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  • Neurosecretion  (52)
  • Springer  (52)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1970-1974  (52)
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  • Springer  (52)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Actinomycin ; Protein synthesis ; Annelids (Oligochetes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Aktinomycin auf die neurosekretorischen Q-und P-Zellen im Cerebralganglion von Enchytraeus wurde untersucht. Die Cytophotometrie lichtmikroskopischer Präparate von Q-Zellen ergab, daß in den ersten Stunden nach Aktinomycin-Behandlung eine deutliche Verminderung PAF-positiven Materials auftritt. Die ersten Veränderungen wurden elektronenmikroskopisch zwischen 1 und 4 Std nach Aktinomycin-Injektion beobachtet. Sie waren in beiden Zelltypen am eindeutigsten am Nucleolus. Es kommt zu einer Sonderung und räumlichen Trennung von granulärem und fibrillärem Material. Letzteres wird sehr stark vermehrt. In bezug auf Veränderungen der Strukturen des Cytoplasmas unterscheiden sich die Q-und P-Zellen besonders im Verhalten des Golgi-Apparates und der Ribosomen. Der Golgi-Apparat wird in den Q-Zellen kurze Zeit nach Applikation von Aktinomycin reduziert. In den P-Zellen persistiert er dagegen über alle beobachteten Zeitstufen hinweg. Die Ribosomen lösen sich von den Membranen in den Q-Zellen 4–8 Std nach Injektion, was in den P-Zellen nicht festzustellen ist. Diese Tatsachen führen zu der Annahme, daß das System der Proteinsynthese der P-Zellen relativ stabiler als das der Q-Zellen ist. Die in den späteren Zeitstufen beobachtete Normalisierung der Zellstrukturen läßt darauf schließen, daß die Wirkung des einmalig injizierten Aktinomycins 24 Std danach nachzulassen beginnt.
    Notes: Summary The influence of actinomycin on the neurosecretory Q and P cells of the brain of Enchytraeus was studied. Cytophotometrical measurements of Q cells in light mirocscopic preparations showed a significant decrease of PAF-positive material in the first hours after actinomycin application. At the ultrastructural level primary changes were established one to four hours after injection of actinomycin: In the nucleolus granular and fibrillar material became separated; there was a substantial increase of the fibrillar component. Concerning structural changes of the cytoplasm, Q and P cells differed especially with respect to the Golgi apparatus and the ribosomes. In the Q cells the Golgi apparatus had become greatly reduced shortly after actinomycin treatment. However, it persisted in P cells during all stages examined. Ribosomes became detached from membranes only in Q cells between 4 and 8 hours after injection. These data indicate that protein synthesis in P cells shows greater stability than in Q cells. The restitution of normal ultrastruoture during subsequent stages indicates that effects begin to subside 24 hours after a single injection.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus (rat) ; Neurosecretion ; Air ions ; Diuresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les noyaux supra-optiques et paraventriculaires de l'hypothalamus du Rat albinos soumis aux ions atmosphériques positifs pendant 20 et 40 jours, présentent des signes d'hypo-activité: tendance à la diminution des volumes nucléaires et nucléolaires, augmentation des granules de neurosécrétat dans le cytoplasme des cellules neurosécrétrices, et diminution du matériel neurosécrétoire au long des axones. Corrélativement, la post-hypophyse est très appauvrie (surtout après 40 jours) en matériel coloré par l'hématoxyline chromique. On peut admettre, à la lumière de résultats antérieurs ou non publiés, que cette hypoactivité des neurones hypothalamiques est liée à une hyposécrétion d'hormone antidiurétique (A.D.H.). Cependant, on ne note pas de polyurie, mais une oligurie qui tend à disparaître une quinzaine de jours après le début du traitement; ceci suggère l'idée d'une réponse homéostatique hypothalamo-hypophysaire consécutive à un trouble du métabolisme hydrique induit par un autre facteur oligurique. Par ailleurs, Krueger a trouvé que l'aéro-ionisation positive entraine une augmentation du taux sanguin de sérotonine dont l'action antidiurétique au niveau rénal est bien connue. Ceci permet d'expliquer une composante oligurique initiale, provoquant en retour une inhibition hypothalamo-post-hypophysaire, de signification diurétique, cette réaction hypothalamique, ne normalisant la diurèse qu'au bout d'une quinzaine de jours, lors de l'épuisement de la réserve en ADH de la neuro-hypophyse. L'ensemble des modifications du métabolisme hydrominéral observées après aéro-ionisation positive peut s'expliquer de façon satisfaisante par l'augmentation du taux sanguin de sérotonine, contrebalancée progressivement par la réduction du taux d'ADH.
