black steel pipingRed water in drinking water distribution systems causes problems for the water companies because of the consumers pretension to get drinking water of high quality. The corrosion products in the water are normally iron compounds, which arise from the corrosion process and diffuse through the surface layer into the aqueous phase. With the proposed method, the increase of the iron concentration in the water and parallel the corrosion rate, by the determination of the differential oxygen demand, is measured. This allows to make direct statements with regard to the protective qualities of the surface layer.
    Notes: Das Aufteten von Rostwasser bei der Verteilung von Trinkwasser in Rohrleitungen aus ungeschützten Eisenwerkstoffen gehört zu den Korrosionsproblemen, die im Gegensatz stehen zu dem Anspruch des Verbrauchers auf ein qualitative hochwertiges Trinkwasser. Die Ursachen für diesen Korrosionsschaden sind in der Qualität der sich an der Rohrinnenwandung aufbauenden Deckschicht zu suchen. Mit der hier beschriebenen Methode zur Messung der Aufeisenung wird ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen, das in Verbindung mit der parallel über die Sauerstoffdifferenzmessung zu bestimmenden Korrosionsrate eine direkte Beurteilung der Deckschichtqualitäten hinsichtlich ihrer schützenden Eigenschaften ermöglicht.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 117-120 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 122-152 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 152-153 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R54 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R55 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Evaluation of corrosion and deposition phenomena of selected components of a sodium loopThe test vessels and heat exchangers of a sodium high temperature loop, which have been exposed to the flowing sodium up to 973 K and flow velocities up to 5 m/s, were examined in respect to long term corrosion effects as well as to deposition effects as well as to deposition effects. In addition to morphologic and metallographic techniques mainly chemical-analytical methods were applied to estimate concentration gradients. The stabilized austenitic steel X 8 CrNiMoNb 16 13 fulfills the demands of high-temperature application in sodium.
    Notes: Die über 10000 h in strömendem Natrium bis zu 973 K und Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten bis 5 m/s eingesetzten Probenstrecken und Wärmetauscher eines Natriumhochtemperatuprüfstands wurden auf die langzeitigen Korrosionseffekte unter auflösenden Bedingungen und die Abscheidungsphänomene im Temperaturefälle nachuntersucht, wobei neben morphologischen und metallografischen Methoden vor allem chemisch-analytische Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Konzentrationsgradienten angewandt wurden. Den eingesetzte stabilisierte austenitische Stahl X8 CrNiMoNb 1613 zeigte sich den Ansprüchen der Hochtemperaturbeanspruchung durch Natrium gewachsen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 161-166 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wachstum anodischer Filme auf Eisen und rostfreiem Stahl in Gegenwart organischer InhibitorenMit Hilfe der Ellipsometrie wurde der Einfluß von Benzylamin, Benzotriazol und Hexamethylentetramin auf die Bildung von anodischen Oxiden auf Eisen und dem nichtrostenden Stahl AISI 304 in Boratpufferlösung untersucht. Auf Eisen führen demnach alle drei Substanzen zu einer Begrenzung der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit im gesamten Bereich der passiven Potentiale. Auf dem Stahl 304 hingegen bewirken die Zusatzstoffe bei Potentialen über 400 mV (SE) zu einer Beschleunigung der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der anodischen Oxide. Der Wachstumsmechanismus wird entsprechend der Deutung von Pearson unter Annahme von Adsorptionsvorgängen am Oxidfilm diskutiert.
