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  • General Chemistry  (11,044)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (8,627)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (3,697)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (13,600)
  • 1965-1969  (11,647)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Transport of charged particles in the earth's magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A review of recent data on and conceptions of processes in which high energy particles are transported across magnetic shells in the earth's magnetosphere is presented. The processes discussed include adiabatic processes (with conservation of all three adiabatic invariants of charged particle motion in the magnetic field), diffusion processes (with violation of only the third or third and second invariants), and the so-called fast nonadiabatic processes, which appear to result from the action of strong electric fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 247-265
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  • 2
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    Vibrations of the earth's magnetic tail (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The natural vibration period of the tail (regarded as bundle of magnetic line-of-force strings) and the characteristic time of recurrence of magnetospheric substorms are of the same order, suggesting the possibility of a relation between these phenomena. A model of the tail in the form of a plasma cylinder whose free boundary is immersed in the interplanetary plasma is examined. The nature of the natural oscillations of the tail excited by variations of the solar wind pressure is studied in this model. These vibrations have a total energy of approximately 10 to the 22nd power erg, which is sufficient to generate magnetospheric substorms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 267-273
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  • 3
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    Calculation of the shape of the boundary of the magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The possibilities of calculating the shape and dimensions of the magnetopause are discussed. Initial equations are proposed. A review of existing methods is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 224-246
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  • 4
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    Analysis of methods of measuring electric-field strength in the magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Various methods of electric field strength measurements are examined and evaluated as to accuracy, and the requirements made of instrumentation for satellite measurements of electric field strength in the magnetosphere are indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 68-82
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  • 5
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    Hydromagnetic waves guided by the geomagnetic field (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Properties of hydromagnetic waves propagating in the magnetosphere from a source of limited dimensions are considered. It is shown that they are closely related to electric currents flowing along geomagnetic lines of force. The notions developed form a theoretical basis for interpretation of fluctuations and polar bays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 34-44
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  • 6
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    East Puna (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: This field trip mostly involves volcanic features that can be seen from roads in the east Puna District. Most of the features are associated with the eruptions of 1750(?), 1790(?), 1840, 1955, 1960, and the recent flows from Mauna Ulu on the Keauhou Lava Plains during the years 1969 to 1973. Particular emphasis is given to the 1955 and 1960 volcanic activity that occurred near the village of Kapoho.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 248-257
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  • 7
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    Kaumana lava tube (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The entrance to Kaumana Lava Tube is in a picnic ground next to Highway 20 (Kaumana Drive) about 6.5 km southwest of Hilo. The area is passed on the way to the Kona Coast via the Saddle Road and is identified by a Hawaii Visitors Bureau sign. Although it is not the largest lava tube in the islands, Kaumana Lava Tube is an interesting geological formation, displaying many of the features typical of lava tube interiors. It is accessible, relatively easy to walk through, and is in an excellent state of preservation. The tube developed in a historic lava flow (1881, from Mauna Loa), and many aspects of lava tube activity are observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 233-238
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  • 8
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    Mauna Kea (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Mauna Kea, the highest of Hawaii's five volcanoes, is the only high landmass in the central Pacific Ocean basin to bear unmistakable signs of Pleistocene glaciation. The stratigraphic record indicates that a summit ice cap formed and disappeared at least four times in the last 250,000 years, and that volcanic eruptions characterized not only the interglacial intervals, but also two of the glacial periods as well. Exposed rock units on the upper slopes of Mauna Kea have been divided into two major groups based on gross lithologic character. The Hamakua Group comprises the bulk of the subaerial shield of the volcano and consists largely of thin-bedded pahoehoe flows of olivine basalt. The overlying Laupahoehoe Group consists of a thin cap of alkalic lavas and pyroclastic layers confined largely to the upper slopes of the mountain. Interstratified with the volcanic units are sedimentary formations that provide evidence of four episodes of ice cap glaciation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 239-246
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  • 9
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    Field guide to summit area and upper east rift zone, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The field trip is divided into two sections: (1) Crater Rim Road; and (2) Chain of Craters Road. Most bibliographic references are omitted from the text, but a selected list of references to recent Hawaiian volcanic activity and to special studies is included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 200-215
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  • 10
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    Road guide to geological points of interest on the island of Hawaii (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: This road guide briefly describes the points of geologic interest along the main roads on Hawaii. It begins at Hilo and proceeds around the island in a clockwise direction on State Route 11 to Kailua, then returns to Hilo on State Route 19 to Hilo via Waimea, with side excursions on the other principal roads. Minimum excursion time is two days, allowing only very brief time for the various stops. The return to Hilo from Waimea can be made via Route 19 along the Hamakua Coast (wet, leeward side of island, displaying typical tropical erosion) or via Route 20 over the Humuula Saddle (high, relatively dry and cool; young volcanic features).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 185-197
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  • 11
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    Aerial reconnaissance over the island of Hawaii (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The flight sequence in this guide is nominal and based on optimum weather conditions; it may be altered, depending upon weather and visibility. Also included at the end of the flight sequence for the island of Hawaii are sections for parts of Maui (Haleakala Volcano) and Molokai, which will be flown if Hawaii is completely obscured at flight time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Its Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 113-183
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  • 12
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    Geology of the island of Hawaii (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The account of the geology of the individual Hawaiian islands is only a progress report based very largely on the uppermost, visible parts of the Hawaiian volcanic range. The island of Hawaii today consists of five volcanic mountains. All of them are very young, and three of the volcanoes have been active in historic times. At least two other volcanoes which helped to build the island have been buried by more recent ones. Rocks exposed in the cliffs on the northeastern side of Kohala Mountain have been shown by the potassium-argon method to be about 700,000 years old.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 88-111
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  • 13
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    Recent landforms at Kilaueu Volcano: A selected photographic compliation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Recent eruptive activity at Kilauea has produced great changes in the landscape, modifying old landforms and creating new ones. Some of these landforms are observed fairly commonly in basaltic terrains, but many had rarely, if ever, been observed before in the process of development. The 1969-74 Mauna Ulu eruptions have provided the first historic opportunity at Kilauea to witness and record the development of features associated with flank activity of long duration. The photographs of new or modified landforms in this compilation place special emphasis on possible extraterrestrial analogs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 49-86
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  • 14
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    Synopsis of volcanic stratigraphy (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Volcanic stratigraphic units are mappable layered units composed of volcanic rocks that are formed on land (subaerially) or under water (subaqueously) by volcanic processes. At least ten different types of volcanic stratigraphic units are recognized. The characteristics for each are discussed briefly and some typical examples are illustrated by diagrams to show their salient features.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 38-48
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  • 15
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    Origin of the Hawaiian Islands (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Recent studies indicate that the Hawaiian volcanic chain is a result of relative motion between the Pacific plate and a melting spot in the earth's mantle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 23-36
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  • 16
