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  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (8,825)
  • 1
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    Results and current status of the NPARC alliance validation effort (1996)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NPARC Alliance is a partnership between the NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) and the USAF Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) dedicated to the establishment of a national CFD capability, centered on the NPARC Navier-Stokes computer program. The three main tasks of the Alliance are user support, code development, and validation. The present paper is a status report on the validation effort. It describes the validation approach being taken by the Alliance. Representative results are presented for laminar and turbulent flat plate boundary layers, a supersonic axisymmetric jet, and a glancing shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction. Cases scheduled to be run in the future are also listed. The archive of validation cases is described, including information on how to access it via the Internet.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-107134 , NAS 1.15:107134 , E-10064 , AIAA PAPER 96-0387 , NIPS-96-08124 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit; Jan 15, 1996 - Jan 18, 1996; Reno, NV; United States
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  • 2
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    Marangoni instability in a liquid sheet (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We study the onset of a pure Marangoni convection in a liquid layer with two deformable interfaces in the no-gravity environment. Both oscillatory and stationary instabilities are considered for a wide range of parameters. It is shown that only stationary instability is possible when surface tension at the colder interface is lower than that at the hotter one. Oscillatory instability tends to disappear and to be replaced by the stationary instability with increase of the Prandtl number and decrease of surface tension at the colder interface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 16; 7; p. (7)83-(7)86
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  • 3
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    Radiative transfer in a semiinfinite medium with a specularly reflecting boundary (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A consistent solution of the radiative transfer equation characterizing photon transport in a semi-infinite medium of refractive index greater than or equal to one is obtained following the method of Sobolev. Fresnel specular reflection, Snell's law and isotropic scattering are assumed. An algorithm is developed and its accuracy is demonstrated. A numerical Laplace transform inversion leads to an efficient evaluation for the interior flux and source function distributions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 53; 3; p. 257-267
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  • 4
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    Some velocity field results from the thermocapillary flow experiment aboard USML-1 spacelab (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are reported of the Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment (STDCE) aboard USML-1 Spacelab. Steady and transient thermocapillary flows were investigated in a 10 cm dia. circular container filled with 10 Cs silicone oil. The velocity and temperature fields were studied in detail under various conditions. It is shown in this paper how the Marangoni number affects the velocity field. A numerical analysis of the flows was also conducted and its results were compared to the experimental data. Good agreement is shown.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 16; 7; p. (7)79-(7)82
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  • 5
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    Nonequilibrium Flow Expansion Experiment Around a Blunted Cone (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-22
    Description: Eleven tests were carried out in DLR's high enthalpy tunnel in Goettingen (HEG), Germany, for reservoir conditions ranging from 10 to 23 MJ/kg and a free stream Mach number of approximately 10. A blunted cone model with a cylindrical afterbody (sting) was investigated. To obtain information on the influence of defined parameters on the body back flow, especially of the reacting gas, the heat transfer rate along the body contour was measured with fast response surface thermocouples on the forebody and sensitive thin film heat transfer gauges on the base and sting of the model. Flow visualization with a holographic interferometry system was provided. Tests are described, and a preliminary interpretation of the observed flow effects are given.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Aerothermodynamics for Space Vehicles; p 383-38
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  • 6
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    The VOrtex Ring Transit EXperiment (VORTEX) GAS project (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Get Away Special (GAS) payload G-093, also called VORTEX (VOrtex Ring Transit EXperiment), is an investigation of the propagation of a vortex ring through a liquid-gas interface in microgravity. This process results in the formation of one or more liquid droplets similar to earth based liquid atomization systems. In the absence of gravity, surface tension effects dominate the drop formation process. The Shuttle's microgravity environment allows the study of the same fluid atomization processes as using a larger drop size than is possible on Earth. This enables detailed experimental studies of the complex flow processes encountered in liquid atomization systems. With VORTEX, deformations in both the vortex ring and the fluid surface will be measured closely for the first time in a parameters range that accurately resembles liquid atomization. The experimental apparatus will record images of the interactions for analysis after the payload has been returned to earth. The current design of the VORTEX payload consists of a fluid test cell with a vortex ring generator, digital imaging system, laser illumination system, computer based controller, batteries for payload power, and an array of housekeeping and payload monitoring sensors. It is a self-contained experiment and will be flown on board the Space Shuttle in a 5 cubic feet GAS canister. The VORTEX Project is entirely run by students at the University of Michigan but is overseen by a faculty advisor acting as the payload customer and the contact person with NASA. This paper summarizes both the technical and programmatic aspects of the VORTEX Project.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, The 1995 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium; p 221-229
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  • 7
