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  • Food Policy  (110)
  • Gravity, Geodesy and Tides  (98)
  • Oxford University Press  (208)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Springer Nature
  • 1
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    A Wicked Problem? Cost Containment in the Women, Infants and Children Program (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Program is a key part of America's safety net, but its structure fails to incentivize participants to be cost-conscious in their purchases and may cause retailers to attach excessive markups to WIC products. We investigate cost containment in the WIC Program, with a focus on California. Results show that smaller vendors often charge considerably higher prices for WIC foods than their larger counterparts. However, larger vendors do not mark up WIC foods more or promote them less than comparable control products. Cost containment can be improved by targeting WIC Program sales to larger vendors when it is possible to do so without compromising participant access, and using large-vendor prices as a benchmark to limit prices set by smaller vendors.
    Keywords: D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    On the response of the Earth to a fault system: its evaluation beyond the epicentral reference frame (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-24
    Description: Previous formalisms for determining the static perturbation of spherically symmetric self-gravitating elastic Earth models due to displacement dislocations deal with each infinitesimal element of the fault system in its epicentral reference frame. In this work, we overcome this restriction and present novel and compact formulas for obtaining the perturbation due to the whole fault system in an arbitrary and common reference frame. Furthermore, we show that, even in an arbitrary reference frame, it is still possible to discriminate the contributions associated with the polar, bipolar and quadrupolar patterns of the seismic source response, as well as their relation with the along strike, along dip and tensile components of the displacement dislocation. These results allow a better understanding of the relation between the static perturbation and the whole fault system, and find direct applications in geodetic problems, like the modelling of long-wavelength geoid or gravity data from GRACE and GOCE space missions and of the perturbation of the deviatoric inertia tensor of the Earth.
    Keywords: Gravity, Geodesy and Tides
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 3
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    A simple pendulum borehole tiltmeter based on a triaxial optical-fibre displacement sensor (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: Sensitive instruments like strainmeters and tiltmeters are necessary for measuring slowly varying low amplitude Earth deformations. Nonetheless, laser and fibre interferometers are particularly suitable for interrogating such instruments due to their extreme precision and accuracy. In this paper, a practical design of a simple pendulum borehole tiltmeter based on laser fibre interferometric displacement sensors is presented. A prototype instrument has been constructed using welded borosilicate with a pendulum length of 0.85 m resulting in a main resonance frequency of 0.6 Hz. By implementing three coplanar extrinsic fibre Fabry-Perot interferometric probes and appropriate signal filtering, our instrument provides tilt measurements that are insensitive to parasitic deformations caused by temperature and pressure variations. This prototype has been installed in an underground facility (Rustrel, France) where results show accurate measurements of Earth strains derived from Earth and ocean tides, local hydrologic effects, as well as local and remote earthquakes. The large dynamic range and the high sensitivity of this tiltmeter render it an invaluable tool for numerous geophysical applications such as transient fault motion, volcanic strain and reservoir monitoring.
    Keywords: Gravity, Geodesy and Tides
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 4
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    Simulating welfare effects of the European nutrition and health claims' regulation: the Italian yogurt market (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-26
    Description: With the enactment of Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006, 20 December 2006, ‘ On nutrition and health claims made on foods ’ several health claims can no longer be used on food products in European markets. We simulate the overall impact of the regulation on consumers and producers using the Italian yogurt market as a case study, and data prior to the introduction of the policy. We quantify welfare losses incurred if accepted claims were false, and simulate scenarios where rejected truthful health claims are removed, considering also the case where the products carrying them exit the market. We find that consumers can incur large welfare losses if approved claims are untruthful; if truthful claims are instead denied both consumers and producers may incur losses, with consumers being penalised more than producers.
    Keywords: L66 - Food ; Beverages ; Cosmetics ; Tobacco ; Wine and Spirits, M38 - Government Policy and Regulation, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Constraints provided by ground gravity observations on geocentre motions (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The geocentre motion is the motion of the centre of mass of the entire Earth, considered an isolated system, in a terrestrial system of reference. We first derive a formula relating the harmonic degree-1 Lagrangian variation of the gravity at a station to both the harmonic degree-1 vertical displacement of the station and the displacement of the whole Earth's centre of mass. The relationship is independent of the nature of the Earth deformation and is valid for any source of deformation. We impose no constraint on the system of reference, except that its origin must initially coincide with the centre of mass of the spherically symmetric Earth model. Next, we consider the geocentre motion caused by surface loading. In a system of reference whose origin is the centre of mass of the solid Earth, we obtain a specific relationship between the gravity variation at the surface, the geocentre displacement and the load Love number $h^{\prime }_1$ , which demands the Earth's structure and rheological behaviour be known. For various networks of real or fictitious stations, we invert synthetic signals of surface gravity variations caused by atmospheric loading to retrieve the degree-1 variation of gravity. We then select six well-distributed stations of the Global Geodynamics Project, which is a world network of superconducting gravimeters, to invert actual gravity data for the degree-1 variations and determine the geocentre displacement between the end of 2004 and the beginning of 2012, assuming it to be due to surface loading. We find annual and semi-annual displacements with amplitude 0.5–2.3 mm.
