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  • 1
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-27
    Beschreibung: Climate change and food production shocks Maize preparation in Africa. Image courtesy of Flickr/Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Volatility in the global grain market creates uncertainty for farmers and agribusiness and can lead to price spikes that reduce access to food. Climate-induced production shocks are a major contributor to...
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    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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  • 2
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-28
    Beschreibung: Moths use sound-absorbing scales to evade bats Cabbage tree emperor moth (B. alcinoe). Some species of moths escape echolocation by bats by using acute hearing that triggers evasive flights or by producing ultrasound clicks that telegraph the presence of defensive toxins, startle bats, or scramble bats’ biosonar. Zhiyuan Shen et...
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  • 3
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-12-05
    Beschreibung: Fine analysis of fur grooming in cats Cat grooming fur. Image courtesy of Candler Hobbs (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta). Domestic cats, which sleep on average 14 hours each day, spend up to a quarter of their waking hours grooming, which removes fleas, debris, and excess heat from fur. Cats’...
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  • 4
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-08-01
    Beschreibung: Bioregions and phylogenies reveal evolution in tropical Andes Hummingbird (Oxypogon stubelii) endemic to a biogeographic region in the tropical Andes. For more than a century, researchers have sought to unravel faunal evolution in the tropical Andes, a topographically complex region noted for its extraordinary species richness and endemism. Despite general...
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  • 5
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-08-08
    Beschreibung: Exploring curcumin’s anticancer effects Turmeric. Image courtesy of Pixabay/cgdsro. The anticancer properties of turmeric are attributed to its active ingredient curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from the rhizomes of the medicinal plant Curcuma longa. Curcumin is thought to block the action of proteasomes, which are cellular organelles that recycle damaged proteins,...
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  • 6
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-08-22
    Beschreibung: Policy impacts on legal and illegal immigration The Statue of Liberty. Image courtesy of Pixabay/Free-Photos. Restrictive immigration policies have been thought to redirect potential migrants toward illegal channels, but the hypothesis is difficult to test empirically. Miranda Simon et al. (pp. E7914–E7923) developed an agent-based computational model that simulated potential...
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  • 7
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-08-29
    Beschreibung: Genome editing improves yield of spider silk Golden orb-web spider. Image courtesy of iStock/hakoar. The high strength and elasticity of spider silk render it a desirable raw material for construction, defense, and biomedical applications. However, spiders are difficult to rear due to their territorial and cannibalistic nature. Previous efforts to...
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  • 8
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-09-05
    Beschreibung: Tracing the evolution of a human malarial parasite Chimpanzees may harbor a reservoir of P. vivax. Image courtesy of iStock/Fotoamator. Every year more than 8 million people are infected with the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax, mostly in Southeast Asia and South America. Human P. vivax has failed to gain a...
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  • 9
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-09-19
    Beschreibung: DNA architecture influences genome-editing efficiency Illustration of Cas9 binding to DNA. Hypothetical PAM sites for Cas9 targets are shown in red; DNA backbones are blue; RNA backbone is teal; DNA and RNA bases are white, except for PAM; histones are green; and Cas9 is purple. Image courtesy of Janet Iwasa...
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  • 10
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-09-26
    Beschreibung: DNA vaccine may aid gene therapy for muscular dystrophy DNA vaccine could aid gene therapy for DMD. Image courtesy of iStock/Natali_Mis. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a potentially fatal, muscle-wasting disorder that afflicts one out of 5,000 male children and stems from genetic defects in the production of dystrophin, a...
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  • 11
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-10-04
    Beschreibung: Fine structure of bird feathers aids preening and repair Female northern harrier and cascaded slide-lock system. Image courtesy of Patricia Ware (photographer). The durability of bird feathers is evident in the ease with which birds preen and repair ruffled feathers using their bills after long flights in turbulent weather and...
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  • 12
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-10-10
    Beschreibung: Genetic correlates of fox domestication Silver fox. Image courtesy of iStock/ChristiLaLiberte. The genetic changes that underpin animal domestication are difficult to identify. Xu Wang et al. (pp. 10398–10403) attempted to pinpoint genetic variations tied to tameness in a group of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) domesticated under controlled conditions for more...