    Notes: Summary In the hypothalamus of albino rats submitted to positive air ions for 20 to 40 days, supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei exhibit various signs of hypo-activity: a slight decrease of nuclear and nucleolar volumes, an increase of the amount of neurosecretory granules in these neurones, while the migration of the neurosecretory material in the axons is diminished, almost no staining substance being detected along the axons. Simultaneously, the chrome-haematoxylin positive material is greatly reduced in the neurohypophysis, mainly after 40 days. Considering these data and other results, either unpublished or previously reported by various authors, it appears that the hypo-activity observed in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system may be correlated with a hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). There is no increase of diuresis; instead, an antidiuresis was noted which tends to disappear after about two weeks of treatment. This finding suggests that the hypothalamo-hypophysial response observed may be due to a disturbance of water metabolism induced by another antidiuretic factor. Besides, it was established that a treatment with positive air ions induces a significant increase of the serotonin level of the blood (Krueger). As an antidiuretic effect is directly exerted by serotonin on the kidneys, it may be responsible for the antidiuresis observed in this experiment. The inhibition of hypothalamic nuclei according to histological criteria would represent a homeostatic response trying to compensate the antidiuresis initially produced by serotonin, the neurohypophysial storage of ADH delaying the efficiency of this hypothalamic inhibition. All the available data on the modifications of water and electrolyte metabolism detected after a positive aero-ionization may be explained satisfactorily by an increase of the serotonin level of the blood, progressively counteracted by a decrease of ADH.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 316-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Histophysiology of median eminence ; Avian neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'adénohypophysectomie et de diverses sollicitations de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysio-corticosurrénalien sur l'ultrastructure de l'Eminence Médiane (E.M.) ont été étudiés chez le Pigeon. 1. Chez le Pigeon entier, l'Eminence Médiane Caudale (E.M.C.) se distingue de l'Eminence Médiane Rostrale (E.M.R.) essentiellement par l'absence dans les deux couches les plus externes (couches palissadique et superficielle) de l'E.M.C. de granules de gros calibres (1600 à 1900 Å), la rareté de granules de diamètre moyen (1200–1400 Å) et la prédominance de petites vésicules à cœur dense de 600–800 Å. 2. La préhypophysectomie entraine: a) dans l'E.M.R. la quasi disparition de granulations dans les deux couches externes; b) dans l'E.M.C. la ≪vidange≫ de nombreux axones, mais un enrichissement relatif, parmi les granulations restantes, des granulations de gros calibre (1600–1900 Å) aux dépens des granules de plus petit calibre. 3. Un shock insulinique entraine des modifications du même ordre: a) déplétion des granules denses, limitée dans ce cas à la portion la plus antérieure des deux couches externes de l'E.M.R.; b) enrichissement relatif des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) et de gros (1600–1900 Å) calibre dans l'E.M.C. avec, en plus dans l'E.M.C., un enrichissement en vésicules de type synaptique. 4. Un traitement à la métopirone produit un accroissement du nombre des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) calibre dans les couches externes de l'E.M.R. et de l'E.M.C., et un enrichissement important de l'E.M.C. en vésicules de type synaptique. 5. Le traitement à la prednisolone conduit à un enrichissement très marqué des couches externes de l'E.M.R. en grains de 1200–1400 Å, et à un enrichissement des couches externes de l'E.M.C. en granulations de 1000 Å. Ces résultats sont discutés dans la perspective des régulations hypothalamo-corticotropes, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les granules de 1200–1400 Å.