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    Cryogenic Two-Phase Flight Experiment: Results overview (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper focuses on the flight results of the Cryogenic Two-Phase Flight Experiment (CRYOTP), which was a Hitchhiker based experiment that flew on the space shuttle Columbia in March of 1994 (STS-62). CRYOTP tested two new technologies for advanced cryogenic thermal control; the Space Heat Pipe (SHP), which was a constant conductance cryogenic heat pipe, and the Brilliant Eyes Thermal Storage Unit (BETSU), which was a cryogenic phase-change thermal storage device. These two devices were tested independently during the mission. Analysis of the flight data indicated that the SHP was unable to start in either of two attempts, for reasons related to the fluid charge, parasitic heat leaks, and cryocooler capacity. The BETSU test article was successfully operated with more than 250 hours of on-orbit testing including several cooldown cycles and 56 freeze/thaw cycles. Some degradation was observed with the five tactical cryocoolers used as thermal sinks, and one of the cryocoolers failed completely after 331 hours of operation. Post-flight analysis indicated that this problem was most likely due to failure of an electrical controller internal to the unit.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The 1995 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium; p 111-123
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  • 8
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    Flight testing of the Capillary Pumped Loop Flight Experiment (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Capillary Pumped Loop Flight Experiment (CAPL) employs a passive two-phase thermal control system that uses the latent heat of vaporization of ammonia to transfer heat over long distances. CAPL was designed as a prototype of the Earth Observing System (EOS) instrument thermal control systems. The purpose of the mission was to provide validation of the system performance in micro-gravity, prior to implementation on EOS. CAPL was flown on STS-60 in February, 1994, with some unexpected results related to gravitational effects on two-phase systems. Flight test results and post flight investigations will be addressed, along with a brief description of the experiment design.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The 1995 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium; p 1-19
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  • 9
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    The Cryogenic Test Bed experiments: Cryogenic heat pipe flight experiment CRYOHP (STS-53). Cryogenic two phase flight experiment CRYOTP (STS-62). Cryogenic flexible diode flight experiment CRYOFD (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper presents an overview of the Cryogenic Test Bed (CTB) experiments including experiment results, integration techniques used, and lessons learned during integration, test and flight phases of the Cryogenic Heat Pipe Flight Experiment (STS-53) and the Cryogenic Two Phase Flight Experiment (OAST-2, STS-62). We will also discuss the Cryogenic Flexible Diode Heat Pipe (CRYOFD) experiment which will fly in the 1996/97 time frame and the fourth flight of the CTB which will fly in the 1997/98 time frame. The two missions tested two oxygen axially grooved heat pipes, a nitrogen fibrous wick heat pipe and a 2-methylpentane phase change material thermal storage unit. Techniques were found for solving problems with vibration from the cryo-collers transmitted through the compressors and the cold heads, and mounting the heat pipe without introducing parasitic heat leaks. A thermally conductive interface material was selected that would meet the requirements and perform over the temperature range of 55 to 300 K. Problems are discussed with the bi-metallic thermostats used for heater circuit protection and the S-Glass suspension straps originally used to secure the BETSU PCM in the CRYOTP mission. Flight results will be compared to 1-g test results and differences will be discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, The 1995 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium; p 21-30
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  • 10
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    Emerging CFD technologies and aerospace vehicle design (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: With the recent focus on the needs of design and applications CFD, research groups have begun to address the traditional bottlenecks of grid generation and surface modeling. Now, a host of emerging technologies promise to shortcut or dramatically simplify the simulation process. This paper discusses the current status of these emerging technologies. It will argue that some tools are already available which can have positive impact on portions of the design cycle. However, in most cases, these tools need to be integrated into specific engineering systems and process cycles to be used effectively. The rapidly maturing status of unstructured and Cartesian approaches for inviscid simulations makes suggests the possibility of highly automated Euler-boundary layer simulations with application to loads estimation and even preliminary design. Similarly, technology is available to link block structured mesh generation algorithms with topology libraries to avoid tedious re-meshing of topologically similar configurations. Work in algorithmic based auto-blocking suggests that domain decomposition and point placement operations in multi-block mesh generation may be properly posed as problems in Computational Geometry, and following this approach may lead to robust algorithmic processes for automatic mesh generation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 359-384
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  • 11
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    Prospects and expectations for unstructured methods (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The last decade has witnessed a vigorous and sustained research effort on unstructured methods for computational fluid dynamics. Unstructured mesh generators and flow solvers have evolved to the point where they are now in use for design purposes throughout the aerospace industry. In this paper we survey the various mesh types, structured as well as unstructured, and examine their relative strengths and weaknesses. We argue that unstructured methodology does offer the best prospect for the next generation of computational fluid dynamics algorithms.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 273-287
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  • 12