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  • 13
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-10-31
    Beschreibung: Transmission of trauma from fathers to sons Bird’s eye view of Andersonville Prison, Georgia, August 17, 1864. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Civil War Photographs, LC-DIG-ppmsca-33769. The effects of paternal trauma on offspring health remain largely unclear. Dora Costa et al. (pp. 11215–11220) examined...
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  • 14
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-10-17
    Beschreibung: Pollution exposure and minority employment Air pollution from smokestacks. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons/Alfred T. Palmer. Debates about industrial pollution regulations are often framed in terms of a trade-off between pollution exposure and employment opportunities. Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States are disproportionately exposed to industrial air pollution,...
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  • 15
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-10-24
    Beschreibung: Mountain snowpack and climate warming Spring snow melt supplies water to rivers and streams. An estimated 70% of total runoff from mountains originates as snow. Temperatures are expected to continue to rise in mountainous regions, raising concern about the amount of water that may be stored in the future snowpack....
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  • 16
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-07
    Beschreibung: Shifting tropical cyclone hazards Uprooted trees in Hallasan National Park, South Korea, after Typhoon Bolaven struck in August 2012. The long-term variability of tropical cyclone (TC) activity is unclear, largely due to discrepancies among data sets and brief instrumental records. Jan Altman et al. (pp. 11543–11548) estimated the long-term variability...
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  • 17
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-14
    Beschreibung: Cesarean birth and brain development Dying neurons (black) in the hippocampus of a newborn mouse. Previous studies have reported behavioral and cognitive differences between children delivered vaginally versus by cesarean section (C-section), suggesting that birth mode affects brain development. However, medical complications, altered birth timing, and maternal factors associated with...
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  • 18
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-21
    Beschreibung: Role of retinal pigment epithelium in Stargardt macular degeneration Abca4 (red staining indicated by black arrows) in human RPE cells. Recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) is an inherited blinding disease with no effective treatment. The disease is caused by mutations in the Abca4 gene, which encodes a transporter protein in photoreceptor...
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  • 19
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-05-23
    Beschreibung: Uncertainty in long-run economic growth Uncertainty in future economic growth can influence climate policy. Image courtesy of iStock/MicroStockHub. Modeling uncertainty in forecasts of long-run economic growth is an essential part of climate change research that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has highlighted as a priority. Peter Christensen et...
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  • 20
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-05-30
    Beschreibung: Lead pollution in Greenland ice links emissions and economic activity Ice-core analysis. Lead and silver ore mining powered ancient economies, but previously reported measurements of lead pollution in Arctic ice were based on sparse sampling and inconclusive dating. Joseph McConnell et al. (pp. 5726–5731) used precisely dated measurements of lead...
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  • 21
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-07-04
    Beschreibung: Optimized tomography offers path to 3D virtual histology of brain tissue Cell segmentation in the granular layer (dark red), the molecular layer (light red), and the Purkinje cell layer (gray). When stained and examined under a light microscope, micrometer-thick slices of brain tissue can help uncover relationships between cellular architecture...
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  • 22
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-07-11
    Beschreibung: Piano training might improve language skills Piano training is tied to improved linguistic skills. Image courtesy of iStock/ClarkandCompany. Music training has been tied to improved linguistic ability in children and adolescents, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To probe the link, Yun Nan et al. (pp. E6630–E6639) recruited 74 cognitively...
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  • 23
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-07-18
    Beschreibung: Feasting and evolution of social complexity Artist’s rendering of congregants at Cerro del Gentil. Image courtesy of Robert Gutierrez (artist). Ritual feasting promoted cohesion and cooperation among early peoples, enabling nonstate societies, which lacked institutions such as markets, policing, and codes of law, to evolve social complexity. Charles Stanish et...
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  • 24
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-06
    Beschreibung: Hydrogel helps restore artworks and reveals hidden inscription (Left) Detail from the Ascesa dei Beati by Michelangelo from the Sistine Chapel; (Right) 16th-century drawing reproducing the same detail and showing the inscription (artist unknown). Many ancient and contemporary artworks are marred by pressure-sensitive tapes, which are composed of an adhesive,...