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    Physiolography of the Hawaiian Islands (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Each of the eight principal Hawaiian Islands extending from Kauai on the northwestern end of the chain to Hawaii at the southeastern extremity represents the top of a great basaltic shield volcano that rises 4575 m above the ocean floor. The ages of the islands quite consistently decrease toward the southeast. Kauai is judged to be about 5.3 million years old, whereas Hawaii is less than 750,000 years in age. The ravages of time have had serious effects on the once domelike older volcanoes, so that the traditional shield shape is lost in a fretwork of peaks, ridges, palis, valleys, and plains. Age is not the only determinant of the degree of dissection by running water, waves, and chemical weathering. Another very important factor is the exposure of the particular side of island to excessive rainfall and mercilous trade-wind wave attack. The windward and high lee slopes receive 60 cm or more of rain annually, whereas the lower leeward slopes and coastal areas may receive 4 cm or less annually.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 20-22
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  • 17
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    A concise history of Hawaii (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The review outlines the early migration of Polynesian settlers from the Marquesa and Society Islands, develops the ancient societal hierachy, reports on the historic visits of Captain Cook, and describes the gradual weakening of the native culture and population by increased foreign trade and the final annexation of the islands by the United States of America.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Its Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 15-18
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  • 18
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    Introduction (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Historical, geographical, and regional geological settings for the conference are presented that include volcanic stratigraphy, a photographic essay describing various landforms observed during eruptive activity at Kilauea Volcano, and a general discussion of the geology of the island of Hawaii. Also included are guides for field trips to interesting geographic features.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 1-13
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  • 19
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    Charting environmental pollution (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: It is found that areas affected by different noxious agents are within the limits traced for high noise level areas; consequently, it is suggested that high noise pressure levels should be used as the primary indication of environmental pollution. A complex methodology is reported for charting environmental pollution due to physical, chemical and biological noxious agents on the scale of an industrial district.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 192-197
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  • 20
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    Possibility of using sources of vacuum ultraviolet irradiation to solve problems of space material science (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An urgent problem in space materials science is simulating the interaction of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) of solar emission with solids in space conditions, that is, producing a light source with a distribution that approximates the distribution of solar energy. Information is presented on the distribution of the energy flux of VUV of solar radiation. Requirements that must be satisfied by the VUV source used for space materials science are formulated, and a critical evaluation is given of the possibilities of using existing sources for space materials science. From this evaluation it was established that none of the sources of VUV satisfies the specific requirements imposed on the simulator of solar radiation. A solution to the problem was found to be in the development of a new type of source based on exciting a supersonic gas jet flowing into vacuum with a sense electron beam. A description of this gas-jet source, along with its spectral and operation characteristics, is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 102-123
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  • 21
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    Effect of small flares in the neutral component of secondary cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The results are presented of an investigation of the effect of small flares, scale divisions 1 and 1(+), in the neutron component of secondary cosmic radiation from the data of neutron supermonitors at the stations of Kiev, Bukhta Tiksi, and Deep River. It is shown that flares of scale divisions 1 and 1(+) are accompanied by an effect in the neutron component amounting to about 0.4%. A mechanism is presented for calculating the outflow of particles accelerated in small flares, owing to diffusion across the magnetic field of a trap.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 77-85
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  • 22
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    Analysis of the nature of excessive cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at altitudes 250-500km, from Kosmos-225 satellite data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results are presented from a study of the region of anomalous cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at the altitudes 250-500 km, using data measurements taken on the Kosmos-225 satellite (14-29 June 1968). The existence of a stable intensity anomaly discovered in the experiments on the second and third Soviet spacecraft-satellites is confirmed. The total vector of the geomagnetic field at different altitudes was compared with isoline maps. An altitude profile of the South Atlantic anomaly of radiation intensity was obtained, using data from the same instrument. The nature of the anomalies in cosmic radiation intensity over the regions of negative magnetic anomalies is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 86-94
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  • 23
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    Acceleration of solar cosmic rays during chromospheric flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using the Fokker-Planck equation, an examination is made of the acceleration of charged particles by fluctuational electric fields caused by the propagation of intense radio emission in the long-wave range. Correlation functions of electric fields near the boundary of plasma instability were computed. The interaction of charged particles with these fields is examined. It is shown that due to the interaction of particles with fluctuational fields, solar cosmic rays can be accelerated to energies of E=100 to 1000 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 69-76
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  • 24
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    Chromospheric flares and sudden commencements of geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A catalogue of flare activity was compiled during 1957-1967 (the solar activity cycle). By comparing all reliable SC during this period with chromospheric flares, the following conclusions are drawn; (1) There is no statistically significant correlation between SC and chromospheric flares. (2) The assumption that a shock wave propagates throughout the entire hemisphere is unjustified and contradicts the fact of recurrence of SC. (3) A statistically significant correlation was established between SC and chromospheric flares, that is, a relationship between a SC and the moment that a flare active region transits the Central Meridian. (4) SC are caused by shock waves or tangential discontinuities formed at the western boundary of the quasisteady directed corpuscular flux or at the boundary between sectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 61-68
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  • 25
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    Classification, scale series and nomenclature of lunar charts (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Lunar charts are classified with an eye toward solution of special problems of lunar cartography. The initial state of mapping the moon will require charts with scales of 1:5,000,000; 1:1,000,000; 1:250,000; 1:50,000; and 1:10,000.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Current Concepts Regarding the Moon (NASA-TT-F-766); p 139-154
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  • 26
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    An evaluation of the ERTS data collection system as a potential operational tool (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-23
    Description: The Earth Resources Technology Satellite Data Collection System has been shown to be, from the users vantage point, a reliable and simple system for collecting data from U.S. Geological Survey operational field instrumentation. It is technically feasible to expand the ERTS system into an operational polar-orbiting data collection system to gather data from the Geological Survey's Hydrologic Data Network. This could permit more efficient internal management of the Network, and could enable the Geological Survey to make data available to cooperating agencies in near-real time. The Geological Survey is conducting an analysis of the costs and benefits of satellite data-relay systems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1099-1111
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  • 27
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    Water-management models in Florida from ERTS-1 data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-23
    Description: A prototype multiparameter data acquisition network, installed and operated by the U.S. Geological Survey is a viable approach for obtaining near real-time data needed to solve hydrologic problems confronting nearly 2.5 million residents of south Florida. Selected water quantity and quality data obtained from ground stations are transmitted for relay via ERTS-1 to NASA receiving stations in virtual real time. This data relay system has been very reliable and, by coupling the ground information with ERTS imagery, a modeling technique is available for water resource management in south Florida. An ecological model has been designed for the Shark River Slough in Everglades National Park.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1071-1088
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  • 28
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    Seasat and polar ice (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The instrument package for SEASAT-A possesses three tools that could give data greatly needed in ice cap research: the Compressed Pulse Radar Altimeter (CPRA), the Coherent Imaging Radar (CIR), and the Scanning Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer (SMMR). Certain problems that can be studied with each sensor are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 45-46
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  • 29
