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  • Humans  (4,843)
  • 1995-1999  (2,769)
  • 1980-1984  (1,574)
  • 1975-1979  (500)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Shape from shading ; Visual search ; Texture segregation ; Chimpanzees ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors. Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process shading information in a different way from humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/physiology ; Chick Embryo ; *Chorion/blood supply ; Humans ; Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism ; *Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Seeding ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: Although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to be involved in the control of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, it has not been possible to demonstrate a direct relation between CTL activity and plasma RNA viral load. Human leukocyte antigen-peptide tetrameric complexes offer a specific means to directly quantitate circulating CTLs ex vivo. With the use of the tetrameric complexes, a significant inverse correlation was observed between HIV-specific CTL frequency and plasma RNA viral load. In contrast, no significant association was detected between the clearance rate of productively infected cells and frequency of HIV-specific CTLs. These data are consistent with a significant role for HIV-specific CTLs in the control of HIV infection and suggest a considerable cytopathic effect of the virus in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogg, G S -- Jin, X -- Bonhoeffer, S -- Dunbar, P R -- Nowak, M A -- Monard, S -- Segal, J P -- Cao, Y -- Rowland-Jones, S L -- Cerundolo, V -- Hurley, A -- Markowitz, M -- Ho, D D -- Nixon, D F -- McMichael, A J -- MO1-RR00102/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U01AI41534/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Coloring Agents ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Products, gag ; Gene Products, pol ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*immunology/*virology ; HIV-1/genetics/*physiology ; HLA-A Antigens ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count/*methods ; Oligopeptides ; RNA, Viral/*blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Viral Load ; Viremia
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1432-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human ; Gene Expression ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Hominidae/*genetics ; *Human Characteristics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sialic Acids/chemistry/physiology ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: The Son of Sevenless (Sos) proteins control receptor-mediated activation of Ras by catalyzing the exchange of guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate on Ras. The NH2-terminal region of Sos contains a Dbl homology (DH) domain in tandem with a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. In COS-1 cells, the DH domain of Sos stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange on Rac but not Cdc42 in vitro and in vivo. The tandem DH-PH domain of Sos (DH-PH-Sos) was defective in Rac activation but regained Rac stimulating activity when it was coexpressed with activated Ras. Ras-mediated activation of DH-PH-Sos did not require activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase but it was dependent on activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. These results reveal a potential mechanism for coupling of Ras and Rac signaling pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nimnual, A S -- Yatsula, B A -- Bar-Sagi, D -- CA09176/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA28146/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA55360/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):560-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9438849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/ultrastructure ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/chemistry ; Signal Transduction ; Son of Sevenless Proteins ; Transfection ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins ; ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; ras Proteins/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-08-28
    Description: Control of the activation of apoptosis is important both in development and in protection against cancer. In the classic genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, the pro-apoptotic protein CED-4 activates the CED-3 caspase and is inhibited by the Bcl-2-like protein CED-9. Both processes are mediated by protein-protein interaction. Facilitating the proximity of CED-3 zymogen molecules was found to induce caspase activation and cell death. CED-4 protein oligomerized in cells and in vitro. This oligomerization induced CED-3 proximity and competed with CED-4:CED-9 interaction. Mutations that abolished CED-4 oligomerization inactivated its ability to activate CED-3. Thus, the mechanism of control is that CED-3 in CED-3:CED-4 complexes is activated by CED-4 oligomerization, which is inhibited by binding of CED-9 to CED-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, X -- Chang, H Y -- Baltimore, D -- CA51462/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1355-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Biopolymers ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Caspases ; Cell Line ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Precursors/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Helminth Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tacrolimus/pharmacology ; Transfection ; bcl-X Protein
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: Current evidence suggests that the nucleus has a distinct substructure, albeit one that is dynamic rather than a rigid framework. Viral infection, oncogene expression, and inherited human disorders can each cause profound and specific changes in nuclear organization. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding nuclear organization, highlighting in particular the dynamic aspects of nuclear structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamond, A I -- Earnshaw, W C -- 073915/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 24;280(5363):547-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK. a.i.lamond@dundee.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9554838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleolus/physiology/ultrastructure ; Cell Nucleus/chemistry/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Chromatin/physiology ; Chromosomes/physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Euchromatin ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Heterochromatin/physiology ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Interphase ; Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 ; Polycomb-Group Proteins ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/analysis/physiology ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):380-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9575083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hinduism/history ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; India ; Male ; Models, Anatomic ; Y Chromosome/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):28-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Point Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-06-25
    Description: The human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins interact with receptors on the target cell and mediate virus entry by fusing the viral and cell membranes. The structure of the envelope glycoproteins has evolved to fulfill these functions while evading the neutralizing antibody response. An understanding of the viral strategies for immune evasion should guide attempts to improve the immunogenicity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and, ultimately, aid in HIV-1 vaccine development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wyatt, R -- Sodroski, J -- AI 31783/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 39420/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI28691/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1884-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Immunology/AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/chemistry/immunology ; Animals ; Gene Products, env/chemistry/immunology/*physiology ; HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis ; HIV Antigens/immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/physiology ; HIV Infections/*immunology ; HIV-1/chemistry/immunology/*physiology ; Humans ; Membrane Fusion ; Receptors, HIV/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: An unresolved question in neuroscience and psychology is how the brain monitors performance to regulate behavior. It has been proposed that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), on the medial surface of the frontal lobe, contributes to performance monitoring by detecting errors. In this study, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine ACC function. Results confirm that this region shows activity during erroneous responses. However, activity was also observed in the same region during correct responses under conditions of increased response competition. This suggests that the ACC detects conditions under which errors are likely to occur rather than errors themselves.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, C S -- Braver, T S -- Barch, D M -- Botvinick, M M -- Noll, D -- Cohen, J D -- K08MH01306/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH52864/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):747-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cscarter+@pitt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Mapping ; Cognition/*physiology ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gearhart, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1061-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. gearhart@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Federal Government ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Research Support as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Transplantation Immunology ; United States
