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  • Other Sources  (3,012)
  • ASTRONOMY  (1,733)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,279)
  • 1980-1984  (3,012)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1
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    Si:Bi array detectors and astronomical applications of the Goddard 10 micron camera (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: An improved 4 to 18 micron array camera system was developed at NASA Goddard SFC for astronomical photometry, using an Aerojet Electro Systems Corp. 16 x 16 Si:Bi accumulation mode charge injection device (AMCID) which could be suitable for eventual low-background spaceflight applications. An astronomical observing program using this device was carried out as a collaboration between NASA Goddard (Infrared and Radio Astronomy Branch and Micro Electronics Branch), the Harvard/Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona. In 1983 the camera system was revised, and a new Aeroject Si:Bi array with 16 x 16 active pixels was obtained from NASA/Ames Research Center as part of a new scientific collaboration between the Ames and Goddard infrared array research groups. The 16 x 16 device had sufficiently good sensitivity, uniformity and noise characteristics to be used for successful observations at the Mt. Lemmon 60 and 61 inch telescopes in May 1983. Complete laboratory characterization of the 16 x 16 array was carried out in summer of 1983. Initial results indicate that this detector has sensitivity and noise characteristics comparable to other devices from the same generation of Aerojet arrays.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 12 p
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  • 2
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    The High Resolution Spectrograph for the Space Telescope (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The High Resoltuion Spectrograph (HRS) in conjunction with the Space Telescope (ST), extends ultraviolet astronomical spectroscopy to higher spectra, spatial, and time resolutions than previously achieved, as well as to fainter and more distant celestial objects. Other significant advances inherent in the instrument are high photometric accuracy and efficient operation via exposure meter control and real time rejection of bad data. These capabilities are provided to accomplish the scientific programs of the HRS investigation definition team, which concern the interstellar medium, stellar winds, and evolutionary aspects of stellar atmosphere studies; the determination of chemical abundances relevant to stellar evolution; the investigation of quasars and Seyfert galaxy nuclei; and the analysis of the atmospheres of solar system objects, including comets.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 76-105
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  • 3
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    Distortion measurement of antennas under space simulation conditions with high accuracy and high resolution by means of holography (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The use of laser holography for measuring the distortion of antennas under space simulation conditions is described. The subject is the so-called double exposure procedure which allows to measure the distortion in the order of 1 to 30/micrometers + or - 0.5 per hologramme of an area of 4 m diameter max. The method of holography takes into account the constraints of the space simulation facility. The test method, the test set up and the constraints by the space simulation facility are described. The results of the performed tests are presented and compared with the theoretical predictions. The test on the K-Band Antenna e.g., showed a distortion of approximately 140/micrometers + or - 5/micrometers measured during the cool down from -10 C to -120 C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 13th Space Simulation Conf.; p 309-319
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  • 4
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    RIMSTAR: Rapid image scanning technology and archiving (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Conventional schemes for digitizing large volumes of photographic data are far too costly and time consuming to encourage the undertaking of the ambitious projects using traditional technology. There is a distinct need for fast digitizing systems such as could be derived from development of large format, optically multiplexed CCD systems designed to address these problems. The use of CCD chips for data handling and the capability of using polaroids in the optical path for reduced light scattering are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 419-427
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  • 5
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    Photographic surveys of the southern sky (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Parameters of the UK 1.2 meter Schmidt telescope are described. Plates taken with this instrument are in two categories, those for systematic sky surveys and those taken at the request of research users. A collaborative project with the European Southern Observatory was undertaken to obtain a two-color survey of the sky south of -20 deg declination to complement the Palomar survey. A near infrared survey of the Galactic Plane and the Megallanic Clouds is being done. The area south of -20 deg and the zone between 0 deg and -15 deg are also being surveyed. Pending a decision on survey parameters, all available A quality prism plates are being retained to form a basis for systematic survey. Nearly half the plates taken on a service basis for the UK astronomical community are to fulfill nonsurvey requests. Plates taken for surveys which are not of A grade quality are also made available for research purposes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 379-385
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  • 6
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    The preparation of the measurements at the PDS at the Padova Observatory: Report on an experience with the development of an astronomical data base environment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Some software facilities used mainly for information retrieval and analysis at the Padova-Asiago Observatory are discussed. These facilities help guest and resident astronomers to make easier the preparation of plate measurements. The problems connected with the creation, use and management of a data base in a scientific (astronomical) environment are reviewed on the basis of the experience gathered during the last three years. The development plan of the user session environment and its possible applications in a computer network are briefly sketched.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 361-369
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  • 7
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    Plans for a fast image recording system at ESO (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A 256 diode-array will be installed as detector on the ESO OPTRONICS S-3000 measuring machine in order to increase the acquisition rate. A high intensity LED will be used as light source in a pulse mode. The data will be stored on a random access mass storage device as density values for later education. The scanning time for a 30 cm x 30 cm plate with a step size of 10 micron will be less than 10 hours while the dynamic range of the data is expected to be 2.5 density units with an offset of at least 1 unit.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 317-328
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  • 8
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    The automated photographic measuring facility at Cambridge (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The design and performance of the automated photographic measuring facility at Cambridge is described. It consists of a precision laser scanning microdensitometer connected to a series of computers that process the data on-line. Plates up to 350 mm square can be measured. The microdensitometer samples the plate to 12 bit accuracy at a speed of 230,000 samples/second. The positional accuracy is better than a micron. Other features include platen rotation and automatic focus.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 277-288
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  • 9
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    Techniques of isophotometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The expected performance of the Minnesota automated dual-plate scanner (APS) is discussed with regard to photometry, position measurement accuracy, and ability to classify images. In addition, a fast algorithm for calculating image parameters is described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 267-276
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  • 10
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    The PDS-VAX intelligent plate scanning system of Trieste Astronomical Observatory (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An intelligent subsystem for interfacing a PDS1010A digital microdensitometer to a DEC DR11W DMA 16 bit UNIBUS port in DEC VAX VMS environment was tested. The subsystem employs two MOTOROLA M68000 microprocessors with 128 KB data memory. The PDS primitives and the user defined high level scanning functions and preprocessing modules are loaded from the host computer into two 8 KB RAM memories in the microprocessors using a dedicated PDS control language. The subsystem is planned to employ a nonstandard photomultiplier electronics. Two design schemes were tested: (1) based on three amplifiers of gain 10 cascaded and multiplexed to a 12 bit AD converter, and (2) based on a single amplifier of gain 100 and two 14 bit AD converters.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 175-187
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  • 11
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    The current status and future upgrade of the PDS at the Royal Greenwich Observatory (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Various aspects of the performance of the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are described. The primary points in an upgrade propsal for the unit are outlined. Photometric instabilities in the PDS are mentioned.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 129-134
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  • 12
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    Microdensitometer electronics modification (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Minor modifications of electronic components in the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are discussed. The operational requirements and performance limitations of the PDS are noted. Replacement of the photomultiplier and front-end analog circuitry significantly improved the photometric performance of the PDS. The improvement in density repeatability is marked, and the permissible density slew speed is greatly increased.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 121-128