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    Seasat and floating ice (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data collected by SEASAT would be useful in developing predictive physical models for the drift and deformation of sea ice, for estimating the heat budget of the polar seas, for the optimum routing of shipping through pack ice areas, for the design of both offshore structures and shipping capable of surviving in heavy pack ice, and for the tracking of large icebergs and ice islands. The instrument package for SEASAT-A is particularly useful for studying sea ice in that the Coherent Imaging Radar (CIR), the Scanning Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Compressed Pulse Radar Altimeter (CPRA) are not limited by the presence of clouds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 134-135
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  • 30
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    Geodetic corrections and related information from oceanographic measurements made by Seasat-A (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Oceanographic measurements taken by SEASAT-A are not only applicable to correct altimetry data for the desired geoid but also, as a result, they themselves are useful by-products for basic and applied research in the fields of sciences and engineering, exploratory development in sensor design and measurement techniques, and prediction products for operational fleet support. Among these measurements the important ones are current, sea state, and tides. Identified are parameters of the measurements which will be used to eliminate temporal environmental biases from geodetic measurements, and also to describe the physical processes involved.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 47-49
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  • 31
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    VLF emissions and whistlers observed during geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Whistler-triggered emissions and a narrowband hiss are described which were observed over Japan by ISIS 2 during the main phase of the geomagnetic storm of August 9, 1972. The characteristics of the narrowband hiss and increases in the whistler rate during the storm are discussed, and the ISIS-2 data are compared with data on whistler cutoffs and VLF noise breakups obtained by OGO 4 and Alouette I. Since the whistlers and narrowband hiss are usually observed inside and outside the plasmapause, it is thought that the plasmapause may have been located near the low-latitude end of the narrowband hiss during the main phase of the storm. It is suggested that the increases in the whistler rate may have been caused by the formation of whistler ducts in the disturbed plasmapause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Research Laboratories; vol. 21
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  • 32
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    Indications of fluid immiscibility in glass from West Clearwater Lake impact crater, Quebec, Canada (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Glass from the West Clearwater Lake hypervelocity impact crater contains numerous spheroids, 10 to 500 microns across, which appear to have formed at high temperatures as fluids immiscible in the enclosing melt. The spheroids are distinguished from small, normal, largely void gas vesicles, which are also present, by being completely filled in all cases; by having fillings which vary in composition from spheroid to spheroid, even between spheroids in close association; and by indications that the present fillings are representative of the contents present before the matrix melt chilled. Most of the spheroids are classified petrographically into three types. The preservation of spheroids in the West Clearwater Lake glass is attributed mainly to the position of the glass masses within the breccias lining the crater floor. It is considered that the glass in this location did not achieve free flight but, as part of a large mass, cooled relatively slowly through the high temperature regime in which the spheroids were generated, and then, when detached, chilled rapidly to preserve a record of this transient stage in their history.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology; 46; 1974
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    Electric field measurements across the Harang discontinuity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Harang discontinuity, the area separating the positive and negative bay regions in the midnight sector of the auroral zone, is a focal point for changes in behavior of many phenomena. Through this region the electric field, in a frame corotating with the earth, rotates through the west from a basically northward field in the positive bay region to a basically southward field in the negative bay region, appearing as a reversal in a single-axis measurement of the north-south component. Thirty-two of these reversals have been identified in the Ogo 6 data from November and December 1969. The discontinuity is dynamic in nature, moving southward and steepening its latitudinal profile as magnetic activity is increased. As activity decreases, it relaxes poleward and spreads out in latitudinal width. It occurs over several hours of magnetic local time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Nov. 1
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  • 34
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    High latitude minor ion enhancements - A clue for studies of magnetosphere-atmosphere coupling (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation is conducted of upper ionosphere molecular ion composition data, which because of the unexpected, abrupt enhancements sometimes exhibited at high latitudes, may indirectly offer additional clues to understanding the processes by which the lower atmosphere becomes perturbed. It is found that molecular ion irregularities are sometimes localized in a relatively narrow region of time and space. The abruptness of these events suggests that lower atmosphere energetic processes presumed responsible for the ion enhancements may also be narrowly distributed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 35
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    A simulation of the San Andreas fault experiment (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The San Andreas fault experiment (Safe), which employs two laser tracking systems for measuring the relative motion of two points on opposite sides of the fault, has been simulated for an 8-yr observation period. The two tracking stations are located near San Diego on the western side of the fault and near Quincy on the eastern side; they are roughly 900 km apart. Both will simultaneously track laser reflector equipped satellites as they pass near the stations. Tracking of the Beacon Explorer C spacecraft has been simulated for these two stations during August and September for 8 consecutive years. An error analysis of the recovery of the relative location of Quincy from the data has been made, allowing for model errors in the mass of the earth, the gravity field, solar radiation pressure, atmospheric drag, errors in the position of the San Diego site, and biases and noise in the laser systems. The results of this simulation indicate that the distance of Quincy from San Diego will be determined each year with a precision of about 10 cm. Projected improvements in these model parameters and in the laser systems over the next few years will bring the precision to about 1-2 cm by 1980.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Oct. 10
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  • 36
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    Rigidity spectrum of z greater than or equal to 3 cosmic-ray nuclei in the range 4-285 GV and a search for cosmic antimatter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A measurement, using the magnetic emulsion spectrometer system, of the differential rigidity spectrum of Z greater than or equal to 3 nuclei of the galactic cosmic radiation is presented. The system was flown on Aug. 22, 1969, from Palestine, Texas. The instrument floated above 125,000 feet for eight hours. The data in the rigidity range 8-285 GV can be represented by a power-law spectrum in rigidity, J(rho) = A rho to the minus gamma power, with the exponent gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.10. The spectrum in the range 15-285 GV is also described by the same exponent, gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.25. The data below 8 GV cannot be described by the same power law without invoking solar modulation. A set of nonunique parameters for modulation are given. Upper limit for the fraction of antimatter in the rigidity range 4-125 GV is .005 with 95% confidence limit.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 37
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma ray line flux as a function of longitude is examined. It is shown that the gamma ray emissivity varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. This enhancement is accounted for in part by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4 to 5 kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the galaxy on the assumption that only an increased cosmic ray flux is responsible for the observed emission. Cosmic ray nucleons, cosmic ray electrons, and ionized hydrogen gas were found to have a strikingly similar distribution in the galaxy according to both the observational data and the theoretical model discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 241-248
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  • 38
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    Observations of discrete gamma ray sources with SAS-2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Compact gamma ray sources centered on the Crab nebula and the Vela X supernova remnant are considered. An excess in the galactic radiation was observed in both regions. Data indicate that a large fraction of this flux is pulsed. The excess from the Vela region could reflect either a large-scale galactic feature, such as a superposition of spiral arm segments, or it could be associated with the Vela supernova remnant. Low-energy gamma ray bursts were observed in the SAS-2 anticoincidence shielding.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 273-277
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  • 39
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    Cosmic electrons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The published literature on cosmic electrons is summarized. The primary and secondary sources of cosmic electrons are discussed, and the propagation of the electrons in the interstellar medium is studied with respect to energy loss mechanisms, age distributions, and spectral modifications during flight. Various portions of the electron and positron spectra are then considered in relation to problems of astrophysics. New information is presented on such topics as the origin of low-energy positrons, the decay kinematics of the pi-mu-e process, the application of age distributions for nuclear cosmic rays to cosmic electrons, and the possibility of nonidentical sources for cosmic electrons and protons.