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1825-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; Lead/adverse effects ; Lead Poisoning/*prevention & control ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spear, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1999-2000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwestern University Medical School, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. p-spear@nwu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Dystroglycans ; Humans ; Laminin/metabolism ; Lassa Fever/*virology ; Lassa virus/*metabolism ; Leprosy/*microbiology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mycobacterium leprae/*metabolism ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Schwann Cells/microbiology
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 1998-12-18
    Description: CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T cell function, was found to associate with the T cell receptor (TCR) complex zeta chain in primary T cells. The association of TCRzeta with CTLA-4, reconstituted in 293 transfectants, was enhanced by p56(lck)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Coexpression of the CTLA-4-associated tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2, resulted in dephosphorylation of TCRzeta bound to CTLA-4 and abolished the p56(lck)-inducible TCRzeta-CTLA-4 interaction. Thus, CTLA-4 inhibits TCR signal transduction by binding to TCRzeta and inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation after T cell activation. These findings have broad implications for the negative regulation of T cell function and T cell tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, K M -- Chuang, E -- Griffin, M -- Khattri, R -- Hong, D K -- Zhang, W -- Straus, D -- Samelson, L E -- Thompson, C B -- Bluestone, J A -- P01 AI35294-6/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2263-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, Differentiation/*metabolism ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Immunological ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Transfection ; src Homology Domains
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- Farland, W H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):640-1; author reply 641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9471723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/*adverse effects ; *Nutrition Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gough, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; Confidentiality/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Defoliants, Chemical ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Public Policy ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/adverse effects ; United States
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-10-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leigh, S R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 2;282(5386):47.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics/*growth & development ; Research
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: CREB binding protein (CBP) functions as an essential coactivator of transcription factors that are inhibited by the adenovirus early gene product E1A. Transcriptional activation by the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) protein requires the C/H3 domain in CBP, which is the primary target of E1A inhibition. Here it was found that the C/H3 domain is not required for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) function, nor is it involved in E1A inhibition. Instead, E1A inhibits RAR function by preventing the assembly of CBP-nuclear receptor coactivator complexes, revealing differences in required CBP domains for transcriptional activation by RAR and STAT1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurokawa, R -- Kalafus, D -- Ogliastro, M H -- Kioussi, C -- Xu, L -- Torchia, J -- Rosenfeld, M G -- Glass, C K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):700-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenovirus E1A Proteins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; STAT1 Transcription Factor ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tretinoin/pharmacology
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olshansky, S J -- Carnes, B A -- Cassel, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1612-3; author reply 1613-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9767025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Forecasting ; Humans ; Life Expectancy/*trends ; *Longevity ; Mortality/*trends
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-09-25
    Description: Highly luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide) have been covalently coupled to biomolecules for use in ultrasensitive biological detection. In comparison with organic dyes such as rhodamine, this class of luminescent labels is 20 times as bright, 100 times as stable against photobleaching, and one-third as wide in spectral linewidth. These nanometer-sized conjugates are water-soluble and biocompatible. Quantum dots that were labeled with the protein transferrin underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis in cultured HeLa cells, and those dots that were labeled with immunomolecules recognized specific antibodies or antigens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, W C -- Nie, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 25;281(5385):2016-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9748158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cadmium Compounds/chemistry ; Endocytosis ; *Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; *Fluorescent Dyes ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Luminescence ; Molecular Probe Techniques ; Particle Size ; Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism ; *Selenium Compounds/chemistry ; *Semiconductors ; Solubility ; *Sulfides/chemistry ; Transferrin/metabolism ; *Zinc Compounds/chemistry
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):696-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. rhsinger@aecom.yu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: CELF1 Protein ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Exons ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Myotonic Dystrophy/*genetics/metabolism ; Myotonin-Protein Kinase ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*genetics ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; *Trinucleotide Repeats ; Troponin/genetics ; Troponin T
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: To test the hypothesis that actin dysfunction leads to heart failure, patients with hereditary idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) were examined for mutations in the cardiac actin gene (ACTC). Missense mutations in ACTC that cosegregate with IDC were identified in two unrelated families. Both mutations affect universally conserved amino acids in domains of actin that attach to Z bands and intercalated discs. Coupled with previous data showing that dystrophin mutations also cause dilated cardiomyopathy, these results raise the possibility that defective transmission of force in cardiac myocytes is a mechanism underlying heart failure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olson, T M -- Michels, V V -- Thibodeau, S N -- Tai, Y S -- Keating, M T -- 5-P50-HL-53773/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- M01-RR00064/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):750-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. timo@howard.genetics.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15 ; Exons ; Female ; Heart/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; *Mutation ; Myocardium/chemistry/pathology ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Protein Conformation ; Sarcomeres/physiology
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clancy, C M -- Eisenberg, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):245-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activities of Daily Living ; Health Status ; Humans ; *Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/trends ; Patient Satisfaction ; Quality of Life ; United States
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1787-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; *Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Techniques ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Medical ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Point Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 1998-06-11
    Description: Sickle cell anemia is the most common heritable hematological disease, yet no curative treatment exists for this disorder. Moreover, the intricacies of globin gene expression have made the development of treatments for hemoglobinopathies based on gene therapy difficult. An alternative genetic approach to sickle cell therapy is based on RNA repair. A trans-splicing group I ribozyme was used to alter mutant beta-globin transcripts in erythrocyte precursors derived from peripheral blood from individuals with sickle cell disease. Sickle beta-globin transcripts were converted into messenger RNAs encoding the anti-sickling protein gamma-globin. These results suggest that RNA repair may become a useful approach in the treatment of genetic disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lan, N -- Howrey, R P -- Lee, S W -- Smith, C A -- Sullenger, B A -- HL57606/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 5;280(5369):1593-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemia, Sickle Cell/*blood/therapy ; Cloning, Molecular ; Erythroid Precursor Cells/*metabolism ; Exons ; Fetal Blood ; Genetic Therapy ; Globins/*genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Catalytic/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Uridine/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steel, K P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1870-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council, Institute of Hearing Research, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. karen@ihr.mrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics ; Deafness/*genetics ; Dyneins ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, Dominant ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/*genetics ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Myosins/genetics/physiology ; Pedigree ; Sequence Deletion ; Transcription Factor Brn-3C ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism/physiology