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  • 13
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    Performance testing of the high altitude observatory PDS microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: High Altitude Observatory HAO microdensitometer undergoes monthly testing to assure its consistent performance. These tests check positional and photometric stability at the 10 micron aperture level. The HAO test procedure is designed to run without operator intervention following initial configuration of the microdensitometer for each subprocedure. Specialized test software is resident in the PDP 8. The operator selects the proper subprocedure by entering commands. Once computer control is established, it is not relinquished until the test is complete.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 19-34
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  • 14
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    Diagnosing a PDS microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A number of diagnostic tests are developed for the Photometric Data System PDS 2020G microdensitometer to monitor its performance and to isolate various electromechanical problems. A number of tests which help to diagnose problems with the photometer, positional accuracy and data collection are described. The tests include: (1) scanning a razor blade edge to study the response of the photometer and zero point losses in the coordinate system, (2) scanning a long straight line to evaluate the drunkness of the stage motions, (3) scanning photometric step wedge calibrations to study the response of the photometer, and (4) measurement of a series of high signal to noise plates of the same region of the sky to evaluate the overall performance of the microdensitometer. A variety of electronic tests to isolate electromechanical problems are also performed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 3-18
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  • 15
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    Ruled and holographic gratings experiment (A0138-5) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The behavior of ruled and holographic gratings with various coatings after extended exposure to the space environments was examined. The coatings and differentiating between the influences of vacuum and solar illumination were examined. In the past, several ruled and holographic gratings with various coatings were successfully flown on rocket experiments. Future utilizations of such gratings are considered for the Space Telescope and for various Spacelab projects under development. The techniques which is used to replicate gratings can also be used to obtain a wide range of lightweight optical components, including sophisticated aspherical, highly polished mirrors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 163-164
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  • 16
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    Holographic data storage crystals for LDEF (A0044) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Electro-optic holographic recording systems were developed. The spaceworthiness of electro-optic crystals for use in ultrahigh capacity space data storage and retrieval systems are examined. The crystals for this experiment are included with the various electro-optical components of LDEF experiment. The effects of long-duration exposure on active optical system components is investigated. The concept of data storage in an optical-phase holographic memory is illustrated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 152-153
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  • 17
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    Multiple-foil microabrasion package (A0023) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The specific scientific objectives of this experiment are to measure the spatial distribution, size, velocity, radiance, and composition of microparticles in near-Earth space. The technological objectives are to measure erosion rates resulting from microparticle impacts and to evaluate thin-foil meteor 'bumpers'. The combinations of sensitivity and reliability in this experiment will provide up to 1000 impacts per month for laboratory analysis and will extend current sensitivity limits by 5 orders of magnitude in mass.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 117-120
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  • 18
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    Reflections on the Space Telescope (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The significance of the Space Telescope for the advancement of astronomy and astrophysics is described. The current state of knowledge in astronomy and cosmology is summarized and unanswered questions in those fields discussed. The rapid evolution of modern astronomy and the need for systematic observations are stressed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 121-134
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  • 19
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    Astrometric observations with the Space Telescope (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Astrometry with the Space Telescope (ST) is performed using one of the fine guidance sensors (FGS). The FGS, which is based on a pair of Koester's prism interferometers, one for each axis, is capable of measuring the position of one object relative to another with an accuracy of 0.002 arcseconds. Astrometric Data Reduction Software (ADRS) available to the astrometric user of ST is described. The kinds of problems the space telescope astrometry team plans to investigate using ST are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 114-120
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  • 20
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    The wide field/planetary camera (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A wide site of potential astronomical and solar system scientific studies using the wide field planetary camera on space telescope are described. The expected performance of the camera as it approaches final assembly and testing is also detailed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 28-39
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  • 21
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    European astronomy and the Space Telescope: The Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The role of the European Coordinating Facility is described. European participation in the Space Telescope Science Institute and the relation of Space Telescope to ground-based astronomy in Europe are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 16-19
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  • 22
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    Active cavity radiometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The active cavity radiometer (ACR) experiment on the Spacelab 1 mission to measure the total solar irradiance is discussed. Short and long term variations in the total solar output of optical energy are studied. Solar total irradiance observation provides information on the solar cycle and other long term trends in solar output that are of climatological significance as well as short term solar physics phenomena. The interaction of solar radiation with the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses provides the primary driving forces for the formation of weather systems and the determination of climate. Astrophysical measurements determine the total energy flux. The principal role of the ACR observations support extended solar irradiance experiments on free flying satellites. Solar irradiance measurements are important in the establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level in the international system of units (SI).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 23
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    Spectroscopy in X-ray astronomy (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Detailed features in cosmic X-ray sources and their associated temporal variation over a wide energy range were studied. Excess emission and absorption at approximately 6 to 7 kiloelectron volts in the spectra of supernova remnants, binary X-ray sources, and clusters of galaxies were observed. A gas scintillation proportional counter (GSPC) will be used as the detector system. In the gas scintillator the principal limitation is due to the statistics of the initial ionization process only.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 24
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    Very wide field camera (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The study of galactic and faint extragalactic extended sources and peculiar ultraviolet objects by a very wide field of view camera, operated in the ultraviolet photometric and spectrometric modes is discussed. The photometric mode is direct photography through filters for observation of the following sources: (1) large scale distribution of ultraviolet radiation in the Milky Way; (2) diffusion of the galactic light above the galactic plane and in front of the large absorbing clouds; (3) the optical emission of the interstellar matter; (4) stars, and starlike objects with diameters less than 3 arc minutes. In the spectrometric mode (nebular spectrograph) the light from the center of the photometric field is concentrated on a slit covering 10 degrees by 10 arc minutes on the sky.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 25
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    Far ultraviolet astronomy using the FAUST telescope (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST) a compact, wide field-of-view, far ultraviolet instrument designed for astronomical observations of extended and point sources is discussed. The design and application of the instrument are described. The prime objective is to observe faint astronomical sources with sensitivities higher than previously available. Scientific programs will include: (1) a search for ultraviolet stars which are predicted to exist at the stage of evolution prior to the final death of a star; (2) observations of galaxies and quasars; and (3) joint programs with other Spacelab 1 experiments. The secondary objective is to verify the suitability of the Spacelab as a platform for far ultraviolet astronomy: data will be provided on the ultraviolet background levels due to astronomical, terrestrial, and spacecraft generated sources; the levels of contaminants which affect ultraviolet instruments; and the capability of the Orbiter for stable pointing at celestial sources for useful periods of time.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 26
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    Personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-05