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  • 40
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    Solar particles /observations, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The major features of the propagation of flare particles in the interplanetary medium are discussed in terms of the classic well-behaved flare having unique impulsive injection and a smooth time profile. Topics include flare events, their frequency of occurrence, development of a typical event, energy spectra, proton and electron types, charge and isotopic composition, solar flares and particle accelerations, radio and X-ray observations, the Fermi mechanism, the betatron mechanism, acceleration models, plasma instabilities, two-stage acceleration, propagation mechanisms, the anisotropic stage, the diffusive stage, and the convection and energy loss stage.
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  • 41
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    Dicarboxylic acids from electric discharge (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation was conducted concerning the possible synthesis of a suite of dicarboxylic acids similar to that found in the Murchison meteorite. The investigation included the conduction of a chemical evolution experiment which simulated electric discharge through the primitive atmosphere of the earth. The suite of dicarboxylic acids obtained in the electric discharge experiment is similar to that of the Murchison meteorite, except for the fact that 2-chlorosuccinic acid is present in the spark discharge.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 251; Sept. 6
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  • 42
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    ERTS-1 data collection systems used to predict wheat disease severities (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility of using the data collection system on Earth Technology Satellite-1 to predict wheat leaf rust severity and resulting yield loss was tested. Ground-based data-collection platforms (DCPs), placed in two commercial wheat fields, transmitted to the satellite such meteorological information as maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, and hours of free moisture. Meteorological data received from the two DCPs from April 23 to 29 were used to estimate the disease progress curve. Values from the curve were used to predict the percentage decrease in wheat yields resulting from leaf rust. Actual decrease in yield obtained by applying a zinc and maneb spray to control leaf rust, and then comparing yields of the controlled (healthy) and the noncontrolled (rusted) areas. In each field, a 9% decrease in yield was predicted by the DCP-derived data; actual decreases were 12% and 9%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 3; 2, 19; 1974
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  • 43
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    Equatorial ionospheric absorption during half a solar cycle /1964-1970/ (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An extensive series of vertical incidence absorption measurements made at an equatorial station is analyzed in detail to provide information which will lead to a better understanding of the lower ionosphere. A quantitative empirical relationship is derived between absorption and 1-8 A solar flux for moderate levels of solar activity. It is shown that the threshold flux for D-region modification, at a solar zenith angle of 10 deg, is approximately 0.0005 erg per sq cm per sec. Attention is drawn to the incidence of days of high absorption even in the absence of solar X-ray activity. Available evidence points to variability of the order of 10-40 per cent in the intensity of the solar Lyman-alpha radiation as the most likely cause of these unusual, though infrequent, enhancements in absorption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; Aug. 197
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  • 44
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    Eleventh-order geopotential resonance on the orbit of Vanguard 3 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The orbit of Vanguard 3 (1959-7A) is strongly resonant with eleventh-order and odd degree terms in the geopotential. It affords an excellent opportunity to determine a significant linear constraint between these terms. Tracking data on this satellite (in the form of mean Kepler elements) are analyzed over a 3.5-year period in the early 1960s, which ends with the orbit having just passed through perfect commensurability. The eccentricity e and inclination I show the deep resonance variations (up to .0002 in e and 0.02 deg in I) with great clarity. Previous and current geopotential solutions fail to explain these perturbations. A constraint for the deep resonant terms is determined in fully normalized harmonics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 10
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  • 45
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    A comparison of several computational techniques for solving some common aeronomic problems (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Several numerical integration techniques for solving common aeronomic problems involving species rate equations are compared for speed and accuracy. A newer technique that defines families of species that are nearly conserved is found to be superior to an iterative technique when both methods are applied to simple test problems. The 'conservation' technique is also found to be more economical than the more complex Gear (1969) integration scheme for comparable accuracy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 1
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  • 46
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    Field-aligned current observations in the polar cusp ionosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Vector magnetic field measurements made during a sounding rocket flight in the polar cusp ionosphere show field fluctuations in the lower F region that are interpreted as being caused by the passage of the payload through a structured field-aligned current system. The field-aligned currents have a characteristic horizontal scale size of about 1 km. Analysis of one large field fluctuation gives a current density of .001 A/sq m.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 1
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  • 47
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    High-latitude day side electric field and particle measurements (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two rockets carrying electric field and low-energy particle instrumentation were launched near noon at 80 deg magnetic latitude. One flight encountered polar cap conditions only, whereas the other traversed part of the polar cusp. Although weak particle precipitation was measured on both flights, bursts of intense magnetosheath-type electron fluxes were detected on the latter. Strong electric fields such as would result from antisunward convection were observed during both flights. The measurements are compared with results obtained by other types of spacecraft and are interpreted in the light of those data. It is concluded that direct access of magnetosheath electrons is very variable and occurs in small regions within a larger overall region.-
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 1
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  • 48
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    Sweet's mechanism in the solar wind (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Sweet (1956, 1958) proposed a mechanism for the rapid, steady-state dissipation of a magnetic field in a resistive plasma. It is shown that Sweet's mechanism operates in the interplanetary medium near 1 AU in structures which Burlaga and Ness (1968) have identified and called D-sheets. The basic equations are considered of a specific mathematical model provided by Parker (1963) for the case of antiparallel fields and incompressible flow. The theoretical conclusions are related to interplanetary observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 49
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    An unusual photograph of an air lightning discharge (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Weather; 29; Jan. 197
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  • 50
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    H2SO4-HNO3-H2O ternary system in the stratosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Estimation of the equilibrium vapor pressure over the ternary system H2SO4-HNO3-H2O to study the possibility of stratospheric aerosol formation involving HNO3. It is shown that the vapor pressures for the ternary system H2SO4-HNO3-H2O with weight composition around 70-80% H2SO4, 10-20% HNO3, 10-20% H2O at -50 C are below the order of 10 to the minus 8th mm Hg. It is concluded that there exists more than sufficient nitric acid and water vapor in the stratosphere to participate in ternary system aerosol formation at -50 C. Therefore, HNO3 should be present in stratospheric aerosols, provided that H2SO4 is also present.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 250; Aug. 2
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  • 51
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the gamma-ray intensity in the longitude region less than or equal to 30 deg. These data, when unfolded, imply that the low-energy (1 to 10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. It is further shown that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4- to 5-kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 52
