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  • 1995-1999  (880)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 107-118 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyoxymethylene ; elastomer blend ; drawn fibers ; mechanical properties ; structure relationships ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Superdrawn fibers of an elastomer-poly(oxymethylene) (POM) blend have been prepared and investigated in terms of the structure and mechanical properties. The development of the mechanical properties along the fiber axis and the formation of a higher order structure during drawing were slightly retarded by blending, but the loop tenacity increased greatly with the elastomer content. The blend microtextures had an immiscible and phase-separated morphology in which the elastomer was dispersed in the form of streaks between the oriented POM layers, which allowed the fiber to split into smaller filaments on bending. The high loop tenacity of the blend fibers is due to an increase in the radius of curvature resulting from the filament splitting on bending, because the shear stress at the bending corner becomes higher as the radius of curvature increases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: europium methacrylate ; ionomers ; fluorimetry ; differential scanning calorimetry ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fluorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry have been used to characterize ionomers that were synthesized by copolymerization of methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, and europium methacrylate (EMA). Under excitation of UV light at 375 nm no self-quenching was found in fluorescence of EMA-containing ionomers at 615 nm within the Eu3+ concentration range of 1.6 × 10-2 to 11.49 × 10-2 mol %, which means that the distance between two Eu3+ ions is larger than 50 Å. In the same concentration range self-quenching took place in europium octanoate (EOA)-containing ionomers in which EOA was doped as an additive. Only one Tg was found for both kinds of polymers within the concentration range of Eu3+ ions. For all ion contents studied, Tg values were essentially independent of ion content and values were slightly higher for the EMA containing ionomers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 153-163 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: epoxy resin ; thermoplastic ; dynamical mechanical spectroscopy ; glass transition ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy has been used to investigate the cure of a thermoplastically modified trifunctional epoxy resin. The complex dissolution, curing behavior, and variations in the glass transition of the thermoplastic (PSF) phase were described, as was the Tg behavior of the epoxy phase. Prereaction of the PSF material with the epoxy resin was found to greatly increase the solubility of the PSF in the epoxy phase with little effect on the concentration of the epoxy monomer dissolving in the PSF phase. The curing behavior of the epoxy component in the thermoplastic phase was also investigated, in addition to changes in the mobility of the network at both gelation and vitrification. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: syndiotactic polystyrene ; polymorphism ; chloroform ; clathration ; sorption ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The analysis of chloroform vapor sorption at 35°C in semicrystalline syndiotactic polystyrene samples shows remarkably different sorption isotherms, depending on the crystalline form of the samples. In particular, “emptied” clathrate (“emptied” δ form) samples are characterized by higher equilibrium sorption levels and the differences are particularly relevant for low vapor activities. Moreover, sorption kinetics detected at a vapor activity equal to 0.5 show that in the case of “emptied” δ form samples the sorption rate is much higher than for the other semicrystalline samples. The larger sorption equilibrium uptakes and sorption rates of the “emptied” δ form samples are essentially due to their ability to absorb chloroform, already for low activities, by clathration in the crystalline phase. The measured equilibrium uptakes and sorption kinetics suggest that “emptied” δ form samples of syndiotactic polystyrene could be suitable for removing polluting chlorinated compounds from vapor and liquid streams. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Asymmetric star polystyrenes ; star polymers ; solution properties ; size exclusion chromatography ; light scattering ; viscometry ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sequential anionic polymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) is known to lead to the formation of star-shaped polymers. This ‘arms-first’ method has been widely used and studied. It is known that this polymerization forms stars with anionically active cores. This article is concerned with the attempt to make asymmetric-star polymers utilizing these living carbanionic sites present in the core to form a second set of shorter arms growing out from the star core. The presence of remaining unreacted DVB within the core was found to cause the stars to couple to form linked double stars and other larger structures. Results from detailed dilute solution studies of the resulting polymers are reported. It was found that the results obtained from size exclusion chromatography for the double stars were flow rate dependent; only at low flow rates was a true size separation obtained. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 6
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 165-172 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polythiophene ; polypyrrole ; electropolymerization ; dopant anion ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Pyrrole, thiophene, and a mixture of the two monomers were electrochemically polymerized to investigate polymerization rates and the morphology change of the polymer matrix, and to improve the aging and cyclic voltammetric behaviors of the polymers. Thiophene was polymerized on a smooth surface of Pt electrode by two steps. The first step was controlled by electron transfer at the electrical double layer and the other by diffusion of the monomer reacting on the immobilized layer consisting of the precoated thiophene polymer. The electropolymerization rate of the second step was 1.85 × 10-4 cm3 mol-1 s-1, which is faster by 8.63 × 102 times than the first step. Some supporting electrolytes such as KPF6, LiClO4, TBAP, and TBABF4 were employed in the polymerization reaction to see the effects of dopant anions on the polymerization rate, and KPF6 was the fastest one at 2.41 × 10-6 cm s-1. However, owing to its sensitivity to oxygen, LiClO4 was used for the polymerization that is fairly stable in air and the same rate as KPF6. For the competitive polymerization reaction of the two monomers the rate of thiophene was found to be about 11 times slower than that of thiophene alone. When the starting concentration of the thiophene monomer was higher than pyrrole by five times, its portion in the composite polymer was found to be only 8-10%. However, this level gave desirable results in terms of redox properties and aging. The resistance against aging was explained by the morphology change, which came from great shrinking of its porosity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(ester-imide)s ; liquid crystalline polymers ; dielectric relaxation ; model calculations ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two different series of poly(ester imide)s, which are distinguished from each other in the orientation of the ester linkages and show well-differentiated thermotropic behavior, are investigated by means of model calculations and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Model calculations show that the orientation of the ester linkages has a strong influence on the rotational energy barriers. The dielectric relaxation spectra of both series shows three relaxation regions in the temperature range between 100 and 400 K that have been identified as the α-, β- and γ-relaxation processes. A difference of about two orders of magnitude between the characteristic rates of the γ-relaxation is the main feature observed in the dielectric response. However, the β-relaxation shows very similar behavior for both series. The differences in the relaxation behavior in the solid state are interpreted on the basis of the rotational barriers deduced from the model calculation results. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 59-67 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: nanocomposites ; glass transition ; confined chains ; intercalation ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relaxation behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), intercalated in montmorillonite, a naturally occurring mica-type silicate, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermally stimulated dielectric depolarization (or thermally stimulated current, TSC). The materials were synthesized by melt or solution-mediated intercalation. In both intercalates, the PEO chains were confined to ca. 0.8-nm galleries between the silicate layers. The solution intercalate contained a fraction of unintercalated PEO chains which exhibited a weak and depressed PEO melting endotherm in DSC. In contrast, the melt intercalate was “starved” such that almost all the PEO chains were effectively intercalated. For these melt intercalates, no thermal events were detected by DSC. TSC thermal sampling technique was used to examine the glass transition regions and to estimate the extent of cooperativity of chain motions. The motions of the intercalated PEO chains are inherently noncooperative relative to the cooperative Tg motions in the amorphous portion of the bulk polymer. This is presumably due to the strong confining effect of the silicate layers on the relaxations of the intercalated polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 69-83 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: epoxy resin ; poly(ether sulfone) ; physical aging ; DSC ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The physical aging process of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) cured diglycidyl ether bisphenol-A (DGEBA) blended with poly(ether sulfone) (PES) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at four aging temperatures between Tg-50°C and Tg-10°C. At aging temperatures between Tg-50 and Tg-30°C, the experimental results of epoxy resin blended with 20 wt% of PES showed two enthalpy relaxation processes. One relaxation process was due to the physical aging of PES, the other relaxation process was due to the physical aging of epoxy resin. The distribution of enthalpy relaxation process due to physical aging of epoxy resin in the blend was broader and the characteristic relaxation time shorter than those of pure epoxy resin at the above aging temperatures (between Tg-50 and Tg-30°C). At an aging temperature between Tg-30 and Tg-10°C, only one enthalpy relaxation process was found for the epoxy resin blended with PES, the relaxation process was similar to that of pure epoxy resin. The enthalpy relaxation process due to the physical aging of PES in the epoxy matrix was similar to that of pure PES at aging temperatures between Tg-50 and Tg-10°C. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polynorbornene ; gas separation ; membranes ; permeation ; sorption ; ring-opening metathesis polymerization ; ROMP ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Advances in the field of membrane gas separation over the past decade have encouraged the search for even better polymers and membranes for gas separation. They also have motivated studies on the relationship between the structure and the gas transport properties of different classes of polymers. Interest has recently been demonstrated in the literature in norbornene polymers with different side groups. These polymers can easily be prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene) derivatives. So far, information on the microstructure of the polymers is scarce, so little is known about the influence of stereochemistry and tacticity of the polymer on gas separation properties. In this work, we present gas permeability and selectivity data for stereoregular unsubstituted polynorbornene. It will be shown that a high order of tacticity has a positive effect on both permeation and separation results. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 11
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 119-131 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: PMSP ; copolymer and blend ; aging ; gas permeability ; molecular motion ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PMSP) has the potential to be an important membrane gas separation material due to the fact that it has the highest gas permeability of all polymeric membranes. One problem with PMSP is a decrease in the gas permeability with age. In order to understand the aging processes, we studied the change in free volume and the molecular motions of the PMSP and its membranes modified with 1-phenyl-1-propyne (PP) structures; that is, a copolymer and a blend of PMSP and PPP. During aging, the unrelaxed volume of the PMSP membrane was relaxed, and the molecular motion of carbons dropped, suggesting that the decrease in the microvoids caused a tighter chain packing. The copolymer and blend membrane had stable permeability compared to the PMSP. In particular, the addition of a small amount of the PP structure provided excellent stability with high gas permeability. A decrease in the unrelaxed volume of modified membranes was hardly observed with age; however, the molecular motion of some carbons slightly changed. This change did not affect the gas permeability. In this case, a larger unrelaxed volume was probably a dominant factor in the gas permeation of the PMSP rich membranes relative to the molecular motion in the T1 measurement. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 12
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 317-329 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: PVC ; chain local dynamics ; 13C NMR relaxation ; Kramers' theory ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Carbon-13 spin-lattice, spin-spin relaxation times, and NOE values were measured as a function of temperature at two magnetic fields for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in three solvents: chloroform, dioxane, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The relaxation data were interpreted in terms of chain local motions by using the bimodal time-correlation function of the Dejean-Laupretre-Monnerie (DLM) model. Using this model, the correlation times obtained in this study, as well as those from an earlier study in dibutyl phthalate and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane did not follow a linear relationship with solvent viscosity. Instead, the chain local dynamics showed a 0.60 power dependence on solvent viscosity, indicating that PVC deviates from the hydrodynamic Kramers' theory. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: neutron diffraction ; X-ray diffraction ; poly(vinyl alcohol) ; rigid-body least-squares method ; difference synthesis ; intramolecular hydrogen bond ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Different crystal structure models have been proposed for atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) by two groups: Bunn and Sakurada et al. The models differ principally in the azimuthal angle of the planar zigzag backbone and the hydrogen bonding network. In the present study, reexamination of the crystal structure analysis was carried out by using both the X-ray and neutron diffraction methods. The crystal structure model proposed by Bunn is found to be superior. The (Fo - Fc) synthesis was made for the neutron data (100 K), in which the hydrogen atoms to be associated with the hydrogen bonds are not incorporated into Fc calculation. On the map, three peaks were found, which may be attributed to the hydrogen atoms to be associated with the intramolecular hydrogen bonds between OH groups in an isotactic sequence and the two kinds of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 14
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: stress-strain ; yield ; crystallite ; ethylene copolymer ; superstructure ; lamellae ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nominal stress-strain curves of a series of random ethylene-hexene copolymers having narrow composition and most probable molecular weight distributions were investigated. A series of such molecular weight copolymers with a constant concentration of branches were crystallized under a variety of conditions. In each molecular weight series the level of crystallinity was approximately constant. Particular attention was focused on the yield region and the nature of the yielding process. It was found, quite surprisingly, that the yield stress was not solely dependent on the crystallinity level. Moreover, the shape of the force-elongation curve in the yield region was very dependent on the molecular weight and the crystallization mode. These changes in yielding correlated quite well with the overall crystallite structure that was characterized by thin section transmission electron microscopy. The orthorhombic unit cell of polyethylene was maintained in all the samples despite the changes that occurred in the overall crystallite structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 15
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyurethane ionomer ; transesterification ; morphology ; phase compatibility ; ionic cluster ; solid-state ionic conductivity ; single ion transport mechanism ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of polyether (PTMO, PEO) polyurethane ionomers having different contents of sodium sulfonate groups in the soft segments have been synthesized. The reaction of transesterification was involved in the incorporation of the sodium sulfonate groups in the polyether. The polyurethane ionomers were characterized by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and small-angle x-ray scattering. Solid-state ionic conductivity was also measured. As the ionization level increased, the compatibility of the hard and soft segments increased and the glass transition region of the soft segment became broader. These samples had relatively higher moduli and good film-forming ability. Moreover, this kind of ionomer provides a very promising ionic conductive multiphase polymer with a single ion transport mechanism. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 16
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1175-1183 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: crystallization ; morphology ; chain folding ; lamella ; hydrogen bonding ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Morphologies of solution-grown crystals in systems containing strong and specific intralattice hydrogen bonding (nylons) are compared with systems displaying only van der Waals intracrystal attractions. The latter are shown to produce crystals that clearly mirror the underlying crystallographic symmetry; in the former systems the morphologies are much more complex and disorganized. This difference is discussed in terms of intralattice forces affecting growth rates and chain rearrangement during crystallization. Arguments deriving from differences in lamellar thickening behavior are also used to demonstrate this point. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1175-1183, 1997
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  • 17
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 489-505 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer blends ; analog calorimetry ; heat of mixing ; mean-field binary interaction model ; polystyrene ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Analog calorimetry is used as a tool to study the interaction of polystyrene, PS, with bisphenol-A polycarbonate, PC, and with tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate, TMPC. Electrostatic charge calculations were used as a guide to divide polymer repeat units and analogs into groups. A mean-field binary interaction model was used to evaluate group interaction energies. The enthalpic interaction energy obtained from this study for the PS-PC pair is 0.41 ± 0.13 cal/cm3 while that for the PS-TMPC pair is 0.19 ± 0.34 cal/cm3. The result for PS-PC blends is in good agreement with values obtained from studies using the critical molecular weight approach and the phase behavior of copolymer blends. The value for PS-TMPC does not correctly predict the phase behavior of this blend; however, its standard deviation (on both an absolute and relative basis) is large and the range of possible interaction energies includes the negative values obtained from neutron scattering. The results of this study indicate that the presence of methyl groups on the aromatic ring of TMPC repeat unit is the main factor favoring the miscibility of PS-TMPC blends. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 18
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 517-521 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: elasticity ; chitosan ; biopolymer ; stress-strain ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermoelastic behavior and equilibrium stress-strain properties of chitosan films lightly crosslinked with gluteraldehyde and swollen with water were studied. Precautions were taken to preclude changes in the swelling ratio of swollen sample films during the experiment. The results indicate that at relatively low extensions the elastic behavior of the biopolymer is entropic in origin. The equilibrium stress-strain isotherms of chitosan did not obey Mooney-Rivlin equation because of sharp increases in stress with extension ratio at high extensions. This is attributed mainly to interchain hydrogen-bonded interactions, but a possible contribution due to strain-induced crystallization cannot be ruled out. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 535-543 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyethylene ; pressure ; phase ; melting ; ECC ; lamella ; DTA ; X-ray ; SAXS ; long period ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Single crystal mat (SCM) samples of polyethylene (PE) were prepared from dilute solution of p-xylen, then they were annealed at pressures of 200 and 500 MPa. Lamellar thickness of the original and annealed SCM samples was measured by small-angle X-ray scattering method. Orientation of the molecular chain in those SCM samples was investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction pattern. From these X-ray measurements, annealing temperature dependence of the lamellar thickness, i.e., lamellar thickening, under high pressure was obtained. Melting process of the SCM samples was also investigated at 200 and 500 MPa by high pressure differential thermal analysis. Then correspondence between the lamellar thickening and the melting process was studied. The lamellar thickness increases markedly with approaching to the melting temperature of the orthorhombic crystal even in the high pressure region where the high pressure phase (hexagonal phase) appears. The annealing temperature dependence curve of the lamellar thickness at 200 MPa can be superimposed on the curve at 500 MPa by shifting the curve along the temperature scale by 47 K. Large scale lamellar thickening occurs in the orthorhombic crystal phase in the high pressure region. The formation process of extended-chain crystal is discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys, 35: 535-543, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 479-488 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyzwitterions, synthesis of ; dielectric properties ; thermal properties on poly(zwitterions) ; morphology of polyzwitterions ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis, characterization, thermal, and dielectric properties of three different zwitterionic methacrylates of the sulfobetaine type are presented. Diethylamine-ethyl-, 2-(diethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl-, and 2-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) ethoxy-ethyl-methacrylates were made to react with butanosultone to prepare monomers with variable flexibility. The flexibility of the lateral chain of the polymethacrylates decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg down to 300 K) of the polymers. A linear relationship between Tg and the number of carbon atoms was shown for these materials. X-ray diffraction and DSC experiments showed the formation of new ordered phases in these polymers, which inhibited their dipole conductivity. On heating, these phases were destroyed and values of conductivity of 10-7-10-3 S cm-1 were obtained in the studied range of temperature. Variation of conductivity with temperature was established according to the Arrhenius equation. Dielectric properties exhibited a small deviation of the Debye type behavior, and β parameters of the Cole-Cole equations were calculated for the synthesized polymers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 457-468 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(ether amide)s ; mechanical relaxation ; dielectric relaxation ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical and dielectric relaxation of a set of aromatic-aliphatic polyamides containing ether linkages have been examined as a function of temperature (-140 to 190°C) and frequency (3 to 106 Hz). The polymers differ in the orientation (meta and para) of the aromatic rings, in the length of the aliphatic chain, and in the number of ether linkages per repeating unit. Dynamic mechanical experiments showed three main relaxation peaks related to the glass transition temperature of the polymers (α relaxation), the subglass relaxations associated to the absorbed water molecules (β) and to the motion of the aliphatic moieties (γ). Dielectric experiments showed two subglass relaxation processes (β and γ) that correlates with the mechanical β and γ relaxations, and a conduction process (σ) above 50°C that masks the relaxation associated to the glass transition. A molecular interpretation is attempted to explain the position and intensity of the relaxation, studying the influence of the proportion of para- or meta- oriented phenylene rings, the presence of ether linkages and the length of the aliphatic chain. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys, 35: 457-468, 1997