    Description: The use of a personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder to measure the physiological reactions of space flight personnel to space flight stress and weightlessness is described. The Oxford Instruments Medilog recorder, a battery-powered, four-channel cassette tape recorder with 24 hour endurance is carried on the person and will record EKG, EOG, EEG, and timing and event markers. The data will give information about heart rate and morphology changes, and document adaptation to zero gravity on the part of subjects who, unlike highly trained astronauts, are more representative of the normal population than were the subjects of previous space flight studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 27
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    Metric camera experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A test of the mapping capabilities of high resolution space photography taken at the resolution limit of image motion on large film format is planned. The metric camera system and its planned operation are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 28
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    Waves in the OH emissive layer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Photography and measurement of cloud-like structures of bright parallel bands observed in near infrared photography of the night sky is planned. The instrument is described and the purpose of the experiment summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 29
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    Grille spectrometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: High resolution infrared spectroscopic observations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range characteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of trace atmospheric constituents is planned. The instrument and its operation and the purpose of the experiments are summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 30
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    The High Speed Photometer for the Space Telescope (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An overview of the high speed photometer (HSP), its optics and detectors, its electronics, its mechanical structure, and some observational considerations are presented. The capabilities and limitations of the HSP are outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 106-113
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  • 31
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    The Faint Object Camera (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Faint Object Camera fully exploits the spatial resolution capability of the Space Telescope on the very faintest detectable objects over a broad wavelength range. A full complement of filters, objective prisms and polarizers, a choice of coronograhic masks, and a variety of scan formats extend the scientific versatility of the direct imaging mode. In addition, the Faint Object Camera provides the unique facility of long-slit spectroscopy to Space Telescope observers.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 40-54
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  • 32
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    An automatic light scattering CCN counter (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The counter is a static thermal diffusion chamber which has been modified to include an optical system for the determination of droplet concentration by the measurement of scattered light. The determination of concentration is made by measurement of the peak scattered light signal from the cloud of growing droplets which is a function of both the droplet concentration and chamber supersaturation. Because the formation of the peak is related to the rate of growth of the droplets and sedimentation, both of which are determined by supersaturation, the system calibration can be uniquely determined by comparison with an absolute counter such as a static diffusion chamber with a photographic recording system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 40-41
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  • 33
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    Cloud condensation nucleus counter by impactor sampling technique (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Unlike typical CCN counters, this device counts the numbers of water droplets condensed on aerosol particles sampled on a microcover glass at various different relative humidities. The relative humidities ranged from 75 percent to a calculated value of 110 percent. A schematic of the apparatus is shown. The individual CCN can be identified in an optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph and may be inspected for their chemical composition later.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 35-36
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  • 34
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    The CCN counter of the IOPG of Puy de Dome: Main characterisics and results of measurements (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In performing the data analysis of the measurements achieved during the Workshop with the device, a global approach was preferred rather than an individual analysis, in order to illustrate some main characteristics in the behavior of the device with respect to a mean behavior resulting from a general survey of all the equipments involved in each experiment. The device tends generally to overestimate the CCN concentrations measured near the high supersaturations and sometimes underestimates the concentrations close to 0.1% or 0.2% of supersaturation. Despite the fact that it belongs to a type of static diffusion chamber, it shows, however, similar spectra to those obtained with other types of chambers (continuous flow diffusion chamber and haze chamber).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 17-19
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  • 35
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    Contribution to CCN Workshop report from University of Wyoming group (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The group's CCN counter is described. It is a static, horizontal, parallel plate thermal gradient diffusion chamber. Examples of the application of the CCN are presented and include the CCN spectra measured during the winter of 1978-79 near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. Comparisons of droplet concentrations derived from upwind CCN spectra are covered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 11-13
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  • 36
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    Determination of the efficiency of a proportional counter for detecting X-rays (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A parallel beam of X-rays (approximately monoenergetic) passing through a rectangular slit and scattering from two flat mirrors comprise the X-ray test. The two mirrors are arranged in a periscope geometry so that the final reflected beam is parallel to the incident beam but displaced laterally by given amount. One of the detectors used to intercept the reflected X-rays is a one dimensional gas-filled proportional counter which is sensitive to the position (in 1 dimension) at which the X-rays are incident within its detecting "window". The total length of the anode wire of the proportional counter is 120 mm and this length can be divided electronically into a maximum of 1,024 parts. Hence, the output of an experimental run would be the number of incident X-rays that registered on each of the 1,024 channels. Each channel would represent an X-ray at a different spatial location and, hence, at a different scattering angle. In order to look at a wider range of scattering angles, the detector is placed on an optical table which can be rotated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 6 p
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  • 37
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    Measurement of the aerosol size distribution with NRL's mobility analyzer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The size distribution was measured in the size range between 0.0057 and 0.57 micrometer radius. A description of the instrumentation and data analysis is given, together with the measured size distributions calculated for 23 experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 69-78
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  • 38
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    Modified MEE Industries static thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The experiments performed at the Workshop were undertaken to confirm the calculated sample volume, determine the usable range of supersaturation, and minimum detectable size. Comparison of absolute CCN concentrations with other state-of-the-art continuous flow diffusion chambers at supersaturations near 1 percent indicated that the volume used produced CCN concentrations well within the range of CCN concentrations determined at the workshop. This agreement is interpreted to mean the sample volume was correct. Direct measurements of the beam geometry done in the laboratory indicated a factor of 4-5 error. This error is apparently due to the larger apparent visible beam diameter versus the actual usable beam diameter given the droplet illumination, chamber optical geometry, microscope optics and film characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 44-45
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  • 39
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    Multi-channel chopper system for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A multi-channel chopper system designed and built to stringent specifications is providing an excellent performance for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). State of the art machining technology, suitable material selection, and a way to hold and position the slit plate resulted in the instrument's better than expected performance. A shutter method used for internal calibration allows compensation for the occurrence of an unlikely wavelength shift during testing, launch, or during the orbiting life of the instrument. The TOMS is part of a payload on Nimbus 7 launched on October 24, 1978.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 63-75
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  • 40
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    Performance of the continuous flow diffusion chambers (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A brief comparative description is made of the chambers. Overall, comparisons for the various types of experiments - monodisperse, polydisperse and ambient aerosol - showed agreement among these chambers to within 15% in most cases. A careful analysis of the results indicated that a proper accounting of certain parameters would bring about much closer agreement among four of these instruments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 79-84
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  • 41