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  • 25
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-18
    Beschreibung: Brain atlas reveals differential effects of aging and Alzheimer’s disease 3D model of average anatomy of the hippocampus. Each color represents a different subfield. Existing data on the anatomical variability and 3D organization of the human hippocampus—as well as the effects of age and disease on this brain region—are limited...
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  • 26
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-25
    Beschreibung: Brewer’s yeast engineered to produce potential cancer drug Brewer’s yeast. Noscapine, a widely used nonnarcotic cough suppressant, can act as a potential cancer drug with purportedly fewer side effects than conventional chemotherapy when administered in high doses. The drug is extracted from opium poppy straws, but poppy farming is time-consuming,...
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  • 27
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-05-02
    Beschreibung: Gene drive to control a major crop pest D. suzukii on a strawberry. Between 2009 and 2014, spotted wing fruit flies (Drosophila suzukii), virtually ubiquitous invasive crop pests from Japan that attack a variety of soft-skinned fruits, accounted for an estimated $39.8 million revenue loss in California raspberry farms. Anna...
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  • 28
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-05-09
    Beschreibung: Ocean warming and continental temperature and humidity Ocean warming linked to continental temperature and humidity. Changes in temperature and humidity over oceans and land are expected with changes in climate. Current climate models predict larger future increases in surface temperature and declines in relative humidity over land compared with oceans....
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  • 29
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-05-16
    Beschreibung: Habitat degradation and coral reef fish behavior Degraded coral reef at Lizard Island. Widespread damage to coral reefs is exacerbated by the absence of fish communities that could potentially promote reef recovery. Reef fish populations rely on acoustic cues to guide habitat selection and settlement, but degraded reefs have altered...
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  • 30
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-04
    Beschreibung: Infectious disease transmission on airplanes Flu transmission on airplanes. Image courtesy of iStock.com/supershabashnyi. More than a dozen cases of transmission of infectious diseases on board airline flights have been documented, and air travel can potentially facilitate the rapid spread of emerging infections. Despite the public health concerns surrounding inflight disease...
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  • 31
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-28
    Beschreibung: Near-atomic-scale cryo-EM imaging Development of symmetric protein scaffolds for cryo-EM imaging. Recent developments in single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) allow structural biologists to visualize structures such as macromolecular complexes in atomic-level detail. Currently, these techniques are mainly applicable to large and highly symmetrical molecules, and the underlying approach cannot be scaled...
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  • 32
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-11
    Beschreibung: Pheromone distinguishes termite royalty from worker castes Primary queen of R. flavipes with attendant workers. Image courtesy of Matt Bertone (North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC). For eusocial insects, caste systems prescribe crucial social and reproductive division of labor. Nestmates primarily recognize one another and their roles within the colony...
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    Beschreibung: Mongooses recall cooperation to reciprocate in kind Dwarf mongooses. Image courtesy of Shannon Wild (photographer). Social animals exchange services, such as grooming, in return for others, such as enabling access to food and mates and warding off rival groups. However, whether nonhuman animals reciprocate based on a memory of recent...
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    Beschreibung: Genome analysis of dog breeds reveals insights into athleticism Hunting dog flushes a game bird. Image courtesy of iStock/JMichl. The American Kennel Club, an authority on purebred dog registration in the United States, sorts 189 of more than 450 worldwide dog breeds into seven major groups along a spectrum of...
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    Beschreibung: Commensal rats record shifts in Polynesian resources View of Tikopia Island with its crater lake from the peak of Mt Reani. Although little direct archaeological evidence exists to quantify the impacts of human colonization on local ecosystems, commensal animals, which accompany human habitation but are not domesticated, can preserve a...
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    Beschreibung: Role of human fleas and body lice in Europe’s Black Death Y. pestis. Image courtesy of Flickr/National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH. Plague can be caused by the inhalation of aerosolized forms of the bacterium Yersinia pestis (pneumonic plague) or by the bite of rodent-borne fleas infected with...