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    Origin of QSO absorption lines (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of the origin of the absorption lines in QSOs with observed absolute redshifts much less than the empirical values. As a possible alternative to the plasmoid mechanism for decreasing the relatively large possible macroscopic or bulk motions in QSO clouds, it is shown that certain large relative bulk motions in QSO clouds can be dissipated without the presence of strong magnetic fields and without large adiabatic expansions. The essence of the argument is that a cloud with convergent internal velocities can coalesce inelastically, because the internal kinetic energy can be dissipated and radiated away. There are thus indications that observed QSO absorption clouds may have their origin in clouds with internal velocities which are convergent.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 250; July 26
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  • 53
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    478-keV and 431-keV line emissions from alpha-alpha reactions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 54
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    Bremsstrahlung in the atmosphere at satellite altitudes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Transport calculations have been made to determine the emission of bremsstrahlung by electrons in the atmosphere and the penetration of this radiation to high altitudes where it can be detected by satellite-borne instruments. The calculations were done assuming uniform wide-area precipitation into the atmosphere of an electron flux isotropic over the downward hemisphere. The intensity and energy spectrum of the bremsstrahlung have been obtained for the case of incident monoenergetic electron beams at energies between 20 keV and 2 MeV, for incident electron beams with exponential spectra with e-folding energies between 5 and 200 keV.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; July 197
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  • 55
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    A representation of Jacchia's thermospheric models in spherical harmonic functions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Jacchia models are represented in terms of spherical harmonic functions. This representation has the advantage of ease of comparison with other global theoretical and empirical models that use this mathematical form. Furthermore, it is analytic, continuous, and has continuous derivatives all over the globe. The representation of the exospheric temperatures shows clearly the amplitudes of the various periodic terms and uses relatively few constants. An example of a similar representation for the total mass density at a particular height and level of solar activity is given as well.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; June 197
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  • 56
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    1.0 arc second structure on the sun at 3.71 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 57
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    Ionization equilibrium in soft X-ray-emitting solar flares (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of the 1.9-A line produced by highly ionized iron during a solar flare indicate that this emission occurs under conditions approaching a steady-state ionization equilibrium. Time-dependent and steady-state ionization equilibrium values are used for calculation of 1.9 A line fluxes per unit flare emission. The results are compared with those obtained by observations of some four solar flares, showing that the calculations from time-dependent equilibrium values approximate the observed line flux values with the same accuracy as the calculations from steady-state equilibrium values only when the electron densities are equal to or greater than 10 billion per cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 58
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    Solar longitude dependence of some characteristics of type III radio bursts from metric to hectometric wavelengths (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using the observed data for metric and hectometric type III radio bursts, the dependence of burst characteristics on the solar longitude has been examined over a wide frequency range. It is found that there exists and east-west asymmetry for the extension of metric type III bursts into the hectometric wavelength range. In particular, hectometric bursts are rarely observed for solar flares associated with metric bursts east of 60 E solar longitude. Furthermore, for east longitudes, the low-frequency radio observations show a large dispersion in drift time interval.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 59
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    On helium-like 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in solar flare spectra (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Expected wavelengths and intensities are computed for 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in helium-like ions of the abundant elements from oxygen to iron under coronal conditions. Probable observations of some of these lines in the spectra of solar flares are discussed, and attention is called to a possible reversal of singlet and triplet intensities as compared to laboratory observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 60
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    Estimation of stratospheric-mesospheric density fields from satellite radiance data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a method for deriving horizontal density fields at altitudes above 30 km directly from satellite radiation measurements. The method is applicable to radiation measurements from any instrument with suitable transmittance weighting functions. Data such as those acquired by the Satellite Infrared Spectrometers on satellites Nimbus 3 and 4 are employed for demonstrating the use of the method for estimating stratospheric-mesospheric density fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 102; Apr. 197
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  • 61
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    Hot spot and trench volcano separations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is suggested that the distribution of separations between trench volcanos located along subduction zones reflects the depth of partial melting, and that the separation distribution for hot spot volcanoes near spreading centers provides a measure of the depth of mantle convection cells. It is further proposed that the lateral dimensions of mantle convection cells are also represented by the hot-spot separations (rather than by ridge-trench distances) and that a break in the distribution of hot spot separations at 3000 km is evidence for both whole mantle convection and a deep thermal plume origin of hot spots.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 249; June 28
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  • 62
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    NO and O3 measurements in the lower stratosphere from a U-2 aircraft (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In situ measurements of nitric oxide and ozone were carried out at altitudes up to 21 km during two flights of a U-2 aircraft on Dec. 6 and 18, 1973, over the west coast of the United States. A chemiluminescent detector based on the luminescent reaction of nitric acid with excess ozone was used in nitric acid measurements. Ozone concentration measurements were based on the absorption of the Hg line at 2,537 A in the Hartley continuum. The results are compared with available data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 249; June 28
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  • 63
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    The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For the case of homogeneous, isotropic magnetic field fluctuations, it is shown that most theories which are based on the quasi-linear and adiabatic approximations yield the same integral for the Fokker-Planck coefficient for the pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays. For example, despite apparent differences, the theories due to Jokipii and to Klimas and Sandri yield the same integral. It is also shown, however, that this integral in most cases has been evaluated incorrectly in the past. For small pitch angles, the errors in previous evaluations are fortuitously of minor importance. For large pitch angles, however, these errors become more significant; and for pitch angles of 90 deg, the actual Fokker-Planck coefficient contains a delta function which has been overlooked in the past. The implications of these corrections on the possibility of relating cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients to observed properties of the interplanetary magnetic field are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 64
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    New dimensions in satellite hydrology (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of the use of remote sensing technology applied from satellites to obtain information for the rapid and continuing assessment of the hydrologic cycle. A detailed account is given of the hydrological information made available through the activities of the ERTS-1 satellite, an experimental satellite entirely devoted to earth resources observations, and the NOAA-2 satellite, a high-resolution operational environmental satellite. Following a description of the satellites and their payloads, it is shown how with their aid information can be obtained regarding atmospheric moisture, surface water and snow cover, glaciers, potential flood situations, and subsurface water fluctuations. In addition, the use of the ERTS-1 and NOAA-2 satellites in watershed characterization and modeling and in monitoring water quality is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: vol. 55; July 197
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  • 65