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-12-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 20;282(5393):1395, 1397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9867637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cell Aging ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Telomerase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Telomere/*metabolism
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-06-25
    Description: Containment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic will require an effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. Accumulating evidence suggests that such a vaccine must efficiently elicit an HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. Nonhuman primate models will continue to provide an important tool for assessing the extent of protective immunity induced by various immunization strategies. Although replication-competent AIDS viruses attenuated for pathogenicity by selective gene deletions have provided protective immunity in nonhuman primate models, the long-term safety of such vaccines in human populations is suspect. Inactivated virus and subunit vaccines have elicited neither CTLs nor antibodies capable of neutralizing a wide array of patient HIV-1 isolates. Considerable effort is now being focused on evaluating live vector-based vaccine and plasmid DNA vaccine approaches for preventing HIV-1 infection both in animal model and human studies. Our growing understanding of the biology of HIV-1 and immune responses to this virus will continue to suggest improved vaccination approaches for exploration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Letvin, N L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1875-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The author is at Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. nletvin@bidmc.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Genetic Vectors ; HIV Infections/immunology/*prevention & control/therapy/virology ; HIV-1/*immunology/physiology ; Humans ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology ; Vaccines, DNA/immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; Virus Replication
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 1998-10-23
    Description: Diploid cells of budding yeast produce haploid cells through the developmental program of sporulation, which consists of meiosis and spore morphogenesis. DNA microarrays containing nearly every yeast gene were used to assay changes in gene expression during sporulation. At least seven distinct temporal patterns of induction were observed. The transcription factor Ndt80 appeared to be important for induction of a large group of genes at the end of meiotic prophase. Consensus sequences known or proposed to be responsible for temporal regulation could be identified solely from analysis of sequences of coordinately expressed genes. The temporal expression pattern provided clues to potential functions of hundreds of previously uncharacterized genes, some of which have vertebrate homologs that may function during gametogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chu, S -- DeRisi, J -- Eisen, M -- Mulholland, J -- Botstein, D -- Brown, P O -- Herskowitz, I -- AI18738/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GH00450/GH/CGH CDC HHS/ -- GM46406/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):699-705.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9784122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Fungal/physiology ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Genes, Fungal ; Genome, Fungal ; Humans ; Meiosis/*genetics ; Morphogenesis ; Organelles/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/physiology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Spores, Fungal/*genetics/physiology/ultrastructure ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-08-28
    Description: A variety of key events in apoptosis focus on mitochondria, including the release of caspase activators (such as cytochrome c), changes in electron transport, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, altered cellular oxidation-reduction, and participation of pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The different signals that converge on mitochondria to trigger or inhibit these events and their downstream effects delineate several major pathways in physiological cell death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, D R -- Reed, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1309-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Cytochrome c Group/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Humans ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Permeability ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: Protein kinase B (PKB) is activated in response to phosphoinositide 3-kinases and their lipid products phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the signaling pathways used by a wide variety of growth factors, antigens, and inflammatory stimuli. PKB is a direct target of these lipids, but this regulation is complex. The lipids can bind to the pleckstrin homologous domain of PKB, causing its translocation to the membrane, and also enable upstream, Thr308-directed kinases to phosphorylate and activate PKB. Four isoforms of these PKB kinases were purified from sheep brain. They bound PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and associated with lipid vesicles containing it. These kinases contain an NH2-terminal catalytic domain and a COOH-terminal pleckstrin homologous domain, and their heterologous expression augments receptor activation of PKB, which suggests they are the primary signal transducers that enable PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 or PtdIns- (3,4)P2 to activate PKB and hence to control signaling pathways regulating cell survival, glucose uptake, and glycogen metabolism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, L -- Anderson, K -- Stokoe, D -- Erdjument-Bromage, H -- Painter, G F -- Holmes, A B -- Gaffney, P R -- Reese, C B -- McCormick, F -- Tempst, P -- Coadwell, J -- Hawkins, P T -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):710-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sheep ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 33
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, G A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1047-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Culture ; Female ; Hominidae/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Sexual Partners
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: Host-parasite coevolution has been likened to a molecular arms race, with particular parasite genes evolving to evade specific host defenses. Study of the variants of an antigenic epitope of Plasmodium falciparum that induces a cytotoxic T cell response supports this view. In African children with malaria, the variants present are influenced by the presence of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type that restricts the immune response to this epitope. The distribution of parasite variants may be further influenced by the ability of cohabiting parasite strains to facilitate each other's survival by down-regulating cellular immune responses, using altered peptide ligand antagonism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbert, S C -- Plebanski, M -- Gupta, S -- Morris, J -- Cox, M -- Aidoo, M -- Kwiatkowski, D -- Greenwood, B M -- Whittle, H C -- Hill, A V -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1173-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Antigens, Protozoan/genetics/*immunology ; Biological Evolution ; Child ; Epitopes ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gambia ; Genes, Protozoan ; Genetic Variation ; HLA-B35 Antigen/*immunology ; Humans ; Ligands ; Malaria, Falciparum/*immunology/parasitology ; Models, Biological ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/*immunology ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 1998-06-25
    Description: Signaling pathways that stabilize interleukin-2 (IL-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) in activated T cells were examined. IL-2 mRNA contains at least two cis elements that mediated its stabilization in response to different signals, including activation of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). This response was mediated through a cis element encompassing the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and the beginning of the coding region. IL-2 transcripts lacking this 5' element no longer responded to JNK activation but were still responsive to other signals generated during T cell activation, which were probably sensed through the 3' UTR. Thus, multiple elements within IL-2 mRNA modulate its stability in a combinatorial manner, and the JNK pathway controls turnover as well as synthesis of IL-2 mRNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, C Y -- Del Gatto-Konczak, F -- Wu, Z -- Karin, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1945-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD28/immunology ; Antigens, CD3/immunology ; Calcimycin/pharmacology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Imidazoles/pharmacology ; Interleukin-2/*genetics ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Jurkat Cells ; Lymphocyte Activation ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1 ; MAP Kinase Kinase 7 ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*metabolism ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Transgenes ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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  • 36
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-04-29