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    Beschreibung: How centipedes slay giant prey Golden head centipede attacks a mouse. Centipedes are known to subdue large prey by using potent, broad-acting venom. However, venom synthesis requires substantial metabolic investment, and the mechanisms of action of centipede venoms remain unclear. Lei Luo et al. (pp. 1646–1651) report that a golden...
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    Beschreibung: Ocean acidification and coral skeletal density Porites corals are dominant reef builders on most Indo-Pacific Reefs. Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, and ocean acidification is considered a major threat to their future survival. However, field and laboratory studies examining the effect of acidification on corals...
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    Beschreibung: Wooden tools hint at fire use by early Neanderthals Detail of the handle of digging stick found at Poggetti Vecchi. In 2012, excavations for constructing thermal baths at Poggetti Vecchi, an archaeological site nestled at the foot of a hill in Grosseto in southern Tuscany, turned up a trove of...
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    Beschreibung: Generating complex 3D structures in soft materials Biomimetics of plant and animal tissue morphogenesis. In plants and animals, soft living tissues routinely adopt complex 3D structures to perform or enhance critical functions. Although such structures have applications in biomedical engineering, robotics, and flexible electronics, most efforts to synthesize them in...
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    Beschreibung: Gene variants tied to human facial features Average faces for 14 East Asian females (A); upper 10% (more East Asian) (B) and lower 10% (more European) (C) extremes. Facial similarities tend to run in families, and genetically identical twins raised together or apart exhibit striking facial resemblance, suggesting strong genetic...
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    Beschreibung: Transition from blood feeding to nonbiting mosquitoes Pitcher plant mosquitoes hovering above a water-filled leaf. When mosquitoes feed on blood, they can spread pathogens, such as those responsible for malaria, West Nile virus, and Zika, but certain nonbiting species never take a blood meal. Identifying genes associated with blood feeding...
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    Beschreibung: Drivers of cotton pest severity in China Cotton in Hebei Province, China. China is one of the world’s largest pesticide consumers, with cotton being the most heavily treated agricultural crop. To assess the influence of landscape complexity, pest control technology, and weather on long-term cotton pest severity and management, Wei...
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    Beschreibung: Countries’ adaptation to population aging Aging and adaptation. Image courtesy of iStock/monkeybusinessimages. Around the world, the proportion of elderly adults in the population is increasing, and failure to adapt to this demographic transformation poses financial and social risks. Cynthia Chen et al. (pp. 9169–9174) developed the Aging Society Index to...
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    Beschreibung: NIH funding and drug development Flow of NIH funding to US congressional districts associated with drugs approved during 2010–2016. The impact of public sector funding on drug development is not well understood, partly because this funding is focused on basic research, the translational impact of which is difficult to quantify....
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    Beschreibung: Marine animal movement patterns might shape conservation outcomes Southern sea lion mother and pup on the Falkland Islands. Animal movement patterns are thought to be dictated by environmental as well as intrinsic factors, such as body length and mass, metabolism, and speed. To determine the influence of intrinsic versus extrinsic...
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    Beschreibung: Promoting transparency in scientific authorship Transparency in scientific authorship. Image courtesy of iStock.com/exdez. Conventions for listing authors in scientific publications vary between disciplines, cultures, and research groups. As a result, determining the extent to which an author may have contributed to or is accountable for a given publication is challenging....
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    Beschreibung: Whole-brain atlas of the mouse cholinergic system Horizontal view of 50 cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain reconstructed from whole-brain database. Image courtesy of Yefei Li (artist). The cholinergic system modulates neuronal activity tied to critical functions, including memory, learning, behavior, sensory processing, and sleep–wake cycles. Researchers have begun to pinpoint...
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    Beschreibung: Perineuronal nets and recall of distant fear memories PNN (green) around a parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neuron (red) in rat V2L. Perineuronal nets (PNN) are gauzy, carbohydrate-rich structures that envelop subsets of neurons in the central nervous system, forming a long-lived extracellular matrix that stabilizes synaptic connections between neurons. PNNs are thought...