    Notes: Ellipsometry has been used to study the influence of Benzylamine, Benzotriazole and Hexamethylenetetramine on the growth of anodic oxides on iron and on AISI 304 stainless steel in borate-buffer solutions.On iron, a limitation of the growth-rate has been observed for these substances all over the passive potential range. On AISI 304 steel, when the electrode potential exceeds 400 mV (SCE), an increase of the anodic oxide growth-rate was found in the presence of the organic substances. Adsorption on the oxide film, according to the interpretation given by Pearson, is discussed.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 179-186 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the diffusion and interaction of hydrogen in prestressing steels of different sensitivity against hydrogen - summarized experimental data and quantumchemical resultsInvestigation of the influence of hydrogen on prestressing steels used as building materials shows that material involved in practical damage by hydrogen-influence is characterized by a higher hydrogendiffusion coefficient already of the not tensioned material. Responsible for this is a specific influence of inner surfaces coming into existence by local material defects. Their metastable reaction with hydrogen may lead to local decohesion of the metallic bond and so cracks may be induced if the steel is tensioned.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung der Beeinflussung von baupraktischen Spannstählen durch Wasserstoff ergibt, Daß in der Praxis nachweislich infolge Wasserstoffeinwirkung schadhaftes Material durch einen gesteigerten Wasserstoff-Diffusionskoeffizienten bereits im ungespannten Zustand gekennzeichnet ist. Hierfür erweisen sich spezifische Struktureinflüsse von inneren Oberflächen mit Störstellen, selbst nur von reinen Eisenoberflächen, als entscheidend. Tritt Wasserstoff mit ihnen in Wechselwirkung, kann er allein dort örtlich den Metallzusammenhalt lockern und so beim gespannten Stahl Rißbildung ermöglichen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 186-190 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 167-178 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Legierungszusammensetzung und Mikrogefüge auf das Korrosionsverhalten von CuNi-Legierungen in MeerwasserZiel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war die Suche nach einem Zusammenhang zwischen dem Korrosionsverhalten von CuNi 10 in Meerwasser und dem Eisengehalt sowie dem Mikrogefüge von vier handelsüblichen Legierungen mit Eisengehalten zwischen 1,20 und 1,78% und drei experimentellen Schmelzen mit Eisengehalten zwischen 1,5 und 2.5% im Lieferzustand und nach drei verschiedenen Wärmebehandlungen untersucht. Proben dieser Legierungen wurden der Einwirkung von Strömendem Meerwasser ausgesetzt, wobei elektrochemische Messungen durchgeführt wurden; nach Abschluß der Versuche wurde der Gewichtsverlust ermittelt. Außerdem wurden für mehrere Proben die Korrosionsprodukte mit Hilfe der Elektronensondenmikroanalyse analysiert. Unabhängig vom Eisengehalt erweist sich das Auftreten von diskontinuierlichen Ausscheidungen in den experimentellen Schmelzen als ungünstig für das Korrosionsverhalten. Das gilt, wenn auch in geringerem Ausmaß, auch für Legierungen mit hohen Anteilen an kontinuierlichen Ausscheidungen, wie sie bei 2 und 2.5% Eisen vorliegen. Die ausscheidungsfreien Legierungen, die wegen der niedrigen Eisengehalte (unter 1,5%) nur geringe Anteile an kontinuierlichen Ausscheidungen enthalten, zeigen gutes Korrosionsverhalten. Das Verhalten der handelsüblichen CuNi 10 Fe-Legierungen im Lieferzustand war im allgemeinen vergleichbar mit dem von experimentellen Legierungen, die kontinuierliche Ausscheidungen enthalten. Die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit der erstgenannten liegt nicht höher als die der zuletzt genannten und ist für praktische Anwendungen sehr gering. Abschließend wurde das Korrosionsverhalten von 5 experimentellen Schmelzen des Typs CuNi5 mit bis zu 4% Eisen in fester Lösung untersucht. Hierbei ist der reziproke Wert des Polarisationswiderstands unter stationären Bedingungen niedriger als im Falle der CuNi 10 Fe-Legierungen.