    Description: Classical conditioning of the eye-blink response, perhaps the best studied example of associative learning in vertebrates, is relatively automatic and reflexive, and with the standard procedure (simple delay conditioning), it is intact in animals with hippocampal lesions. In delay conditioning, a tone [the conditioned stimulus (CS)] is presented just before an air puff to the eye [the unconditioned stimulus (US)]. The US is then presented, and the two stimuli coterminate. In trace conditioning, a variant of the standard paradigm, a short interval (500 to 1000 ms) is interposed between the offset of the CS and the onset of the US. Animals with hippocampal lesions fail to acquire trace conditioning. Amnesic patients with damage to the hippocampal formation and normal volunteers were tested on two versions of delay conditioning and two versions of trace conditioning and then assessed for the extent to which they became aware of the temporal relationship between the CS and the US. Amnesic patients acquired delay conditioning at a normal rate but failed to acquire trace conditioning. For normal volunteers, awareness was unrelated to successful delay conditioning but was a prerequisite for successful trace conditioning. Trace conditioning is hippocampus dependent because, as in other tasks of declarative memory, conscious knowledge must be acquired across the training session. Trace conditioning may provide a means for studying awareness in nonhuman animals, in the context of current ideas about multiple memory systems and the function of the hippocampus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, R E -- Squire, L R -- 24600/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 3;280(5360):77-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9525860" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Amnesia/*physiopathology/psychology ; Awareness/*physiology ; Blinking ; Cerebellum/physiology/physiopathology ; Conditioning, Classical/*physiology ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology/physiopathology ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Middle Aged ; Neocortex/physiology/physiopathology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zion, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 29;280(5368):1329-30; author reply 1330-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Informed Consent
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 1998-08-14
    Description: The timing and localization of DNA replication initiation in mammalian cells are heritable traits, but it is not known whether initiation requires specific DNA sequences. A site-specific recombination strategy was used to show that DNA sequences previously identified as replication initiation sites could initiate replication when transferred to new chromosomal locations. An 8-kilobase DNA sequence encompassing the origin of DNA replication in the human beta-globin locus initiated replication in the simian genome. Specific deletions within the globin origin did not initiate replication in these chromosomal sites. These data suggest that initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells requires specific sequence information and extend the replicon hypothesis to higher eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aladjem, M I -- Rodewald, L W -- Kolman, J L -- Wahl, G M -- CA48405/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM51104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 14;281(5379):1005-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9703500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; DNA/genetics ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism ; *DNA Replication ; Gene Targeting ; Globins/*genetics ; Humans ; Integrases/metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Replication Origin ; S Phase ; Sequence Deletion ; *Viral Proteins
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-11-30
    Description: Fas ligand (CD95L) inhibits T cell function in immune-privileged organs such as the eye and testis, yet in most tissues CD95L expression induces potent inflammatory responses. With a stably transfected colon carcinoma cell line, CT26-CD95L, the molecular basis for these divergent responses was defined. When injected subcutaneously, rejection of CT26-CD95L was caused by neutrophils activated by CD95L. CT26-CD95L survived in the intraocular space because of the presence of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which inhibited neutrophil activation. Providing TGF-beta to subcutaneous sites protected against tumor rejection. Thus, these cytokines together generate a microenvironment that promotes immunologic tolerance, which may aid in the amelioration of allograft rejection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, J J -- Sun, Y -- Nabel, G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 27;282(5394):1714-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biological Chemistry, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 4520 Medical Science Research Building I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9831564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anterior Chamber ; Apoptosis ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Fas Ligand Protein ; Female ; Graft Rejection ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Inflammation/*immunology ; Jurkat Cells ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms, Experimental/*immunology/pathology ; *Neutrophil Activation ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Transfection ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chesebro, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):42-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Persistent Virus Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA. bchesebro@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441410" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/chemistry ; Amyloidosis/metabolism ; Animals ; Cattle ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/epidemiology/*etiology/transmission ; Disease Susceptibility ; Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform/epidemiology/*etiology/transmission ; Gene Expression ; Great Britain/epidemiology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Prion Diseases/*etiology/transmission ; Prions/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses/pathogenicity
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 1998-08-28
    Description: A large protein complex mediates the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB), which results in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Two subunits of this complex, IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) and IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), are required for NF-kappaB activation. Purified recombinant IKKalpha and IKKbeta expressed in insect cells were used to demonstrate that each protein can directly phosphorylate IkappaB proteins. IKKalpha and IKKbeta were found to form both homodimers and heterodimers. Both IKKalpha and IKKbeta phosphorylated IkappaB bound to NF-kappaB more efficiently than they phosphorylated free IkappaB. This result explains how free IkappaB can accumulate in cells in which IKK is still active and thus can contribute to the termination of NF-kappaB activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zandi, E -- Chen, Y -- Karin, M -- AI 43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1360-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Dimerization ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; Leucine Zippers ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Spodoptera ; Transcription Factor RelB ; *Transcription Factors
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 1998-06-06
    Description: An ultrasensitive assay for measuring DNA base damage is described that couples immunochemical recognition with capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection. The method provides a detection limit of 3 x 10(-21) moles, an improvement of four to five orders of magnitude over current methods. Induction and repair of thymine glycols were studied in irradiated A549 cells (a human lung carcinoma cell line). Exposure of these cells to a low dose of radiation (0.25 Gray) 4 hours before a clinically relevant dose (2 Gray) enhanced removal of thymine glycols after the higher dose. These data provide evidence for an inducible repair response for radiation-induced damage to DNA bases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Le, X C -- Xing, J Z -- Lee, J -- Leadon, S A -- Weinfeld, M -- CA40453/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA62059/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 15;280(5366):1066-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada. xc.le@ualberta.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9582118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Bromodeoxyuridine/immunology ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism/radiation effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; Humans ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Thymine/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/immunology/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 43
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adams, M W -- Stiefel, E I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1842-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. adams@bmb.uga.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carbon Monoxide/chemistry ; Clostridium/*enzymology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyanides/chemistry ; Humans ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; Hydrogenase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Iron/chemistry ; Ligands ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-09-12
    Description: Bcl-2 and related cytoplasmic proteins are key regulators of apoptosis, the cell suicide program critical for development, tissue homeostasis, and protection against pathogens. Those most similar to Bcl-2 promote cell survival by inhibiting adapters needed for activation of the proteases (caspases) that dismantle the cell. More distant relatives instead promote apoptosis, apparently through mechanisms that include displacing the adapters from the pro-survival proteins. Thus, for many but not all apoptotic signals, the balance between these competing activities determines cell fate. Bcl-2 family members are essential for maintenance of major organ systems, and mutations affecting them are implicated in cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adams, J M -- Cory, S -- CA43540/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1322-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Walter and Eliza Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9735050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Cell Cycle ; *Cell Survival ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Cytokines/physiology ; Genes, bcl-2 ; Humans ; Neoplasms/etiology/pathology/therapy ; Organelles/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/chemistry/*physiology
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golstein, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1283.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9735040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; *Cell Death ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Fungi/cytology ; Humans ; Plant Cells