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    On the age of the Onverwacht Group, Swaziland sequence, South Africa (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Some rocks of the Onverwacht Group, South Africa, have been analyzed for Rb and Sr concentrations and Sr isotopic composition. These rocks include volcanic rocks, layered ultramafic differentiates and cherty sediments. Whole rock data indicate that the Rb-Sr isotopic systems in many samples were open and yield no reasonable isochron relationships. However, the data of mineral separates from a basaltic komatiite define a good isochron of 3.50 (plus or minus .2) b.y. with an initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of 0.70048 plus or minus 5. The orthodox interpretation of this age is the time of the low grade metamorphism. It is reasonable to assume that the age of 3.50 b.y. might also represent the time of initial Onverwacht volcanism and deposition. The initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio obtained above is important to an understanding of the Sr isotopic composition of the Archean upper mantle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; June 197
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    Empirical solar proton model for orbiting spacecraft applications (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An empirical model for energetic solar proton fluxes is presented. With this model the effects of such protons on geocentric space missions, to be flown during the next solar active period (1977-1983), and with orbits involving partial magnetospheric shielding, may be estimated. A synoptic background review is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the model's use, errors, uncertainties, and limitations, including sample calculations which demonstrate the application of specific or general project missions. Finally, for circular trajectories, percentage exposure maps are presented, depicting fractional mission times spent outside particular L shells as functions of orbit altitude and inclination.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; July 197
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  • 67
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    Solar proton fluences for 1977-1983 space missions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The probability with which any given solar proton fluence level will be exceeded during a space mission is computed for mission to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). This probability is a function of fluence level, proton energy threshold, and mission duration. Calculations are based on 1966-1972 data only. In estimating mission fluences, a distinction is made between ordinary and anomalously large events. Probable numbers of each type of event are estimated from Burrell's extension of Poisson statistics. Fluences of all anomalously large events are assumed to have a spectrum given by the August 1972 event, while fluences of the ordinary events are assumed to obey a log normal distribution.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; June 197
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  • 68
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    The anomalous abundance of cosmic-ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei at low energies (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent measurements using the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic-ray telescope on the Pioneer 10 spacecraft have revealed an anomalous spectrum of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei relative to other nuclei such as He and C, in the energy range 3-30 MeV per nucleon. The intensity of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei is enhanced by a factor of up to 20 relative to their abundance in galactic or solar cosmic rays. It is argued that this is most likely a new extrasolar component of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Feb. 1
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  • 69
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    Seasonal canopy reflectance patterns of wheat, sorghum, and soybean (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation was conducted of canopy-reflectance patterns as a basis for the determination of surface conditions. Two fields each of wheat, sorghum, and soybeans were selected in a bottom land area. One field contained a dark-colored, silty clay loam and the other a light-colored, silt loam. The study suggests that the reflectance ratio of the 545- to 655-nm-wavelengths may be used as an indicator of crop growth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 3; 1, 19; 1974
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  • 70
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    Equatorial composition in the 137- to 225-km region from the San Marco 3 mass spectrometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The neutral atmospheric composition experiment (Nace) carried by the San Marco 3 (SM 3) satellite measured the equatorial atmospheric composition during the reentry period of Nov. 21-28, 1971. The mass density and molecular nitrogen density measured by the Nace are in agreement with values measured by rocket experiments and inferred from satellite experiments. The average total oxygen content measured by Nace is 30% below the value suggested by von Zahn at 150-km altitude. When it is assumed that his value for the molecular oxygen density at 150 km represents averaged rocket results applicable to the equatorial thermosphere, the Nace total oxygen content results in an atomic oxygen concentration comparable to the mean value of Cira (1965). The Nace helium measurements interpreted in terms of an altitude profile have an altitude distribution similar to that of molecular nitrogen below 165 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; May 1
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  • 71
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    The behavior of the plasmapause at mid-latitudes - Isis 1 Langmuir probe measurements (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations of the electron concentration and the temperature from the electrostatic probes on the Isis 1 satellite were used to examine the location and behavior of the plasmapause at about 3000-km altitude in the vicinity of L = 4. At these altitudes the electron concentration measurements are equivalent to measurements of H(+), since the satellite is well into the protonosphere. The plasmapause is evident as a sharp drop in electron concentration by a factor of 100 as the satellite passes into the polar cap, and a corresponding increase is observed as it enters the plasmasphere on the opposite side of the earth. An enhancement of temperature is also observed at the plasmapause, an effect that is most visible at night, when the temperatures at latitudes above and below the plasmapause are usually very low. The position of the plasmapause decreases with magnetic activity but is found to be somewhat less sensitive to Kp than is the equatorial plasmapause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; May 1
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  • 72
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    An upper limit on soft X-ray pulsations from the pulsar PSR 0833-45 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Vela pulsar PSR 0833-45, located in the Vela X nebula, has the second shortest period of any of the known radio pulsars. Soft X-ray observations are described which place an upper limit of 0.3% on the pulsed fraction of the Vela pulsar relative to the flux from the entire Vela X Nebula, in the 0.5- to 1.0-keV energy band. The present results are about a factor of 7 below the value of 2% measured by Harnden and Gorenstein (1973) for the pulsed fraction relative to the flux from the Vela X Nebula.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; May 1
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  • 73
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    Magnetospheric sources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Motions of the plasma and the energetic particles in the magnetosphere modify the earth's internal field. It is not possible to separate the fields produced by the magnetospheric sources from the field of internal terrestrial origin on the basis of magnetic field observations made on the ground. Such a separation requires an analysis in which data obtained with the aid of satellites are taken into account in addition to the values measured on the ground. Data of the magnetic field obtained by the satellite Ogo 5 are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS; 55; June 197
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  • 74
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    A search for global and seasonal variation of methane from Nimbus 4 Iris measurements (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 20
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  • 75
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    Whistler waves observed upstream from collisionless shocks (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Waves in the frequency range 0.5-4. Hz have been studied in the region upstream of the earth's bow shock with data from the flux-gate magnetic field experiment on Imp 6. Such waves are invariably detected adjacent to the shock, persisting upstream for intervals often less than a minute but occasionally of the order of many hours. Analysis of 150 examples of these waves during a 3-month interval indicates that propagation directions generally make angles of between 20 and 40 deg with the field direction. The waves as measured in the spacecraft frame of reference are either left- or right-hand-polarized with respect to the average field direction. The left-handed waves generally have lower frequencies than the right-handed waves, and the left-handed frequencies never exceed 2.5 Hz. The measured sense of polarization is found to depend on the propagation direction (or alternatively, the field direction) relative to the solar wind direction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 76