    Notes: The aim of the study was to relate the general corrosion behaviour of CuNi 10-alloys in seawater with its iron content and microstructure. To that end the microstructure of four commercial alloys with various Fe-contents (1.20-1.78%) and there laboratory melted alloys with various Fe-contents (1.5-2.5%) were investigated in the as delivered state and after three different heat treatments. Samples of these alloys were exposed to flowing natural seawater. During exposure electrochemical measurements were performed. After exposure the weight loss was determined. Moreover, for a number of samples the corrosion products were analysed by means of electron microprobe analysis. Irrespective of the Fe-content, the presence of discontinuous precipitates in the laboratory melted alloys turned out to be detrimental with regard to general corrosion. To a less extent this also holds for alloys with high concentrations of continuous precipitates, as observed for iron contents of 2 and 2.5%. The precipitate free alloys as well as the ones containing low concentrations of continuous precipitates because of low Fe-concentrations (〈1.5%Fe) do show a good corrosion behaviour. The corrosion behaviour of commercial CuNi 10 Fe in the as received condition was generally comparable with that of laboratory melted alloys with continuous precipitates. The corrosion rates of the former do not exceed those of the latter, which are very low for practical applications. Finally the corrosion behaviour of five laboratory melted CuNi5 alloys, containing up to 4% fe in solution, was investigated. It turned out that their reciprocal polarisation resistance in the steady state situation is lower than those for the CuNi 10 Fe alloys.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 191-197 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 198-218 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R57 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 218-218 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R74 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 219-230 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Attack of aqueous acids on chemical service glass enamelThe acid attack on chemical service glass enamel (high resistant glass fused on to steel) is investigated at temperatures above the normal boiling point of the acid; the test procedure provides for conditions on a practical scale, i. e. high volume to surface ratios and short times of exposure. Testing is performed with an all-purpose tantalum lined autoclave and totally glass-lined steel samples which are evaluated gravimetrically. Thus the influence of many technically relevant parameters on the glass corrosion rate v1 can be demonstrated: Volume to surface ratio V/O (v1∼e-0/v), time of exposure (with and without renewal of the medium), temperature (v1∼e-1/T), glass quality, type of acid, acid concentration, pressure, compressive stresses in enamel, agitation, influence of other ions and organic products, difference in liquid phase and condensate attack, dry steam attack. These quantitative detail results allow to determine in good approximation the corrosion situation of a glass-lined vessel under service analogue conditions. These new findings will also lead to more realistic view in rating the results of the test DIN 51 157 - ISO 2743.
    Notes: In praxisnahen Korrosionsversuchen, bei hohem Volumen-Oberflächenverhältnis und kurzen Beanspruchungszeiten, wird bei Temperaturen über dem normalen Siedepunkt der Säureangriff auf Chemieemail (hochbeständiges Glas im Schmelzverbund mit Stahl) untersucht. Es wird mit einem universell anwendbaren, tantalausgekleideten Autoklaven und allseitig emaillierten Stahlproben gearbeitet, die gravimetrisch ausgewertet werden. Auf diese Weise wird der Einfluß vieler technisch relevanter Parameter auf die Korrosionsrate v1 aufgezeigt: Volumen-Oberflächenverhältnis (v1∼e-0/v), Beanspruchungszeit (mit und ohne Erneuerung des Mediums), Temperatur (v1∼e-1/T), Emailqualität, Säureart, Säurekonzentration, Druck, Emaildruckvorspannung, Bewegung, Fremdionen und organische Produkte, Unterschied Flüssigphasen-Kondensatangriff, Angriff trockenen Dampfes. Mit diesen quantitativen Detailkenntnissen läßt sich die Korrosionssituation eines emaillierten Behälters unter betriebsanalogen Bedingungen in guter Näherung bestimmen. Aufgrund der neuen Resultate kann auch eine realistische Bewertung des Standardversuchs DIN 51157 - ISO 2743 vorgenommen werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 230-235 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: New methods for potential measurement without internal resistance (IR) in cathodic protection of underground pipelinesThe reliability of the cathodic protection depends on whether the potential measurement is free of errors or not. The main source of errors results from voltage drops in the soil. In the case of strongly fluctuating currents the true pipe-to-soil potential can be determined by measuring voltages above the pipe-line and extrapolating these values. This method supposes that the pipe coating has many holidays. The method is not applicable for well coated pipe-lines with the exception of such points where holidays are located.In the case of protected structures with locally different polarisation the off-potentials which normally indicate the true pipe-to-soil potentials can become erroneous due to voltage drops of compensating currents (cell current). Assuming an ideally same distribution of both the protection current and the compensating current the true pipe-to-soil potential can be calculated by measuring the on-and off-potentials and the voltage drop perpendicular to the pipe-line at the soil surface.These relationships can be experimentally verified with an electrolytic cell in the laboratory. In the field, however, deviations from identical distribution of the mentioned currents are possible due to interference of the potential fields of anodes and cathodes. the voltage drops due to compensating currents explain both possible corrosion damage in spite of sufficiently negative values of the off-potential and misinterpretation in the case of hot spot protection. From these results it can be shown that one cannot do away with external probes.