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    Description of the NRL isothermal haze chamber (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In the IHC the critical supersaturation is inferred from the measurement of the size of particles which have grown to their equilibrium size at exactly 100 percent RH. The largest size channel corresponds to a critical supersaturation of 0.014 percent. The growth time required for particles of this size to reach their equilibrium size exceeds the 110 second residence time in the IHC. Since the supersaturation spectrum is always very steep in this region, the contribution of these larger particles which have not yet attained their equilibrium size to smaller size channels is negligible. However, failure of these particles to reach their equilibrium size could result in a significant lowering of the count in the size channel corresponding to the smaller critical supersaturation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 42-43
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  • 42
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    Static diffusion cloud chambers (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The chamber geometry and optical arrangement are described. The supersaturation range is given and consists of readings taken at five fixed points: 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.25%. The detection system is described including light source, cameras, and photocell detectors. The temperature control and the calibration of the chamber are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 26-27
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  • 43
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    Description and discussion of the NRL TGDCC (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NRL thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (TGDCC) consists of two plates 7.5 cm in diameter separated by 1.25 cm and covered with saturated filter paper. The cylindrical wall separating the plates is glass. The top plate is at room temperature and the bottom plate is cooled with a thermoelectric cooler. The temperature difference is measured with several sets of thermocouples. The CCN concentration was determined from the video recording. This procedure of averaging the maximum count obtained on several successive recordings at the same supersaturation results in concentrations which are somewhat higher than concentrations calculated from an average across the plateau.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 14-16
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  • 44
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    Comparing dry aerosol size measurements (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Two instruments were used to size dry aerosols for the CCN experiments: the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) instrument which uses an electrical mobility analyzer to separate the aerosol size fractions and a diffusion chamber to grow and count the particles and the University of Wyoming (WYO) aerosol monitoring system. Measurements from these two systems were usually found to be in agreement during the CCN Workshop. Two examples are presented to compare aerosol size distribution measurements of the two instruments: experiment 8 (monodisperse NaCl) and experiment 27 (polydisperse AgI). Differential (dN/dR) and cumulative plots are shown for both instruments for experiment 8 and experiment 27; also shown are Aitken particle measurements for comparison.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 106-107
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  • 45
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    CCN comparisons of static diffusion chambers (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Nine CCN counters of the static diffusion (SDC) type were compared with one another and with continuous flow diffusion (CFD) chambers. The nine SDCs showed a considerable amount of variation, largely attributable to newness and/or lack of prior calibration of some units. The five more consistent instruments agreed quite well, to within at least 20 percent of the NRL mobility analyzer and to within 10 percent at 1 percent supersaturation. There was satisfactory agreement between the more reliable SDC and CFD chambers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 46
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    Diffusion tube (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The diffusion tube was designed to operate below about 0.25 percent of water supersaturation. It is simply a long tube lined on the inside with a damp chamois cloth, and heated isothermally to a few degrees centigrade above the incoming air. The diffusion coefficient for water vapor is slightly larger than that for heat, making it possible to supersaturate the airflow. This is the same principle by which transient supersaturations may occur in parallel plate cloud chambers. Only the diffusion of vapor and heat from the walls into the moving air are considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 37-39
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  • 47
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    A description of the UK Meteorological Office CCN counter (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The chamber is a thermal gradient diffusion type with the upper plate at room temperature and the lower plate thermoelectrically cooled. The light from a 25W projector bulb is focused in a beam of approximations 1x3 mm in the central part of the chamber. The light scattered by drops is viewed in the forward direction (40 deg) by a microscope and a sensitive photodetector. Experiments were performed to relate the peak output from the photocell with the maximum number of drops in the beam recorded photographically. The microscope is used to check the calibration at low concentrations of CCN. The results of the experiments and the performance of the counter are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 33-34
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  • 48
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    Astronomical capabilities of the Faint Object Spectrograph on Space Telescope (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Examples of scientific observing programs planned with the Faint Object Spectrograph on Space Telescope are presented. An overview of the spectrograph design and operation is presented. The expected astronomical performance of the instrument is described in some detail.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 55-75
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  • 49
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    The Space Telescope Observatory (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The history of the observatory is briefly described, as is the overall system design. The principal design features that are important to the scientific user are described. The present status of preparation for launch in the spring of 1985 is summarized.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 20-27
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  • 50
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    STEP flight experiments Large Deployable Reflector (LDR) telescope (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: Flight testing plans for a large deployable infrared reflector telescope to be tested on a space platform are discussed. Subsystem parts, subassemblies, and whole assemblies are discussed. Assurance of operational deployability, rigidization, alignment, and serviceability will be sought.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center STEP Expt. Requirements; p 257-278
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  • 51
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    Computer simulation of the effects of transmission-averaging in microdensitometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: One of the principal advantages of electrography when compared to photography is the nearly linear relationship between source intensity versus resulting image density. This property allows for simplified and more accurate photometric calibration and permits a certain degree of extrapolation of the calibration to beyond the limits of the faintest photoelectric standard on an exposure. The desires to extract quantitative photometric information from electrographic (or photographic) negatives and to convert this information into a digital format for computer analysis or enhancement led to the widespread use of scanning microdensitometers to perform this A-to-D conversion. Therefore it is of vital importance to understand and, if practical, to avoid any nonlinearities which may be introduced during microdensitometry of electrographic emulsions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 429-431
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  • 52
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    The role of the Automated Plate Measuring (APM) machine in developing a program to discover QSOs automatically (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The scanning of a direct plate with the automatic plate measuring machine which results in the automated selection and description of images is described. The selection of QSO candidates based on color-color diagrams constructed from the APM image data and the analysis of APM raster data for QSOs selected visually from objective prism plates are also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 417-418
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  • 53
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    Next generation microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The fundamental limitations of microdensitometers are reviewed and the design of a high microdensitometer described. The system will digitize to 16 bits in transmission at a speed of 100 kHz using a laser beam moving over the emulsion. Other features are automatic platen rotation and autofocus. The cost will be of order $200,000.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 333-341
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  • 54
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    A new measuring machine in Paris (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A new photographic measuring machine is under construction at the Paris Observatory. The amount of transmitted light is measured by a linear array of 1024 photodiodes. Carriage control, data acquisition and on line processing are performed by microprocessors, a S.E.L. 32/27 computer, and an AP 120-B Array Processor. It is expected that a Schmidt telescope plate of size 360 mm square will be scanned in one hour with pixel size of ten microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 329-332
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  • 55
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    A preliminary analysis of a diode array for densitometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A diode-array based image digitizer manufactured by the Eikonix Corp. was tested to see if it can be adapted to the exacting requirements of astronomical densitometry. As the device is presently configured, a dynamic range of 400:1 can be achieved routinely, with a positional accuracy of 2 microns or better. An area of 2048 X 2048 pixels can be scanned in about 5 minutes. Preliminary tests indicate that several relatively simple enhancements can improve both the photometric and the positional accuracy of the device.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 307-315