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    The helium component of solar wind velocity streams (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Systematic variations of the properties of the helium constituent of the solar wind in the velocity streams are described. It is found that the helium abundance varies by about a factor of 2 as the stream is crossed. The velocity of the helium differs from that of the hydrogen by a few kilometers per second throughout much of the stream structure. This velocity difference is greatest immediately after the proton density peak passes, the helium velocity being typically 20 km/sec faster than the protons at that position in the stream. A sharp dip in the helium to proton temperature ratio is centered on the proton density peak. Although it appears reasonable that at least the velocity and temperature effects are due to the dynamic interactions of the two streams, it is not yet clear exactly what physical processes are directly involved in producing the effects described here.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 77
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    Phase-bunching and other non-linear processes occurring in gyroresonant wave-particle interactions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of the movement of individual electrons in a magnetized plasma in which a monochromatic wave is propagating in the whistler mode. Simple expressions are derived which give the displacement of the electrons as a function of time, the phase angle that their velocity vector makes with the magnetic component of the wave, their pitch angle, and energy changes. A useful formula is obtained which gives the velocity range over which particles remain trapped inside the wave, as a function of the wave intensity and of the initial phase angle of the particle. It is shown that even strictly resonant particles can escape from the wave when their initial phase angle is very small. From the derived expressions, it is possible to compute the phase-bunching effect which occurs approximately at one trapping wavelength behind the leading edge of the interaction region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 28; May 1974
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  • 78
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    Observations of the nighttime electron volt range electron fluxes in the equatorial region (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The importance of some of the features observed among the nighttime equatorial data of Explorer 31 is discussed with respect to the nighttime thermal structure of the topside ionosphere. The very short-lived photoelectrons being absent, the nighttime measurements represent the background flux due to magnetospheric particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 1
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  • 79
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    Effects of heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of the reduction in the thermal conductivity due to heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind are examined. Large enhancements of heavy ions in the corona appear to be necessary to give appreciable changes in the thermal gradient of the electrons. These enhancements, if they should occur, may contribute to the understanding of some low values of solar wind temperature measurements at 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 1
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  • 80
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    Motion of magnetospheric particle clouds in a time-dependent electric field model (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A computer code has been developed to study quantitatively the drift motion of magnetospheric particles in a time-dependent electric field. These calculations were applied to the case of proton and electron injections from the plasma sheet during substorms; the model predictions were checked against observations on board the geosynchronous satellite ATS 5 by DeForest and McIlwain (1971). It was found that it is possible to simulate the observed proton spectrograms with an adequate choice of a time-dependent electric field model. The resulting kinematics is physically quite simple and in its gross features does not depend too strongly on the particular fine structure of the model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 81
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    Some effects of diffusion on the flow of ions in the solar wind (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The contribution of diffusive effects to the near equality of flow velocities of H+ and heavier ions of the solar wind at 1 AU is examined. Frictional drag on heavy ions from average solar wind fluxes of H+ appears to make an appreciable contribution to equalizing velocities. The frictional drag on H+ due to the presence of heavy ions may make an appreciable contribution to equalizing flow velocities, since compensating increases in coronal temperatures may be required in order to give solar wind velocities for H+. However, rather large enhancements of heavy ions near the sun appear to be required. If appreciable enhancements of heavy ions extend beyond about 2.5 solar radii, significant increases in heavy ion temperatures above H+ temperatures may be produced. This temperature difference may contribute to equalizing flow velocities and may contribute to the explanation of measured temperature differences at 1 AU between H+ and He++.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 82
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    Mesozoic thermal events in southeast China (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new set of age data on some granitic batholiths of southeast China is reported. It is shown that these new data support the postulate of Larsen and Putman (1972) that, during the late Mesozoic, the Pacific sea floor was spreading from at least five spreading centers joined at two triple points. Attention is called to the coeval occurrence of paired metamorphism and intrusion on both sides of the Pacific during the Mesozoic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 248; Apr. 5
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  • 83
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    Geological and environmental applications of the ERTS data (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The significant results from geological investigations made with the aid of the ERTS spacecraft can be grouped into four broad categories: mapping, land form analysis, structural studies, and the search for mineral deposits. Illustrations of how ERTS has been used in such studies are given, including photomosaics of Nevada and of southern Morocco, and a photogeological interpretation of the Rhodesian craton. Environmental applications of ERTS are illustrated by an ERTS update of an Indiana strip mine map, an ERTS image of Lake Michigan showing particulate plumes and their effect on the weather, and an image of the New York Bight area showing the location and extent of an acid-iron wastes dump and a sewage sludge dump.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences; 17; Mar
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  • 84
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    Nimbus 4 IRIS spectra in the 750-1250 wavelengths/cm atmospheric window region (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Present operational schemes for infrared remote sounding measurements of surface temperature use the 899 wavelengths/cm atmospheric window region. Spectra from the Nimbus 4 IRIS in the 750 to 1250 wavelengths/cm region are analyzed. Comparison of the actual surface temperature and the observed brightness temperature at 10 wavelengths/cm resolution shows that the clearest windows were at 936 and 960 wavelengths/cm. Although there is a small amount of CO2 absorption in these regions, this is compensated for by a decrease in water vapor continuum absorption. Atmospheric absorption was 0.5 K less than experienced by the 899 wavelengths/cm window.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 31; Mar. 197
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  • 85
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    A resonance phenomenon observed in a swept frequency experiment on a mother-daughter ionospheric rocket (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The report presents observations obtained in a swept frequency experiment conducted in a mother-daughter rocket flight at auroral latitudes. The discussion is essentially restricted to the possible interpretation of the experimental signal structures noted at and in the vicinity of a resonance frequency where signal components apparently are generated by nonlinear mechanisms. Various resonance frequencies have been considered in attempts to identify this multichannel response frequency. It is concluded that of all the possibilities invoked, the best consistency is provided by identifying the frequency concerned with the cone resonance frequency demonstrated experimentally in the case of a laboratory plasma by Fisher and Gould (1971).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 86
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    Tidal waves within the thermosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The eigenfunctions of the atmosphere (the Hough functions within the lower atmosphere below about 100 km) change their structure and their propagation characteristics within the thermosphere due to dissipation effects such as heat conduction, viscosity, and ion drag. Wave dissipation can be parameterized to a first-order approximation by a complex frequency, the imaginary term of which simulates an effective ion drag force. It is shown how the equivalent depth, the attenuation, and the vertical wavelength of the predominant symmetric diurnal tidal modes change with height as functions of effective ion drag. The boundary conditions of tidal waves are discussed, and asymptotic solutions for the wave parameters like pressure, density, temperature, and wind generated by a heat input proportional to the mean pressure are given. Finally, diffusion effects upon the minor constituents within the thermosphere are described.