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  • 22
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1295-1309 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer wear ; polymer friction ; scratch ; microscratch ; adhesion theory ; polymer fracture ; crazing ; shear yielding ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The microscopic process of abrasive wear and friction in glassy polymers was studied by using a special microscratch technique. A miscible blend of polystyrene (PS) and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) was used. It was found that as the composition varies there seems to exist two wear regimes in the blends controlled by different breakdown mechanisms corresponding to the brittle - ductile transition. Detailed study of the contact loads and SEM micrographs indicate that abrasive wear in the glassy polymers is controlled by microcracking under the asperity contacts. The critical load τc for initiating microscopic cracks can be linked to the macroscopic wear via a statistical Weibull model where τc is taken to be the mean of a strength distribution function. On the other hand, the friction coefficient was found to be independent of the composition but to vary strongly with the contact load. It approaches zero at the extrapolated zero load, but increases rapidly and eventually levels off with contact load. This behavior can be understood by a simple frictional adhesion model in which the polymer deformation during a frictional contact is analyzed by considering the compressive plastic ploughing and shearing yielding around the asperity contact. The shear strength So of the polymer/asperity contacts was found to vary with the normal load. The vertical scratch hardness Hv, which characterizes the spontaneous indentation yielding on the polymer surface, was found to be independent of scratch length and depth, and indeed can be regarded as a material constant. Although both So and Hv can accurately describe the frictional behavior of the glassy polymers, they bear no correlation to abrasive wear in the same materials. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1295-1309, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1361-1372 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer ; infrared ; attenuated total reflection (ATR) ; dichroism ; molecular orientation ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The orientation of molecular chains in polymers cannot be easily extracted from ATR spectra measurements. One can infer the orientation parameters by using plausible models that describe the type of the statistical distribution of the molecular chains in the sample. In this work, we are interested in the case of weakly aligned polymers. Therefore, we first adjusted the partial axial orientation model usually applied for strongly oriented polymers to the samples under our investigations and second, related the parameters describing the orientation configuration to the dichroic ratios in four particular molecular chain distributions: randomly, totally, partially, and elliptically oriented. A new method that leads to the determination of these dichroic ratios from ATR spectra is presented. This method is based only on the use of three distinct polarizations of the beam. Thus, all the practical difficulties usually encountered in the other methods are eliminated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1361-1372, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1405-1414 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: silk fibroin ; FT-IR spectroscopy ; hydrogen bonds ; polyacrylonitrile ; poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: FT-IR spectroscopy was used to study the specific interactions in polyacrylonitrile-silk fibroin (PAN-SF) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate)-silk fibroin (PANMA-SF) blends. No specific interaction was found in PAN-SF blends. In PANMA-SF blends, however, a new 1703 cm-1 band, assigned to be hydrogen-bonded carbonyl groups of PANMA, appears, and its intensity depends on the compositions of the blends and the MA contents in PANMA. Furthermore, when the sample was heated, considerable changes in position and intensities of the hydrogen-bonded bands, in both stretching regions of the carbonyl group of PANMA and the hydroxl group of SF, were found, and these changes were irreversible on cooling. Finally, we suggested that the bands of hydrogen bonds in PANMA-SF blends may be the average result of several kinds of possible hydrogen bondings. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1405-1414, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1415-1421 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: epitaxy ; recrystallization ; high-density polyethylene ; isotactic polypropylene ; morphology ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The recrystallization behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) on the highly oriented isotactic polypropylene (iPP) substrates at temperatures below the melting temperature of HDPE has been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained by the bright-field observation and the electron diffraction show that upon annealing the HDPE-quenched films on the oriented iPP substrates at temperatures below 125°C, only a small amount of HDPE recrystallizes on the iPP substrate with [001]HDPE//[001]iPP, while annealing the HDPE-quenched films at temperatures above 125°C, all of the HDPE crystallites recrystallize epitaxially on the iPP substrate with [001]HDPE//[101]iPP. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: 35: 1415-1421, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1423-1432 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: crystallite ; Kevlar ; moisture sorption ; poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) ; wide-angle x-ray diffraction ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Wide-angle x-ray diffraction studies were performed for as-spun wet poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber. The effects of sorbed water on the equatorial diffractions from the (110) and (200) crystal planes and on the meridional diffractions from the (002), (004), and (006) crystal planes were analyzed during desorption and absorption. There was no significant change in the d-spacing from the respective crystal plane irrespective of the moisture (water) regain. The ratio of the diffracted intensity from the (110) diffraction to that from the (200) diffraction remarkably increased by removing the sorbed water. The crystallite size estimated from the (110) diffraction, L110, also increased as the moisture regain decreased, while the L200 did not increase. The longitudinal size of paracrystallite, D001, also remarkably increased with the decrease in moisture regain with the lattice distortion factor, gII, kept unchanged. These results strongly suggested the growth of the crystallite via hydrogen bonds in the lateral (b-axis) direction. The growth of the lateral size of crystallite also accompanied the longitudinal growth of crystallite during desorption. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1423-1432, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1439-1448 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: oriented PP/EPM films ; DMTA ; relaxations ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The physical behavior of isotropic and oriented samples of an isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/ethylene-propylene-copolymer (EPM) reactor blend was studied by performance of dynamic mechanical measurements over a wide temperature range (DMTA). The influence of thermal history and drawing procedure was examined. The results showed that with increasing draw ratio the uniaxial elastic modulus of the material was considerably enhanced, whereas the intensity and strength of the amorphous relaxations of both components were reduced. At a certain draw ratio, the glass transtions of iPP and EPM phenomenologically merged and appeared as a single relaxation. The crystalline relaxation of iPP emerged with increased draw ratio at higher temperatures and was better seperated and easier to detect. The effects observed were attributed to the orientation of the crystallites in a fibrillar structure and to the restricted molecular mobility in amorphous regions. Measurements by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffraction of several drawn samples were performed to determine the effects of drawing on the melting behavior and the crystal orientation in the semicrystalline polymer. For comparison, some results of analogous studies on neat isotactic PP are presented and discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1439-1448, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1449-1461 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: adhesion ; oxide coating ; fragmentation test ; molecular orientation ; substrate temperature ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fragmentation tests in the uniaxial mode were performed on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films coated with a 100 nm thin silicon oxide layer. The coating's fragmentation process was analyzed in light of the mechanical behavior of the polymer substrate. It was shown that, upon unloading samples strained to less than 4% nominal strain, strain recovery leads to the closure of coating cracks. The usual fragmentation diagram, which shows the crack density (CD) versus applied strain, was used to identify the various energy dissipation mechanisms controlling the fragmentation process. An alternative presentation of CD versus true stress provided accurate measurements of both fragmentation and saturation onsets. The interfacial strength was modeled from the CD at saturation according to the Kelly-Tyson approach, including a Weibull distribution of the coating strength. The prediction was compared to the substrate shear stress at saturation. Effects of substrate yield, temperature, and molecular orientation are discussed. It was shown that the coating deposition by evaporation on the PET substrate did not induce structural changes at the polymer interface, whereas heat treatments increased the polymer crystallinity in the interfacial zone, resulting in higher interfacial strength. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1449-1461, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1611-1619 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: epoxy ; yield criterion ; molecular weight between crosslinks ; von Mises ; failure envelope ; strain rate ; thermal activation ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several yield criteria for glassy polymers are reviewed, and their limitations in predicting the effects of stress state, strain rate, test temperature, and molecular architecture are noted. These criteria are then generalized, so that a working model can be developed for predicting the yield response of glassy networks subjected to a multiaxial state of stress. To form the model, we summarize the phenomenological yield and fracture response of amine cured epoxies. In stress states ranging from uniaxial compression to biaxial tension, the yield response of these glassy networks follows a modified von Mises criterion (τyoct = τyooct - μσm), when tested at a constant temperature and octahedral shear strain rate, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $end\{document}oct. Furthermore, changes in \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $end\{document}oct and molecular weight between crosslinks, Mc, affect τyooct only, and μ remains unchanged. This was shown to be true for a broad range of Mc (380 to 1790 g/mol). Additional results are included to illustrate the effects of temperature and strain rate on yield response. These results show that the yield behavior of epoxy resins is best described by a thermally activated process, similar to an Eyring type process. Finally, we extend the model to include intrinsic properties of the resin (e.g., Mc, φ, and Tg) and compare the model's predictions with experimental results. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1611-1619, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1633-1642 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: 1-octene based linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) ; low-density polyethylene (LDPE) ; high-density polyethylene (HDPE) ; molecular relaxations in solid state ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Extensive thermal and relaxational behavior in the blends of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) (1-octene comonomer) with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) have been investigated to elucidate miscibility and molecular relaxations in the crystalline and amorphous phases by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA). In the LLDPE/LDPE blends, two distinct endotherms during melting and crystallization by DSC were observed supporting the belief that LLDPE and LDPE exclude one another during crystallization. However, the dynamic mechanical β and γ relaxations of the blends indicate that the two constituents are miscible in the amorphous phase, while LLDPE dominates α relaxation. In the LLDPE/HDPE system, there was a single composition-dependent peak during melting and crystallization, and the heat of fusion varied linearly with composition supporting the incorporation of HDPE into the LLDPE crystals. The dynamic mechanical α, β, and γ relaxations of the blends display an intermediate behavior that indicates miscibility in both the crystalline and amorphous phases. In the LDPE/HDPE blend, the melting or crystallization peaks of LDPE were strongly influenced by HDPE. The behavior of the α relaxation was dominated by HDPE, while those of β and γ relaxations were intermediate of the constituents, which were similar to those of the LLDPE/HDPE blends. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1633-1642, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1049-1053 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: thermodynamic interaction ; Flory-Huggins parameter ; rubbery polymer ; gas ; Henry's law coefficient ; partial molar volume ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Flory-Huggins interaction parameters χ for 23 gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H2, N2, O2, N2O, CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8, 1,3-C4H6, four C4H8's, n-C4H10, iso-C4H10, and n-C5H12) in five rubbery polymers (1,2-polybutadiene (PB), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)) (EVAc), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) were determined from either literature data on Henry's law coefficient and partial molar volume or those on sorptive dilation for each polymer/gas system. Values of χ for the gases increased in the order of PDMS 〈 PP ≡ PB 〈 EVAc ≡ PE. Among the gases except He and H2 whose χ values are not reliable, Ne and Xe have respectively the highest and the lowest values of χ for the polyolefins. The χ values of the hydrocarbons were compared together with previously reported χ values of n-alkanes C3-C10. The dependencies of χ upon concentration and temperature were discussed on the basis of the literature data. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1049-1053, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1077-1093 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: nucleation ; crystallization kinetics ; polypropylene ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A nucleation rate function is proposed for use in analyzing the overall crystallization kinetics of polymers. This function allows for the possibility that the nucleation rate varies substantially during the crystallization. This feature is particularly useful in analyzing nonisothermal crystallization, but it can be used to analyze isothermal crystallization as well. The nucleation rate function was used in the derivation of a modified transformation kinetics equation of the Avrami type. The modified Avrami equation was found to be suitable for kinetics analysis for the data obtained from nonisothermal crystallization at rapid cooling rates. Kinetics parameters used to describe nonisothermal crystallization under rapid cooling rates are presented and discussed. These include crystallization induction time, plateau (crystallization) temperature, crystallization half-time, crystallization rate constant, Avrami index, and newly defined quantities called nucleation index, geometric index, and nucleation rate constant. The procedure used to obtain the nucleation rate constant and nucleation index for the nucleation rate function is described and illustrated by application to the analysis of the crystallization kinetics of polypropylene. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1077-1093, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1067-1076 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: transmission electron microscopy ; block copolymer ; polyimide ; nanofoam ; porous films ; polymer foam ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy was performed on a polymeric nanofoam material, derived from a triblock copolymer composed of a fluorinated polyimide center block, 3F/PMDA (derived from pyromelletic dianhydride (PMDA) and 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (3F)) and polypropylene oxide (PO) end blocks. The cast and imidized polymer exhibits a microphase-separated morphology consisting of PO microdomains within a polyimide matrix. The final nanofoam material is obtained by decomposing PO microdomains into low molecular weight products, which diffuse out of the polyimide matrix leaving nanometer length scale voids. Ruthenium tetroxide staining prior to microscopy was used to enhance the contrast between the 3F/PMDA matrix and the PO microdomains or voids, which permitted a more detailed view of the microstructure of both the foamed and unfoamed materials. From the power spectra of the micrographs, spatial correlation between the PO microdomains in the unfoamed material and between the voids in the foam were found. An interdomain separation distance of ca. 37 nm was observed. Analysis of the image yielded an average area of 411 nm2 for the PO domains. The analysis indicated that the PO domains were oblong, having average major and minor dimensions of 35 and 12.5 nm, respectively. An autocorrelation of the image showed that the domain center of masses were positioned 41 nm apart, in close agreement with the domain spacing (ca. 37 nm) found as described above. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1067-1076, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1135-1144 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: blends ; poly(propylene)s ; phase behavior ; stereoregularity ; solubility parameters ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The melt miscibility of atactic poly(propylene) (a-PP) with isotactic (i-PP) and syndiotactic poly(propylene) (s-PP), respectively, is investigated by diffusion experiments of i-PP/a-PP/i-PP or s-PP/a-PP/s-PP sandwich specimens using polarized light microscopy. It is shown that the system a-PP/i-PP is miscible in the melt, whereas for the system a-PP/s-PP no evidence for melt mixing is found. Pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) measurements of the three poly(propylene)s are carried out in order to determine the characteristic parameters of the Flory-Orwoll-Vrij equation-of-state theory. Theoretical predictions using the solubility parameter concept are in agreement with the observed miscibility behavior of the blends. Differences in the cohesive energy densities of a-PP and i-PP on the one side, and s-PP on the other side, are found to be responsible for the phase behavior of the mixtures of poly(propylene)s with different stereoregularity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1135-1144, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1127-1133 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: excimer ; fluorescence ; molecular dynamics ; naphthalene ; polyester ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Steady-state fluorescence measurements and molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the intramolecular formation of excimers in five model compounds for polyesters containing naphthalene groups separated by flexible spacers. The model compounds are derived from 2-hydroxynaphthalene and HOOC—(CH2)n—COOH, n = 2-6. The ratio of the intensity of excimer and monomer emissions, ID/IM, is nearly independent of the viscosity of the medium, η, over the range covered in dilute solution. Although ID/IM is always very small, it shows an odd-even effect for the first four members of the series, with maxima when n is odd. Molecular dynamics simulations provide an explanation for the small values of ID/IM, their weak dependence on η, and the trend of ID/IM with n. The results for the present series of model compounds are compared with previous work, which reported larger values of ID/IM, and a stronger dependence of ID/IM on η, for bichromophoric compounds derived from 2-naphthoic acid and aliphatic glycols, where the direction of the ester groups is reversed. The origin of the difference in the behavior of ID/IM in the two series is identified. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1127-1133, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1161-1166 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: random terpolymers ; chain composition ; instantaneous distribution ; statistical heterogeneity ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The instantaneous distribution of chain composition for random terpolymers has been derived by adopting a similar strategy to that used by Stockmayer. The analytical result shows the same Gaussian behavior for the random terpolymer distribution. When the concentration of the third comonomer is low and they are almost individually dispersed along the chain (the quasiterpolymer case), the explicit distribution is given by (the Stockmayer's copolymer result)*(ωt)t, where t and ω are the concentration and the relative probability of incorporating the third comonomer within a chain. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1161-1166, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1191-1200 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: cyclic chains ; linear chains ; copolymers ; homopolymers ; relaxation frequency ; dynamic scattering ; interaction parameter ; random phase approximation (RPA) ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic scattering properties of mixtures of cyclic copolymers and homopolymers are discussed. These properties are compared with those characterizing linear chain mixtures in similar conditions. The differences between cyclic and linear chains are introduced through the form factors only. The interaction parameter between different monomer species are assumed to be the same whether they belong to cyclic or linear chains. The dynamical model is based upon a generalization of the random phase approximation neglecting hydrodynamic interaction and mode coupling effects. Despite these simplifications, substantial differences are found in the dynamics of mixtures containing cyclic copolymers and homopolymers when compared to those of linear chain systems in similar conditions of temperature, concentration, and molecular weight. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1191-1200, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1207-1216 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: latexes ; platinum nanoparticles ; catalytic activities ; protective polymers ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several latex dispersions of different hydrophobicity were investigated with respect to their ability to adsorb platinum nanoparticles that had been reduced in their presence. Two reduction methods were tested, specifically the slower method of refluxing the alcoholic solutions and the more rapid method of reaction with KBH4. The immobilization of the metal particles and their nanosize dimensions were demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy, and their catalytic activity was tested by the hydrogenation of cyclohexene as a model reaction. Some additional immobilized platinum nanoparticles were prepared in the presence of various protective polymers. This can lead to various advantages with respect to, for instance, the stability and the catalytic properties of these materials. Even in the presence of such additional protective polymers, the platinum nanoparticles remained immobilized for some of the hydrophobic latexes both before and after catalytic hydrogenations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1207-1216, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1251-1259 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: demixing ; polystyrene ; phase equilibria ; solvent ; consolute temperatures ; pressure ; negative pressure ; methyl acetate ; ethyl formate ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Critical temperatures for polystyrene/methyl acetate (PS/MA) and polystyrene/ethyl formate (PS/EF) solutions were measured at positive (PS/MA, PS/EF) and negative (PS/MA) pressure. The results confirm that solvent quality is sensitive to pressure; some solvents, designated Θ, at Pnominal ∼ 0, undergo a Θ-to-poor transition at negative pressure, and others, nominally designated “poor,” show a poor-to-Θ transition at positive pressure. Thus, any dichotomous division into sets of “poor” and “Θ” solvents is inaccurate, unless it accounts for the effects of pressure and other variables on solvent quality. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1251-1259, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1269-1277 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(4-methylpentene-1) ; hydrogenated oligo (cyclopentadiene) ; blends ; miscibility ; mechanical properties ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This article discusses the influence of the oligomeric resin, hydrogenated oligo(cyclopentadiene) (HOCP), on the morphology, and thermal and tensile mechanical properties of its blends with isotactic poly(4-methylpentene-1) (P4MP1). The P4MP1 and HOCP are found not miscible in the melt state. P4MP1/HOCP blends after solidification contain three phases: the crystalline phase of P4MP1, an amorphous phase of P4MP1, and an amorphous phase of HOCP. From optical micrographs obtained at 150°C, it is found that the solidified blends show a morphology constituted by P4MP1 microspherulites and small HOCP domains homogeneously distributed in intraspherulitic regions. DSC and DMTA results show that the blends present two glass transition temperatures (Tg) equal to the Tgs of the pure components. The tensile mechanical properties have been investigated at 20, 60, and 120°C. At 20°C both the HOCP oligomer and the amorphous P4MP1 are glassy, and it is found that all the blends are brittle and the stress-strain curves have equal trends. At 60°C the HOCP oligomer is glassy, whereas the amorphous P4MP1 is rubbery. The tensile mechanical properties at 60°C are found to depend on blend composition. It is found that the Young's modulus, the stresses at yielding and break points slightly decrease with HOCP content in the blends and these results are related to the decrease of blend crystallinity. The decrease of the elongation at break is accounted for by the presence of glassy HOCP domains that act as defects in the P4MP1 matrix, hampering the drawing. At 120°C both the amorphous phases are rubbery. It is found decreases of Young's modulus, stresses at yielding and break points. These results have been related to the decrease of blend crystallinity and to the increase of the total rubbery amorphous phase. Moreover, it is found that the blends present elongations at break equal to that of pure P4MP1. This constancy is attributed to: (a) at 120°C the HOCP domains are rubbery and their presence seems not to disturb the drawing of the samples; (b) a sufficient number of the tie-molecules and entanglements of P4MP1 present in the blends. In fact, although the numbers of tie-molecules and entanglements decrease in the blends, increasing the HOCP oligomer, they seem to be enough to keep the material interlaced and avoid earlier rupture. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1269-1277, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1311-1331 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: branched prepolymers ; hydrosilylation cure ; densely crosslinked polymers ; thermal and mechanical properties ; tough-brittle transition ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal and mechanical properties of two densely crosslinked polycarbosiloxane systems were investigated in relation to the molecular structure. The networks were prepared from functional branched prepolymers and crosslinked via a hydrosilylation curing reaction. The prepolymers having only vinyl functionalities (poly[phenylmethylvinyl]siloxanes) were crosslinked by using crosslinking agents with reactive silicon-hydrogen groups. In prepolymers having both silicon-vinyl and silicon-hydrogen groups (poly[phenylmethylvinylhydro)]siloxanes crosslinking took place intermolecularly. The thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer networks were found to be dependent on the phenyl —Si—O3/2 (branches) content in the prepolymer, the number of elastically effective crosslinks, the elastically effective network chain density and molecular weight between crosslinks, length of the chain segments introduced by the hydrosilylation crosslinking reaction, and the number of dangling ends. As a consequence of the dense crosslinking, the mechanical properties were also strongly dependent on the glass transition temperature. A tough-brittle transition was observed around the glass transition temperature of the polymer networks. The properties of the poly(phenylmethylvinylhydro)siloxane networks were found to be superior to those of the poly(phenylmethylvinyl)siloxane networks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1311-1331, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1333-1338 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer ; adsorption ; crystal nucleation ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Although polymeric crystallization processes heterogeneously induced by foreign surfaces have been the subject of an overwhelming amount of experimental investigations over the last 30 years, this topic suffers from the absence of theoretical or predictive tools describing the polymer-substrate interactions at work in surface-induced nucleation phenomena. In this work we consider the case when polymer chains are attracted to a flat surface (adsorption). Using a single-chain approach, we propose a model for deriving the thermodynamic potential barrier to nucleation within an adsorbed chain. It is shown that, because of the reduction of the configurational entropy of the entire chain prior to undercooling, forming a nucleus of a certain volume within the adsorbed chain costs less energy. In the case of weakly adsorbing surface, using the scaling treatment of de Gennes, we clearly relate the lowering of the thermodynamic potential for nucleation to the strength of the attractive interactions with the surface. This work points out adsorption as a possible mechanism for the nucleating activity of a surface. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1333-1338, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2803-2809 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: dipolar disorder ; photoconductors ; organic conductors ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The time-of-flight mobility of photoinjected charges in molecularly doped polymers obeys a Poole-Frenkel law, μ ∝ exp(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\gamma \sqrt E $\end{document}), which is commonly viewed as arising from hopping transport among sites with a large degree of energetic disorder. Recent theoretical investigations have focused on long-range correlations that characterize site energies when the dominant mechanism for energetic fluctuations is the interaction of charge carriers with randomly-oriented permanent dipoles of the dopant and host polymer. An exact calculation of the steady-state drift velocity vd for a one-dimensional system with correlated dipolar disorder predicts a Poole-Frenkel law similar to that observed. In order to investigate another feature commonly observed in the high-field measurements, namely, the anomalous dispersion of the current-time transients, we have performed an exact calculation of the field-dependent diffusion constant D for the same dipolar disorder model. In the bulk limit we obtain an expression D = (KT/e) ∂vd/∂E that generalizes the normal Einstein relation and predicts a strongly field-dependent diffusion constant. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2803-2809, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2825-2833 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: holographic gratings ; morphology ; functionality ; liquid-gel demixing ; network ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of transmission gratings with varying Bragg spacings formed using polymer-dispersed liquid crystals were examined using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and image analysis techniques. The effect on the morphology of small changes in the overall functionality of the prepolymer syrup was observed. An increase in the amount of monofunctional compound resulted in small, nearly spherical domains (〈100 nm in diameter) confined in well-defined lamellae for samples with a 0.49 μm Bragg spacing. A decrease in concentration (an effective increase in monomer functionality) at this Bragg spacing resulted in larger domains (100-200 nm) with much greater distribution of sizes and shapes. The local volume fractions of discrete liquid crystalline (LC) domains was considerably larger in the latter case. An increase in the Bragg spacing to 1.35 μm also resulted in well-defined lamellae of LC domains, although much more coalescence into irregularly shaped individual domains was observed. Surprisingly, the local volume fraction of LC increased in the larger Bragg spacing samples. The morphology results are discussed qualitatively in terms of liquid-gel demixing where the inherent crosslink density and elasticity of the polymeric host must be considered in phase separation processes on the nanoscale. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2825-2833, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2835-2842 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer blends ; random copolymer ; compatibilizer ; encapsulation ; coalescence ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We investigate the compatibilizing performance of a random copolymer in the melt state, using transmission electron microscopy. Blends of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are chosen as a model system, and a random copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate (SMMA) with 70 wt % styrene is used as a compatibilizer. From TEM photographs it is clear that SMMA moves to the interface between PS and PMMA domains during melt mixing, and forms encapsulating layers. However, the characteristic size of the dispersed phase increases gradually with annealing time for all blend systems studied. This demonstrates that the encapsulating layer of SMMA does not provide stability against static coalescence, which calls into question the effectiveness of random copolymers as practical compatibilizers. We interpret the encapsulation by random copolymers in terms of a simple model for ternary polymer blends. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2835-2842, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 777-788 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: PMDA-ODA polyimide ; intrinsic molecular properties ; sheet mapping ; fabrication processes ; three-dimensional orientation functions ; anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) ; anisotropic mechanical moduli ; anisotropic compliances ; anisotropic dielectric constants ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A practical methodology for the correlation and prediction of the process-property performance of advanced materials is developed. The model polymer studied is PMDA-ODA polyimide. The connecting link between the process and the properties is the structural state of the polymer. An essential ingredient for a quantitative characterization of the system is a knowledge of its phase state and intrinsic molecular properties. The intrinsic molecular properties define the limiting performance properties available to the polymer. Anisotropic films and sheets produced by five different fabrication processes are examined. Maps of the molecular symmetry axis, the orientation function, and the thickness distributions of two 50-in.-wide sheets fabricated differently are measured nondestructively for process comparison. Four other film fabrication processes are examined and their three-dimensional orientation states determined and correlated. A three-dimensional orientation function triangular plot permits simultaneous representation of the different fabrication processes on the same figure and allows the investigator to choose the most economic and efficient fabrication route. The structure-property study includes the structural correlation and intrinsic molecular property determination of the anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the anisotropic mechanical moduli and compliances, and the anisotropic dielectric constants. 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 777-788, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 807-815 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: moisture effect ; glass transition ; low temperature relaxations ; semiaromatic amorphous polyamides ; hydrogen bonding ; molecular analysis ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of moisture absorption on the primary (glass) transition (Ta or Tg) and the low temperature relaxations of semiaromatic amorphous polyamides synthesized by isomeric aliphatic diamine and metha or para oriented phthalicdiacids has been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analyser (DMTA). The glass transition of semiaromatic polyamides was lowered due to the water absorption, and the β and the γ relaxations were as well. From the observed Tg and the difference in the heat capacity, the calculated Tg depression per 1 wt % water content was 12.3 K and the result was in good agreement with the experimental data. The depression of the glass transition may be expressed by the same manner as the plasticization of nylon 6 by water. The depressed β relaxation observed in the specimen containing a few percent of moisture was splitted into two transitions due to the reduction of water content, of which one was the elevation of the Tβ and another was the simultaneous appearance of the Tγ, and then the single Tγ solely was observed for the completely dried specimen. The Tγ seemed to be merged into or not to be observed by the large and broad Tβ transition when the sample was governed by a few percent of water, then it was emerged from the Tβ due to water desorption. Thus, the Tβ is believed to arise from the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between water molecules or between water and amide groups in wet polyamides. In addition, the γ relaxation originated from the peptide groups is attributable to the inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding between amide groups. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polyn Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 807-815, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 827-830 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: conformation ; copolymer surfactant ; amphiphilic branch chain ; oxyethylene segment ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conformation of amphiphilic branch chain in a new type of copolymer surfactants on interface was studied. The results of laser light scattering demonstrated that the branch chain can only lie on the air/water interface. By means of XPS measurement with variable angles, the molecular conformations in different thickness of the copolymer layer were obtained. Depending on the chemical nature of the copolymer surfactants, the oxyethylene segments of the branch chains will have loop-train, train, or loop molecule conformations on the surface. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 827-830, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2901-2912 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer ; contact charging ; TSC ; interface ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The transfer of charge across the interface between two materials brought into contact was studied by measuring the small currents produced when layered films composed of two dissimilar films were first heated and then held under isothermal conditions. It was found that, given a fixed electrode orientation, the polarity of the current generally reversed when the relative position of the films were reversed. The sense of the current was in agreement with that expected from the polymer work functions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2901-2912, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2233-2243 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: furfuryl alcohol resins ; crosslinking reactions ; hexamethylenetetramine ; high-resolution solid-state NMR ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reactions between furfuryl alcohol (FA)/poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) have been studied by 13C and 15N high-resolution solid-state NMR techniques. Highly crosslinked polymer networks similar to those obtained from the thermal curing of FA resins under acidic condition are formed. Possible reaction pathways are postulated on the basis of changes of chemical structures during the curing; α-substituted furfurylamines are shown to be the initial intermediates. Their further reactions with FA/PFA, together with thermal decomposition, produce methylene linkages between furan rings, resulting in chain extension and crosslinking, which occurs at both the methylene linkages and the 3- or 4-C of furan rings. Various side-products such as amines, imines, amides, imides, and nitriles are also formed during the reactions, and some of these can remain in the resins up to 205°C. The crosslinked network can be heterogeneous with different structures on nanometer scales when higher oligomers of FA resins react with HMTA. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2233-2243, 1997
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    Keywords: polyimide membrane ; ultraviolet light irradiation ; crosslinking ; physical changes ; gas permeability ; sorption property ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two types of polyimide membranes; one crosslinkable and the other noncrosslinkable using ultraviolet light irradiation (UV irradiation), were prepared and investigated concerning the effect of UV irradiation on their gas permeabilities and selectivities. Permeability and diffusion coefficients for O2, N2, H2, and CO2 were determined using the vacuum pressure and time lag method. Sorption properties for carbon dioxide were carried out to evaluate the changes in the free volume in the membranes due to the irradiation. In both membranes, permeability coefficients for all gases used in this study decreased and permselectivity, particularly for H2 over N2, increased with increasing UV irradiation time without a significant decrease in the flux of H2. The coefficients depended on the membrane thickness, suggesting asymmetrical changes in both membranes due to UV irradiation. It was suggested by an attenuated total reflection (ATR) FTIR method and analysis of the gas sorption properties of the membranes that the physical changes due to UV irradiation at the irradiated side in both membranes significantly affected their gas permeation properties compared with the chemical changes, especially the crosslinking in the crosslinkable type. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2259-2269, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2281-2292 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: conformation ; phonon dispersion ; α-helix ; normal modes ; poly(L-leucine) ; density of states ; heat capacity ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(L-methionine) (PMet) is one of the two sulfur containing polyamino acids. Raman, FTIR spectra, and heat capacity measurements of PMet have been well interpreted through the normal mode analysis and the density of states derived therefrom. Earlier interpretation of heat capacity data is limited because it is based on the Tarasov model, wherein the concept of group frequency and skeletal similarity are used. A special feature of some dispersion curves is their tendency to bunch in the neighborhood of the helix angle. This has been attributed to the presence of strong intramolecular interactions. Repulsion between the dispersion curves is also observed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2281-2292, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 865-873 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(urethane urea) ; phase separation ; FTIR spectroscopy ; reaction injection molding ; domain size ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In situ experiments were performed with a portable RIM (reaction injection molding) minimachine interfaced to an FTIR spectrophotometer to follow the reaction chemistry and monitor phase separation of copoly(urethane urea)s during RIM polymerization. The PUU copolymers were based on ethylene oxide-capped poly(propylene oxide) polyether diol, 3,5-diethyltoluenediamine (DETDA), and uretonimine liquefied 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. The effect of catalyst concentration on the degree of phase separation in the as-molded RIM PUU copolymers was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetery and scanning electron microscopy as supplementary methods. The results suggested that an increase of degree of phase separation and a decrease of the size of hard-segment-rich domains take place with a rise of catalyst concentration. The morphological feature was a consequence in combination with the increase in relative rate of urethane formation and the ordering of hydrogen bonding through urea groups. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 865-873, 1997.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 875-888 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: PEEK ; POM ; PET ; PP ; crystallization kinetics ; nonisothermal crystallization ; thermal analysis ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization behavior of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyethyleneterephtalate (PET), and polypropylene (PP) under nonisothermal conditions has been studied. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to monitor crystallization from the melt and a kinetic model has been proposed to describe three-dimensional spherulitic crystal growth. The model, which accounts for crystalline growth rate, uses two modified Avrami equations to represent both heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation and growth processes. The model parameters are all associated with physical constants. The predicted evolution of absolute crystallinity showed good agreement with experimentally obtained values for a wide range of cooling rates. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys, 35: 875-888, 1997