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    Beschreibung: Enhanced vision may have enabled evolutionary shift from water to land Enlarged eyes may have aided vertebrates’ shift from water to land. The origin of limbs in the evolutionary foray of vertebrates from water to land has long claimed researchers’ interest, but the role of vision in this momentous transition,...
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    Beschreibung: Genetic engineering yields food crops in striking hues Engineered tomatoes produce red-violet betalain pigments. Betalains, which are a group of red and yellow plant pigments, are used as natural dyes in dairy, meat, and confectionery products, and as antioxidants in dietary supplements. Few edible plants yield commercial quantities of pure...
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    Beschreibung: Genome tree analysis suggests alternate fungal evolutionary histories Genome tree of life for fungi. Spanning every ecosystem, fungi comprise one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms on Earth. Researchers have traditionally established kinship among fungi by scrutinizing a small set of highly conserved genes and constructing so-called...
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    Beschreibung: Gecko evolution and human-caused isolation Common gecko of the Brazilian Cerrado. Image courtesy of Guilherme Santoro (Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil). Previous studies have found that human-caused ecosystem changes can drive rapid adaptive changes in local organisms. Mariana Eloy de Amorim et al. (pp. 8812–8816) explored how approximately 15 years...
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    Beschreibung: Cilia cement link between squid and bacteria Juvenile Hawaiian bobtail squid. Cilia found on internal mucus membranes in some animals’ bodies must not only clear toxins and pathogens but also recruit beneficial microbes through their mechanical action. Using particle tracking and video and scanning electron microscopy, Janna Nawroth et al....
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    Beschreibung: Genetic variant tied to risk of typhoid fever Salmonella bacteria. Image courtesy of Flickr/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Worldwide, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes around 20 million typhoid infections every year, and 1–5% of infected individuals chronically carry the pathogen, notable among which is the storied...
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    Beschreibung: Brain circuit for body temperature control Neural pathway for body temperature control. Image courtesy of Wei Shen and Blue-Rider Art Studio (ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China). Animals maintain optimal core body temperatures under changing ambient conditions by adjusting energy expenditure, heat generation, and physical activity. Studies have implicated temperature-sensitive neurons in...
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    Beschreibung: Metabolic adaptations of Sherpas to high altitudes Sherpa mountaineers in the Himalayas. Image courtesy of iStock/fotoVoyager. Previous studies have suggested that enhanced mechanisms for tissue oxygen delivery in Sherpas of Tibetan descent might play a role in their ability to survive at high altitude. However, whether metabolic adaptations that alter...
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    Beschreibung: Memory formation in crabs N. granulata. Image courtesy of Luis Pérez-Cuesta (New York University, New York). A key factor in the survival of animals in the wild is the ability to learn and remember places associated with danger and reward. Experiments on learning and memory in animals have focused on...
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    Beschreibung: Female beetles manipulate males during parental care Burying beetle. Male and female parents in many animal species resort to a range of strategies to shift parental duties to each other, minimizing personal workload at the expense of partners. In theory, females can influence offspring growth and behavior through molecular mechanisms...
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    Beschreibung: Collective action and quid pro quo among chimpanzees Chimpanzees engage in reciprocal cooperation. Chimpanzees are remarkably social primates, grooming reciprocally, fighting in groups, and sharing the spoils of hunts. Yet whether chimpanzees engage in collective action and reciprocal cooperation when doing so exacts a toll remains unclear. Kevin Langergraber et...
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    Beschreibung: Barley gene might hold a key to improving beer quality Altering redox conditions might improve beer quality. Image courtesy of iStockphoto/Givaga. Malting, which involves the enzymatic breakdown of proteins and starch found in barley grains during beer production, is known to be under genetic control, but few of the underlying...
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    Beschreibung: Self-organization in biological systems Dislodged mussel on sandy sediment. Self-organized systems create patterns resulting from interactions between components. Mónica López Pereira et al. (pp. 7975–7980) evaluated intraspecific interference-driven self-organization in sunflower stands. The authors cultivated sunflower plants in rows at the typical commercial density of 5.1 plants per m2 and...