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gori, G B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1805-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conflict of Interest ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology ; *Tobacco Industry ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*adverse effects ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
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  • 47
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adler, H J -- Liebman, J -- Raphael, R M -- Ratnanather, J T -- Steyger, P S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; *Correction of Hearing Impairment ; Deafness/*genetics/*rehabilitation/therapy ; *Education of Hearing Disabled ; *Education, Special ; Humans ; Lipreading ; Persons With Hearing Impairments/rehabilitation ; Sign Language ; Speech Therapy
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1972-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Lineage ; Chromosome Mapping ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Helminth ; Genetic Techniques ; *Genome ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 49
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉St Louis, M E -- Wasserheit, J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):353-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control ; Adult ; African Americans ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Genome, Bacterial ; HIV Infections/transmission ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Public Health Practice ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Syphilis/complications/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Syphilis, Congenital/epidemiology ; Treponema pallidum/genetics ; United States/epidemiology
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  • 50
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lester, B M -- LaGasse, L L -- Seifer, R -- U10 DA024119/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):633-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02905-2499, USA. barryvlester@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Child Language ; Cocaine/*adverse effects ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/therapy ; Cognition Disorders/*chemically induced/prevention & control ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Education, Special/economics ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence/*drug effects ; Language Disorders/*chemically induced/prevention & control ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/therapy ; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agosto, M -- Allan, J -- Benson, C -- Berger, E A -- Blumenthal, R -- Burton, D -- Clements, J -- Coffin, J -- Connor, R -- Cullen, B -- Desrosiers, R -- Dimitrov, D -- Doms, R -- Emerman, M -- Feinberg, M -- Fultz, P -- Gerard, C -- Gonsalves, G -- Haase, A -- Haigwood, N -- Hirsch, V -- Ho, D -- Hoxie, J A -- Hu, S L -- Zingale, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):803, 804-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology ; HIV-1/immunology ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States
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  • 52
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levy, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):806-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology/prevention & control ; Animals ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; HIV/immunology ; HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Neutralization Tests
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steel, K P -- Brown, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 29;280(5368):1403.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council, Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. karen@ihr.mrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/physiology ; Animals ; Cilia/physiology ; Deafness/*genetics ; Dyneins ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology/ultrastructure ; Hearing ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*genetics/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mutation ; Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics/physiology ; Myosins/*genetics/physiology ; Tectorial Membrane/physiology
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    Publication Date: 1998-10-23
    Description: Analysis of the 1,042,519-base pair Chlamydia trachomatis genome revealed unexpected features related to the complex biology of chlamydiae. Although chlamydiae lack many biosynthetic capabilities, they retain functions for performing key steps and interconversions of metabolites obtained from their mammalian host cells. Numerous potential virulence-associated proteins also were characterized. Several eukaryotic chromatin-associated domain proteins were identified, suggesting a eukaryotic-like mechanism for chlamydial nucleoid condensation and decondensation. The phylogenetic mosaic of chlamydial genes, including a large number of genes with phylogenetic origins from eukaryotes, implies a complex evolution for adaptation to obligate intracellular parasitism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, R S -- Kalman, S -- Lammel, C -- Fan, J -- Marathe, R -- Aravind, L -- Mitchell, W -- Olinger, L -- Tatusov, R L -- Zhao, Q -- Koonin, E V -- Davis, R W -- AI 39258/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):754-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Infectious Diseases, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ctgenome@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9784136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids/biosynthesis ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Chlamydia trachomatis/classification/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; DNA Repair ; Energy Metabolism ; Enzymes/chemistry/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Lipids/biosynthesis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptidoglycan/biosynthesis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transformation, Bacterial ; Virulence
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1115-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer Simulation ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*standards
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1438-9, 1441.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Animals ; Cadherins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Colorectal Neoplasms/etiology/genetics ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; *Genes, APC ; *Genes, myc ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*etiology/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Wnt Proteins ; *Zebrafish Proteins ; beta Catenin
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 21;281(5380):1131,1133-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9735027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA Repair ; DNA Transposable Elements ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genome ; Humans ; Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/genetics ; Multigene Family ; Mutation ; Plants/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liestael, K -- Goplen, A K -- Dunlop, O -- Bruun, J N -- Maehlen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):361-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9575077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Dementia Complex/*prevention & control ; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/*immunology/virology ; Chemokines/*metabolism ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; HIV-1/*metabolism ; Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Microglia/metabolism/*virology ; Receptors, CCR3 ; Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism ; Receptors, HIV/metabolism ; Regression Analysis ; Sarcoma, Kaposi/*immunology/virology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-07-10
    Description: Recombinant proteins containing four cysteines at the i, i + 1, i + 4, and i + 5 positions of an alpha helix were fluorescently labeled in living cells by extracellular administration of 4',5'-bis(1,3, 2-dithioarsolan-2-yl)fluorescein. This designed small ligand is membrane-permeant and nonfluorescent until it binds with high affinity and specificity to the tetracysteine domain. Such in situ labeling adds much less mass than does green fluorescent protein and offers greater versatility in attachment sites as well as potential spectroscopic and chemical properties. This system provides a recipe for slightly modifying a target protein so that it can be singled out from the many other proteins inside live cells and fluorescently stained by small nonfluorescent dye molecules added from outside the cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffin, B A -- Adams, S R -- Tsien, R Y -- NS27177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA09523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 10;281(5374):269-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9657724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Calmodulin/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cell Survival ; Cysteine/*chemistry ; Energy Transfer ; Ethylene Glycol ; Fluoresceins/chemical synthesis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Fluorescence ; *Fluorescent Dyes ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; Ligands ; Luminescent Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Transfection