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(ethylene terephtalate) ; terephthalic acid process ; dimethyl terephtalate process ; spun fibers ; structure-properties relationship ; orientation of amorphous phase ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some properties and structural aspects of fibers obtained by spinning, in a wide range of take-up speed (2,800-4,400 m/min), of commercial samples of PET, produced by dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and the terephthalic acid (TPA) processes, are compared. For a same take-up speed, the considered fibers from TPA are spun at lower pack pressures and always show higher tenacity and lower ductility than fibers from DMT. X-ray diffraction, density, and birefringence measurements indicate that, for the fibers from the DMT process, an earlier crystallization occurs which prevents the progress of the orientation of the amorphous phase. The lower molecular orientation in the amorphous phase of the fibers from DMT, in turn, accounts for their lower tenacity. The earlier crystallization of the fibers from DMT would be related to their slightly higher melting temperatures and melt viscosities, which could be due to the lower amount of constitutional defects (diethylene glycol content) in the considered PET samples from DMT compared with those from TPA. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 889-896, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 919-927 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: dielectric relaxation ; aromatic polyamides ; rotational barrier ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) is presented for a family of four aromatic polyamides trying to relate the structure of the lateral groups to the molecular mobility. A prominent sub-Tg absorption is always seen followed in some cases by remanent dielectric activity at room temperature and a subsequent increase of the loss permittivity. The low temperature relaxation is analyzed in terms of a Fuoss-Kirkwood equation to obtain the broadness and the strength of these relaxations as well as the activation energy (ranging from 10 to 11 Kcal/mol). The low frequency conductive peak shows in each case a half-width higher (1.30) than those corresponding to a single relaxation time peak (1.144). These values of the half-width are an indication of the complex character of these phenomena. A final discussion of the rotational barriers of the lateral chains rules out that such motions are the only molecular origin for the gamma relaxation. Instead, some kind of motion involving the main chain and where the interchain interactions play a significant role should be considered as responsible for that relaxation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 919-927, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 929-936 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: physical aging ; glass ; polyetherimide ; volume and enthalpy recovery ; creep ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Volume recovery measurements have been used to study the physical aging behavior of a polyetherimide. Isothermal aging temperatures near Tg were studied with aging times ranging up to several days. The volume decreases during physical aging and levels off at equilibrium. For comparison purposes, the data are normalized to yield the departure from equilibrium which varies from unity at very short aging times to zero when equilibrium is reached. As the aging temperature decreases, the normalized curves are shifted to longer times without a significant change in shape. Hence, the data can be reduced by aging time - temperature superposition. The temperature dependence of the shift factors used to reduce the volume recovery data and the times to reach equilibrium for the volume recovery follow the WLF equation and agree within experimental error with the values from enthalpy and creep measurements obtained in previous work. However, the approach to equilibrium for volume appears to differ from that of enthalpy, with volume recovery being faster than the enthalpy recovery at short times. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 929-936, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1055-1066 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: syndiotactic polystyrene ; polymorphism ; degree of crystallinity ; FTIR spectroscopy ; WAXS characterization ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS) semicrystalline samples have been examined by using the spectral subtraction approach. For the crystalline forms including trans-planar chains (trigonal α and orthorhombic β) a number of conformational and structural order effects, not previously described in the literature, have been identified. A method based on the results of the spectral subtraction analysis has been developed for the determination of the crystallinity degree and compared with the standard method based on the wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns. The spectral subtraction analysis on FTIR spectra allows also an easy evaluation of the amount of α and β crystalline phases (often simultaneously present in melt-crystallized samples) although both contain chains in a same conformation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1055-1066, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2681-2688 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: NMR ; 129Xe ; blends ; PEO ; PMMA ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Xenon has been used as a structural probe of solid poly(ethylene oxide)/atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PEO/PMMA) blends of concentrations 10/90 to 75/25. 129Xe-NMR spectra at 293 K show significant changes in line width and chemical shift as the blend composition is varied. The 129Xe spectra are interpreted in terms of exchange between amorphous single-phase PEO and PMMA domains. It is shown that a simple two-site exchange model can be used to calculate spectra which fit the experimental data over the whole concentration range. Xe exchange between blend subregions is demonstrated also by a two-dimensional NMR experiment. The PEO/PMMA results are compared to previously published poly(vinylidene fluoride)/PMMA 129Xe spectra. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2681-2688, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2749-2756 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(monoethylphenyl itaconate) ; mechanical relaxation ; dielectric absorption ; dielectric loss modulus ; deconvolution method ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical and dielectric relaxational behavior of poly(monoethylphenyl itaconate) at different frequencies and temperatures was studied. Three relaxation zones are found. The dynamic mechanical response is dominated by a relaxation peak at room temperature, labeled β relaxation. Two prominent shoulders labelled as γ and α relaxations are observed. Because of the overlapping of the α and γ with the β relaxation, a deconvolution method to improve the understanding of these phenomena is proposed. In spite of the complexity of the experimental spectra, the proposed deconvolution method seems to be a convenient approach to interpret the relaxational behavior of this polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2749-2756, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2741-2747 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: FTIR spectroscopy ; poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) ; crystallization process ; induction period ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements were carried out to elucidate conformation changes occurring during the isothermal melt crystallization of poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) (PEN). Based on the band assignments for the components of the amorphous, α-crystal form, and β-crystal form of PEN in film samples, the in situ data was analyzed in terms of the amorphous- and crystal-trans conformations. It was observed at a higher isothermal crystallization temperature that the formation of amorphous-trans conformations precedes the growth of crystals. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2741-2747, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2565-2570 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Semicrystalline morphology ; lamellar structure ; poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) ; poly(ether-imide) (PEI) ; staining ; TEM ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2571-2581 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: cationic polyelectrolytes ; counterion binding ; viscosity ; conductivity ; salts ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of several mono-, di-, and trivalent anions with cationic polyelectrolytes having different contents in N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropylen ammonium chloride units (polymer A) or tertiary amine N-atoms and PEG (polymer PEGA) in the main chain was studied by viscosimetric and conductometric measurements. Both methods have shown a stronger interaction for tri- and bi- than for univalent counterions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2571-2581, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2765-2774 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyaniline ; SANS ; Nylon 6 ; conducting blends ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of blends of Nylon 6 with deuterated polyaniline emeraldine base (D-PANI-EB) and fully doped D-PANI salts (D-PANI-ES) formed from camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), or dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) were investigated by small-angle neutron (SANS) and X-ray scattering. The blends were formed from hexafluoro-2-propanol solutions and had volume fractions of 0.038, 0.20, and 0.40 for D-PANI/CSA, 0.20 and 0.40 for D-PANI/MSA, 0.24 and 0.44 for D-PANI/DBSA, and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.31 for D-PANI-EB. The SANS results are compared with a number of standard models for two-phase systems. No evidence was found for significant molecular mixing. In some cases the inverse power law model is in reasonable agreement with observations, and in the case of the lowest concentration of D-PANI/CSA there is an indication of mass fractal structure. This was not found at the higher concentrations. The results establish that the blends with the smaller more polar dopants CSA and MSA behave similarly and are unlike either the D-PANI/DBSA blends or those with D-PANI-EB. There is evidence that the simple picture of two pure phases is inadequate for these materials. With the exception of the D-PANI/DBSA blend which has a relatively low scattering contrast, the results indicate that the lower limit of volume fraction for application of SANS is a few percent D-PANI-ES in Nylon 6. X-ray scattering was used to demonstrate the presence of Nylon 6 lamellae and residual peaks attributable to the pure components. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2765-2774, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1833-1841 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer gels ; topological constraints ; osmotic deswelling ; polyelectrolytes ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recent data on comparative osmotic deswelling of poly(acrylic acid) gels and solutions shows that the difference between osmotic pressure of the gel and of the solution, Pgel (c, f) - Psolution (c, f), taken at equal polymer concentration (c) and fraction of the ionized acrylic acid monomers (f), changes its sign from negative to positive as the concentration c increases; this effect is enhanced with increasing f whereby it is shifted toward lower concentrations. In order to explain this effect, a model is suggested for the elastic pressure of the gel network which takes into account the effect of topological constraints combined with the effect of network ionization. According to the model, the sign-change of Pgel - Psolution originates from the topological constraints on conformations of the network; the ionization of the network chains enhances this effect and shifts it to the concentration range of the experiment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1833-1841, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1855-1868 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: gas permeability ; permselectivity ; activation energies ; free volume ; polyimides ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Gas transport of helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, argon, nitrogen, and methane in three soluble poly(phenylene sulfone imide)s based on 2,2-bis(3,4-decarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) has been investigated. The effects of increasing length of well-defined oligo(phenylene sulfone) units on the gas permeabilities and diffusivities were determined and correlated with chain packing of the polymers. Activation energies of diffusion and permeation were calculated from temperature-dependent time-lag measurements. The influences of the central group in the diamine moiety of 6FDA-based polyimides on physical and gas transport properties are discussed. The incorporation of a long oligo(phenylene sulfone) segment in the polymer backbone decreases gas permeability and permselectivity simultaneously. The decreases in permeability coefficients can be mainly related to decreases in diffusion coefficients. Changing the central group of diamine moiety from —S— to —SO2— leads to a 45-50% decrease in CO2 and O2 permeabilities without appreciable increase in the selectivities. This is considered to be due to the formation of charge transfer complexes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1855-1868, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2063-2071 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: brominated epoxy resin ; dicyandiamide ; curing kinetics ; glass bead ; silanes ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The curing characteristics of a brominated epoxy resin/dicyandiamide (DICY) system filled with silane-treated glass beads are studied using isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Three different silane coupling agents, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, N-[2-(vinylbenzylamino)-ethyl]-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, and 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, are applied. It is found that the reaction heats of the epoxy system are little affected by the curing temperature and the untreated glass fillers, but changed with the addition of silane-coated glass beads. The effect of glass beads on the curing reaction is more significant at the low curing temperature and conversion. The silane treatment results in changes in Tg, activation energy, reaction heat, reaction rate, and reaction order. Three silanes respond differently because of their differences in the activated reaction with the matrix system. Regardless of the various curing mechanisms involved, a simple kinetic expression can describe the curing extent at 170 and 180°C with a good accuracy for all systems studied. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2063-2071, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2073-2082 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: heat capacity ; calorimetry ; perfluoropolyethers ; group contributions ; Δcp at Tg ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The heat capacities at constant pressure of liquid perfluoropolyethers with different chain structures were determined above the glass transition temperature up to 480 K by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The group contributions of the —O—,—CF2—, and —CF(CF3)— were calculated as a function of the temperature. Anomalous behavior of ethereal oxygen in a perfluorinated chain, as previously found for group contributions to the glass transition and to the vaporization energy, was observed also for heat capacity where the oxygen contribution is consistently lower for perfluorinated polyoxides in comparison to the hydrogenated homologous. The jump in cp at the glass transition follows a regular behavior in the sense that ΔCp/beadmole is within the average range found by Wunderlich for the majority of polymers. Moreover, data obtained in the present work allow the prediction of cp of perfluoropolyethers of whatever structure between Tg and 480 K. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2073-2082, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2083-2091 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: nuclear reaction analysis ; copolymer blends ; diffusion ; poly(arylether sulfone)s ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The interdiffusion and miscibility behavior of three different types of modified poly(arylether sulfone)s with deuterated poly(arylether sulfone) is studied by depth profiling using the nuclear reaction D(3He, α)p. The diffusion coefficients are found to be in the range of 10-15 and 10-14 cm2/s at 195°C. A random copolymer of poly(arylether sulfone) containing 4,4-bis-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid units is only partially miscible with deuterated poly(arylether sulfone) when the comonomer content is 8.8 mol %, whereas blends with comonomer contents of 1.7 and 4.5 mol % are miscible as indicated by complete interdiffusion. The transition from miscibility to immiscibility is caused by repulsive interactions of copolymer segments and can be explained in terms of a mean-field theory of random copolymer blends. Also, poly(arylether sulfone)s grafted with 0.4 wt % maleic anhydride or having pyromellitic anhydride endgroups are miscible with deuterated poly(arylether sulfone)s. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2083-2091, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2057-2062 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: ionic conductivity ; optical properties ; polymer electrolyte ; reflectance ; refractive index ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The electric field dependence of the optical properties of a series of anion-conducting polymer electrolytes at an ITO-electrolyte interface was investigated. A change in reflectance and refractive index of polymer electrolytes [poly(ethyl methacrylate)]18(Bu3SnX)3Bu4NX where X = Cl, Br, and SCN was observed. This was ascribed to anion accumulation/depletion in the interfacial region. Shorter response times were observed for electrolytes with higher conductivities, illustrating the interrelationship between these two phenomena. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2057-2062, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2093-2101 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: acrylic ; latex blends ; biphasic films ; film formation ; mechanical properties ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The film-forming ability of latex blends (hard latex + soft latex) and the mechanical behavior at finite strain of latex blend films (soft matrix with tough inclusions) has been investigated. The maximum weight fraction of hard latex particles (φmax) which still gives rise to transparent and crack-free films has been used as film-forming ability criterion. It was shown that when the Tg of the soft latex is low (Tg(soft) 〈 0°C), φmax is constant and equal to 0.55 because the film-forming ability is controlled by contacts between hard particles. Nevertheless, the expected effect of Tg(soft) on film-forming ability is observed (i.e., φmax decreases when Tg(soft) increases) when Tg(soft) is above 0°C. From the mechanical behavior point of view, it was shown that the two main parameters controlling the mechanical behavior of latex blend films are: the mechanical properties of the soft polymer because it represents the continuous matrix and the weight fraction of hard latex particles since they enhance the local deformation of matrix under load. However, it was also proven that debounding between the Tg latex particles and low Tg matrix occurs rapidly (at an elongation ratio ≈ 30%) during uniaxial strain experiments and has to be taken into account in order to gain a thorough understanding of the mechanical behavior of these biphasic films. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2093-2101, 1997
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Iodo Aurates(III) ; Synthesis ; Properties ; Crystal Structure ; Crystal Chemical Relationship ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Properties, and Structure of LiAuI4 and KAuI4 with a Discussion of the Crystal Chemical Relationship between the Halogenoaurates RbAuCl4, AgAuCl4, RbAuBr4 and LiAuI4The alkalimetal iodo aurates(III) MAuI4 (M = Li, K) are obtained in form of single crystals from MI, Au and I2 in a sealed glass ampoule by heating to 550°C and slow cooling to 300°C. KAuI4 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 968.6(4); b = 704.5(2), c = 1393.2(7) pm; β = 100.95(2)° and Z = 4. The crystal structure is built up from square planar AuI4- anions and K+ cations. The cations are coordinated by eight I atoms of neighbouring AuI4- anions with distances K—I between 350.0 and 369.6 pm. At 100°C KAuI4 is reduced to form K3Au3I8, which at 180°C decomposes to KI, Au and I2 LiAuI4 forms black, moisture sensitive needles, decomposing in the absence of iodine at 20°C to LiI, Au and I2. It crystallizes in a variant of the RbAuBr4 type structure with the space group P21/a and a = 1511.7(4); b = 433.9(4); c = 710.0(2) pm; β = 121.50(2)°; Z = 2. The crystal chemical relationship between the structures of RbAuCl4, RbAuBr4, AgAuCl4 and LiAuI4 is discussed.
    Notes: Die Alkalimetalliodoaurate(III) MAuI4 (M = Li, K) entstehen in Form von Einkristallen aus MI, Au und I2 in einer unter Vakuum abgeschmolzenen Glasampulle durch Erhitzen auf 550°C und langsames Abkühlen auf 300°C. KAuI4 kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit a = 968,6(4); b = 704,5(2), c = 1393,2(7) pm; β = 100,95(2)° und Z = 4. Die Kristallstruktur ist aus quadratisch-planaren AuI4--Anionen und K+-Kationen aufgebaut. Die Kationen sind von acht I-Atomen benachbarter AuI4--Ionen im Abstand von 350,0 bis 369,6 pm umgeben. KAuI4 zersetzt sich bei 100°C in K3Au3I8, das bei 180°C zu KI, Au und I2 zerfällt. LiAuI4 bildet schwarze, hydrolyseempfindliche Kristallnadeln, die sich außerhalb einer Iodatmosphäre bereits bei 20°C in LiI, Au und I2 zersetzen. Es kristallisiert in einer Strukturvariante des RbAuBr4-Typs mit der Raumgruppe P21/a und a = 1511,7(4); b = 433,9(4); c = 710,0(2) pm; β = 121,50(2)°; Z = 2. Die kristallchemische Verwandtschaft zwischen den Strukturen von RbAuCl4, RbAuBr4, AgAuCl4 und LiAuI4 wird diskutiert.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Gold trichloride ; gold tribromide ; bismuth trichloride ; bismuth tribromide ; solvothermal synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Lewis-Acid-Base-Reactions of Gold Trihalides with Bismuth Trihalides - Synthesis and Structures of AuBiX6 (X = CI, Br)Gold trihalides AuX3 (X = Cl, Br) react with bismuth trihalides in sealed glass ampoules to the 1 : 1 adducts AuBiX6 (X = Cl, Br). AuBiCl6 is obtained by a chemical transport reaction at 220°C, whereas AuBiBr6 was synthesized by solvothermal reaction in SiBr4 at 150°C. Both compounds crystallize triclinic, space group P1, Z = 4. AuBiCl6; a = 698.3(4) pm; b = 1009.3(5) pm; c = 1381(1) pm; α = 104.98(5)°; β = 94.73(5)°; γ = 110.06(3)°; V = 867(1) · 106 pm3. AuBiBr6: a = 735.7(4) pm; b = 1055.7(5) pm; c = 1445(1) pm; α =104.88(5)°; β = 94.25(5)°; γ = 110.18(4)°; V =1001(1) ·106pm3. The structures are build formally of square-planar [AuX4]- and chains of edge-connected ([BiX4/2]+)n units. Since each Bi ion is surrounded by eight halogenide ions in a square-antiprismatic form, the structure can alternatively be described as consisting of chains of edge sharing ([BiX4X4/2]3-)n antiprisms connected by Au3+ ions.