    Notes: Die Sicherheit des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes ist von der Fehlerfreiheit der Potentialmessung abhängig. Hierbei kommen als Fehler vor allem Ohmsche Spannungsabfälle im Erdboden infrage. Bei stark veränderlichen Strömen kann aus Messungen des Spannungsabfalls über der Rohrleitung das wahre Rohr/Boden-Potential örtlich durch Extrapolation bestimmt werden, wenn die Rohrumhüllung verhältnismäßig viele Fehlstellen enthält. Das Verfahren ist sehr aufwendig und für gut umhüllte Rohrleitungen nicht anwendbar, wenn man von georteten Fehlstellen in der Umhüllung absieht.Bei stark unterschiedlich polarisierten Objekten können die sonst gut verwertbaren Ausschaltpotentiale durch Spannungsabfälle der Ausgleichsströme verfälscht sein. Für eine ideal gleiche Verteilung von Schutz-und Ausgleichsströmen läßt sich mit Hilfe der gemessenen Rohr/Boden-Potentiale und der Potentialdifferenzen senkrecht zur Rohrleitung bei ein- und ausgeschaltetem Schutzstrom das wahre Rohr/Boden-Potential errechnen. Durch Versuche im elektrolytischen Trog konnten diese Zusammenhänge experimentell bewiesen werden. In der Praxis können Abweichungen vom idealen Verhalten auftreten, wenn die Spannungstrichter von Anode und Kathode sich beeinflussen. Die durch Ausgleichsströme verursachten Spannungstrichter erklären mögliche Schäden trotz scheinbar ausreichender negativer Ausschaltpotentialwerte und Fehlaussagen beim Lokalen kathodischen Korrosionsschutz. Damit wird verdeutlicht, daß auf externe Meßproben nicht verzichtet werden kann.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 236-240 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchung der Korrosionsprodukte von Aluminum in Meeresatmosphäre oder industriell-maritimer AtmosphäreZur Analyse der auf Aluminium in verschmutzter oder nicht verschmutzter Meeresatmosphäre entstandenen Passivierungsschichten wird eine Methode entwickelt. Diese beruht auf der selektiven Auflösung der verschiedenen Verbindungen mit geeigneten Reagenzien (Wasser, Salpetersäure, Salpetersäure/Flußsäure) und der anschließenden Bestimmung der in Lösung gegangenen Stoffe. Die so erhaltenen. Informationen werden mittels Röntgenbeugungsanalyse integriert. In Meeresatmosphäre wurden Al2O3 · 3 H2O, Aluminiumoxychlorid und Aluminiumhydroxid gefunden (die beiden letzten wurden bei der Röntgenanalyse nicht wieder identifiziert). Die in der verschmutzten Atmosphäre gefundenen Korrosionsprodukte waren AlF3; Al2(SO4)3 · H2SO4; Al11(OH)30Cl3; AlF1.96(OH)1.4; 16Al(OH,F)3 · 6H2O; AlF1.65(OH)1.35 · H2O.Da die neue Methode quantitative Informationen zur Verteilung des Aluminiums auf die verschiedenen Anionen enthält, dürfte sie bei der Untersuchung der Korrosionskinetik und der Korrosionsmechanismen von Nutzen sein.