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    Beschreibung: How orangutans survive in fragmented habitats Bornean orangutan. Since 2016, Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), which inhabit the increasingly fragmented forests of the Sabah region of the Malaysian Borneo, have been listed as critically endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. Using high-resolution LiDAR and GPS-enabled visual...
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    Beschreibung: Parasitic plant acts as plant signaling network Rootless and leafless Cuscuta australis parasitizing a wild tomato plant. Dodders, which are parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta, form tendrils that coil around and penetrate host plant stems to obtain nutrients and water. The tendrils branch into vines that often bridge gaps...
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    Beschreibung: How poison-dart frogs avoid self-intoxication P. terribilis. Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons/Micha L. Rieser. The indigenous people of Central America devise blowpipe weapons by daubing darts with toxins derived from the skin glands of poison-dart frogs (Phyllobates terribilis). One such toxin, batrachotoxin (BTX), pries open sodium channels and alters their...
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    Beschreibung: Genome editing and glaucoma Genome editing treats glaucoma in mouse model. Image courtesy of iStockphoto/Natali_Mis. Mutations in the myocilin gene (MYOC) can lead to the misfolding and toxic buildup of the encoded protein in the trabecular meshwork (TM), a tissue that regulates pressure inside the eyes, triggering the death of...
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    Beschreibung: Multiple sclerosis and microbiome Acinetobacter. Image courtesy of CDC/Janice Carr. Previous work has shown that mice engineered to develop experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis (MS), remain disease-free when raised in a germ-free environment, suggesting that commensal microbiota mediate brain autoimmunity. To understand the role of human...
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    Beschreibung: Genetic variations in ion channels influence human hair color Genetic variations in TPC ion channels influence hair color. Image courtesy of iStockphoto/Sasha_Litt. Levels of the human hair color pigment eumelanin, produced by cells found in the skin’s basal epidermis and hair follicles, depend on the cells’ internal pH. Previous studies...
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    Beschreibung: Emissions from Canadian oil sand mining Aircraft coming in for landing from mission flight in oil sands region. Image courtesy of Andrew Elford (Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Canada). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are associated with ozone and aerosol formation. VOC emission estimates from oil sands facilities are reported...
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    Beschreibung: Early evidence of Near Eastern viniculture Neolithic jar from Khramis Didi-Gora, Georgia. Image courtesy of the Georgian National Museum. As the climate in the mountainous Near East improved following the last Ice Age, Neolithic hunter-gatherers innovated viniculture of the Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera). The earliest known chemical evidence for grape...
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    Beschreibung: Cas9-expressing mosquito strains pave the way toward gene drives SEM image of genome-edited adult female mosquito. Left compound eye is split up, and there are three maxillary palps instead of the normal two. Image courtesy of Michelle Bui and Alexander Knyshov (University of California, Riverside, CA). Previous efforts to use...
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    Beschreibung: Amnesic mice retain silent memory engrams Hippocampal dentate gyrus engram cells (red) store fear memories. Memory engrams refer to long-lasting, learning-induced physical or chemical changes that occur in brain networks. Researchers have shown that the reactivation of these engram cells, which are located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,...
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    Beschreibung: Neanderthal and modern human noses 3D reconstruction of Neanderthal skulls based on CT scans. Image courtesy of A. Balzeau (Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France). Both Neanderthals and modern humans settled in cold, dry Eurasian environments. This development may have required adaptations in internal nasal anatomy that facilitated warming and humidification...
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    Beschreibung: Spatial structure of gut microbiota Bacteria identified in the gnotobiotic mouse colon by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The spatial organization of bacterial species within the gut is believed to influence the relationships among members of the gut microbial community and between community members and their hosts. However, the spatial structure...
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    Beschreibung: Olive tree genome yields insights into oil biosynthesis Olive tree. Image courtesy of Pixabay/Hans. Cultivated varieties of olive trees are thought to have stemmed from oleaster (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), the wild precursor, in Asia Minor before reaching the Mediterranean, which serves as a home to an array of olive...