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    A Cartesian, cell-based approach for adaptively-refined solutions of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A Cartesian, cell-based approach for adaptively-refined solutions of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions is developed and tested. Grids about geometrically complicated bodies are generated automatically, by recursive subdivision of a single Cartesian cell encompassing the entire flow domain. Where the resulting cells intersect bodies, N-sided 'cut' cells are created using polygon-clipping algorithms. The grid is stored in a binary-tree data structure which provides a natural means of obtaining cell-to-cell connectivity and of carrying out solution-adaptive mesh refinement. The Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are solved on the resulting grids using a finite-volume formulation. The convective terms are upwinded: A gradient-limited, linear reconstruction of the primitive variables is performed, providing input states to an approximate Riemann solver for computing the fluxes between neighboring cells. The more robust of a series of viscous flux functions is used to provide the viscous fluxes at the cell interfaces. Adaptively-refined solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations using the Cartesian, cell-based approach are obtained and compared to theory, experiment and other accepted computational results for a series of low and moderate Reynolds number flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 207-224
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  • 13
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    Grid related issues for static and dynamic geometry problems using systems of overset structured grids (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Grid related issues of the Chimera overset grid method are discussed in the context of a method of solution and analysis of unsteady three-dimensional viscous flows. The state of maturity of the various pieces of support software required to use the approach is considered. Current limitations of the approach are identified.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 181-192
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  • 14
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    Grid generation: A view from the trenches (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper presents 'A view from the trenches' on CFD grid generation from a Pratt & Whitney perspective. We anticipate that other organizations have similar views. We focus on customer expectations and the consequent requirements. We enunciate a vision for grid generation, discuss issues that developers must recognize.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 45-54
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  • 15
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    Requirements for effective use of CFD in aerospace design (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper presents a perspective on the requirements that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology must meet for its effective use in aerospace design. General observations are made on current aerospace design practices and deficiencies are noted that must be rectified for the U.S. aerospace industry to maintain its leadership position in the global marketplace. In order to rectify deficiencies, industry is transitioning to an integrated product and process development (IPPD) environment and design processes are undergoing radical changes. The role of CFD in producing data that design teams need to support flight vehicle development is briefly discussed. An overview of the current state of the art in CFD is given to provide an assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the variety of methods currently available, or under development, to produce aerodynamic data. Effectiveness requirements are examined from a customer/supplier view point with design team as customer and CFD practitioner as supplier. Partnership between the design team and CFD team is identified as an essential requirement for effective use of CFD. Rapid turnaround, reliable accuracy, and affordability are offered as three key requirements that CFD community must address if CFD is to play its rightful role in supporting the IPPD design environment needed to produce high quality yet affordable designs.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 15-28
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  • 16
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    Surface modeling and grid generation for aeropropulsion CFD (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The efforts in geometry modeling and grid generation at the NASA Lewis Research Center, as applied to the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis of aeropropulsion systems, are presented. The efforts are mainly characterized by a focus on the analysis of components of an aeropropulsion system, which involve turbulent viscous flow with heat transfer and chemistry. Thus, this discussion will follow that characterization and will sequence through the components of typical propulsion systems consisting of inlets, compressors, combustors, turbines, and nozzles. For each component, some applications of CFD analysis will be presented to show how CFD is used to compute the desired performance information, how geometry modeling and grid generation are performed, and what issues have developed related to geometry modeling and grid generation. The discussion will illustrate the following needs related to geometry modeling and grid generation as observed in aeropropulsion analysis: (1) accurate and efficient resolution of turbulent viscous and chemically-reacting flowfields; (2) easy-to-use interfaces with CAD data for automated grid generation about complex geometries; and (3) automated batch grid generation software for use with design and optimization software.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 89-103
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  • 17
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    Combustion system CFD modeling at GE Aircraft Engines (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses key features of current combustion system CFD modeling capabilities at GE Aircraft Engines provided by the CONCERT code; CONCERT development history; modeling applied for designing engine combustion systems; modeling applied to improve fundamental understanding; CONCERT3D results for current production combustors; CONCERT3D model of NASA/GE E3 combustor; HYBRID CONCERT CFD/Monte-Carlo modeling approach; and future modeling directions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 87-97
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  • 18
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    A procedure for automating CFD simulations of an inlet-bleed problem (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A procedure was developed to improve the turn-around time for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of an inlet-bleed problem involving oblique shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions on a flat plate with bleed into a plenum through one or more circular holes. This procedure is embodied in a preprocessor called AUTOMAT. With AUTOMAT, once data for the geometry and flow conditions have been specified (either interactively or via a namelist), it will automatically generate all input files needed to perform a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulation of the prescribed inlet-bleed problem by using the PEGASUS and OVERFLOW codes. The input files automatically generated by AUTOMAT include those for the grid system and those for the initial and boundary conditions. The grid systems automatically generated by AUTOMAT are multi-block structured grids of the overlapping type. Results obtained by using AUTOMAT are presented to illustrate its capability.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 731-749