    Notes: Goldtrihalogenide AuX3 (X = CI, Br) reagieren mit den entsprechenden Bismuttrihalogeniden BiX3 (X = Cl, Br) in geschlossenen Ampullen zu den 1 : 1-Addukten AuBiX6. AuBiCl6 entsteht bei 220°C unter den Bedingungen des chemischen Transportes, während AuBiBr6 wegen der geringen thermischen Stabilität von AuBr3 unter solvothermalen Bedingungen in SiBr4 als Lösungsmittel bei 150°C dargestellt wurde. Beide Verbindungen sind isotyp und kristallisieren triklin in der Raumgruppe P1, Z = 4, mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 698,3(4) pm; b = 1009,3(5) pm; c = 1381(1) pm; α = 104,98(5)°; β = 94,73(5)°; γ = 110,06(3)° für AuBiCl6 und a = 735,7(4) pm; b = 1055,7(5) pm; c = 1445(1) pm; α = 104,88(5)°; β = 94,25(5)°; γ = 110,18(4)° für AuBiBr6. Die Strukturen sind aus quadratisch-planaren [AuX4]--Ionen und Ketten aus kantenverknüpften ([BiX4/2]+)n-Einheiten aufgebaut. Da die Bi-Ionen von acht Halogenid-Ionen in Form eines quadratischen Antiprismas umgeben sind, kann die Struktur alternativ so beschrieben werden, daß sie aus Ketten kantenverknüpfter ([BiX4X4/2]3- )n-Antiprismen besteht, die über Au3+ -Ionen verbunden sind.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1796-1802 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Solid State Chemistry ; Crystal Structure ; Zintl Phases ; Oxides ; Phosphides ; Arsenides ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ba11KX7O2 (X = P, As): Zwei neuartige Zintl-Phasen mit unendlichen Ketten sauerstoffzentrierter Ba6-Oktaeder, isolierten X3- und dimeren X24- AnionenReaktionen von „BaX“ (X = P, As) mit elementarem Ba, K und BaO in Tantalampullen bei 900-1000°C ergaben schwarze, sehr luft- und feuchtigkeitsempfindliche Kristalle von Ba11KP7O2 und der dazu isotypen Verbindung Ba11KAs7O2. welche durch EDX und Röntgenbeugung charakterisiert wurden (orthorhombisch, Fddd, Z = 8; a = 1069,9(1), b = 1514,3(2), c = 3164,6(4) pm und a = 1087,8(2), b = 1542,3(2), c = 3232,4(4) pm). In der Struktur liegen parallel zu [100] unendliche Zickzack-Ketten, ∞1[Ba4Ba2/2O], aus eckenverknüpften Ba6-Oktaedern vor, die durch O-Atome zentriert werden. Dazwischen befinden sich lineare Reihen von abwechselnd angeordneten isolierten X-Atomen und X2-Hanteln, welche die Oktaederketten zu Schichten parallel zu (001) miteinander verbinden. Während sich die X-Atome in einem verzerrten Ba8-Würfel befinden, zentrieren die X2-Hanteln einen Ba12-Polyeder, welcher aus einem Paar flächenverknüpfter, quadratischer Ba-Antiprismen aufgebaut ist. Hieraus ergibt sich die Abfolge Würfel-Antiprisma-Antiprisma-Würfel aus flächenverknüpften Ba-Polyedern. Zwischen den Schichten befinden sich weitere isolierte X-Atome und verknüpfen diese entlang [001] miteinander. Zwei Atompositionen sind statistisch mit Ba und K besetzt, so daß nach dem Zintl-Klemm-Konzept die Summenformel der Verbindungen auch durch Ba2+11K+X3-5(X2)4-O2-2 ausgedrückt werden kann.
    Notes: Reactions of “BaX” (X = P, As) with Ba, K and BaO in tantalum tubes at 900-1000°C yielded black, very air- and moisture-sensitive crystals of Ba11KP7O2 and isotypic Ba11KAs7O2 which were characterized by EDX and X-ray diffraction (orthorhombic, Fddd, Z = 8; a = 1069.9(1), b = 1514.3(2), c = 3164.6(4) pm and a = 1087.8(2), b = 1542.3(2), c = 3232.4(4) pm, respectively). The structure contains infinite zigzag chains, ∞1[Ba4Ba2/2O], of oxygen-centered, corner-sharing Ba6 octahedra along [100]. They are connected by linear strings built of alternating isolated X atoms and X2 dimers to form layers parallel to (001). While the isolated X atoms are surrounded by eight Ba forming a distorted cube, the X2 dimers center a Ba12 polyhedron which is comprised of a pair of face-sharing Ba square antiprisms. This results in a cube-antiprism-antiprism-cube sequence of face-sharing Ba polyhedra. Additional X atoms function as spacers between the layers and connect them along [001]. Two atom positions are statistically occupied by Ba and K, and the formula may be written as Ba2+11K+X3-5(X2)4-O2-2 according to the Zintl-Klemm concept.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1881-1884 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Zinc amides ; monomeric zinc amides ; dimeric zinc amides ; X-ray structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Homoleptic Zinc Amides: Transition to Monomeric MoleculesZinc chloride reacts with the lithium salts of the bulky secondary amines HN(i-Bu)2 and HN(t-Bu)2 to form the corresponding homoleptic zinc compounds {Zn[N(i-Bu)2]2}2 (1) and Zn[N(t-Bu)2]2 (2). The NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric results as well as the molecular weight determinations and X-ray diffraction data are consistent with a dimeric structure of 1 and a monomeric structure of 2 in the gas phase, in solution and in the solid state.
    Notes: Zinkchlorid reagiert mit den Lithiumsalzen der sterisch anspruchsvollen sekundären Amine HN(i-Bu)2 und HN(t-Bu)2 zu den homoleptischen Zinkamiden {Zn[N(i-Bu)2]2}2 (1) und Zn[N(t-Bu)2]2 (2). Entsprechend der Ergebnisse von NMR-Spektroskopie, Massenspektrometrie, Molmassenbestimmung und Röntgenstrukturanalyse ist 1 dimer, 2 dagegen in der Gasphase, in Lösung und im Festkörper monomer.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: (Borylorganyl)phosphanes ; (Borylorganyl)phosphoniumsalt ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Reaktionen von {o-{[Bis(dimethylamino)boryl]methyl}phenyl}diphenyl-phosphanDas neue α,ω-[Boryl(organyl)]phosphan o-Ph2PC6H4CH2 (NMe2)2 (10) wurde synthetisiert und spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Die Reaktivität dieser Verbindung, vor allem gegenüber Substitutionsreaktionen am Boratom war der Gegenstand unserer Untersuchungen. Verbindung 10 reagiert mit MeOH, BCl3 bzw. HCl zu den Verbindungen o-Ph2PC6H4CH2B(OMe)2 (10 a), o-Ph2PC6H4CH2BCl2 (10 c), o-Ph2PC6H4CH2BCl2 (HNMe2) (10 d) und o-Ph2P(HCl)C6H4CH2 BCl2(HNMe2) (10 e). Die Umsetzung von 10 a mit LiAlH4 führt zu o-Ph2PC6H4CH2BH2 (10 b). Verbindung 10 e wurde zusätzlich durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.
    Notes: The new α,ω-[boryl(organyl)]phosphane o-Ph2PC6H4CH2B (NMe2)2 (10) was obtained in good yields from the reaction of CIB(NMe2)2 with o-Ph2PC6H4CH2Li(tmeda). Five derivatives of 10 were obtained by substituting the boron-bound amino groups by reactions with MeOH, BCl3, HCl, and LiAlH4, respectively, in particular, o-Ph2(HCl)PC6H4CH2BCl2 (HNMe2) (10 e) which shows a unique P—H—Cl—H—N unit. Compound 10 and its derivatives were characterized by multinuclear NMR methods, mass spectra, and elemental analyses. In addition, the structure of 10 e · 1.5 C6H6 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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  • 77
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1108-1112 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium tetra amido manganate(II) ; sodium manganese (II) amide ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Na2Mn(NH2)4: A New Type of Layered StructureThe structure of Na2Mn(NH2)4 was solved by X-ray single crystal data including H-positions: P21/c, Z = 4, a = 6.331(1) Å, b = 14.542(3) Å, c = 7.212(1) Å, β = 116.29(1)°, Z(F20 ≥ 3σ = (F20)) = 1343, Z(parameters) = 96, R/RW = 0.023/0.029.The compound crystallizes in a new type of structure. Within layered blocks the amide ions are arranged with the motif of a hexagonal closest packing of spheres. Within these blocks alternating layers contain sodium in all octahedral sites and manganese in an ordered way in a quarter of tetrahedral sites.
    Notes: Die Struktur von Na2Mn(NH2)4 wurde röntgenograhisch über Einkristalldaten einschließlich der H-Lagen bestimmt: P21/c, Z = 4, a = 6,331(1) Å, b = 14,542(3) Å, c = 7,212(1) Å, β = 116,29(1)°, Z(F0) mit (F0)2 ≥ 3σ(F0)2 = 1343, Z(Parameter) = 96, R/RW = 0,023/0,029.Die Verbindung kristallisiert in einem neuen Strukturtyp. Die Amidionen bilden innerhalb von Schichtenpaketen das Motiv einer hexagonal dichtesten Kugelpackung. In ihr sind in einzelnen Ebenen abwechselnd entweder alle Oktaederlücken durch Natrium oder geordnet 1/4 der Tetraederlücken durch Mangan besetzt.
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  • 78
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1103-1107 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Potassium tetraamido zincate ; X-ray structure determination ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Positions of the Protons in Potassium Tetraamidozincate, K2Zn(NH2)4X-ray single crystal data for K2Zn(NH2)4 allowed the determination of the so far unknown positions of the protons: P1, Z = 2, a = 6.730(1) Å, b = 7.438(1) Å, c = 8.019(2) Å, α = 72.03(2)°, β = 84.45(2)°, γ = 63.82(1)°, Z(F0) with (F0)2 ≥ 3σ(F0)2 = 2166, Z(parameters) = 96, R/RW = 0.032/0.039.In the structure of K2Zn(NH2)2 the amide ions are nearly hexagonal close packed. One layer of octahedral holes parallel to (010) is fully occupied by potassium atoms and zinc is in an ordered way in a quarter of the tetrahedral holes of the next layer. The orientation of the protons of the amide ions is characteristic for this type of structure (filled up CdI2 type).
    Notes: Die bisher unbekannten Protonenlagen bei K2Zn(NH2)4 wurden röntgenographisch über Einkristalldaten bestimmt: P1, Z = 2, a = 6,730(1) Å, b = 7,438(1) Å, c = 8,019(2) Å, α = 72,03(2)°, β = 84,45(2)°, γ = 63,82(1)°, Z(F0) mit (F0)2 ≥ 3σ(F0)2 = 2166, Z(Parameter) = 96, R/RW = 0,032/0,039.Die Amidionen bilden das Motiv einer hexagonal dichtesten Kugelpackung. Darin sind in Ebenen parallel (010) abwechselnd alle Oktaederlücken durch Kalium oder geordnet 1/4 der Tetraederlücken durch Zink besetzt. Die Orientierung der Protonen an den Amidionen ist für diesen Strukturtyp (aufgefüllter CdI2-Typ) charakteristisch.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Methylboratabenzene indium ; conformational variability ; automerization ; crystal packing effects ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Borabenzene Derivatives. 25 [1]. Methylbis(1-methylboratabenzene)indium: Synthesis and Structure. An Example for the Variability of Soft Structural Parameters in the Crystalline EnvironmentThe new boratabenzene derivative InMe(C5H5BMe)2 has been synthesized from 2-(Me3Sn)C5H5BMe and InMe3. The compound proves fluxional on the nmr time scale with average C2v symmetry in solution. An x-ray structure determination shows the existence of four molecules in the asymmetric unit differing mainly in the bonding geometry of the metal atoms with respect to the eight symmetrically independent boratabenzene ligands. Thus the dynamical behaviour in solution is reflected in the solid state by the soft structural parameters of the indium-ring coordination, with their variability exceeding the standard deviations of the corresponding individual observations by an order of magnitude.
    Notes: Ausgehend von 2-(Me3Sn)C5H5BMe und InMe3 wurde der neue Boratabenzol-Komplex InMe(C5H5BMe)2 erhalten. Die Verbindung zeigt in Lösung auf der NMR-Zeitskala eine fluktuierende Struktur mit effektiver C2v-Symmetrie. Die Kristallstrukturanalyse zeigt, daß im Festkörper vier Moleküle in der asymmetrischen Einheit vorliegen, die sich vorwiegend in der Bindung des Metallatoms an die insgesamt acht symmetrieunabhängigen Boratabenzol-Liganden unterscheiden. Das in Lösung dynamische Verhalten findet im Kristall seine Entsprechung in weichen Strukturparametern bezüglich der Indium-Ring-ligand-Koordination, deren Variabilität die Standardabweichungen der Einzelbeobachtung um eine Größenordnung übersteigt.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lithium ; imidazole derivatives ; peroxo complexes ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imidazole Derivatives. XXIV. [Li12O2Cl2(ImN)8(THF)4] · 8 THF: a Peroxo Lithium Fragment in a Novel Cage Structure1,3-dimethyl-2-iminoimidazoline (8, ImNH) reacts with methyl lithium to give [ImNLi]n (9). In tetrahydrofuran, crystals of C56H96Cl2Li12N24O6 · 8 C4H8O (10) are obtained. The structure of 10 consists of a Li12Cl2N8O2 core in which a peroxo unit is incorporated into a stack of ladder fragments. Over all, four tetrahydrofuran and eight imidazoline ligands are attached at the lithium and nitrogen atoms.
    Notes: 1,3-Dimethyl-2-iminoimidazolin (8, ImNH) reagiert mit Methyllithium in Diethylether zu [ImNLi]n (9). In Tetrahydrofuran werden Kristalle von [Li12O2Cl2(ImN)8(THF)4] · 8 THF (10) erhalten. In 10 liegt ein Li12Cl2N8O2-Käfig in Form gestapelter Leiterfragmente mit O22 als zentraler Einheit vor. Hieran sind über die Lithium- und Stickstoffatome insgesamt vier Tetrahydrofuran- und acht Imidazolin-Liganden koordiniert.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Zirconium ; Lithium ; Hydroxoligands ; Oxoligand ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: An Unusual Trimeric Bimetallic Li—Zr Complex with the Backbone [Zr3(μ2-OH)3(μ3-O)Li5] by Reaction of Zirconiumorgano and Hydrido Complexes with WaterThe reaction of compounds of the type [(LZr)(LiH)(L′)]n and [(LZr)(LiH)(L′)(alkyne)]n (L: 2,2′-Biphenolato-dianion, L′: thf, Bu3P, alkyne: Ph—C≡C—SiMe3, CH≡CH) with water at 0°C in a thf solution results in the formation of th trimeric bimetallic complex 8 [(L2Zr)3(μ2-OH)3(μ3-O)Li5(thf)8(H2O)5] in 50% yield. The X-ray analysis of 8 shows that a planar six-membered ring Zr3(μ2-OH)3 is formed. In the middle of this ring is a dianionic oxygen atom placed, coordinating to the three L2Zr centres in a planar μ3-coordination (bond angles 120,05μ). Five lithium ions stabilize the anionic backbone by bridging the biphenolato chelate ligands, which form seven-membered chelate rings with the atoms.1H-, 13C-, and 7Li-NMR spectra exhibit that the solid state structure remains unchanged in solution (thf).