    Notes: A method has been developed to characterize the passivation film formed on aluminum in marine atmosphere, whether polluted or not by sulphur oxides and fluoridesThe information thus obtained was integrated by X-ray diffractometric analyses.The following corrosion products were found in the marine atmosphere:Al2O3· 3H2O + Al (oxychoride) + Al (hydroxide)(The latter two compounds had not been revealed by X-ray analysis).The corrosion products found in the polluted atmosphere were:AlF3; Al2(SO4)3 · H2SO4; Al11(OH)30Cl3; AlF1.96(OH)1.4; 16Al(OH,F)3 · 6H2O; AlF1.65(OH)1.35 · H2O.Since the developed method provides useful quantitative information on the aluminum distribution between the various anions, it is deemed to be a useful tool to study the corrosion kineties and mechanism.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 246-266 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 241-245 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Dehydrochlorination/Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene, Perchloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane by Metal Chlorides and Oxidative/Hydrolytic Degradation ProductsThe influence of 21 metal chlorides and 10 oxidative/hydrolytic degradation products on trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane at their boiling points was investigated, No formation of chlorine was detected. Tetrachloroethylene proved to be the most resistant compound.Anhydrous aluminium chloride produced in comparison the largest amount of hydrogen chloride. FeCl3, MoCl5, TaCl5, TiCl4, TiCl3, and ZrCl4 gave also appreciable amounts of hydrogen chloride. The hydrogen chloride formation as a function of time and the amount of metal chloride was investigated.Hydrogen chloride formation in the chlorohydrocarbons contaminated with oxydative/hydrolytic degradation products was caused by the degradation products and not by the chlorohydrocarbons.
    Notes: Die Wirkung von 21 Metallchloriden und 10 oxidativ/hydrolytischen Abbauprodukten auf Trichlorethylen. Perchlorethylen und 1,1,1-Trichlorethan in der Siedehitze wurde untersucht. Eine Bildung von Chlor konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Perchlorethylen erwies sich als am stabilsten.Wasserfreies Aluminiumchlorid setzte vergleichsweise die größte Chlorwasserstoffmenge frei, daneben führten FeCl3, MoCl5, TaCl5, TiCl4, TiCl3 und ZrCl4 zur Bildung merklicher Chlorwasserstoffmengen. Die Chlorwasserstoffbildung in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit und der zugesetzten Metallchloridmenge wurde untersucht.Die sich in den mit oxidativ/hydrolytischen Abbauprodukten versetzten Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen bildende Chlorwasserstoffmenge ist durch die Abbauprodukte und nicht durch die Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe bedingt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 267-269 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 270-276 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 277-280 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R75 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R92 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R95 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 287-290 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Some aspects of the corrosion of iron in alkaline solutions and associated fundamental questionsThere are some indications of iron corrosion in alkaline solutions with unexpectedly high rates. These reactions can be understood thermodynamically only in terms of the formation of complex compounds, e.g. with hydroxide ions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the effect of cathodic protection is more established by the formation of protective films than by the shift into the equilibrium state.Considerations about the active passive behaviour show that thermodynamical explanations of the activation potential (Flade potential) must fail.
    Notes: Es gibt mehrere Hinweise über unerwartet hohe Korrosionsraten des Eisens in schwach alkalischen Medien in Nähe des Gleichgewichtes. Diese Vorgänge sind thermodynamisch nur verständlich, wenn komplexe Korrosionsprodukte vorliegen. Ferner wird verständlich. daß ein kathodischer Korrosionsschutz weniger durch Annäherung an das Gleichgewicht als durch Deckschichteffekte wirksam wird.Überlegungen zum Aktiv-Passiv-Verhalten zeigen. daß zur Deutung des Aktivierungspotentials thermodynamische Betrachtungen ohne Erfolg bleiben müssen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 290-294 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Active-passive transition of metalsThe importance of the Flade potential on the active-passive transition of metals is critically reconsidered. In contrast to previous results on iron it will be shown that this transition is a continuous process. Based on a kinetic model for the iron dissolution and passivation, a new interpretation of the active passive transition is given by which the previous thermodynamic interpretations of the Flade potential and its inconsistencies with experimental results is replaced.