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    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: Gene expression was visualized in single living mammalian cells with beta-lactamase as a reporter that hydrolyzes a substrate loaded intracellularly as a membrane-permeant ester. Each enzyme molecule changed the fluorescence of many substrate molecules from green to blue by disrupting resonance energy transfer. This wavelength shift was detectable by eye or color film in individual cells containing less than 100 beta-lactamase molecules. The robust change in emission ratio reveals quantitative heterogeneity in real-time gene expression, enables clonal selection by flow cytometry, and forms a basis for high-throughput screening of pharmaceutical candidate drugs in living mammalian cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zlokarnik, G -- Negulescu, P A -- Knapp, T E -- Mere, L -- Burres, N -- Feng, L -- Whitney, M -- Roemer, K -- Tsien, R Y -- NS27177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):84-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aurora Biosciences, 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9417030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Separation/methods ; Clone Cells/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Energy Transfer ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluoresceins/metabolism ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; *Gene Expression ; *Genes, Reporter ; Half-Life ; Humans ; *Lactams ; Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology ; Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Umbelliferones/metabolism ; beta-Lactamases/*genetics/metabolism ; beta-Lactams/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarkson, T -- Cox, C -- Davidson, P W -- Myers, G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):459, 461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9454336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Child ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Iraq ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/analysis ; *Nutrition Policy ; Seychelles ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; World Health Organization
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of a 70-kilodalton amino terminally truncated form of human topoisomerase I in complex with a 22-base pair duplex oligonucleotide, determined to a resolution of 2.8 angstroms, reveals all of the structural elements of the enzyme that contact DNA. The linker region that connects the central core of the enzyme to the carboxyl-terminal domain assumes a coiled-coil configuration and protrudes away from the remainder of the enzyme. The positively charged DNA-proximal surface of the linker makes only a few contacts with the DNA downstream of the cleavage site. In combination with the crystal structures of the reconstituted human topoisomerase I before and after DNA cleavage, this information suggests which amino acid residues are involved in catalyzing phosphodiester bond breakage and religation. The structures also lead to the proposal that the topoisomerization step occurs by a mechanism termed "controlled rotation."〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stewart, L -- Redinbo, M R -- Qiu, X -- Hol, W G -- Champoux, J J -- CA65656/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM16713/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM49156/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1534-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomolecular Structure Center and Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7742, USA. emerald_biostructures@rocketmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9488652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arginine/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Tyrosine/chemistry/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):324-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/immunology ; Bacterial Vaccines ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Syphilis/epidemiology/immunology/*microbiology ; Treponema pallidum/*genetics/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology ; Virulence/genetics ; Yaws/microbiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-11-13
    Description: Human reovirus requires an activated Ras signaling pathway for infection of cultured cells. To investigate whether this property can be exploited for cancer therapy, severe combined immune deficient mice bearing tumors established from v-erbB-transformed murine NIH 3T3 cells or human U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with the virus. A single intratumoral injection of virus resulted in regression of tumors in 65 to 80 percent of the mice. Treatment of immune-competent C3H mice bearing tumors established from ras-transformed C3H-10T1/2 cells also resulted in tumor regression, although a series of injections were required. These results suggest that, with further work, reovirus may have applicability in the treatment of cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coffey, M C -- Strong, J E -- Forsyth, P A -- Lee, P W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 13;282(5392):1332-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Biology Research Group and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Science Centre, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9812900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Genes, erbB ; *Genes, ras ; Humans ; Male ; Mammalian orthoreovirus 3/immunology/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, SCID ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism/pathology/*therapy/virology ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Virus Replication ; ras Proteins/*metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 3;281(5373):22-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9679011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/*prevention & control/therapy ; Advisory Committees ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; *Bioethics ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Ethical Review ; Ethics ; Ethics, Research ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/prevention & control/therapy ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Internationality ; Placebos ; Research Subjects ; Withholding Treatment
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1456.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508720" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cell Differentiation ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle, Skeletal/cytology/pathology/*physiology ; Muscular Dystrophies/pathology/*therapy ; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology/therapy ; *Regeneration ; Stem Cells/*physiology ; Stromal Cells/physiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):477-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9454345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase/physiology ; Animals ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cdc20 Proteins ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Chromosomes/*physiology ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetochores/*physiology ; Microtubules/metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Nuclear Proteins ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: In vivo selection of phage display libraries was used to isolate peptides that home specifically to tumor blood vessels. When coupled to the anticancer drug doxorubicin, two of these peptides-one containing an alphav integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp motif and the other an Asn-Gly-Arg motif-enhanced the efficacy of the drug against human breast cancer xenografts in nude mice and also reduced its toxicity. These results indicate that it may be possible to develop targeted chemotherapy strategies that are based on selective expression of receptors in tumor vasculature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arap, W -- Pasqualini, R -- Ruoslahti, E -- CA30199/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA62042/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA74238-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 16;279(5349):377-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Antineoplastic Agents/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use/toxicity ; Bacteriophages ; Coronary Vessels/drug effects ; Doxorubicin/*administration & dosage/*analogs & ; derivatives/metabolism/therapeutic use/toxicity ; *Drug Carriers ; Heart/drug effects ; Humans ; Integrin alphaV ; Integrins/metabolism ; Liver/blood supply/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms, Experimental/*blood supply/*drug therapy/pathology ; Oligopeptides/*administration & dosage/metabolism/therapeutic use/toxicity ; Peptide Library ; Random Allocation ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Postdoctoral appointments can have different functions and meanings, depending on the field and whether the postdoc is a man or a woman. The Ph.D.'s-Ten Years Later study confirmed that in biochemistry, the postdoc, not the Ph.D., has become the general proving ground for excellence both in academia and industry. Because they spent a longer time in these "mandatory" postdocs, biochemists had the largest proportion of untenured faculty 10 to 13 years after the Ph. D. In mathematics, where substantially fewer postdoctoral positions are available, Ph.D.'s taking postdocs are more likely to obtain faculty positions, but this is true only for men. University administrators should be accountable for monitoring the total time spent in these positions and should provide administrative assistance for skills training, career growth, and the job search. In addition, creative solutions concerning the dual-career couple phenomenon are necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nerad, M -- Cerny, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1533-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, 424 Sproul Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-5900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biochemistry/education ; *Career Mobility ; *Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Societies, Scientific ; Time Factors ; United States ; Universities
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential biological functions in all eukaryotic cells. In addition to providing a structural framework around which cell shape and polarity are defined, its dynamic properties provide the driving force for cells to move and to divide. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms that control the organization of actin is thus a major goal of contemporary cell biology, with implications for health and disease. Members of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphatases have emerged as key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, and furthermore, through their interaction with multiple target proteins, they ensure coordinated control of other cellular activities such as gene transcription and adhesion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, A -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):509-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Research Campaign Oncogene and Signal Transduction Group, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. alan.hall@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9438836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Movement ; Cytoskeleton/*metabolism/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; rhoB GTP-Binding Protein