    Notes: Die Reaktion von Verbindungen des Typs [(LZr)(LiH)(L′)]n und [(LZr)(LiH)(L′)(alkin)]n (L: 2,2′-Biphenolato-dianion, L′: thf, Bu3P, alkin: Ph—C≡C—SiMe3, CH≡CH) mit Wasser führt bei 0°C in thf in 50% Ausbeute zum trimeren Bimetallkomplex 8 [(L2Zr)3(μ2-OH)3(μ3-O) Li5(thf)8(H2O)5]. Die Kristallstrukturanalyse von 8 zeigt, daß ein planarer Zr3(μ2-OH)3-Sechsring gebildet wird. In seiner Mitte ist ein dianionisches Sauerstoffatom fixiert, das an den drei L2Zr-Zentren mit planarer μ3-Koordination gebunden ist (Bindungswinkel Zr—O—Zr 120,05°). Fünf Lithiumionen stabilisieren das anionische Gerüst durch Verbrückung der Biphenolatchelatliganden, die mit den Zr-Atomen Chelatsiebenringe ausbilden. 1H-, 13C- und 7Li-NMR-Spektren zeigen, daß in Lösung (thf) die Festkörperstruktur unverändert erhalten bleibt.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses and Structures of the Phosphorus and Nitrogenbridged Transition Metal Complexes [Pd(NPhPPh2)(PPh3)]2, [Pd(NPhPPh2)2 · Li(thf)]2, [Pd(NPhPPh2)Cl · Li(thf)3]2, [M(NPhPPh2)(HNPhPPh2)]2 (M=Pd, Pt), [M{Ph2P(NPh)2}2] (M=Co, Ni), [Ni(PPh2){Ph2P(NPh)2}]2 and [Ni2(PPh2)(NPhPPh2)(HNPhPPh2)3].From the reaction of LiNPhPPh2 with Palladium-Nickel- and Cobaltcomplexes, depending on the reaction conditions, different monomeric and dimeric complexes can be isolated. In these compounds the (NPhPPh2)--group acts as both a bridging and as a terminal ligand. [Pd(NPhPPh2)(PPh3)]2 (1), [Pd(NPhPPh2)2 · Li(thf)]2 (2) and [Pd(NPhPPh2)Cl · Li(thf)3]2 (3) are formed from the reaction of [PdCl2(PPh3)2] or [PdCl2(COD)] with LiNPhPPh2. In contrast to this from the reaction of Pd(Ac)2 and HNPhPPh2 (in the presence of zinc-dust) or [PtCl2(py)2] and LiNPhPPh2.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von LiNPhPPh2 mit Komplexen des Palladium, Cobalt und Nickel können je nach den Reaktionsbedingungen unterschiedliche einkernige und zweikernige Komplexe isoliert werden, in denen die (NPhPPh2)--Gruppe als Brücke bzw. endständiger Ligand vorliegt. [Pd(NPhPPh2)(PPh3)]2 (1), [Pd(NPhPPh2)2 · Li(thf)]2 (2) und [Pd(NPhPPh2)Cl · Li(thf)3]2 (3) werden bei der Umsetzung von [PdCl2(PPh3)2] bzw. [PdCl2(COD)] mit LiNPhPPh2 gebildet. Dagegen erhält man aus Pd(Ac)2 und HNPhPPh2 (in Gegenwart von Zinkstaub) bzw. [PtCl2(py)2] und LiNPhPPh2 die zweikernigen Komplexe [M(NPhPPh2)(HNPhPPh2)]2 (M = Pd: 4; M = Pt: 5). Die Umsetzung von [MCl2(PR3)2] (M = Ni: R = Ph, iPr; M = Co: R = Ph) führt dagegen zur Bildung der einkernigen Verbindungen [M{Ph2P(NPh)2}2] (M = Ni: 6; M = Co: 7) und des zweikernigen Komplexes [Ni(PPh2){Ph2P(NPh)2}]2 (8). Wird [NiCl2(PPh3)2] mit HNPhPPh2 in Gegenwart von Zinkstaub zur Reaktion gebracht, entsteht [Ni2(PPh2)(NPhPPh2)(HNPhPPh2)3] (9). Die Strukturen von 1-9 konnten mit Hilfe der Röntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt werden. 1-9 besitzen folgende Gitterkonstanten und Raumgruppen:(1: Raumgruppe P1 (Nr. 2), Z = 2, a = 1193,0(4) pm, b = 1325,5(5) pm, c = 1447,2(7) pm, α = 97,01(3)°, β = 112,69(3)°, γ = 115,75(3)°; 2: Raumgruppe P1 (Nr. 2), Z = 2, a = 1264,1(13) pm, b = 1281,7(12) pm, c = 1448,0(2) pm, α = 113,01(6)°, β = 92,99(8)°, γ = 117,28(8)°; 3: Raumgruppe P1 (Nr.2) Z = 2, a = 1094,3(8) pm, b = 1197,5(12) pm, c = 1313,7(17) pm, α = 110,22(6)°, β = 101,33(6)°, γ = 106,45(5)°; 4: Raumgruppe P21/n (Nr. 14), Z = 4, a = 1490,1(4) pm, b = 1336,0(3) pm, c = 1746,9(6) pm, β = 97,52(3)°; 5: Raumgruppe P21/n (Nr. 14), Z = 4, a = 1486,7(2) pm, b = 1332,0(10) pm, c = 1749,0(2), β = 97,65(10)°, 6: Raumgruppe C2/c (Nr. 15), Z = 4, a = 1114,2(2) pm, b = 1722,7(3) pm, c = 2104,6(4) pm, β = 98,70(3); 7: Raumgruppe C2/c (Nr. 15), Z = 4, a = 1110,1(2) pm, b = 1714,3(3) pm, c = 2090,8(4) pm, β = 98,38(3)°; 8: Raumgruppe P1 (Nr. 2), Z = 2, a = 984,40(7) pm, b = 1189,7(8) pm, c = 1412,2(8) pm, γ = 101,49(5)°, β = 97,81(5), γ = 109,24(5); 9: Raumgruppe P1 (Nr. 2), Z = 2, a = 1402,1(9) pm, b = 1416,9(13) pm, c = 2230,0(2) pm, γ = 84,67(7)°, β = 84,98(6)°, γ = 65,72(6)°).
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  • 83
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1131-1134 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Iridium ; ruthenium ; sodium ; calcium ; oxygen ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Strukturen und Charakterisierung von zwei neuen Oxiden vom Sr4PtO6-Typ: NaCa3IrO6 und NaCa3RuO6NaCa3IrO6 (I) und NaCa3RuO6 (II) kristallisieren mit trigonaler (rhomboedrischer) Symmetrie in der Raumgruppe R3c, Z = 6, I: a = 9,272(3) Å, c = 11,214(1) Å, II: a = 9,244(3) Å, c = 11,201(1) Å. I und II sind isotyp zu Verbindungen vom Sr4PtO6-Typ. Die Strukturen wurden mittels Röntgen-Einkristallstrukturanalyse gelöst mit einem R-Wert von 0,032 und Rw = 0,039 für I bzw. R = 0,024 und Rw = 0,031 für II. Die Struktur besteht aus unendlichen Ketten von flächenverknüpften MO6-Oktaedern mit M=Ir bzw. Ru und trigonalen Prismen von NaO6. Die Ketten sind getrennt durch Calcium-Kationen.
    Notes: NaCa3IrO6 (I) and NaCa3RuO6 (II) crystallize with trigonal (rhombohedral) symmetry in the space group R3c, Z = 6, for I a = 9.272(3) Å, c = 11.214(1) Å; for II a = 9.244(3) Å, c = 11.201(1) Å. NaCa3IrO6 (I) and NaCa3RuO6 (II) are isotypic to compounds of the Sr4PtO6 structure type. The structures have been solved by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction data analysis with the reliability factors for I of R = 0.032 and Rw = 0.039; and the the reliability factors for II of R = 0.024 and Rw = 0.031. The structure consists of infinite chains of alternating face-sharing MO6 octahedra, where M=Ir or Ru, and NaO6 trigonal prisms. The chains are separated by the calcium cations.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Trihalogenogermane ; Germatrane ; Transmetalation ; Crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Darstellung, Charakterisierung und Strukturen von 1-(9-Fluorenyl)germatran and 1-(Phenylacetylenyl)germatranÜber die Synthesen der Titelverbindungen, nämlich N(CH2CH2O)3GeY (2 Y=Fluorenyl; 4 Y=PhC≡C) durch Reaktion von X3GeY (1 Y=Fluorenyl, X=Br; 5 Y=PhC≡C, X=Cl) mit N(CH2CH2OSnR3)3 (3 R=Et; 6 R=Bu) wird berichtet und die Darstellung der neuen Verbindung 1 wird beschrieben. Die Strukturen der Verbindungen wurden durch Elementaranalysen sowie mittels 1H and 13C NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt, 2 und 4 massenspektrometrisch charakterisiert. 1, 2 und 4 wurden mit Röntgenbeugungsmethoden analysiert.
    Notes: Syntheses of the title compounds, viz. N(CH2CH2O)3GeY (2 Y=Fluorenyl; 4 Y=PhC≡C) by the reaction of X3GeY (1 Y=Fluorenyl, X=Br; 5 Y=PhC≡C, X=Cl) with N(CH2CH2OSnR3)3 (3 R=Et; 6 R=Bu) are reported including the preparation of the new compound 1. Identity and structures were established by elemental analyses, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 2 and 4 were characterized by mass spectrometry. Single crystal structures of 1, 2 and 4 were determined by X-ray diffraction methods.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tetraalkyl phosphonium triiodide ; tetraalkyl arsonium triiodide ; tetraalkyl stibonium triiodide ; crystal structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses and Crystal Structure Analyses of Tetraalkyl Phosphonium, Arsonium, and Stibonium TriiodidesThe reaction of Me4EI (E=P, As), Me3EtSbI, Me2Et2SbI, MeEt3SbI, or Et4SbI with I2 in absence of solvent gives Me4PI3 (E=P, As), Me3EtSbI3, Me2Et2SbI3, MeEt3SbI3, or Et4SbI3. Me4SbI3 is formed in a reversible reaction by addition of I2 to (Me4Sb)3I8 or by reaction of a solution of Me4SbI in ethanol with I2 in benzene. The crystal structures of Me4EI3 (E=P, Sb), and Me3EtSbI3 and the syntheses of the novel compounds are reported.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von Me4EI (E=P, As), Me3EtSbI, Me2Et2SbI, MeEt3SbI oder Et4SbI mit I2 im Substanzgemisch ohne Lösungsmittel führt zu den entsprechenden Triiodiden Me4EI3 (E=P, As), Me3EtSbI3, Me2Et2SbI3, MeEt3SbI3 oder Et4SbI3. Me4SbI3 entsteht in reversibler Reaktion durch Zugabe von I2 zu (Me4Sb)3I8 oder durch Umsetzung einer ethanolischen Lösung von Me4SbI mit einer Lösung von Iod in Benzol. Über die Kristallstrukturen von Me4EI3 (E=P, Sb) und Me3EtSbI3 und die Synthese der neuen Verbindungen wird berichtet.
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  • 86
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1135-1143 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Copper(I) ; 1-azadienes ; oxidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Copper(I) Complexes with 1-Azadiene Chelate Ligands and Their Reaction with OxygenThe reaction of the bidendate 1-azadiene ligands Me2N—(CH2)n—N=CH—CH=CH—Ph with CuX results in the formation of the dimeric compounds [ACuX]2 and [BCuX]2 (A: n = 2, B: n = 3, X: I, Cl). The structure of complex 1 [ACuI]2 was determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis. 1 consists of two tetrahedrally coordinated Cu atoms connected by two iodo bridges. (Cu—Cu bond length: 261 pm).The ligand Me—N(CH2CH2N=CH—CH=CH—Ph)2 (C) reacts with CuX to form the monomeric complexes [CCuX] (5: X=I, 6: X=Cl). The crystal structure of 5 shows that the ligand acts as a tridendate ligand. The bond lengths of the CuN(sp2) bonds are significantly shorter than the Cu—N(sp3) distance.Reacting the podand-type ligands N(CH2CH2—N=CH—R)3 (D: R=Ph, E: R=-CH=CH—Ph) with CuX yields the ionic complexes 7 [DCu][CuCl2] and 8 [ECu][CuCl2]. 7 was characterized by X-ray analysis which confirmed that D acts as a four-dendate podand ligand.The compounds 1-8 are unreactive towards CO2 but take up O2 even at deep temperatures. At -78°C the orange-red complex 4 [BCuCl]2 reacts with O2 in CH2Cl2 to form a deep violet solution, but the primary product of the oxidation could not be isolated. It reacts at room temperature to form the green complex 9 [μ-Cl, μ-OH][BCuCl]2. The X-ray structure analysis of 9 confirms that a dimeric CuII complex is formed in which both a chloro- and a hydroxo group are bridging the monomeric units. The CuII centers exhibit a distorted tetragonal-pyramidal coordination.The pathway of the reaction with O2 will be discussed.
    Notes: Die Reaktion der zweizähligen 1-Azadienliganden Me2N—(CH2)n—N=CH—CH=CH—Ph mit CuX führt zu den dimeren Komplexen [ACuX]2 and [BCuX]2 (A: n = 2, B: n = 3, X: I, Cl). Die Struktur des Komplexes 1 [ACuI]2 wurde durch Kristallstrukturanalyse bestimmt. 1 enthält zwei tetraedrisch koordinierte Cu-Atome, die über zwei Iodobrücken miteinander verknüpft sind Cu—Cu-Bindungslänge: (261 pm).Der Ligand Me—N(CH2CH2N=CH—CH=CH—Ph)2 (C) reagiert mit CuX unter Bildung der monomeren Komplexe [CCuX] (5: X = I, 6: X=Cl). Die Kristallstruktur von 5 zeigt, daß der Ligand dreizählig koordiniert. Die Bindungslängen der Cu—N(sp2)-Bindungen sind signifikant kleiner als der Cu—N-(sp3)-Abstand.Die Reaktion der Podand-Liganden N(CH2CH2—N=CH—R)3 (D: R=Ph, E: R=-CH=CH—Ph) mit CuX führt zu den ionischen Komplexen 7 [DCu][CuCl2] bzw. 8 [ECu][CuCl2]. 7 wurde durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert, die ausweist, daß D als vierzähliger Ligand fungiert.Die Komplexe 1-8 sind gegenüber CO2 nicht reaktiv, nehmen aber O2 schon bei tiefen Temperaturen auf. Bei -78°C reagiert der orangerote Komplex 4 [BCuCl]2 mit O2 in CH2Cl2 zu einer tiefvioletten Lösung, das Primärprodukt der Oxidation konnte jedoch nicht isoliert werden. Es reagiert bei Raumtemperatur zu dem grünen Komplex 9 [μ-Cl, μ-OH][BCuCl]2. Die Kristallstrukturanalyse belegt, daß ein dimerer CuII-Komplex gebildet wird, in dem eine Chloro- und eine Hydroxobrücke die Monomereinheiten verbrücken. Die CuII-Zentren weisen eine verzerrt tetragonal-pyramidale Koordination auf.Der Reaktionsweg der Umsetzung mit O2 wird diskutiert.
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 8-17 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Octa-μ3-iodo-hexahalogeno-octahedro-hexamolybdate(2-) ; Synthesis ; Crystal Structure ; Vibrational Spectra ; Normal Coordinate Analysis ; Force Constants ; 95Mo NMR ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, NMR, Vibrational Spectra, and Normal Coordinate Analysis of the Cluster Anions [(Mo6I8i)Y6a]2-, Ya = F, Cl, Br, IBy reaction of Mo6I12 with (n-Bu4N); Y = Cl, Br, I in organic solvents the octa-μ3-iodo-hexahalogeno-octahedro-hexamolybdate(2-) anions [(Mo6I8i)Y6a]2- are formed. X-ray structure determinations on single crystals of (n-Bu4N)2[(Mo6I8i)F6a] (1) (orthorhombic, space group Pcnb, a = 15.218(2), b = 18.640(2), c = 20.653(8) Å, Z = 4), (n-Bu4N)2 [(Mo6I8i)Cl6a] (2) (monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 12.272(2), b = 13.117(1), c = 18.699(2) Å, β = 93.72(1)°, Z = 2), (n-Bu4N)2 [(Mo6I8i)Br6a] (3) (monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 12.490(8), b = 13.010(2), c = 19.141(1) Å, β = 92.00(1)°, Z = 2), (n-Bu4N)2 [(Mo6I8i)I6a] (4) (monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 11.556(2), b = 11.567(8), c = 24.539(4) Å, β = 96.69(2)°, Z = 2) and (Ph3P=N=PPh3)2 [(Mo6I8i)Cl6a] (5) (triclinic, space group P1, a = 13.095(1), b = 13.475(1), c = 13.470(2) Å, α = 81.392(9)°, β = 81.165(8)°, γ = 60.589(6)°, Z = 1) show regular geometry of the cluster anions with systematic stretchings in the (Mo—Mo) bond length and a slight compression of the I8i cube in the Fa to Ia series. The i.r. and Raman spectra reveal at 10 K almost constant frequencies of the (Mo6I8i) cluster vibrations, whereas all modes with Ya ligand contribution are characteristically shifted. The A1g vibrations are assigned by polarization measurements on saturated solutions in propylencarbonate/acetonitrile (2:1). The valence force constants determined by normal coordination analysis are for fd(Mo—Mo) in the range from 1.4 (Fa) to 1.2 (Ia), for fd(Mo—Ii) ca. 0.80 and for fd(Mo—Ya) from 2.0 (Fa) to 1.0 (Ia) mdyn/Å. The 95Mo nmr signal is shifted to higher field with decreasing electronegativity of the Ya ligands, 4368 (Fa), 3757 (Cla), 3569 (Bra) and 3262 ppm (Ia).