    Notes: Die Bedeutung des Flade-Potentials für den Aktiv-Passiv-Übergang von Metallen wird einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen. Im Gegensatz zu früheren experimentellen Befunden wird gezeigt, daß dieser Übergang kontinuierlich erfolgt. Auf der Grundlage kinetischer Modellbetrachtungen wird am Beispiel der Eisenauflösung eine Neuinterpretation des Aktiv-Passiv-Überganges vorgeschlagen, wodurch die ursprünglichen thermodynamischen Interpretationen des Flade-Potentials mit den damit verbundenen Diskrepanzen gegenstandslos werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion characteristics of steel in cement mortar under cathodic polarization in seawater and 0.5 M NaCl solutionSteel specimens in cement mortar were exposed to seawater on the VDEh testing stand at Helgoland and to 0.5 M NaCl solutions in the laboratory up to three years.In seawater specimens covered with portland cement were cathodically protected by use of zinc and magnesium anodes. In the laboratory specimens in portland cement and in blast furnace cement were exposed to free corrosion and to potentials ranging from UH = -0.53 to -0.98 V.In all cases small pittings were observed. Those developed in seawater were significantly dependent on potential and accompanied by a slight increase of chloride concentration. Here a normal anodic pitting corrosion must be assumed that cannot be totally prevented by zinc. The process slows down with increasing time.The pitting observed in the laboratory tests showed no systematic dependence on potential and the pits were substantially smaller. In the case of the strongest negative potential UH = -0.98 V the specimen in portland cement displayed pits as deep as 0.5 mm. These are assumed to be of cathodic origin. They were full of magnetite and virtually free of chloride. Because that far negative potentials, which lie in the region of hydrogen development, do almost not occur this type of corrosion contrary to literature has no technical bearing.
    Notes: Stahlproben in Zementmörtel wurden am VDEh-Versuchsstand Helgoland und in 0,5 M NaCl-Lösungen im Laboratorium bis zu drei Jahren ausgelegt.In Meerwasser wurden Proben aus Portlandzement mit Zink-oder Magnesium-Anoden kathodisch geschützt. Im Laboratorium wurden Proben aus Portland-oder Hochofenzement bei freier Korrosion und bei Potentialen zwischen U11 = -0,53 bis -0,98 V belastet.In allen Fällen konnten kleine Lochfraßstellen beobachtet werden. In Meerwasser zeigten sie eine signifikante Abhängigkeit vom Potential und eine geringfügige Anreicherung von Chloridionen. Hier ist eine normale anodische Lochkorrosion anzunehmen, die durch Zink nicht vollständig, verhindert werden kann. Die Erscheinung nimmt mit der Zeit ab. Bei den Versuchen im Laboratorium zeigten die Lochfraßstellen keine systematische Abhängigkeit und waren wesentlich kleiner. Die Portlandzementprobe beim negativsten Potential U11 = -0,98 V zeigte größere Lochfraßstellen bis zu 0,5 mm Tiefe. Diese sind vermutlich kathodisch entstanden. Die Korrosionsstellen waren mit Magnetit gefüllt und praktisch chloridfrei.Da derartig negative Potentiale im Bereich der Wasserstoffenwicklung praktisch nicht vorkommen, ist diese Korrosionserscheinung im Gegensatz zu Literaturhinweisen ohne technische Auswirkung.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 295-299 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contact behaviour of galvanized and ungalvanized steel in concrete at higher temperatureElectrochemical measurements at 60 °C on steel and galvanized steel embedded in cement mortar with and without chloride show that there is no potential reversion between steel and zinc during the test time of 30 weeks. The contact current between steel and zinc is always anodical related to zinc. The current is continually diminishing with time, its value is slightly higher in mortar containing chloride. Contacted steel and galvanized steel therefore leads to a higher zinc loss at least in the starting time. Without contact there is only a small corrosion attack on zinc in both cases of chloride free and chloride containing mortar.