    Notes: Summary The effects of adenohypophysectomy, and of several experimental interventions on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis have been studied in relation to the fine structure of the median eminence in the pigeon. 1. In control animals, the following morphological features of the caudal median eminence (C.M.E.) distinguish it from the rostral median eminence (R.M.E.): a) the absence in both external layers of the C.M.E. of large (1,600–1,900 Å) electron-dense granules, b) the presence in the C.M.E. of a small number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules, and c) the predominance in the C.M.E. of small (600–800 Å) dense-core vesicles. 2. Adenohypophysectomy leads to: a) almost complete disappearance of electron-dense granules in both external layers of the R.M.E., and b) “emptying” of numerous axons and a relative increase in the number of large (1,600–1,900 Å) granules in the C.M.E. 3. Insulin shock produces modifications similar to those of adenohypophysectomy. The depletion of electron-dense granules from the axons is, however, restricted to the most anterior part of the R.M.E., and, in the C.M.E., the relative increase in the number of larger granules affects the 1,200–1,400 Å and the 1,600–1,900 Å size granules. 4. Metopirone enhances the number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules in the external layers of both the R.M.E. and the C.M.E. and causes a significant increase in the number of synaptic-like vesicles in the C.M.E. 5. Prednisolone treatment leads to a marked enrichment of the external layers of the R.M.E. with 1,200–1,400 Å granules, and of the external layers of the C.M.E. with 1,000 Å granules. These results have been discussed with special reference to the hypothalamic control of the adrenocorticotropic function, especially reviewing the role of the 1,200–1,400 Å granules.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 293-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Herring bodies ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Regeneration ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Herring bodies in the posterior lobe of the bovine hypophysis are very large (2–600 μ) and can be classified into three types. The type I Herring body contains an accumulation of neurosecretory granules. These Herring bodies are very scarce and should not be confused with the numerous, but small, axonal swellings which also contain neurosecretory granules. The type II Herring body is characterized by the presence of a varying number of normal, moderately electron dense and “empty” vesicles, autophagic vacuoles, multilamellate bodies and occasional mitochondria. These Herring bodies are frequently observed. The type III Herring body is typified by the presence of dense vesicles connected to tubular formations which contain material of variable electron density, of filaments, and of long slender and very numerous mitochondria. The presence of multilamellate bodies and autophagic vacuoles suggests that the type II Herring body is in a degenerating phase. This concept is further substantiated by the similarity between this type of Herring body and transected neurosecretory axons in which degeneration is occurring. A similar comparison suggests that the type III Herring body is undergoing a regenerative process. Our current concept of the structure and function of Herring bodies is revised in the discussion.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Neurosecretion ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les corpora cardiaca de l'adulte de Locusta migratoria sont formés de deux régions bien individualisées ce qui nous a permis de reconnaître la sécrétion propre des différents types de neurosécrétion. Dans la région nerveuse, nous distinguons par la taille des grains trois types de neurosécrétion dense classique et un quatrième type d'aspect clair. Dans la région »propre« non nerveuse, les cellules ont des caractères nettement endocriniens et sont mélangées à un seul type d'axones neurosécréteurs.