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  • 19
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    Application of CFD in aeronautics at NASA Ames Research Center (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The role of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) at Ames Research Center has expanded to address a broad range of aeronautical problems, including wind tunnel support, flight test support, design, and analysis. Balancing the requirements of each new problem against the available resources - software, hardware, time, and expertise - is critical to the effective use of CFD. Several case studies of recent applications highlight the depth of CFD capability at Ames, the tradeoffs involved in various approaches, and lessons learned in the use of CFD as an engineering tool.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 57-67
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  • 20
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    Grid generation and surface modeling for CFD (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: When computing the flow around complex three dimensional configurations, the generation of the mesh is the most time consuming part of any calculation. With some meshing technologies this can take of the order of a man month or more. The requirement for a number of design iterations coupled with ever decreasing time allocated for design leads to the need for a significant acceleration of this process. Of the two competing approaches, block-structured and unstructured, only the unstructured approach will allow fully automatic mesh generation directly from a CAD model. Using this approach coupled with the techniques described in this paper, it is possible to reduce the mesh generation time from man months to a few hours on a workstation. The desire to closely couple a CFD code with a design or optimization algorithm requires that the changes to the geometry be performed quickly and in a smooth manner. This need for smoothness necessitates the use of Bezier polynomials in place of the more usual NURBS or cubic splines. A two dimensional Bezier polynomial based design system is described.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 29-43
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  • 21
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    Boundary layer blockage in expansion tube nozzles (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The results of a first order perfect gas correction for the effects of the boundary layer formation within expansion tubes with nozzles are presented. The analytical model developed to describe the boundary layer formation within the expansion tube and an expansion nozzle located at the end of the acceleration tube is based on the Karman integral equations. The results of this analytical model are compared with experimental data from an expansion diffuser. The model provides a useful tool for the preliminary design of nozzles for such facilities.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Shock Tunnel Studies of Scramjet Phenomena 1994; 6 p
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  • 22
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    Demonstration of an automated CFD system for three-dimensional flow simulations (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In this paper the capabilities of an automated CFD system which is currently available at NLR are demonstrated. Transonic flow around the AS28G wing/body configuration and hypersonic flow through a generic three-dimensional mixed-compression airbreathing inlet are simulated. An assessment of the level of automation of the current CFD-system is made. The problem-turnaround time lies within the order of a week for both applications.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 713-730
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  • 23
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    Advanced Methodology for Simulation of Complex Flows Using Structured Grid Systems (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Detailed simulations of viscous flows in complicated geometries pose a significant challenge to current capabilities of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). To enable routine application of CFD to this class of problems, advanced methodologies are required that employ (a) automated grid generation, (b) adaptivity, (c) accurate discretizations and efficient solvers, and (d) advanced software techniques. Each of these ingredients contributes to increased accuracy, efficiency (in terms of human effort and computer time), and/or reliability of CFD software. In the long run, methodologies employing structured grid systems will remain a viable choice for routine simulation of flows in complex geometries only if genuinely automatic grid generation techniques for structured grids can be developed and if adaptivity is employed more routinely. More research in both these areas is urgently needed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 697-710
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  • 24
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    The role of overset grids in the development of the general purpose CFD code (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of overset composite grid and solution technology is given, along with a sampling of current work in the area. Major trends are identified, and the observation is made that generalized and hybridized overset methods provide a natural framework for combining disparate mesh types and physics models. Because of this, the author concludes that overset methods will be the foundation for the general purpose computational fluid dynamics programs of the future.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 193-204
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  • 25
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    Block-structured grids for complex aerodynamic configurations: Current status (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The status of CFD methods based on the use of block-structured grids for analyzing viscous flows over complex configurations is examined. The objective of the present study is to make a realistic assessment of the usability of such grids for routine computations typically encountered in the aerospace industry. It is recognized at the very outset that the total turnaround time, from the moment the configuration is identified until the computational results have been obtained and postprocessed, is more important than just the computational time. Pertinent examples will be cited to demonstrate the feasibility of solving flow over practical configurations of current interest on block-structured grids.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 163-177
