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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perception of shape from shading in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) (1998)
    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Shape from shading ; Visual search ; Texture segregation ; Chimpanzees ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors. Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process shading information in a different way from humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100710050004
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  • 2
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    Metastasis in eggs (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/physiology ; Chick Embryo ; *Chorion/blood supply ; Humans ; Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism ; *Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Seeding ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Quantitation of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma load of viral RNA (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: Although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to be involved in the control of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, it has not been possible to demonstrate a direct relation between CTL activity and plasma RNA viral load. Human leukocyte antigen-peptide tetrameric complexes offer a specific means to directly quantitate circulating CTLs ex vivo. With the use of the tetrameric complexes, a significant inverse correlation was observed between HIV-specific CTL frequency and plasma RNA viral load. In contrast, no significant association was detected between the clearance rate of productively infected cells and frequency of HIV-specific CTLs. These data are consistent with a significant role for HIV-specific CTLs in the control of HIV infection and suggest a considerable cytopathic effect of the virus in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogg, G S -- Jin, X -- Bonhoeffer, S -- Dunbar, P R -- Nowak, M A -- Monard, S -- Segal, J P -- Cao, Y -- Rowland-Jones, S L -- Cerundolo, V -- Hurley, A -- Markowitz, M -- Ho, D D -- Nixon, D F -- McMichael, A J -- MO1-RR00102/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U01AI41534/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Coloring Agents ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Products, gag ; Gene Products, pol ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*immunology/*virology ; HIV-1/genetics/*physiology ; HLA-A Antigens ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count/*methods ; Oligopeptides ; RNA, Viral/*blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Viral Load ; Viremia
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Which of our genes makes us human? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1432-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human ; Gene Expression ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Hominidae/*genetics ; *Human Characteristics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sialic Acids/chemistry/physiology ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Coupling of Ras and Rac guanosine triphosphatases through the Ras exchanger Sos (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: The Son of Sevenless (Sos) proteins control receptor-mediated activation of Ras by catalyzing the exchange of guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate on Ras. The NH2-terminal region of Sos contains a Dbl homology (DH) domain in tandem with a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. In COS-1 cells, the DH domain of Sos stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange on Rac but not Cdc42 in vitro and in vivo. The tandem DH-PH domain of Sos (DH-PH-Sos) was defective in Rac activation but regained Rac stimulating activity when it was coexpressed with activated Ras. Ras-mediated activation of DH-PH-Sos did not require activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase but it was dependent on activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. These results reveal a potential mechanism for coupling of Ras and Rac signaling pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nimnual, A S -- Yatsula, B A -- Bar-Sagi, D -- CA09176/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA28146/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA55360/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):560-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9438849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/ultrastructure ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/chemistry ; Signal Transduction ; Son of Sevenless Proteins ; Transfection ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins ; ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; ras Proteins/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Essential role of CED-4 oligomerization in CED-3 activation and apoptosis (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-28
    Description: Control of the activation of apoptosis is important both in development and in protection against cancer. In the classic genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, the pro-apoptotic protein CED-4 activates the CED-3 caspase and is inhibited by the Bcl-2-like protein CED-9. Both processes are mediated by protein-protein interaction. Facilitating the proximity of CED-3 zymogen molecules was found to induce caspase activation and cell death. CED-4 protein oligomerized in cells and in vitro. This oligomerization induced CED-3 proximity and competed with CED-4:CED-9 interaction. Mutations that abolished CED-4 oligomerization inactivated its ability to activate CED-3. Thus, the mechanism of control is that CED-3 in CED-3:CED-4 complexes is activated by CED-4 oligomerization, which is inhibited by binding of CED-9 to CED-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, X -- Chang, H Y -- Baltimore, D -- CA51462/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1355-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Biopolymers ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Caspases ; Cell Line ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Precursors/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Helminth Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tacrolimus/pharmacology ; Transfection ; bcl-X Protein
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Structure and function in the nucleus (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: Current evidence suggests that the nucleus has a distinct substructure, albeit one that is dynamic rather than a rigid framework. Viral infection, oncogene expression, and inherited human disorders can each cause profound and specific changes in nuclear organization. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding nuclear organization, highlighting in particular the dynamic aspects of nuclear structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamond, A I -- Earnshaw, W C -- 073915/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 24;280(5363):547-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK. a.i.lamond@dundee.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9554838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleolus/physiology/ultrastructure ; Cell Nucleus/chemistry/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Chromatin/physiology ; Chromosomes/physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Euchromatin ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Heterochromatin/physiology ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Interphase ; Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 ; Polycomb-Group Proteins ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/analysis/physiology ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Anthropologists probe genes, brains at annual meeting (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):380-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9575083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hinduism/history ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; India ; Male ; Models, Anatomic ; Y Chromosome/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Calibrating the mitochondrial clock (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):28-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Point Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-25
    Description: The human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins interact with receptors on the target cell and mediate virus entry by fusing the viral and cell membranes. The structure of the envelope glycoproteins has evolved to fulfill these functions while evading the neutralizing antibody response. An understanding of the viral strategies for immune evasion should guide attempts to improve the immunogenicity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and, ultimately, aid in HIV-1 vaccine development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wyatt, R -- Sodroski, J -- AI 31783/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 39420/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI28691/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1884-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Immunology/AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/chemistry/immunology ; Animals ; Gene Products, env/chemistry/immunology/*physiology ; HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis ; HIV Antigens/immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/physiology ; HIV Infections/*immunology ; HIV-1/chemistry/immunology/*physiology ; Humans ; Membrane Fusion ; Receptors, HIV/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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