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Mo6I12 mit (n-Bu4N)Y; Y = CI, Br, I in organischen Lösungsmitteln entstehen die Octa-μ3-iodo-hexahalogeno-octahedro-hexamolyb-dat(2-)-Anionen [(Mo6I8iY6a]2-. Die Röntgenstrukturanalysen an Einkristallen von (n-Bu4N)2[(Mo6I8i)F6a] (1) (orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe Penb, a = 15,218(2), b = 18,640(2), c = 20,653(8) Å, Z = 4), (n-Bu4N)2[(Mo6I8i)Cl6a] (2) (monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/n, a = 12,272(2), b = 13,117(1), c = 18,699(2) Å, β = 93,72(1)°, Z = 2), (n-Bu4N)2[(Mo6I8i)Br6a] (3) (monoklin, Raumgruppe P 21/c, a = 12,490(8), b = 13,010(2), c = 19,141(1) Å, β = 92,00(1)°, Z = 2), (n-Bu4N)2[(Mo6I8i)I6a] (4) (monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/n, a = 11,556(2), b = 11,567(8), c = 24,539(4) Å, β = 96,69(2)°, Z = 2) und (Ph3P=N=PPh3)2[(Mo6l8i)Cl6a] (5) (triklin, Raumgruppe P1, a = 13,095(1), b = 13,475(1), c = 13,470(2) Å, α = 81,392(9)°, β = 81,165(8)°), γ = 60,589(6)°, Z = 1) zeigen regelmäßige Geometrie der Clusteranionen mit systematischer Verlängerung der (Mo—Mo)-Bindungsabstände und einer geringfügigen Kontraktion der I8i-Würfel beim Übergang Fa → Ia. Die IR- und Raman-Spektren ergeben bei 10 K für das Clustergerüst (Mo6I8i) nahezu lagekonstante Schwingungen, während alle Moden, an denen die Ya-Liganden beteiligt sind, charakteristische Verschiebungen aufweisen. Die Schwingungen der Rasse A1g werden durch Polarisationsmessungen der Raman-Spektren an gesättigten Lösungen in Propylencarbonat/Acetonitril (2:1) zugeordnet. Die durch Normalkoordinatenanalysen ermittelten Valenzkraftkonstanten liegen für fd(Mo—Mo) zwischen 1,4 (Fa) und 1,2 (Ia), für fd(Mo—Ii) ca. bei 0,80 und für fd(Mo—Ya) bei 2,0 (Fa) bis 1,0 (Ia) mdyn/Å. Das 95Mo-NMR-Signal wird mit abnehmender Elektronegativität der Ya-Liganden zu höherem Feld verschoben, 4368 (Fa), 3757 (Cla), 3569 (Bra) und 3262 ppm (Ia).
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: LiMg[BN2] ; Ba4[BN2]2O ; Nitridoborates ; Linear Anions [BN2]3- ; Crystal Structure ; Vibrational Spectrum ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ternary Nitridoborates. 1. LiMg[BN2] and Ba4[BN2]2O, Compounds with the Anion [N—B—N]3-: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Vibrational SpectraLiMg[BN2] and Ba4[BN2]2O were synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the binary components Li3N, Mg3N2, BN and BaO, Ba3N2. BN in sealed niobium ampoules at 1575 and 1350 K, respectively. The structures are characterized by isolated anions [N—B—N]3-, packed in different ways (LiMg[BN2]: I4/mmm (No. 139); a = 379.8 pm, c = 891.6 pm, c/a = 2.348; Z = 2; Ba4[BN2]2O; Cmca (No. 64); a = 1575.3 pm, b = 729.1 pm, c = 731.9 pm; Z = 4). The bond lengths and the bond angles are d(B—N) = 133.6 pm and β(N—B—N) = 180° in LiMg[BN2] and d(B—N) = 135 pm and β(N—B—N) = 173.4° in Ba4[BN2]2O, respectively.The vibrational spectra have been interpreted with respect to the D∞h symmetry of the isolated [N—B—N]3- anions, taking into account the slight symmetry reduction to C2v in Ba4[BN2]2O. The calculated valence force constants f(B—N) = 8.16 Ncm-1 and f(B—N) = 7.55 Ncm-1 are discussed and compared with those of other nitridoborates.
    Notes: LiMg[BN2] und Ba4[BN2]2O bilden sich aus stöchiometrischen Gemengen der binären Komponenten Li3N, Mg3N2, BN bzw. BaO, Ba3N2, BN in verschweißten Nb-Ampullen bei 1575 bzw. 1350 K. Die charakteristischen Bauelemente sind isolierte [N—B—N]3- -Anionen, die im Kristall unterschiedlich gepackt sind (LiMg[BN2]: I4/mmm (Nr. 139); a = 379.8 pm, c = 891.6pm, c/a = 2.348; Z = 2; Ba4[BN2]2O: Cmca (Nr.64); a = 1575.3 pm, b = 729.1pm, c = 731.9 pm; Z = 4). Die Bindungslängen und Bindungswinkel betragen d(B—N) = 133.6 pm und β(N—B—N) = 180° in LiMg[BN2] bzw. d(B—N) = 135 pm und β(N-B-N) = 173.4° in Ba4[BN2]2O.Die Schwingungsspektren der Verbindungen wurden auf der Basis der D∞h-Symmetrie der isolierten [N—B—N]3--Anionen unter Berücksichtigung der Symmetrieerniedrigung nach C2v in Ba4[BN2]2O interpretiert. Die aus den gemessenen Frequenzen berechneten Kraftkonstanten f(B—N) = 8.16 bzw. 7.55 Ncm-1 werden diskutiert und mit denen anderer Nitridoborate verglichen.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Vanadium phosphate ; mixed valence compound V4+/V5+ ; microporosity ; disorder ; open framework ; crystal structure ; single crystal X-ray diffraction ; anti-Keggin group ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Das System Na/V/P/N(C2H5)3/H2O bei 473 K und die neue offene Struktur der Vanadiumphosphat-Phase Nav[((V4-w4+V1+w5+) O9)(PO4)2] · (PO4)x · (OH)y · zH2O (v = 2,8 bis 4,0; w = -0,1 bis 1,1; x = 0 bis 0,2; y = 0 bis 2,1; z = 7 bis 10)Eine Untersuchung des Na/V/P/N(C2H5)3/H2O-Systems bei 473 K unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen ergibt verschiedene Phasen im pH-Bereich von 2,65 bis 12. Bei niedrigen pH-Werten wurde die NaV4+OPO4-Phase erhalten. Im schwach sauren, neutralen und schwach basischen Bereich wurde die Nav[((V4-w4+V1+w5+) O9)(PO4)2] · (PO4)X · (OH)y · zH2O-Phase (oder kurz FVP-1) (mit v = 2.8 bis 4.0, w = -0.1 bis 1.1, x = 0 bis 0.2, y = 0 bis 2.1 and z = 7 bis 10) gefunden. Ihre Kristallstruktur wurde in der Raumgruppe Im3m mit a = 16.025 Å gelöst. Die Kristallstruktur enthält V4+V5+O9(PO4)2-Gruppen, in welchen die Vanadiumatome in quadratisch pyramidaler Koordination mit den Sauerstoffatomen vorliegen. Die Gruppen besitzen die Gestalt einer Pickelhaube, wobei die Spitze die Vanadylgruppe des zentralen V5+ Polyeders ist. Sie sind statistisch um eine Spiegelebene angeordnet und bilden eine V10/2O18/2(PO4)2-Gruppe. Diese sind über die Phosphattetraeder miteinander verknüpft und bilden dabei ein offenes poröses Gerüst, das die Topologie des NbO-Netzes hat. Das Gerüst hat einen freien mittleren Kanaldurchmesser von 4.1 Å und eine Dichte von 10.2 Vanadium- und Phosphatpolyedern pro 1000 Å3. Dieses und zwei verwandte kürzlich gefundene Strukturen sind mikroporöse Gerüste mit der bisher größten gefundenen Porösität. Kein Aluminosilicat oder Aluminophosphat mit einem ähnlich großen Porenanteil ist bisher bekannt geworden. Die FVP-1 Phase kollabiert nicht beim Heizen in Luft bis 523 K und im Vakuum bis 623 K. Sie dehydratisiert und rehydratisiert reversibel. Redoxtitrationen von 19 Proben zeigten, daß das V4+/V5+ Verhältnis zwischen 4.1(2)/0.9(2) un d2.9(2)/2.1(2) variiert. Synthesen mit V25+O5 als Vanadiumquelle ergaben kleinere V4+/V5+ Verhältnisse als solche mit V4+OSO4. Die Tatsache, daß FVP-1 Unordnungserscheinungen zeigt, macht es möglicherweise für katalytische Anwendungen interessant.
    Notes: An examination of the Na/V/P/N(C2H5)3/H2O system at 473 K under hydrothermal conditions yields several different phases in the pH range of 2.65 to 12. At low pH values a NaV4+OPO4 phase was obtained. In the weakly acid, neutral or low basic pH ranges the Nav[((V4-w4+V1+w5+) O9)(PO4)2] · (PO4)x · (OH)y · zH2O (or FVP-1 for short) phase was found (with v = 2.8 to 4.0, w = -0.1 to 1.1, x = 0 to 0.2, y = 0 to 2.1 and z = 7 to 10). Its crystal structure was solved in space group Im3m with a = 16.025 Å. It contains V44+V5+O9(PO4)2 groups in which the vanadium atoms have a square pyramidal coordination of oxygen atoms in the shape of a spiked helmet, where the spike is the vanadyl group of the central V5+ coordination polyhedron. These groups are statistically arranged around a mirror plane yielding an V10/2O18/2(PO4)2 grouping and connect to form an open porous framework by bridging via the phosphate groups following the topology of the NbO type net. The framework has a mean free channel diameter of about 4.1 Å and a density of 10.2 vanadium and phosphorus polyhedra per 1000 Å3. This makes it, together with two other recently found related frameworks, the most open microporous framework described so far. No aluminosilicates or aluminophosphates of similar openness are known. In air the FVP-1 phase does not collapse when heated to 523 K, in vacuum it remains stable to 623 K. It dehydrates and rehydrates reversibly. Redox titrations of 19 samples show that the V4+/V5+ ratios vary from 4.1(2)/0.9(2) to 2.9(2)/2.1(2). Syntheses using V2O5 as a source of vanadium yield samples with lower V4+/V5+ ratios than those based on VOSO4. The fact that FVP-1 displays disorder makes the compound possibly interesting for potential catalytic applications.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1614-1620 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Structure determination ; vanadium weberites ; disodium metal(II) vanadium(III) heptafluorides ; sodium tetrafluoro-vanadate(III) ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structures of the Vanadium Weberites Na2MIIVIIIF7 (MII = Mn, Ni, Cu) and of NaVF4At single crystals of the vanadium(III) compounds NaVF4 (a = 790.1, b = 531.7, c = 754.0 pm, β = 101.7°; P21/c, Z = 4), Na2NiVF7 (a = 726.0, b = 1031.9, c = 744.6 pm; Imma, Z = 4) and Na2CuVF7 (a = 717.6, b = 1043.5, c = 754.6 pm; Pmnb, Z = 4) X-ray structure determinations were performed, at Na2MnVF7 (a = 746.7, c = 1821.6 pm; P3221, Z = 6) a new refinement. NaVF4 crystallizes in the layer structure type of NaNbO2F2. The fluorides Na2MIIVF7 represent new orthorhombic (MII = Ni; Cu) resp. trigonal (MII = Mn) weberites. The average distances within the [VF6] octahedra of the four compounds are in good agreement with each other and with data of related fluorides (V—F: 193.3 pm). The differences between mean bond lengths of terminal and bridging F ligands are 5% in NaVF4, but less than 1% in the weberites. Details and data for comparison are discussed.
    Notes: An Einkristallen der Vanadium(III)-Verbindungen NaVF4 (a = 790,1, b = 531,7, c = 754,0 pm, β = 101,7°; P21/c, Z = 4), Na2NiVF7 (a = 726,0, b = 1031,9, c = 744,6 pm; Imma, Z = 4) und Na2CuVF7 (a = 717,6, b = 1043,5, c = 754,6 pm; Pmnb, Z = 4) wurden Röntgenstrukturbestimmungen durchgeführt, an Na2MnVF7 (a = 746,7, c = 1821,6 pm; P3221, Z = 6) eine neue Verfeinerung. NaVF4 kristallisiert in der Schichtstruktur des NaNbO2F2-Typs. Die Fluoride Na2MIIVF7 sind neue orthorhombische (MII = Ni; Cu) bzw. trigonale (MII = Mn) Weberit-Vertreter. Die mittleren Abstände in den [VF6]-Oktaedern der vier Verbindungen stimmen gut miteinander und mit Daten in verwandten Fluoriden überein (V—F: 193,3 pm). Die Unterschiede zwischen den mittleren Abständen terminaler und verbrückender F-Liganden betragen in NaVF4 5%, in den Weberiten aber weniger als 1%. Einzelheiten und Vergleichsdaten werden diskutiert.
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1599-1608 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Cyclophosphazenes ; [3]ferrocenophanes ; 1,1′-ferrocene-dichalcogenato compounds ; NMR spectra ; crystal structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Ferrocenol and 1,1′-Ferrocendiol with Cyclotriphosphazenes, P3N3F6 and P3N3Cl6The hexahalogeno-cyclotriphosphazenes, P3N3X6 (X = F (1 a), Cl (1 b)), react with ferrocenol (FcOH) in a molar ratio 1 : 1 to give the ferrocenoxy derivatives, FcO[P3N3X5] (X = F (3 a), Cl (3 b)); in an analogous manner the tetrameric ring P4N4Cl8 (2 b) is converted to FcO[P4N4Cl7] (4 b). Abkürzungen: Fc = Ferrocenyl, (C5H5)Fe(C5H4-); fc = 1,1′-ferrocendiyl, Fe(C5H4-)2; rc = 1,1′-ruthenocendiyl, Ru(C5H4-)2. Fluorphosphazene werden mit a, Chlorphosphazene mit b gekennzeichnet. With 1,1′-ferrocenediol, (fc(OH) 2), the cyclo triphosphazenes react in a molar ratio 1 : 1 to produce fcO 2[P 3 N 3 X 4] (X = F ( 5 a), Cl ( 5 b)). According to the x-ray structure analysis, the 1,1′-ferrocenediolato group in 5 a , b is bound to two different phosphorus atoms. On the contrary, the 1,1′-ferrocenedithiolato- and 1,1′-ferrocenediselenolato units in fcS 2[P 3 N 3 X 5] (X = F ( 6 a), Cl ( 6 b)) and fcSe 2[P 3 N 3 X 5] (X = F ( 7 a), Cl ( 7 b)) are attached to only one phosphorus atom, and spirocyclic 1,3-dichalcogena-2-phospha-[3]ferrocenophanes are formed. All new products have been characterized on the basis of their 1 H, 13 C and 31 P NMR as well as EI mass spectra. The molecular structures of 5 a , b and 6 a have been determined by x-ray structure analyses.
    Notes: Die Hexahalogen-cyclotriphosphazene, P3N3X6 (X = F (1 a), Cl (1 b)), reagieren mit Ferrocenol, FcOH, im Molverhältnis 1 : 1 unter Bildung der Ferrocenoxy-Derivate FcO[P3N3X5] (X = F (3 a), Cl (3 b)); der tetramere Ring P4N4Cl8 (2 b) bildet in analoger Weise FcO[P4N4Cl7] (4 b). 1,1′-Ferrocendiol, fc(OH)2, setzt sich mit P3N3X6 im Molverhältnis 1 : 1 zu fcO2[P3N3X4] (X = F (5 a), Cl (5 b)) um; nach der Röntgenstrukturanalyse ist der 1,1′-Ferrocendiolato-Rest in 5 a, b an zwei verschiedene Phosphoratome gebunden. Dagegen werden die 1,1′-Ferrocendithiolat- und 1,1′-Ferrocendiselenolat-Reste in fcS2[P3N3X4] (X = F (6 a), Cl (6 b)) bzw. fcSe2[P3N3X4] (X = F (7a), Cl (7 b)) jeweils nur an ein Phosphoratom angekoppelt, so daß spirocyclische 1,2-Dichalkogena-2-phospha[3]ferrocenophane entstehen. Alle neuen Produkte wurden anhand ihrer 1H-, 13C- und 31P-NMR-Spektren und der EI-Massenspektren charakterisiert; für 5 a, b und 6 a wurde die Molekülstruktur durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt.
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  • 92
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1621-1624 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium auride thallide ; gold chains ; thallium dumb-bells, synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Na4AuTl, the First Ternary Compound in the System Sodium/Gold/ThalliumSilver coloured, brittle single crystals of Na4AuTl were obtained by the reaction of NaN3, gold sponge and TlN3 at 773 K. The structure was determined from X-ray single-crystal diffractometry data: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm space}\,{\rm group}\,{\rm Fmmm,}\,{\rm Z = 8,}\,{\rm a = 5}{\rm .453(1)}\mathop {\rm A}\limits^ \circ,\,{\rm b = 10}{\rm .006(2)}\,\,\mathop {\rm A}\limits^ \circ,\,{\rm c = 23}{\rm .387(5)}\,\mathop {\rm A}\limits^ \circ $$\end{document} Na4AuTl crystallizes in a new structure type with separated gold and thallium partial structures. These consist of linear ∞1[Au2/2] chains and [Tl2] dumb-bells. Structural relationships between Na2Au and the Na Au partial structure of Na4AuTl are discussed.
    Notes: Silberfarbene, spröde Einkristalle eines bislang unbekannten Na4AuTl wurden durch Umsetzung von NaN3, Goldschwamm und TlN3 bei 773 K erhalten. Die Struktur wurde aus Röntgen-Einkristall-Diffraktometerdaten bestimmt: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm Raumgruppe}\,{\rm Fmmm,}\,{\rm Z = 8,}\,{\rm a = 5,453(1)}\mathop {\rm A}\limits^ \circ,\,{\rm b = 10,006(2)}\,\,\mathop {\rm A}\limits^ \circ,\,{\rm c = 23,387(5)}\,\mathop {\rm A}\limits^ \circ $$\end{document} Na4AuTl kristallisiert in einem neuen Strukturtyp mit voneinander separierten Gold- und Thallium-Teilstrukturen, die aus linearen ∞1[Au2/2]-Ketten und [Tl2]-Hanteln aufgebaut sind. Strukturbeziehungen zwischen Na2Au und der Na—Au-Teilstruktur von Na4AuTl werden diskutiert.