    Notes: Elektrochemische Messungen an unverzinktem und feuerverzinktem Bewehrungsstahl in chloridfreiem und chloridhaltigem Mörtel bei 60 °C zeigen, daß eine Potentialumkehr zwischen Stahl und Zink im Zeitraum von 30 Wochen nicht stattfindet. Der Kontaktstrom zwischen Stahl und Zink ist immer anodisch auf Zink bezogen. Er geht stetig im Verlauf der Zeit zurück, Liegt jedoch in chloridhaltigem Mörtel etwas höher als in chloridfreiem. Der Kontakt zwischen Stahl und Zink führt deshalb zumindest in der Anfangsphase zu erhöhtem Zinkabtrag. Ohne Kontakt mit Stahl Weist Zink sowohl in chloridfreiem als auch in chloridhaltigem Mörtel nur geringen Korrosionsangriff auf.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 300-309 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanismus des Rißwachstums bei der Spannungskorrosion von AluminiumlegierungenIn der Übersicht werden moderne Vorstellungen über den Mechanismus des Risswachstums bei der Spannungsrisskorrosion von Aluminiumlegierungen in verschiedenen Korrosionmedien (wässerige Lösungen, gesättigter und ungesättigter Wasserdampf. gasförmiger Wasserstoff u.a.m.) behandelt. Experimentelle Daten werden kritisch analysiert und daraus Schlußfolgerungen Über den Mechanismus der Spannungsrib̈korrosion von Aluminiumlegierungen gezogen. Das Hauptaugenmerk ist auf neu Methoden zur Bestimmung der Rolle der lokalen anosidischen Auflösung und der Wasserstoffversprödung beim Rißwachstum gerichtet: die Methode zur vergleichenden Zug- und Torsionsprüfung (Verformungsart I and III) und die auf dem nicht eindeutigen Einfluss der Kathodenpolarisation auf dem Rißwachstum beruhende Methode.
    Notes: Modern understanding of possible mechanisms of crack growth in corrosion cracking of aluminium alloys immersed in various corrosion media such as aqueous solutions, saturated and undersaturated vapour, gaseous hydrogen, etc. is discussed in this review. The experimental data used as a basis to conclusions about the mechanisms of corrosion cracking in aluminium alloys are critically examined. A special emphasis is given to new methods to determining the effect of local anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement in crack growth, i.e. the method of comparative tension and torsion tests deformations of types I and III, and the method based on evaluating ambiguous effect of cathodic polarization on crack growth.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 309-313 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Relation between the corrosion of carbon steel and the composition of cooling waterThe rate of uniform corrosion of carbon steel depends on the calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate ion content, the pH and the temperature of the cooling water. This dependence has been expressed as a mathematical relation which yields an accuracy of ±30% for longterm measurements. On principal it appears feasible to formulate the relation between corrosion and pHs and Is but the error would be significantly increased. So far it has not been possible to find a relation between the cooling water composition on the one hand and the formation of shallow grooves and corrosion pits on the other.
    Notes: Die Abtragungsrate bei der Flächenkorrosion von Kohlenstoffstahl ist vom Gehalt an Calcium-, Magnesium- und Hydrogencarbonationen, vom pH-Wert und von der Temperatur des Kühlwassers abhängig. Die Abhängigkeit wurde in Form einer mathematischen Beziehung ausgedrückt. Für langzeitige Messungen ergibt die Beziehung Werte mit einem Fehler von 30%. Es wäre grundsätzlich möglich, auch die Abhängigkeit der Korrosion von pHs sowie Is anzugeben, doch erhält man dann größere maßgebende Abweichungen. Es ist nicht gelungen, die Abhängigkeit der Mulden- und Lochkorrosion von der Zusammensetzung des Kühlwassers zu definieren.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 314-319 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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