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    Beschreibung: How alkali flies thrive in Mono Lake Alkali fly. To feed and lay their eggs, alkali flies (Ephydra hians) crawl down calcium carbonate rocks into California’s Mono Lake, where the water is both highly alkaline and three times as salty as the Pacific Ocean. The flies stay dry during their...
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    Beschreibung: Water management system in ancient China Map of the Liangzhu city and hydraulic system, lower Yangtze River, China. The ancient Liangzhu culture of China represents a peak of early social and cultural development that preceded the Chinese dynasties of the historical record. The Liangzhu were an agrarian society and strongly...
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    Beschreibung: Listeners prefer new over old violins in blind tests New violins found to project sound better than Old Italian violins in halls. Image courtesy of Panoramio/Jiaqian AirplaneFan. Previous blind tests have found that seasoned violinists largely failed to distinguish new violins from Old Italian violins, such as Stradivari violins, preferring...
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    Beschreibung: Trade in the pre-Columbian Andes Vaquerías ware, Cajón Valley. The long-distance exchange of goods and resources is a key factor in the development of complex societies. To improve understanding of ancient trade practices, Marisa Lazzari et al. (pp. E3917–E3926) examined the exchange of ceramics, obsidian artifacts, and volcanic rock tools...
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    Beschreibung: Fungicide–flavonol interaction in honey bee health Honey bee. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons/John Severns. Just as food–drug interactions can influence human metabolism, pesticides can interact with plant-derived compounds and impair honey bee physiology. Wenfu Mao et al. (pp. 2538–2543) tested the effects of diets containing the pollen-derived flavonol quercetin, which...
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    Beschreibung: Electronic wires and supercapacitors in living plants Electronic wires in the petals of a rose. Image courtesy of Thor Balkhed (Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden). Researchers recently developed living plants with electronic circuitry integrated into the plant tissues. Previously, the electronic components of such electronic plants (e-Plants) were confined to localized...
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    Beschreibung: El Niño and cholera in Africa Cholera incidence rates between El Niño and non-El Niño years throughout Africa. Cholera outbreaks have long been linked to climatic factors, particularly the El Niño Southern Oscillation, but little evidence supports such a link in Africa. Using datasets comprising more than 17,000 annual observations...
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    Beschreibung: Targeting bacterial cell wall carbohydrates MRSA (green) engulfed by macrophages (red) following treatment with a lysibody. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria contain numerous surface carbohydrates that are often highly conserved across species, providing a potential therapeutic target for the attachment of high-affinity antibodies. However, the poor immune response provoked...
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    Beschreibung: Role of hydrogen sulfide gas in sleep apnea Sleep apnea tied to hydrogen sulfide signaling. Image courtesy of iStockphoto/nicolesy. More than 10 million people in the United States suffer from sleep apnea, a condition marked by intermittent breathing during sleep and enhanced risk of hypertension and stroke. Studies have implicated...
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    Beschreibung: Genetic basis of convergent evolution in pandas Wild giant panda. Despite being classified as carnivores, giant pandas and red pandas, which separately evolved from meat-eating ancestors and diverged from each other around 47.5 million years ago, subsist almost entirely on bamboo—a phenomenon termed phenotypic convergence, which is observed in distantly...
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    Beschreibung: Early Antarctic ice age dynamics Antarctica. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons/Dave Pape. The extent of Antarctic ice sheets oscillated widely on astronomical time scales throughout the Oligocene and Early Miocene Epochs, approximately 34 to 17 million years ago, when comparably large ice sheets had not yet developed in the Arctic....
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    Beschreibung: Quantitative literary criticism 1432 Italian manuscript of the complete works of Seneca. MS Lat 47, Houghton Library, Harvard University. By adapting, quoting, and alluding to previous works, authors create links among literary texts, a phenomenon termed intertextuality, which provides grist for literary criticism. Using machine-learning tools and computational analysis of...
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    Beschreibung: HIV-1 attributes that enhance sexual transmission HIV-infected T cell. Image courtesy of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. By some estimates, less than 1% of unprotected sexual exposures lead to successful HIV-1 infection, reflecting the presence of substantial innate barriers to virus transmission. Shilpa Iyer et al. (pp. E590–E599)...