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cotton, R G -- McKusick, V -- Scriver, C R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):10-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer Communication Networks ; *Databases, Factual ; *Genetics, Medical ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Terminology as Topic
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: Working memory is the process of maintaining an active representation of information so that it is available for use. In monkeys, a prefrontal cortical region important for spatial working memory lies in and around the principal sulcus, but in humans the location, and even the existence, of a region for spatial working memory is in dispute. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans, an area in the superior frontal sulcus was identified that is specialized for spatial working memory. This area is located more superiorly and posteriorly in the human than in the monkey brain, which may explain why it was not recognized previously.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Courtney, S M -- Petit, L -- Maisog, J M -- Ungerleider, L G -- Haxby, J V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 27;279(5355):1347-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 4C104, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1366, USA. Susan_Courtney@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9478894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Brain Mapping ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Saccades ; *Space Perception
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2175-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Cartilage ; *Complementary Therapies/economics/organization & administration ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/*organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; Tissue Extracts/therapeutic use ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):999.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/history ; Genetics, Medical/history ; Genome, Human ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1129-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; *Karyopherins ; Nuclear Envelope/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Proteins/metabolism ; RNA/metabolism ; *Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; ran GTP-Binding Protein
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  • 76
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-06-25
    Description: When dissimilar images are presented to the two eyes, perception alternates spontaneously between each monocular view, a phenomenon called binocular rivalry. Functional brain imaging in humans was used to study the neural basis of these subjective perceptual changes. Cortical regions whose activity reflected perceptual transitions included extrastriate areas of the ventral visual pathway, and parietal and frontal regions that have been implicated in spatial attention; whereas the extrastriate areas were also engaged by nonrivalrous perceptual changes, activity in the frontoparietal cortex was specifically associated with perceptual alternation only during rivalry. These results suggest that frontoparietal areas play a central role in conscious perception, biasing the content of visual awareness toward abstract internal representations of visual scenes, rather than simply toward space.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lumer, E D -- Friston, K J -- Rees, G -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1930-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. elumer@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Space Perception ; Vision, Binocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; *Visual Perception
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441407" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cell Aging ; Cell Nucleolus/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA Helicases/genetics/*physiology ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Circular/*biosynthesis ; DNA, Ribosomal/*biosynthesis ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; RecQ Helicases ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: Two- and three-dimensional computer imaging shows that endocranial capacity in an approximately 2.8- to 2.6-million-year-old early hominid cranium (Stw 505) from Sterkfontein, South Africa, tentatively assigned to Australopithecus africanus, is approximately 515 cubic centimeters. Although this is the largest endocranial capacity recorded for this species, it is still markedly less than anecdotal reports of endocranial capacity exceeding 600 cubic centimeters. No australopithecine has an endocranial capacity approaching, let alone exceeding, 600 cubic centimeters. Some currently accepted estimates of early hominid endocranial capacity may be inflated, suggesting that the tempo and mode of early hominid brain evolution may need reevaluation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conroy, G C -- Weber, G W -- Seidler, H -- Tobias, P V -- Kane, A -- Brunsden, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 12;280(5370):1730-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Department of Anthropology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. conroyg@thalamus.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Computer Simulation ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; *Models, Anatomic ; Skull/*anatomy & histology ; South Africa ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collignon, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1855-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; *Gammaretrovirus/immunology ; Humans ; Retroviridae Infections/diagnosis/*transmission ; *Swine/virology ; *Transplantation, Heterologous/adverse effects
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes ; Electrodes, Implanted ; *Electronics ; Electrophysiology ; Humans ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Nervous System Diseases/*therapy ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Silicon ; *Transistors, Electronic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cook, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1466-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford OX2 3RE, UK. peter.cook@path.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; *DNA Replication ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-07-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perrin, L -- Telenti, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1871-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9669946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/immunology/virology ; HIV-1/*drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Treatment Failure
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnsten, A F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 12;280(5370):1711-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8001, USA. amy_arnsten@qm.yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9660710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/*physiology ; Animals ; Attention/*physiology ; Catecholamines/*metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Humans ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Disorders/physiopathology ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological/*physiopathology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nilsson, A -- Rose, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 29;286(5441):894.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577238" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Specimen Banks/legislation & jurisprudence ; Biotechnology ; Ethics Committees ; *Ethics, Research ; *Genetic Privacy ; *Genetic Research ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; *Privacy/legislation & jurisprudence ; Public Policy ; Sweden
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: The flow of information from calcium-mobilizing receptors to nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent genes is critically dependent on interaction between the phosphatase calcineurin and the transcription factor NFAT. A high-affinity calcineurin-binding peptide was selected from combinatorial peptide libraries based on the calcineurin docking motif of NFAT. This peptide potently inhibited NFAT activation and NFAT-dependent expression of endogenous cytokine genes in T cells, without affecting the expression of other cytokines that require calcineurin but not NFAT. Substitution of the optimized peptide sequence into the natural calcineurin docking site increased the calcineurin responsiveness of NFAT. Compounds that interfere selectively with the calcineurin-NFAT interaction without affecting calcineurin phosphatase activity may be useful as therapeutic agents that are less toxic than current drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aramburu, J -- Yaffe, M B -- Lopez-Rodriguez, C -- Cantley, L C -- Hogan, P G -- Rao, A -- R01 AI 40127/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056203/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL 03601/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R43 AI 43726/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2129-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Calcineurin/*metabolism ; Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Cytokines/biosynthesis/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Jurkat Cells ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Peptide Library ; Peptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/*drug effects/immunology ; Transcription Factors/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shapiro, H T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2065.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; *Bioethical Issues ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Ethics Committees ; Financing, Government ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Private Sector ; *Public Policy ; Research/*standards ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Landick, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):598-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. landick@macc.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Terminator Regions, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):21-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Genetic Techniques ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; *Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):33-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10215526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Cardiac Output, Low/*physiopathology ; Chronic Disease ; *Computer Simulation ; Heart/*physiopathology ; Humans ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; *Myocardial Contraction ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):723, 725.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10336390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Breast Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/*genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-04-30