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  • 56
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    A next generation microdensitometer? (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Motivations for construction of a next generation microdensitometer (NGM) are presented and their effect on the NGM design is discussed. A prototype of such an engine has been constructed at KPNO. Its design and performance is reviewed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 291-305
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  • 57
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    Why use a microdensitometer other than a PDS? (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The motivations for constructing a special purpose built microdensitometer are explored. The salient points of some of the microdensitometers are described and the advantages and disadvantages of the system in comparison to a PDS machine are outlined. The principal gain is in speed though at the expense of loss in dynamic range. The effects on the astronomical results are demonstrated. The astronomical results already obtained with these machines and from ongoing projects are described. It is shown that there is a large class of important astronomical problems which can be tackled by these machines but which are not feasibile on the PDS because of the speed of the machine.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 209-228
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  • 58
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    Improvements to the Photometric response and positional accuracy of the Yale PDS 2020G microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The necessity to incorporate several hardware changes to optimize the Yale PDS 2020G microdensitometer for photometric and astrometric research are discussed. The properties of a new high speed photometer and a positional calibration system are described. The new photometer incorporates a high speed logarithmic analog to digital converter with more than 10 times the resolution of the former system and a cycle time of approximately 50 usec. The positional calibration system monitors the drunkenness of the stages with respect to fixed index lines and enables the correction of the +/- 5 micro stage errors to an accuracy of better than 1 micro.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 151-161
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  • 59
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    Performance of the ESO PDS (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The astrometric and photometric performance of the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are discussed, including the tests used for checking it. The instrument was shown to satisfy operational requirements for photometric measurements of astronomical plates with respect to dynamic range and stability.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 89-95
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  • 60
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    Characteristics of the MSFC, PDS microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The results of several parametric studies carried out on the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Photometric Data System PDS-10 microdensitometer are summarized for the purposes of documenting the operation and limitations of the system for inhouse research and to provide a bench mark for comparison with other microdensitometers. The results are grouped into four general areas. These are: (1) system overall stability to drift, (2) photometric linearity and noise, (3) reproducibility, and (4) scanning performance. Test data taken in order to evaluate the interdependency of scan speed, noise and position are included. Shown also are results of tests for system stability, reproducibility, stray light and PMT settling time.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 71-88
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  • 61
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    Microdensitometer errors: Their effect on photometric data reduction (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The performance of densitometers used for photometric data reduction of high dynamic range electrographic plate material is analyzed. Densitometer repeatability is tested by comparing two scans of one plate. Internal densitometer errors are examined by constructing histograms of digitized densities and finding inoperative bits and differential nonlinearity in the analog to digital converter. Such problems appear common to the four densitometers used in this investigation and introduce systematic algorithm dependent errors in the results. Strategies to improve densitometer performance are suggested.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 45-58
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  • 62
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    Experiences with a PDS 2020 GM (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Various perturbations which occurred during the operation of a PDS 2020 GM microdensitometer are reviewed. The effects of elevated temperature, vibration, transient electrical noise, and photometric perturbations are briefly discussed. Sample astronomical results from the PDS 2020 GM unit are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 97-106
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  • 63
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    Positive-feedback photometric drift in the PDS (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Digitizing flatfield images produces conditions in the Photometric Data System PDS which cause the measured density to drift by as much as .1 DN during a 10 minute interval. The drift occurs when the PDS, set up in equilibrium at fog level, subsequently scans a reasonably dense region for periods of longer than a few minutes. The drift is manifested primarily as a positive shift in density that is approximately the same for all densities. If the fog level is assumed to be in fact constant and is monitored during scans of flat fields, the PDS drift may be removed by subtracting the difference between the observed fog level and its assumed constant value for each pixel. This function is then smoothed and subtracted, as a function of scan line, from the measured density. The fog level is then adjusted to a standard value by adding a constant. The result is a flattened scan with PDS drift removed to the accuracy within which the fog level drift matches the drift at other levels.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 59-69
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  • 64
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    Photometric and positional accuracy of the PDS Bonn in view of astronomical requirements (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The photometric and positional accuracy of a microdensitometer is examined. A calibrating plate with different density areas available is used to determine photometric accuracy. Position accuracy is evaluated by multiple scans of sharp edges and analyzed statistically.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 35-43
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  • 65
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    LDEF thermal measurements system (P0003) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Many of the passive experiments flying on LDEF will be significantly enhanced if data are available postflight to indicate the temperature time histories of test materials and other specimens exposed in the experiments. The baseline LDEF approach was to provide postflight calculated temperature histories of experiment boundaries and solar flux data for the mission, which can in turn be used by each investigator to calculate the temperature time histories for critical experiment components. Without in-flight temperature measurements, a substantial uncertainty will exist in the calculated temperatures. The data measured by the themal measurement system (THERM) will significantly improve postflight knowledge of temperatures experienced by LDEF experiments. The THERM data will also be valuable in validating the LDEF thermal design concept and in providing better design data for experimenters on future LDEF missions. The objectives of this experiment are to determine the history of the interior average temperatures of the LDEF for the total orbital mission and to measure the temperatures of selected components and thermal boundary conditions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 78-81
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  • 66
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    Science operations with Space Telescope (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The operation, instrumentation, and expected contributions of the Space Telescope are discussed. Space Telescope capabilities are described. The organization and nature of the Space Telescope Science Institute are outlined, including the allocation of observing time and the data rights and data access policies of the institute.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: The Space Telescope Obs.; p 1-15
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    Infrared mapping of galaxian centers: Star forming regions with kiloparsec scale sizes (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A 1 to 20 micron mapping of the centers of galaxies encompassing the regions that extend out to several kiloparsecs from the nuclei is reviewed. Power emerging at or = 5 microns is a direct measure of the number of young stars present. This conclusion is strongly supported by the large-scale association of the infrared-emitting regions with visual continuum and line emission indicative of young stars, and by the similarity of the energy distributions to those of Galactic HII region/molecular cloud complexes. Much of the young-star activity is completely hidden from view. At shorter wavelengths, a variety of processes, including bremsstrahlung, are evident.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Observatory Star Formation Workshop; p 183-198
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    Heterodyne frequency measurements and frequency calibration standards for tunable diode lasers (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New frequency calibration tables are required to keep abreast of the resolution attainable by currently available tunable lasers. One key to the generation of tables with requisite accuracy involves accurate heterodyne frequency measurements; another key consists of reliable fitting and analysis. Coordinated activity in NBS involves selection of suitable molecular calibration candidates, their frequency measurement and analysis, and dissemination of the results in the form of frequency calibration tables. Current status of these efforts is described.