    Notes: Summary The corpora cardiaca of adult Locusta migratoria consist of two well separated areas, a fact which permits the differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic neurosecretory material. In the neural area three types of electron dense “classical” neurosecretory granules, and a fourth more lucent type can be distinguished according to size. In the non-neural “glandular” area typical endocrine cells mingle with only one type of neurosecretory axons.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 283-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Synthesis of hormones ; Acid phosphatase ; Osmium impregnation ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural features of the paraventricular neurones of the non-treated rat are presented comparing them with those of the supraoptic neurones. No striking differences are seen between the general electron microscopic characteristics of the paraventricular and supraoptic neurones. The importance of adequate fixation to obtain good preservation of the neurones is emphasized, since inadequate fixation can cause e.g. artefactual appearance of “dark neurones”. The previously presented classification of the neurosecretory neurones into two categories (e.g. “light and dark neurones”) on the basis of the number of ribosomes is not considered justifiable, since their number can vary to a very great extent even within a single cell. The synthesis of neurosecretory products in the paraventricular neurones obviously follows the general mode of the synthesis of secretory proteins: ribosomes—RER—Golgi complex—secretory vesicles. On the basis of the localization of heavy metal deposits after osmium impregnation and demonstration of acid phosphatase the Golgi complex of the paraventricular neurones is found to be polarized. The direction of the polarity is discussed. The substructures of the dense cores of the neurosecretory granules and of the contents of the lysosomal dense bodies are nearly identical. Therefore it is considered impossible to determine positively the nature of the dark condensed material within the Golgi complex. The characteristics of the immature neurosecretory granules and the possibility of releasing neurosecretory products into the cytoplasm already within the perikarya are speculated.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Exocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Neurohypophyse von Ratte und Forelle ergeben, daß sich eine Exocytose von Elementargranula an den Endigungen der neurosekretorischen Fasern nur selten abspielt. Es wird daher angenommen, daß die Abgabe von Hormonen in der Neurohypophyse in der Regel nach dem Muster des „membrane-release“ abläuft. 2. Die Exocytose wird nicht durch eine unmittelbare tangentiale Fusion der Membran des Elementargranulums mit dem Plasmalemm der Nervenendigung (Axolemm) eingeleitet. Vor allem bei Anwendung eines Goniometertisches wird erkennbar, daß vor der Exocytose zwischen Axolemm und Membran des Granulums eine Verbindung in Gestalt eines Stieles entsteht. Die Länge dieses Verbindungsstückes entspricht etwa 2 Axolemmdicken. An der Basis des Stiels im Axolemm tritt das Stoma auf, durch das der Inhalt des Granulums bzw. dieses selbst das Axonende verläßt. 3. Die Herkunft kleiner membrannaher Vesikel (Durchmesser 500 Å) in den Endigungen neurosekretorischer Nervenfasern in der Neurohypophyse konnte nicht geklärt werden. Anzeichen einer kompensatorischen Endocytose im Sinne von Nagasawa, Douglas und Schulz (1970) wurden nicht beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary 1. Electron microscopical investigations of the neurohypophysis in rat and trout reveal that exocytosis of neurosecretory elementary granules from the nerve endings occurs only rarely. The authors are of the opinion that hormone release in the neural lobe follows mainly the “membrane-release” pattern. 2. Exocytosis is not performed by tangential fusion of the elementary granule membrane and the plasmalemma of the nerve ending (axolemma). Administering the goniometer technique one can observe the appearance of a stalk-like structure connecting the two membranes. The basis of the stalk in the axolemma corresponds to the site of the stoma through which the core of the vesicle leaves the nerve ending. 3. The mechanism of the origin of small clear vesicles (diameter 500 Å approx.) near the axolemma of the neurosecretory terminal has not been elucidated. The authors did not observe equivalents of a compensatory endocytosis in the vicinity of granules released by exocytosis.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Chondrichthyens ; Embryology ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'identification et la répartition des cellules endocrines dans l'ébauche adénohypophysaire de Scyllium canicula, et la chronologie de la différenciation cellulaire et de l'histogenèse de cette glande ont fait l'objet de ce travail. Plus nettement encore que chez l'adulte on démontre qu'il y a quatre populations de cellules hormonogènes, localisées chacune dans un lobe différent. Les grains de sécrétion des cellules du lobe rostral sont glycoprotidiques et ont un diamètre modal, de 170 nm, ceux du lobe médian, de la même taille, sont protidiques ou polypeptidiques. Les gros granules du lobe neuro-intermédiaire (diamètre modal 260 nm) sont glycoprotidiques, les petits granules du lobe ventral (diamètre modal 120 nm), protidiques au polypeptidiques. Au stade 10 mm, les cellules de la poche de Rathke sont différenciées de celles de l'épithélium stomodéal par la présence d'inclusions énigmatiques, les ≪godd bodies≫ de Schechter. Au stade 35 mm les cellules des noyaux préoptiques et du tuber comportent des grains de neurosécrétion, de même diamètre, variant autour de 100 nm. A ce même stade, des granules apparaissent simultanément dans les quatre lobes de l'hypophyse, notamment dans le lobe neuro-intermédiaire où aucune fibre neurosécrétrice n'est encore décelée. L'innervation directe des cellules endocrines de ce lobe ne s'effectue qu'au stade 45 mm et s'accompagne de modifications de la taille des granules. La fin du développement embryonnaire se caractérise par une charge de plus en plus importante des cellules endocrines, en granules.