    Keywords: Gravity, Geodesy and Tides
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 6
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    On computing the geoelastic response to a disk load (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-05
    Description: We review the theory of the Earth's elastic and gravitational response to a surface disk load. The solutions for displacement of the surface and the geoid are developed using expansions of Legendre polynomials, their derivatives and the load Love numbers. We provide a matlab  function called diskload that computes the solutions for both uncompensated and compensated disk loads. In order to numerically implement the Legendre expansions, it is necessary to choose a harmonic degree, n max , at which to truncate the series used to construct the solutions. We present a rule of thumb (ROT) for choosing an appropriate value of n max , describe the consequences of truncating the expansions prematurely and provide a means to judiciously violate the ROT when that becomes a practical necessity.
    Keywords: Gravity, Geodesy and Tides
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 7
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    Constraints on seasonal load variations and regional rigidity from continuous GPS measurements in Iceland, 1997-2014 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: Two types of signals are clearly visible in continuous GPS (cGPS) time-series in Iceland, in particular in the vertical component. The first one is a yearly seasonal cycle, usually sinusoid-like with a minimum in the spring and a maximum in the fall. The second one is a trend of uplift, with higher values the closer the cGPS stations are to the centre of Iceland and ice caps. Here, we study the seasonal cycle signal by deriving its average at 71 GPS sites in Iceland. We estimate the annual and semi-annual components of the cycle in their horizontal and vertical components using a least-squares adjustment. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the cycle of the vertical component at the studied sites ranges from 4 mm near the coastline up to 27 mm at the centre of the Vatnajökull, the largest ice cap in Iceland. The minimum of the seasonal cycle occurs earlier in low lying areas than in the central part of Iceland, consistent with snow load having a large influence on seasonal deformation. Modelling shows that the seasonal cycle is well explained by accounting for elastically induced surface displacements due to snow, atmosphere, reservoir lake and ocean variations. Model displacement fields are derived considering surface loads on a multilayered isotropic spherical Earth. Through forward and inverse modelling, we were able to reproduce a priori information on the average seasonal cycle of known loads (atmosphere, snow in non-glaciated areas and lake reservoir) and get an estimation of other loads (glacier mass balance and ocean). The seasonal glacier mass balance cycle in glaciated areas and snow load in non-glaciated areas are the main contributions to the seasonal deformation. For these loads, induced seasonal vertical displacements range from a few millimetres far from the loads in Iceland, to more than 20 mm at their centres. Lake reservoir load also has to be taken into account on local scale as it can generate up to 20 mm of vertical deformation. Atmosphere load and ocean load are observable and generate vertical displacements in the order of a few millimetres. Inversion results also shows that the Iceland crust is less rigid than the world average. Interannual deviation from the GPS seasonal cycle can occur and are caused by unusual weather conditions over extended period of time.
    Keywords: Gravity, Geodesy and Tides
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 8
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    Optimization of regional constraints for estimating the Greenland mass balance with GRACE level-2 data (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-03
    Description: Data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission can be used to estimate the mass change rate for separate drainage systems (DSs) of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). One approach to do so is by inversion of the level-2 spherical harmonic data to surface mass changes in predefined regions, or mascons. However, the inversion can be numerically unstable for some individual DSs. This occurs mainly for DSs with a small mass change signal that are located in the interior region of Greenland. In this study, we present a modified mascon inversion approach with an improved implementation of the constraint equations to obtain better estimates for individual DSs. We use separate constraints for mass change variability in the coastal zone, where run-off takes place, and for the ice sheet interior above 2000 m, where mass changes are smaller. A multi-objective optimization approach is used to find optimal prior variances for these two areas based on a simulation model. Correlations between adjacent DSs are suppressed when our optimized prior variances are used, while the mass balance estimates for the combination of the DSs that make up the GrIS above 2000 m are not affected significantly. The resulting mass balance estimates for some DSs in the interior are significantly improved compared to an inversion with a single constraint, as determined by a comparison with mass balance estimates from surface mass balance modelling and discharge measurements. The rate of mass change of the GrIS for the period of January 2003 to December 2012 is found to be –266.1 ± 17.2 Gt yr –1 in the coastal zone and areas below 2000 m, and +8.2 ± 8.6 Gt yr –1 in the interior region.
    Keywords: Gravity, Geodesy and Tides
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 9
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    Grain Promotion and Food Consumption: Analysis of Chinese Provincial Data (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: China has long struggled to achieve food security. In the era of a planned economy, local self-sufficiency was dictated by policy. With China's transition to a market economy, however, different policy schemes have been utilized, with greater emphasis placed on the role of market forces, especially in conjunction with China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001. Nevertheless, self-sufficiency in grain production remains a deeply rooted goal, and interventionist measures geared towards its achievement are still viewed as the most direct and effective means of food security. This paper examines how the well-being of China's rural population, proxied by measures of food consumption, is affected by the promotion of grain production. Our findings suggest that targeted households bear a disproportionate burden of food security policy, as it is currently implemented.
    Keywords: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Measuring Food Access and Food Deserts for Policy Purposes{dagger} (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Policymakers have dedicated increasing attention to whether Americans have access to healthful food. As a result, various methods for measuring food store access at the national level have been developed to identify areas that lack access. However, these methods face definitional, data, and methodological limitations. The focus on neighborhoods instead of individuals underestimates the barriers that some individuals face in accessing healthy food, and overestimates the problem in other neighborhoods. This paper reviews and critiques currently available national-level measures of food access. While multiple measures of food access are needed to understand the problem, we recommend greater attention be paid to individual measures of food store access.
    Keywords: I14 - Health and Inequality, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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