    Description: Notch signaling defines an evolutionarily ancient cell interaction mechanism, which plays a fundamental role in metazoan development. Signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch receptor can amplify and consolidate molecular differences, which eventually dictate cell fates. Thus, Notch signals control how cells respond to intrinsic or extrinsic developmental cues that are necessary to unfold specific developmental programs. Notch activity affects the implementation of differentiation, proliferation, and apoptotic programs, providing a general developmental tool to influence organ formation and morphogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Artavanis-Tsakonas, S -- Rand, M D -- Lake, R J -- NS26084/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):770-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Communication ; Cell Division ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/*physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology ; Receptors, Notch ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: The lack of an adequate hominid fossil record in eastern Africa between 2 and 3 million years ago (Ma) has hampered investigations of early hominid phylogeny. Discovery of 2.5 Ma hominid cranial and dental remains from the Hata beds of Ethiopia's Middle Awash allows recognition of a new species of Australopithecus. This species is descended from Australopithecus afarensis and is a candidate ancestor for early Homo. Contemporary postcranial remains feature a derived humanlike humeral/femoral ratio and an apelike upper arm-to-lower arm ratio.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asfaw, B -- White, T -- Lovejoy, O -- Latimer, B -- Simpson, S -- Suwa, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):629-35.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rift Valley Research Service, Post Office Box 5717, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; Leg Bones/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Phylogeny ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Terminology as Topic ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: The Brca1 (breast cancer gene 1) tumor suppressor protein is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage. Results from this study indicate that the checkpoint protein kinase ATM (mutated in ataxia telangiectasia) was required for phosphorylation of Brca1 in response to ionizing radiation. ATM resides in a complex with Brca1 and phosphorylated Brca1 in vivo and in vitro in a region that contains clusters of serine-glutamine residues. Phosphorylation of this domain appears to be functionally important because a mutated Brca1 protein lacking two phosphorylation sites failed to rescue the radiation hypersensitivity of a Brca1-deficient cell line. Thus, phosphorylation of Brca1 by the checkpoint kinase ATM may be critical for proper responses to DNA double-strand breaks and may provide a molecular explanation for the role of ATM in breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cortez, D -- Wang, Y -- Qin, J -- Elledge, S J -- GM44664/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1162-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Mars McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Ataxia Telangiectasia/genetics ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; BRCA1 Protein/*metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Complementary ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Gamma Rays ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HeLa Cells ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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  • 94
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haraldsdottir, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):487.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethics ; Databases, Factual/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Genetic Privacy ; *Genetic Research ; Humans ; Iceland ; Medical Records Systems, Computerized/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Patient Advocacy
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-12-03
    Description: Polypeptides emerging from the ribosome must fold into stable three-dimensional structures and maintain that structure throughout their functional lifetimes. Maintaining quality control over protein structure and function depends on molecular chaperones and proteases, both of which can recognize hydrophobic regions exposed on unfolded polypeptides. Molecular chaperones promote proper protein folding and prevent aggregation, and energy-dependent proteases eliminate irreversibly damaged proteins. The kinetics of partitioning between chaperones and proteases determines whether a protein will be destroyed before it folds properly. When both quality control options fail, damaged proteins accumulate as aggregates, a process associated with amyloid diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickner, S -- Maurizi, M R -- Gottesman, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1888-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Animals ; Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Chaperones/*metabolism ; Prions/metabolism ; Prokaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis ; *Protein Folding ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitins/metabolism
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  • 96
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):14-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9917254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dimerization ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, GABA-B/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shastri, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1673-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; Infant ; *Learning ; *Mathematics ; *Neural Networks (Computer)
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 1999-12-22
    Description: The SGS1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a DNA helicase with homology to the human Bloom's syndrome gene BLM and the Werner's syndrome gene WRN. The SRS2 gene of yeast also encodes a DNA helicase. Simultaneous deletion of SGS1 and SRS2 is lethal in yeast. Here, using a conditional mutation of SGS1, it is shown that DNA replication and RNA polymerase I transcription are drastically inhibited in the srs2Delta sgs1-ts strain at the restrictive temperature. Thus, SGS1 and SRS2 function in DNA replication and RNA polymerase I transcription. These functions may contribute to the various defects observed in Werner's and Bloom's syndromes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, S K -- Johnson, R E -- Yu, S L -- Prakash, L -- Prakash, S -- CA80882/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM19261/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2339-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sealy Center for Molecular Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 6.104 Medical Research Building, 11th and Mechanic Streets, Galveston, TX 77555-1061, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bloom Syndrome/genetics ; Codon ; DNA Helicases/genetics/*physiology ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Fungal/biosynthesis ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Fungal ; Humans ; Mutation ; RNA Polymerase I/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase III/metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/biosynthesis ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/biosynthesis ; RecQ Helicases ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Werner Syndrome/genetics
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  • 99
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2038-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/*genetics ; Contig Mapping ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 1999-10-03
    Description: Precursors of alpha-defensin peptides require activation for bactericidal activity. In mouse small intestine, matrilysin colocalized with alpha-defensins (cryptdins) in Paneth cell granules, and in vitro it cleaved the pro segment from cryptdin precursors. Matrilysin-deficient (MAT-/-) mice lacked mature cryptdins and accumulated precursor molecules. Intestinal peptide preparations from MAT-/- mice had decreased antimicrobial activity. Orally administered bacteria survived in greater numbers and were more virulent in MAT-/- mice than in MAT+/+ mice. Thus, matrilysin functions in intestinal mucosal defense by regulating the activity of defensins, which may be a common role for this metalloproteinase in its numerous epithelial sites of expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, C L -- Ouellette, A J -- Satchell, D P -- Ayabe, T -- Lopez-Boado, Y S -- Stratman, J L -- Hultgren, S J -- Matrisian, L M -- Parks, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):113-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. wilson_c@kids.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Catalysis ; Cytoplasmic Granules/enzymology ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology/immunology/microbiology ; Intestine, Small/enzymology/*immunology/microbiology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Paneth Cells/enzymology ; Protein Precursors/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Tissue Extracts/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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