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  • 87
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    Some measurements of the attenuation of solar radiation during BOMEX (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the upward and downward flux of solar radiation in two broad wavelength bands defined by glass filters were made at height between about 300 and 12,000 m in the neighborhood of Barbados during the BOMEX experiment in the summer of 1969. These were examined on selected occasions, apparently cloudless, to determine the attenuation (absorption and upward scattering) that could not be attributed to atmospheric gases and must be considered to be caused by particles. Total particle absorption between the lowest and highest flight levels was found to be of order 5%, and upward scatter of order 1% of the incident radiation. Unexplained attenuation above the highest level was of order 2%. The attenuation attributed to particles was approximately the same magnitude as the geometrical cross section deduced by direct particle sampling on the same flights.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Mar. 197
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  • 88
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    Cosmic far ultraviolet background (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The expected intensities of various possible components of the far ultraviolet background are discussed. It is concluded that existing results do not place interesting constraints on the density of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Current techniques and instrumentation for far ultraviolet astronomy are, however, sufficient to achieve vastly improved limits. New observations are required to determine whether the IGM can be detected in the far ultraviolet or whether the extragalactic component of the background is masked by radiation with a more local origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 247; Feb. 22
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  • 89
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    The earth's magnetosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A qualitative description of the general magnetospheric configuration is given, with emphasis on some of the physical processes governing the magnetosphere that are the main targets of current research. The magnetosphere behaves like a huge 'bag' of plasma and radiation that swells and contracts under the influence of the solar wind. The electric field, the magnetospheric plasma, the magnetospheric substorm, and the radiation belt and wave particle interactions are discussed. During the past 15 years, the study of the earth's magnetosphere man's immediate plasma and radiation environment - has undergone a successful stage of discovery and exploration. Investigators have obtained a morphological description of the magnetospheric field, the particle population embedded in it, and its interface with the solar wind, and have identified and are beginning to understand many of the physical processes involved. Quite generally, the magnetosphere reveals itself as a region where it is possible to observe some of the fundamental plasma processes at work that are known to occur elsewhere in the universe.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 183; Jan. 11
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  • 90
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    On correlation analysis of the Explorer 12 substorm protons with some geophysical parameters (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity of Explorer-12 substorm protons with energies above 140 keV observed in the far outer belt are compared with several commonly used geomagnetic indices. The parameters considered in the correlation include Davis and Sugiura's (1966) AE index that provides a measure of the magnitude of substorm intensity, the asymmetric ring-current index R(DS) that is obtained from nine low-latitude stations, Sugiura and Hendricks' (1967) Dst index representing the symmetric component of the ring current, and the planetary magnetic index Kp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 1
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  • 91
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    Potential contributions of Seasat-A to geodetic science (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is projected that SEASAT-A will provide high resolution ocean coverage between the 72 deg latitude lines that gives data on most of the non-permanently frozen ocean areas. Data gathered by SEASAT-A in combination with terrestrial gravimetry data and orbit perturbation data allow for the computation of a worldwide geoid and gravity field with high accuracy and spatial resolution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 124-125
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  • 92
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    Rocket-borne radio measurements of D- and lower E-region electron density profiles at the magnetic equator (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics; 3; Mar. 197
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  • 93
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    Coherent scattering of cosmic neutrinos (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that cosmic neutrino scattering can be non-negligible when coherence effects previously neglected are taken into account. The coherent neutrino scattering cross section is derived and the neutrino index of refraction evaluated. As an example of coherent neutrino scattering, a detector using critical reflection is described which in principle can detect the low energy cosmic neutrino background allowed by the measured cosmological red shift.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 37; 1, De; Dec. 197
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  • 94
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    Average high latitude magnetic field - Variation with interplanetary sector and with season. II (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Average high-latitude magnetic-field data from northern observatories are examined for three ranges of magnetic disturbance level, Kp = 1- to 1+, 2- to 3+ and greater than or equal to 4-. Except for 0 to 0800 hr MLT, 55 to 78 deg invariant latitude, during away interplanetary magnetic field sectors, the variations between season and sector have the same characteristics at all Kp ranges. Because the amplitude of sector differences is much larger at sunlit local times than in the midnight sector, it is concluded that the current system of Svalgaard (1973) is not adequate to describe the sector variations in magnetic disturbance. Other current systems are discussed briefly. The disturbance morphology and seasonal variation at all Kp levels confirms the results of previous studies which indicate that latitudinally broad current systems and nonionospheric sources are present in addition to latitudinally narrow electrojet currents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Dec. 197
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  • 95
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    Light scattering in planetary atmospheres (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper reviews scattering theory required for analysis of light reflected by planetary atmospheres. Section 1 defines the radiative quantities which are observed. Section 2 demonstrates the dependence of single-scattered radiation on the physical properties of the scatterers. Section 3 describes several methods to compute the effects of multiple scattering on the reflected light.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 16; Oct. 197
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  • 96
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    Magnetic storm dynamics of the thermosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A theoretical study of the Dst component of magnetic storms is presented. The dynamic characteristics are found significantly different for Joule dissipation and electron precipitation, leading to the conclusion that the former is probably the predominant heat source for the upper thermosphere. Composition measurements on OGO-6, which reveal markedly different characteristics in N2, O and He, can be explained on the basis of energy advection and diffusive mass transport by thermospheric winds. Essential features in the F2-region response are explicable in terms of these dynamic processes. Electric field induced motions are estimated and it is concluded that resultant adiabatic heating could be significant.
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  • 97
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    Variation with interplanetary sector of the total magnetic field measured at the OGO 2, 4 and 6 satellites (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Oct. 197
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  • 98
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    In-situ observations of irregular ionospheric structure associated with the plasmapause (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Additional studies of the ion composition results obtained from the OGO-6 satellite support earlier observations of irregularities in the distribution of H(+) and He(+) within the light ion trough near L = 4, which has been associated with the plasmapause. These irregularities are in the form of sub-troughs superimposed upon the major midlatitude decrease of the light ions. In the sub-troughs, ionization depletions and recoveries of as much as an order of magnitude are observed within a few degrees of latitude, usually exhibited in a pattern which changes significantly with longitude as the earth rotates beneath the relatively fixed satellite orbit. The location and properties exhibited by these sub-troughs appear to be consistent with the concept of a plasmasphere distortion in the form of 'plasmatails' resulting from the combined effects of magnetospheric convection plus corotation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 99
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    Search for optical emission from cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Long-exposure films are available for both times and regions of sky for several cosmic gamma-ray bursts. A visual magnitude of no more than 6 was set for optical emission from the well-observed May 14, 1972, event. The corresponding lower limit for the ratio of X-ray to optical energy flux in the burst is greater than 100. This may restrict solar-flare analogy models for the burst sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 100
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    The origin of the diffuse background gamma radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent observations provided evidence for diffuse background gamma radiation extending to energies beyond 100 MeV, and evidence of isotropy and implied cosmological origin. Significant features in the spectrum of this background radiation were observed which provide evidence for its origin in nuclear processes in the early stages of big-bang cosmology, and connect these processes with the galaxy formation theory. A test of the theory is in future observations of the background radiation in the 100 MeK to 100 GeV energy range which are made with large orbiting spark-chamber satellite detectors. The theoretical interpretations of present data, their connection with baryon-symmetric cosmology and galaxy formation theory, and the need for future observations are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 147-156
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