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    The Gamma-Ray Observatory mission objectives and its significance for gamma-ray astronomy (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) is an approved NASA mission, programmed for launch in 1988. Its complement of four detectors has established goals: (1) to study the nature of compact gamma-ray sources such as neutron stars and black holes, or objects whose nature is yet to be understood; (2) to search for evidence of nucleosynthesis especially in the regions of supernovae; (3) to study structural features and dynamical properties of the Galaxy; (4) to explore other galaxies, especially the extraordinary types such as radio, Seyferts, and quasars; and (5) to study cosmological effects by examining the diffuse radiation in detail. This paper discusses the design, objectives, and expected scientific results of each of the GRO instruments in view of the GRO mission goals.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 3; 10-12
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  • 70
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    Optogalvanic photodetachment spectroscopy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new extension to optogalvanic spectroscopy, in which electrons detached from negative ions formed in the discharge are observed as a function of incident laser wavelength, has been developed. The determination of the electron affinities of I(-) and Cl(-) atomic ions is described. The potential of the technique for studying the spectroscopy of molecular negative ions is also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal de Physique (ISSN 0449-1947); 44; C7-461 t
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  • 71
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    Reduction of flow-measurement uncertainties in laser velocimeters with nonorthogonal channels (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 5, p. 642, Accession no. A83-16486
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1115-112
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    Requirements for a passive IR advanced moisture and temperature sounder (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The design of a high spectral resolution, lambda/delta lambda being approximately 1200 IR, sounder capable of increasing the vertical resolution of atmospheric temperature profiles and achieving a rms accuracy of approximately 1.5 K is discussed. This sounder permits improved determination of meteorological parameters on cloudiness, surface temperature, and air-surface interactions. A set of channels from the high J lines in the R branch of the 4.3-micron CO2 band complemented by a larger set of window, humidity, and temperature channels in the 3.7-, 6.3-, 9-, and 15-micron regions is used. Design and simulation studies show that such a sounder is within the present state of the art.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 979-989
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  • 73
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    Solar disk sextant (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper presents the conceptual design of an instrument, called the solar disk sextant, to be used in space to measure the shape and the size of the sun and their variations. The instrumental parameters required to produce sufficient sensitivity to address the problems of solar oblateness, solar pulsations, and global size changes of climatic importance are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 1235-123
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  • 74
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    The S201 far-ultraviolet imaging survey. II - A field in Cygnus (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Far-ultraviolet imagery of a region in Cygnus, a 20 deg diameter field centered near (1950) R. A. 21 h 31.2 m decl. +37 deg 25 arcmin, was obtained by the S201 far-ultraviolet camera during the Apollo 16 mission. In a 10 minute exposure covering the 1250-1600 A wavelength range (effective wavelength 1400 A), 730 star images can be detected, corresponding to a limiting ultraviolet magnitude of about m (1400) = 10. Assuming nominal interstellar extinction values in this region near the galactic plane, this result corresponds to the detection of A0 V stars to a distance of 300 pc and of B0 V stars to 1500 pc. Uncertainties in spectral classification and interstellar extinction for individual objects are probably more significant than calibration or measurement errors. Most of the objects detected are identified with stars in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog (1966), or the Catalog of Stellar Identifications (1979) or both, but 87 objects remain unidentified (or are identified with late-type stars).
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 54; 271-290
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  • 75
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    Nd:YAG holographic interferometer for aerodynamic research (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A holographic interferometer system has been installed in the NASA Ames 2- by 2-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel. The system incorporates a modern 10 pps, Nd:YAG pulsed laser which provides reliable operation and is easy to align. The spatial filtering requirements of the unstable resonator beam are described, as well as the integration of the system into the existing schlieren system. A two-plate holographic interferometer is used to reconstruct flow field data. For static wind tunnel models, the single exposure holograms are recorded in the usual manner; however, for dynamic models such as oscillating airfoils, synchronous laser hologram recording is used.
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  • 76
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    A laser interferometer for measuring skin friction in three-dimensional flows (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 05, p. 643, Accession no. A83-16685
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 557-559
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  • 77
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    Determining asteroid masses from perturbations on Mars (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The orbit of Mars is perturbed more than 5 m, a value compatible with the accuracy of the Viking Lander ranging data, by about three dozen asteroids. In addition to larger asteroids throughout the belt, significant perturbations of long period are generated by smaller objects near commensurabilities with Mars. The largest periodic terms induced by 1 Ceres and 2 Pallas have amplitudes of 0.8 and 0.2 km, respectively, both with 10-year periods. Due to a near commensurability, 4 Vesta causes a 5-km, 52-year term. While the Viking ranges will yield significant mass determinations for the largest three asteroids, and some of the smaller bodies should be detectable, it will be difficult to separate the smaller bodies with useful accuracies. Accurate discrimination must await range data from future missions to Mars or other bodies in the neighborhood of the asteroid belt. The Viking ranges can also yield improved masses for the outer planets (except Pluto), an application which is being exploited by groups analyzing these data. Uncertainties in the asteroid masses limit the ultimate accuracy of the Viking determinations of both the long time scale motion of the system of the inner four planets with respect to an inertial frame and the rate of change of the gravitational constant.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 57; 1-13
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    A search for the 10-micron silicate feature in periodic Comet Grigg-Skjellerup (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A 10-micron spectrum of periodic Comet Grigg-Skjellerup was obtained on 22 June 1982 with the UCL array spectrometer at the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, Mauna Kea. No emission feature is obvious in the spectrum. The observed spectrum can be fit equally well by a model of small hot absorbing grains or by a composite model with less than or equal to 30 percent (3sigma) warm, 'dirty' silicate grains. The latter model is consistent with the silicate abundance in Comet Kohoutek, which did display an emission feature at 10 microns.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 89; 170
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  • 79
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    Broad band X-ray astronomical spectroscopy (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Broad Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT) experiment has been designed for high sensitivity, moderate resolution spectrophotometry of cosmic sources in the range 0.5 to 12 keV. Principal elements are two co-aligned imaging telescopes with cooled Si(Li) detectors at each focus. The mirror design uses an approximate geometry of tightly nested, conical, foil reflectors that allow a large filling factor (high throughput) at small grazing angles (high energy response). Each detector consists of a cluster of five elements defined with grooves on a single crystal. This arrangement affords some spatial resolution as well as a means of substantial background reduction. Shuttle borne measurements will typically be of 2000 s duration for sources with a flux of 10 to the -12 erg/sq cm-s.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (ISSN 0018-9499); NS-31; 786-790
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  • 80