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  • 93
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1633-1638 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: (CH3)2S derivatives ; Structure ; Spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: (CH3)2SBr2 - Reactions and Structures(CH3)2SBr2 (1) is a donor acceptor complex (8-S-3 + 10-Br-2) which reacts with (CH3)2S(=O)NSi(CH3)3 to yield [(CH3)2S(O)=N—S(CH3)2]+Br- (2). With SbBr3 (CH3)2SBr+SbBr4- (3) can be isolated. 1 crystallizes monoclinic in the space group P21/c with a = 733.8, b = 734.2, c = 1132.7 pm, β = 92.8° and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a = 967.2, b = 793.3, c = 1168.3 pm and Z = 4. The SBr and BrBr force constants of 1 are compared with those of S2Br2, 3 and Br2 resp. The nmr and mass spectra of 1 and 2 are communicated.
    Notes: (CH3)2SBr2 (1) ist ein (8-S-3 + 10-Br-2) Donor-Akzeptor-Komplex(8-S-3 + 10-Br-2) bedeutet: acht Valenzelektronen am S-Atom, das von drei Bindungspartnern umgeben ist, und zehn Valenzelektronen am Br-Atom, das zwei Bindungspartner hat; s.: S. W. Perkins, J. C. Martin, A. J. Arduengeo III, W. Lau, A. Alegria, J. K. Kochi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 7753. und reagiert mit (CH3)2S(=O)NSi(CH3)3 zu [(CH3)2S(O)=N—S(CH3)2]+Br- (2), mit SbBr3 zu (CH3)2SBr+SbBr4- (3). 1 kristallisiert monoklin (P21/c) mit a = 733,8, b = 734,2, c = 1132,7 pm, β = 92,8° und Z = 4. 2 kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pnma mit a = 967,2, b = 793,3, c = 1168,3 pm und Z = 4. Die SBr- und BrBr-Kraftkonstanten von 1 werden mit denen von S2Br2 und 3 bzw. Br2 verglichen. Die NMR- und Massenspektren von 1 und 2 werden kurz diskutiert.
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  • 94
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1625-1632 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium trifluormethanesulfonate ; monohydrate ; crystal structure ; phase transition ; sodium ionic conduction ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on Sodium Trifluormethanesulfonate - Crystal Structure and Phase Transition of Sodium Trifluormethanesulfonate Monohydrate and Sodium Ion Conductivity of Anhydrous Sodium TrifluormethanesulfonateAccording to the results of temperature dependent powder diffractometry (Guinier-Simon-technique) sodium trifluormethanesulfonate monohydrate is dimorphous. The phase transition occurs at -35°C. The room-temperature modification crystallizes monoclinic in space group P21/c with the lattice parameters a = 941.6(5) pm, b = 654.3(2) pm, c = 1062.4(5) pm and β = 107.73(2)°. The crystal structure consists of double layers of trifluormethanesulfonate anions, the lipophilic CF3-groups pointing at each other. Sodium is coordinated by four oxygen atoms from four different anions and by two molecules of crystal water. The resulting polyhedron may be addressed as a distorted octahedron. The low-temperature modification crystallizes orthorhombic in space group Pnma with the lattice parameters a = 645.31(9) pm, b = 538.03(9) pm, c = 1745.3(3) pm. The loss of crystal water occurs at 136°C. Anhydrous sodium trifluormethanesulfonate shows a phase transition at 252°C. The high-temperature modification is a good sodium ionic conductor (σ = 4.1 · 10-1 Ω-1 cm-1 at 250°C).
    Notes: Nach Kühl-Guinier-Simon-Untersuchungen ist Natriumtrifluormethylsulfonatmonohydrat dimorph. Die Phasenumwandlung erfolgt bei -35°C. Die Raumtemperaturmodifikation kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 941,6(5) pm, b = 654,3(2) pm, c = 1062,4(5) pm und β = 107,73(2)°. In der Kristallstruktur liegen Doppelschichten aus Trifluormethylsulfonatanionen vor, in denen die unpolaren CF3-Gruppen einander zugewandt sind. Natrium wird von jeweils einem Sauerstoffatom aus vier verschiedenen Anionen sowie von zwei Kristallwassermolekülen koordiniert und erreicht eine verzerrt oktaedrische Koordination. Die Tieftemperaturmodifikation kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pnma mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 645,31(9) pm, b = 538,03(9) pm, c = 1745,3(3) pm. Die Abgabe von einem Mol Kristallwasser erfolgt bei 136°C. Wasserfreies Natriumtrifluormethylsulfonat zeigt eine Phasenumwandlung in eine Hochtemperaturmodifikation bei 252°C, die eine gute Natriumionenleitfähigkeit zeigt (σ = 4,1 · 10-1 Ω-1 cm-1 bei 250°C).
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  • 95
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1639-1643 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lanthanoide chalcogenidehalides ; erbium selenidebromide ; erbium selenideiodide ; sodium erbium selenide ; crystal structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structures of ErSeI and NaErSe2It is reported about attempts to synthesize lanthanoide selenidehalides of the formula LnSeX (X = Cl, Br, I) exemplary for Ln = Er. The relative stabilities of these compounds are discussed. X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed for the compounds ErSeBr and ErSeI the FeOCl-structure type (space group Pmmn, Z = 2, a = 406.3(5) pm, b = 559.2(6) pm, and c = 795(1) pm, and a = 418.26(6) pm, b = 558.4(1) pm, and c = 889.0(2) pm, respectively). A corresponding chloride was not found within the scope of this investigation. From the educts Er2Se3 and ErCl3 in the presence of NaCl as flux in Nb-ampoules the compound NaErSe2 was formed instead which crystallizes in an α-NaFeO2-type structure (space group R3m, Z = 3, a = 408.41(2) pm and c = 2067.4(2) pm).
    Notes: Berichtet wird über die Versuche zur Synthese von Lanthanoidselenidhalogeniden der Formel LnSeX (X = Cl, Br, I) am Beispiel Ln = Er. Die relativen Stabilitäten der angesprochenen Verbindungen untereinander werden diskutiert. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse ergab für die Verbindungen ErSeBr und ErSeI den FeOCl-Strukturtyp (Raumgruppe Pmmn, Z = 2, a = 406.3(5) pm, b = 559.2(6) pm und c = 795(1) pm für X = Br und a = 418.26(6) pm, b = 558.4(1) pm und c = 889.0(2) pm für X = I). Ein entsprechendes Chlorid konnte im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen nicht gefunden werden. Statt dessen bildete sich aus Er2Se3 und ErCl3 mit NaCl als Schmelzmittel in Nb-Ampullen die Verbindung NaErSe2, die im α-NaFeO2-Typ kristallisiert (Raumgruppe R3m, Z = 3, a = 408.41(2) pm und c = 2067.4(2) pm).
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  • 96
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1679-1683 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Organoindium compounds ; chelate complexes ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The 3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)prop-1-enyl Group as a Chelate Ligand in Indium OrganylsInBr3 reacts with Me2NCH2CH=CHMgCl (molar ratio 1 : 2) to form (Me2NCH2CH=CH)2InBr (1) as the first indium alkenyl compound with amino-functionalized alkenyl groups. The X-ray structure determination shows the formation of a chelate complex. 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fddd with the unit cell parameters a = 14.904(2) Å, b = 17.140(1) Å and c = 21.035(2) Å. By reaction of Me2InBr with Me2NCH2CH=CHMgCl (molar ratio 1 : 1) (Me2NCH2CH=CH)InMe2 (2) is formed as a colorless, at room temperature liquid, monomeric compound. The n.m.r. and mass spectra are discussed.
    Notes: InBr3 reagiert mit Me2NCH2CH=CHMgCl (Molverhältnis 1 : 2) in Diethylether als Lösungsmittel zu (Me2NCH2CH=CH)2InBr (1), der ersten Indium-Alkenylverbindung mit aminofunktionalisierten Alkenylresten. Die Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse zeigt das Vorliegen eines Chelatkomplexes an. 1 kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Fddd mit Z = 16, a = 14,904(2) Å, b = 17,1405(14) Å und c = 21,035(2) Å. Aus Me2InBr und Me2NCH2CH=CHMgCl (Molverhältnis 1 : 1) wurde (Me2NCH2CH=CH)InMe2 (2) als farblose, bei Raumtemperatur flüssige, monomere Verbindung erhalten. Die 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren sowie Massenspektren werden mitgeteilt.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chromium(II)-orthophosphate ; crystal growth ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Beiträge zum thermischen Verhalten und zur Kristallchemie von wasserfreien Phosphaten. XIX. Tri-chrom(II)-bis-phosphat Cr3(PO4)2 (≙ Cr6(PO4)4) - Ein Übergangsmetall(II)- Orthophosphat mit neuem StrukturtypIntensiv blau-violette Kristalle des bislang unbekannten Tri-chrom(II)-bis-phosphats, Cr3(PO4)2, entstehen bei der Reduktion von CrPO4 mit Chrom oberhalb von 1050°C (evakuierte Quarzglasampullen, wenige mg NH4I oder I2 als Mineralisator). Die Kristallstruktur von Cr3(PO4)2 enthält sechs kristallographisch unabhängige Cr2+ in der Elementarzelle (P212121, Z = 8, a = 8,4849(10) Å, b = 10,3317(10) Å, c = 14,206(3) Å). Davon sind fünf in der ersten Koordinationssphäre von vier Sauerstoffatomen leicht verzerrt quadratisch-planar umgeben (1,96 Å ≤ d(Cr—O) ≤ 2.15 Å). Deren Koordination wird vervollständigt durch zwei bzw. drei weiter entfernte Sauerstoffatome (2,32 Å ≤ d(Cr—O) ≤ 3,21 Å). Das sechste Cr2+-Ion ist stark verzerrt oktaedrisch koordiniert (d(Cr—O): 1,97, 2,04, 2,15, 2,28, 2,29, 2,53 Å).Die vier kristallographisch unterschiedlichen [PO4]-Gruppen zeigen nur geringe Abweichungen von der Geometric eines idealen Tetraeders (1,51 Å ≤ d(P—O) ≤ 1,57 Å; 104,3° ≤ ∠(O—P—O) ≤ 114,4°).Für die Cr2+ wurde mit μexp = 4,28(2) μB (θP = -54,8(5) K) ein ungewöhnlich niedriges mittleres magnetische Moment gefunden.
    Notes: Deep blue-violet single crystals of hitherto unknown chromous orthophosphate have been obtained reducing CrPO4 by elemental Cr at temperatures above 1050°C in evacuated silica ampoules (NH4I or I2 as mineraliser). The complex structure of Cr3(PO4)2 (P212121, Z = 8, a = 8.4849(10) Å, b = 10.3317(10) Å, c = 14.206(2) Å) contains six crystallographically independent Cr2+ per unit cell. Five of them are coordinated by four oxygen atoms which form a distorted (roof shaped) square plane as first coordination sphere at interatomic distances 1.96 Å ≤ d(Cr—O) ≤ 2.15 Å. Their coordination is completed by additional oxygen atoms (2 or 3) at distances 2.32 Å ≤ d(Cr—O) ≤ 3.21 Å. The sixth Cr2+ shows six-fold octahedral coordination with strong radial distortion (d(Cr—O): 1.97, 2.04, 2.15, 2.28, 2.29, 2.53 Å).The four different [PO4] groups exhibit only minor deviations from ideal tetrahedral geometry (1.51 Å ≤ d(P—O) ≤ 1.57 Å, 104.3° ≤ ∠(O—P—O) ≤ 114.4°).An unusually low magnetic moment μexp = 4.28(2) μB (θP = -54.8(5) K) has been observed for Cr2+.
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  • 98
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Cyclopolyarsane ; Hexa(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexaarsane ; Cyclohexaarsane ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Structure of Hexa(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexaarsaneHexa(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexaarsane 4 was prepared by the reaction of 4-methoxyphenylarsonic acid with hypophosphorous acid. The structure of 4 was determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The crystals of 4 are monoclinic, a = 6.258(6) Å, b = 21.687(19) Å, c = 15.583(14) Å, β = 100.11(7)°, spacegroup P21/c. 4 consists of a six-membered ring in chair conformation and centrical symmetry. The mean bond lengths and angles are As—As = 2.46 Å, As—C = 1.96 Å, As—As—As = 91°, As—As—C = 97°. NMR investigations proved the presence of several species in CDCl3 and C6D6 solutions, respectively.
    Notes: Hexa(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexaarsan 4 wurde durch Umsetzung von 4-Methoxyphenylarsonsäure mit Unterphosphoriger Säure erhalten. Die Struktur von 4 wurde durch Kristallstrukturanalyse bestimmt. Kristalle von 4 sind monoklin, a = 6.258 (6) Å, b = 21.687(19) Å, c = 15.583(14) Å, β = 100.11(7)°, Raumgruppe P21/c. 4 besteht aus einem zentrosymmetrischen Sechsring in Sesselkonformation. Die Bindungslängen und -winkel betragen im Mittel As—As = 2.46 Å, As—C = 1.96 Å, As—As—As = 91°, As—As—C = 97°. In CDCl3- bzw. C6D6-Lösungen von 4 konnten mittels NMR mehrere Spezies nachgewiesen werden.
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  • 99
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 84-88 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Barium ; Vanadium ; Arsenium Oxide ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ba(VO)As2O7 - a Vanadyl-Diarsenate with Layered StructureDark green single crystals of Ba(VO)As2O7 have been prepared by solid state reactions in closed quartz tubes. X-ray investigations led to monoclinic symmetry, space group C2h5 P21/a, a = 6.843(2), b = 14.636(4), c = 7.460(2) Å, β = 116.02(2)°, Z = 4. Ba(VO)As2O7 is nonisotypic to BaV3O8 (= Ba(VO)V2O7). The structure is characterized by ∞2[(VO)As2O7] layers parallel to (110), sandwiching Ba2+ ions. As5+ shows tetrahedral and V4+ square pyramidal coordination with one short V—O bond typical for vanadyl groups.
    Notes: Dunkelgrüne Einkristalle von Ba(VO)As2O7 wurden durch Festkörperreaktionen in geschlossenen Quarzampullen dargestellt. Röntgenographische Untersuchungen führten zu monokliner Symmetrie, Raumgruppe C2h5 P21/a, mit a = 6,843(2), b = 14,636(4), c = 7,460(2) Å, β = 116,02(2)°, Z = 4. Es besteht keine Isotypie zu BaV3O8 (= Ba(VO)V2O7). Die Kristallstruktur zeichnet sich durch ∞2[(VO)As2O7]-Schichten parallel zu (110) aus, die durch Ba2+-Ionen verknüpft werden. As5+ zeigt tetraedrische und V4+ die für Vanadylgruppen typische quadratisch pyramidale Koordination mit einem kurzen V—O-Abstand.
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  • 100
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 79-83 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; synthesis ; ammine complexes ; fluoride ; zirconium ; hafnium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Fluoride-Ammine Complexes Zr(NH3)F4 and Hf(NH3)F4Colourless, easily cleavable single crystals of Zr(NH3)F4 and Hf(NH3)F4 without special shape are obtained by oxidation of zirconium and hafnium metal powder with NH4HF2 (molar ratio 1 : 2) in sealed Monel ampoules at reaction temperatures of 380-450°C. The two fluorideammine complexes crystallize isotypically in the triclinic space group P1 (no. 2) with a = 601.4(1)/597.8(8) pm [Zr(NH3F4)/Hf(NH3)F4], b = 802.8(2)/800.6(12) pm, c = 862.3(2)/860.8(8) pm, α = 106.39(1)/106.19(10)°, β = 104.25(1)/104.51(9)°, γ = 106.83(1)/106.69(11)°, Z = 4. Bicapped trigonal prisms [M(NH3)F7] are connected via edges and corners to form corrugated layers that are held together by hydrogen bonding.
    Notes: Farblose, leicht spaltbare Einkristalle von Zr(NH3)F4 und Hf(NH3)F4 ohne ausgeprägten Habitus erhält man durch Oxidation von Zirconium- bzw. Hafnium-Metallpulver mit NH4HF2 (molares Verhältnis 1:2) in verschweißten Monelampullen bei Reaktionstemperaturen von 380-450°C. Die beiden Ammoniakate kristallisieren isotyp in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1 (Nr. 2) mit a = 601,4(1)/597,8(8) pm [Zr(NH3)F4/Hf(NH3)F4], b = 802,8(2)/800,6(I2) pm, c = 862,3(2)/860,8(8) pm, α = 106,39(1)/106,19(10)°, β = 104,25(1)/104,51(9)°, γ = 106,83(1)/106,69(11)°, Z = 4. Es liegen zweifach bekappte trigonale Prismen [M(NH3)F7] (M = Zr, Hf) vor, die über gemeinsame Kanten und Ecken zu gewellten Schichten verknüpft sind, die ihrerseits über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zusammengehalten werden.
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