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    Beschreibung: Cytopathic effects of Zika virus proteins ZIKV genome, which encodes 14 proteins and peptides (Zika ORFeome), with predicted intracellular associations. Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause microcephaly in newborn children and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults, but the precise viral proteins that trigger the cellular changes underlying these conditions remain unknown. Using...
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    Beschreibung: Potential treatment for migraine with aura Pregabalin as a potential treatment for migraine with aura. Image courtesy of iStockphoto/g-stockstudio. In people who suffer from migraine with aura, splitting headaches are often preceded by cortical spreading depression (SD), a wave of neuronal excitation and prolonged depolarization that progressively renders brain tissue...
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    Beschreibung: Carbon emissions from preindustrial human activity The Bog of Allen, a peat bog in Ireland. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons/Sarah777. Preindustrial human impacts on Earth’s climate remain uncertain. Reconstructions of the total terrestrial carbon balance suggest only small carbon losses from the land over most of the past 5,000 years....
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    Beschreibung: Crocodile bites, ancient butchery, and human evolution Linear marks and pits on a 2.5-million-year-old ungulate leg bone from Bouri, Ethiopia. Traces and pits found on the surfaces of fossilized bones have been used to infer the use of stone tools by hominids for butchering carcasses. But whether the marks represent...
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    Beschreibung: Presenilin 1 and Alzheimer’s disease pathology Aβ plaque accumulation (green) due to defective autophagy in mouse brain tissue. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, afflicts more than 5 million people in the United States and is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in...
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    Beschreibung: Bison invasion of North America Modern American bison. Image courtesy of the Government of Yukon. The arrival of bison in North America from Asia was an ecologically significant event, causing a major upheaval within the established large mammal community. The timing of the first bison arrival in North America remains...
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    Beschreibung: Fluorescence in frogs Fluorescence in H. punctatus. Fluorescence is a fairly common phenomenon among aquatic vertebrates, such as sharks and ray-finned fishes, but rare among land-dwelling vertebrates, particularly amphibians, which count around 7,600 species among their number. Carlos Taboada et al. (pp. 3672–3677) report fluorescence in juveniles and adults of...
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2017)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-05-31
    Beschreibung: How ladybird beetles fold their wings for flight Seven-spot ladybird beetle with partially open elytra. Image courtesy of iStockphoto/Henrik_L. When ladybird beetles take flight, elastic veins allow their wispy hindwings to rapidly unfurl for takeoff. Once aloft and after landing, the insects tuck the hindwings away, but precisely how they...
    Schlagwort(e): In This Issue
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2017)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-21
    Beschreibung: Origin of rice domestication 3D image of rice bulliform phytolith from the Shangshan site. Researchers have previously reported that microscopic bodies of silica, called phytoliths, from rice (Oryza saliva L.) found at the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China might represent the earliest example of rice cultivation. However,...
    Schlagwort(e): In This Issue
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-08
    Beschreibung: Genomic history of Italian brown bears Apennine bear. Photo by Valentino Mastrella and image courtesy of Archive from the Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise National Park. Apennine bears are a critically endangered population of approximately 50 Italian brown bears that live in the central Apennine Mountains. Apennine bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus)...
    Schlagwort(e): In This Issue
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-20
    Beschreibung: Human mobility in early Europe Burial of a nonlocal female in the Lech River valley area of southern Germany. Image courtesy of Stadtarchäologie Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. Human mobility, which includes large-scale population replacements, during the Neolithic–Bronze Age transition in central Europe likely helped spread technological advancements and cultural practices. Yet,...
    Schlagwort(e): In This Issue
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
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    In This Issue [This Week in PNAS] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-04
    Beschreibung: Stradivari’s wood may hold clues to violins’ acoustics 1709 Stradivarius violin nicknamed “Marie Hall, Viotti.” Image courtesy of Chimei Museum (Tainan City, Taiwan). Stradivarius violins have long been prized for superior acoustics, presumed to stem from closely guarded trade secrets and the properties of wood used by 17th-century violin makers...
    Schlagwort(e): In This Issue
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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