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    Simple high-temperature thermal diffusivity apparatus (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple and inexpensive thermal diffusivity apparatus is described for measurement up to 1600 K. The novel features of apparatus include a light pipe, a long furnace, and a differential thermocouple. A low heat-load sample holder for clamping the sample in a vertical position is also described. The results of measurements on AXM-5Q graphite are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 55; 235-237
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  • 81
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    Ultraviolet spectra of planetary nebulae. X - Physical conditions in the compact planetary nebula Sw St 1 (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photoelectric visual and ultraviolet observations of the compact planetary nebula Sw St 1 are analyzed. The electron density, determined from the C III 1907/1909 A line ratio, is N(e) = (1.1 + or - 0.1) x 10 to the 5th/cu cm, consistent with the high emission measure and high critical frequency determined from observations of the thermal radio emission. The C/O abundance ratio in the nebula is found to be N(C)/N(O) = 0.72 + or - 0.1, i.e. the envelope is oxygen-rich, as suggested by the identification of the silicate feature in the 8-13 micron infrared spectrum. Difficulties remain in accurately determining the reddening constant to the nebula and its electron temperature.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 206; 293-304
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  • 82
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    Detection of silicate emission features in the 8- to 13-micron spectra of main belt asteroids (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A presentation is given of 8.0-13.0 micron spectra (Delta lambda/lambda = 0.02-0.03) for six main belt asteroids, which range from 58 to 220 km in diameter and sample the five principal taxonomic classes (C, S, M, R and E). Narrow, well-defined silicate emission features are present on two of the asteroids, the C-type 19 Fortuna and the M-type 21 Lutetia. No comparable emission features are observed on the S-types 11 Parthenope and 14 Irene, the R-type 349 Dembowska or the E-type 64 Angelina.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 56; 393-397
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  • 83
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    The Harp probe - An in situ Bragg scattering sensor (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A wave sensor, consisting of parallel, evenly spaced capacitance wires, whose output is the sum of the water surface deflections at the wires, has been built and tested in a wave tank. The probe output simulates Bragg scattering of electromagnetic waves from a water surface with waves; it can be used to simulate electromagnetic probing of the sea surface by radar. The study establishes that the wave probe, called the 'Harp' for short, will simulate Bragg scattering and that it can also be used to study nonlinear wave processes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 358-371
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    Radiosonde pressure sensor performance - Evaluation using tracking radars (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The standard balloon-borne radiosonde employed for synoptic meteorology provides vertical profiles of temperature, pressure, and humidity as a function of elapsed time. These parameters are used in the hypsometric equation to calculate the geopotential altitude at each sampling point during the balloon's flight. It is important that the vertical location information be accurate. The present investigation was conducted with the objective to evaluate the altitude determination accuracy of the standard radiosonde throughout the entire balloon profile. The tests included two other commercially available pressure sensors to see if they could provide improved accuracy in the stratosphere. The pressure-measuring performance of standard baroswitches, premium baroswitches, and hypsometers in balloon-borne sondes was correlated with tracking radars. It was found that the standard and premium baroswitches perform well up to about 25 km altitude, while hypsometers provide more reliable data above 25 km.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 321-327
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    A SAR correlation algorithm which accommodates large-range migration (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents an algorithm for azimuth correlation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data with extraordinarily large-range migration which cannot be accommodated by the existing frequency domain interpolation approach used in current Seasat SAR processing. A mathematical model is provided for the SAR range-correlated point-target response both in the spatial and frequency domains. A simple and efficient processing algorithm derived from the exact two-dimensional correlation algorithm is given. This algorithm enables azimuth correlation by two cascaded one-dimensional correlation steps. The first step is to transform the range-correlated SAR data into the frequency domain in azimuth, followed by a newly developed range convolution filter to correct the range-dispersed spectrum of the range-correlated point-target response (RCPTR). The second step is the frequency-domain range migration correction approach for the azimuth compression. Simulation results provided here indicate that this processing algorithm yields a satisfactory compressed impulse response for SAR data with large-range migration whereas previous methods were subject to a broadening of the impulse response along range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 592-597
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  • 86
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    Radioastronomical observations of comets IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983d) and Sugano-Saigusa-Fujikawa (1983e) (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Continuum and spectral-line radio observations of the comets IRAS-Araki-Alcock and Sugano-Saigusa-Fujikawa obtained at a number of observatories during May and June, 1983, are compiled in tables and briefly characterized. The species NH3, H2O, CO, and HCN are considered in detail; visible-range observations of CN are compared; and the implications of the results and the experience gained in performing and coordinating the observations for the detection of important species in other comets, especially Halley's Comet, are explored.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 60; 215-220
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    A search at the millijansky level for milli-arcsecond cores in a complete sample of radio galaxies (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A complete sample of 26 extended radio galaxies was observed at 2.29 GHz with the Mark III VLBI system. The fringe spacing was about 3 milli-arcsec, and the detection limit was about 2 millijanskys. Half of the galaxies were found to possess milli-arcsec radio cores. In all but three sources, the nuclear flux density was less than 0.04 of the total flux density. Galaxies with high optical luminosity (less than -21.2) were more likely than less luminous galaxies to contain a detectable milliparcsec radio core (69 percent vs. 20 percent). For objects with arcsec cores, 80 percent were found to have a milli-arcsec core, even though the milli-arcsec object did not always contribute the greater part of the arcsec flux density.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 284; 519-522
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    The evolution of the infrared emission from the Type II supernova 1980k in NGC 6946 - The dust formation model (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper presents 1-4 micron photometry of supernova 1980 k in NGC 6946 obtained over a period of 1 year following the outburst. During the period between 1980 November 1 and December 19, the infrared emission probably originated from the extended atmosphere of the expanding star. The JHKL colors and a 1.3-2.6-micron spectrum observed during this period correspond to those of a blackbody with an average temperature of about 5000 K. Observations around 1981 May 31 showed that the supernova developed an infrared excess after 1980 December. This infrared excess persisted through 1981 October and is consistent with the appearance of thermal emission from about 700 to 900 K dust in addition to a hotter photosphere. The similarity of this behavior to that of the infrared evolution of some novae suggests that dust formation may be occurring in the supernova ejecta. The hypothesis, that the emission arises from preexisting grains in a circumstellar shell which are heated by the supernova outburst, is also consistent with the data.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; 168-174
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  • 89
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    Differential absorption lidar technique for measurement of the atmospheric pressure profile (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new two-wavelength lidar technique for remotely measuring the pressure profile using the trough absorption region between two strong lines in the oxygen A band is described. The theory of integrated vertical path, differential ranging, and horizontal-path pressure measurements is given, with methods to desensitize and correct for temperature effects. The properties of absorption troughs are described and shown to reduce errors due to laser frequency jitter by up to two orders of magnitude. A general analysis, including laser bandwidth effects, demonstrates that pressure measurements with an integrated-vertical-path technique are typically fifty times more accurate than with a differential ranging technique. Simulations show 0.1-0.3 percent accuracy for ground and Shuttle-based pressure-profile and surface-pressure experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 22; 3759-377