    Notes: Summary The identification and distribution of endocrine cells in embryonic adenohypophysis of Seyllium canicula, and chronology of cellular differentiation and histogenesis of this gland have been investigated in this work. More clearly than in the adult, the presence of four populations of endocrine cells, each one located in a different lobe, is demonstrated. Secretion granules of rostral lobe cells are glycoprotidic, their modal diameter is 170 nm; median lobe ones, of same dimensions, are protidic or polypeptidic. The nemo-intermediate lobe big granules (modal diameter: 260 nm) are glycoprotidic, the ventral lobe small granules (modal diameter: 120 nm), protidic or polypeptidic. At stage 10 mm, Rathke's pouch cells are recognized from stomodeal epithelium by enigmatic inclusions, the “odd bodies” of Schechter. At stage 35 mm, preoptic and tuberal nucleus cells include neurosecretory granules of same diameter varying about 100 nm. At this same stage, granules appear simultaneously in the four hypophyseal lobes, including the neuro-intermediate lobe where no neurosecretory fiber is present. Direct innervation of endocrine cells of this lobe is accomplished at stage 45 mm and is accompanied by changes of granules dimensions. The end of embryonic development is characterized by increasing granular load of endocrine cells.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurones ; Lumbricus ; Monoamines ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cerebral ganglion and the ventral nerve cord of Lumbricus terrestris have been studied with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: In the neuropile small granular vesicles (300 to 500 Å) occur in some varicose nerve fibres after fixation with potassium permanganate. This indicates the presence of noradrenaline. Sometimes only a few of the vesicles produce a positive reaction. After incubation with α-methyl-noradrenaline the numbers of nerve terminals with small granular vesicles greatly increase, indicating the presence of dopamine and/or 5-hydroxytryptamine. In this case the reaction is now complete. The number of small granular vesicles is largest in the terminal swellings. These findings are consistent with histofluorescence, chemical, and microspectrofluorometric analyses, which have demonstrated noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in neurones in the central nervous system. Large granular vesicles (600 to 900 Å) are to be found in some perikarya, not identical with neurosecretory cell bodies. In this case the granular vesicles in the axon are smaller and fewer. This indicates a simultaneous proximo-distal transport and gradual decrease in size of the granular vesicles. The intraneuronal distribution of the vesicles is in agreement with the distribution of the fluorophores in the fluorescent neurones. Neurosecretory neurones are found most likely not to contain monoamines.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 337-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence of birds ; Thyrotrop function ; Neurosecretion ; Light-and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of TSH and PTU treatment with thyroid stimulating hormone and propylthiouracil on the structure of median eminence of the pigeon have been studied by light- and electron microscopy. 2. By light microscopy it has been found that the aldehydefuchsin positive material of the external layers of the anterior median eminence differs functionally from that of the neural lobe. 3. The light- and electron microscopic investigations revealed that the anterior and posterior median eminence differ both structurally and functionally. Specifically after the experimental interventions the considerable reaction can be observed only in the anterior median eminence. 4. Electron microscopically it appears possible that the aldehyde-fuchsin positive material of the anterior median eminence may be associated with the 1200–1500 Å—size granules. 5. The quantitative changes observed in the granular composition after the treatments show a close correlation with thyroid function, namely after treatment with thyroid stimulating hormone the relative quantity of the 1200–1500 Å—size granules increases markedly, while administration of propylthiouracil has the opposite effect and increases the relative quantity of the 1000 Å—size dense-core vesicles. They presumably may play a role in the control of TSH-secretion.
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