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  • 90
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    Ultraviolet and optical studies of binaries with luminous cool primaries and hot companions. III - Reticon radial velocities (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Radial velocities for 72 stars, most of them known or suspected binaries with F - K giant-supergiant primaries, are derived from Reticon spectra in the region 6005-6235 A at a scale of 7 km/s per diode. Cross-correlation of the spectra normally produces results accurate to better than 1.0 km/s. Eight new radial velocity variables are found (HR 2786, R Pup, HR 3291, HR 4451, HD 114520, HR 5667, HR 7014, and Nu1 Sgr). Improved orbits are determined for 15 known spectroscopic binaries, and provisional orbits are obtained for seven new spectroscopic binaries.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 53; 553-571
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    Infrared observations of RS CVn stars (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper presents infrared photometry of the RS CVn binary stars AR Lac (1.2-10 microns) and MM Her (1.2-3.5 microns) as they egressed from their primary and secondary eclipses; of the eclipsing systems RS CVn and Z Her at maximum light (1.2-10 microns) and of the non-eclipsing systems UX Ari and HR 1099 (1.2-10 microns). An analysis of these and published V data based on flux ratio diagrams (linear analogues of color-color diagrams) shows that G and K stars supply the infrared light of these systems. In AR Lac, the combined light of a G5-K0 subgiant and either a late F dwarf or an early F subgiant can account for the observed visual and infrared light curves. None of these systems shows infrared emission from circumstellar matter. This result is simply understood: dust grains would not be expected to form in the physical conditions surrounding the subgiant, and the corona and chromosphere (whose properties have been deduced from spectroscopic X-ray observations) should not produce appreciable infrared emission.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 205; 859-873
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  • 92
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    Ultraviolet high-resolution spectroscopy from the Space Telescope (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The High Resolution Spectrograph is one of five scientific instruments which will be part of the Space Telescope observatory. The spectrograph was designed to take advantage of the imaging and pointing capabilities of the telescope to obtain ultraviolet spectra with spectral resolution comparable to large, ground-based coudeinstruments. Some of the results of the ground-based testing program will be described, along with applications of these properties to future science programs.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 95; 543-549
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  • 93
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    Laser-induced fluorescence of green plants. I - A technique for the remote detection of plant stress and species differentiation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of green plants was evaluated as a means of remotely detecting plant stress and determining plant type. Corn and soybeans were used as representatives of monocots and dicots, respectively, in these studies. The fluorescence spectra of several plant pigments was excited with a nitrogen laser emitting at 337 nm. Intact leaves from corn and soybeans also fluoresced using the nitrogen laser. The two plant species exhibited fluorescence spectra which had three maxima in common at 440, 690, and 740 nm. However, the relative intensities of these maxima were distinctly different for the two species. Soybeans had an additional slight maxima at 525 nm. Potassium deficiency in corn caused an increase in fluorescence at 690 and 740 nm. Simulated water stress in soybeans resulted in increased fluorescence at 440, 525, 690, and 740 nm. The inhibition of photosynthesis in soybeans by 3-(3-4-dichlorophenyl)-1-1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) gave incresed fluorescence primarily at 690 and 740 nm. Chlorosis as occurring in senescent soybean leaves caused a decrease in fluorescence at 690 and 740 nm. These studies indicate that LIF measurements of plants offer the potential for remotely detecting certain types of stress condition and also for differentiating plant species.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 134-142
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    Theoretical studies of the effects of grain noise on photographic stellar astrometry and photometry (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method of incorporating the effects of photographic emulsion grain noise into digital image centering algorithms is presented which improves the accuracy of the derived stellar positions and magnitudes. Theoretical formulae are then derived for the limiting error of the center, and the photometric parameters. For IIIa-J, this error is 0.2-0.3 mu for bright unsaturated images, which agrees quite well with measurements made with the Yale PDS microdensitometer. It is expected that, with further improvements in the positional accuracy of the PDS, it should be possible to reach the emulsion grain noise limit, providing that emulsion shifts or other large scale errors do not dominate. It is also shown that, with appropriate trimming, marginal distribution image centering algorithms can yield an accuracy only slightly poorer than that obtained with two-dimensional distributions.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 88; 1683-168
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  • 95
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    Airborne detection of oceanic turbidity cell structure using depth-resolved laser-induced water Raman backscatter (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Airborne laser-induced, depth-resolved water Raman backscatter is useful in the detection and mapping of water optical transmission variations. This test, together with other field experiments, has identified the need for additional field experiments to resolve the degree of the contribution to the depth-resolved, Raman-backscattered signal waveform that is due to (1) sea surface height or elevation probability density; (2) off-nadir laser beam angle relative to the mean sea surface; and (3) the Gelbstoff fluorescence background, and the analytical techniques required to remove it. When converted to along-track profiles, the waveforms obtained reveal cells of a decreased Raman backscatter superimposed on an overall trend of monotonically decreasing water column optical transmission.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 22; 3778-378
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    An improved celestial radio reference frame: JPL 1982-4 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In the development of a celestial radio reference frame, there are now over 100 sources whose relative positions are known with an average uncertainty less than 5 milliarcseconds. These sources are fairly uniformly distributed over the celestial sphere north of -40 deg declination. Their positions are expressed in the new IAU system. This presentation describes the analysis involved in obtaining these results, as well as future plans for linking this system to the JPL planetary ephemerides.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 97
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    New infrared observations of IRS1, IRS3, and the adjacent nebula in the OMC-2 cluster (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of the infrared cluster of low luminosity protostars in Orion Molecular Cloud 2 (OMC2) are reported. Results show that the asymmetric distribution of the extended emission seen about IRS1 is another infrared reflection nebula. Energy distributions show that the spectral shape is fairly constant throughout the nebula which indicates there is little internal extinction within this region. Integrated surface brightness values show that the nebula is 5 times brighter than IRS1 at K. Energy distributions show that IRS1 has a more pronounced ice band absorption feature at 3.1 micron; suggesting that there is more extinction along the direct line of sight to IRS1 than along a line from IRS1 to the scattering grains and then to the observer. The distribution of the extended emission around IRS1 is similar to the reflection nebula seen in NGC 7538 (Werner et al. 1979). The asymmetric shapes of the two nebulae are similar and in each case there is excess extinction along line of sight to the illuminating source.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Observatory Lab. and Observational Infrared Spectra of Interstellar Dust; p 162-166
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  • 98
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    Studies of upper atmosphere motions by VHF backscatter (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 240-241
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  • 99
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    Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 236-237
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    Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 238-239
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