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  • 26
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    Overview of turbulence model development and applications at Rocketdyne (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses turbulence modeling requirements, development philosophy, and approach; two major areas of concentration (high speed and low speed turbulence modeling); high speed turbulence modeling; compressibility effects; turbulence models adapted to USA code; M = 9.2 flat plate flow; Mach 7.05 flow over axisymmetric flare; Mach 8.6 flow over cold wall edge; low speed turbulence modeling; turbulence models being assessed; turbulence model deck structure and integration with Navier-Stokes solver; nonlinear algebraic-stress model; rotation modified k-epsilon model; and Reynolds stress model.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 107-117
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    Turbulence models for gas turbine combustors (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation covers gas turbine combustor flow physics, turbulence model investigations, turbulent combustion modeling, and present status and future needs.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 79-85
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    Experience with k-epsilon turbulence models for heat transfer computations in rotating (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses geometry and flow configuration, effect of y+ on heat transfer computations, standard and extended k-epsilon turbulence model results with wall function, low-Re model results (the Lam-Bremhorst model without wall function), a criterion for flow reversal in a radially rotating square duct, and a summary.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 65-77
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  • 29
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    Turbulence model development and application at Lockheed Fort Worth Company (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation demonstrates that computationally efficient k-l and k-kl turbulence models have been developed and implemented at Lockheed Fort Worth Company. Many years of experience have been gained applying two equation turbulence models to complex three-dimensional flows for design and analysis.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 29-37
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    The applicability of turbulence models to aerodynamic and propulsion flowfields at McDonnell-Douglas Aerospace (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The objective of this viewgraph presentation is to evaluate turbulence models for integrated aircraft components such as the forebody, wing, inlet, diffuser, nozzle, and afterbody. The one-equation models have replaced the algebraic models as the baseline turbulence models. The Spalart-Allmaras one-equation model consistently performs better than the Baldwin-Barth model, particularly in the log-layer and free shear layers. Also, the Sparlart-Allmaras model is not grid dependent like the Baldwin-Barth model. No general turbulence model exists for all engineering applications. The Spalart-Allmaras one-equation model and the Chien k-epsilon models are the preferred turbulence models. Although the two-equation models often better predict the flow field, they may take from two to five times the CPU time. Future directions are in further benchmarking the Menter blended k-w/k-epsilon and algorithmic improvements to reduce CPU time of the two-equation model.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 47-63
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    A summary of computational experience at GE Aircraft Engines for complex turbulent flows in gas turbines (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation summarizes some CFD experience at GE Aircraft Engines for flows in the primary gaspath of a gas turbine engine and in turbine blade cooling passages. It is concluded that application of the standard k-epsilon turbulence model with wall functions is not adequate for accurate CFD simulation of aerodynamic performance and heat transfer in the primary gas path of a gas turbine engine. New models are required in the near-wall region which include more physics than wall functions. The two-layer modeling approach appears attractive because of its computational complexity. In addition, improved CFD simulation of film cooling and turbine blade internal cooling passages will require anisotropic turbulence models. New turbulence models must be practical in order to have a significant impact on the engine design process. A coordinated turbulence modeling effort between NASA centers would be beneficial to the gas turbine industry.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 39-46
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    Turbulence program for propulsion systems (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Program goals at the Center for Modeling of Turbulence and Transition (CMOTT), NASA Lewis Research Center, are (1) to develop reliable turbulence (including bypass transition) and combustion models for complex flows in propulsion systems and (2) to integrate developed models into deliverable CFD tools for propulsion systems in collaboration with industry. This viewgraph presentation covers the following topics: development of turbulence and combustion models; collaboration with industry and technology transfer; isotropic eddy viscosity models; algebraic Reynolds stress models; scalar turbulence models; second order closure models; multiple scale k-epsilon models; and PDF modeling of turbulent reacting flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 1-27
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    An assessment of unstructured grid technology for timely CFD analysis (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An assessment of two unstructured methods is presented in this paper. A tetrahedral unstructured method USM3D, developed at NASA Langley Research Center is compared to a Cartesian unstructured method, SPLITFLOW, developed at Lockheed Fort Worth Company. USM3D is an upwind finite volume solver that accepts grids generated primarily from the Vgrid grid generator. SPLITFLOW combines an unstructured grid generator with an implicit flow solver in one package. Both methods are exercised on three test cases, a wing, and a wing body, and a fully expanded nozzle. The results for the first two runs are included here and compared to the structured grid method TEAM and to available test data. On each test case, the set up procedure are described, including any difficulties that were encountered. Detailed descriptions of the solvers are not included in this paper.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 385-400
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    Future requirements in surface modeling and grid generation (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The past ten years have seen steady progress in surface modeling procedures, and wholesale changes in grid generation technology. Today, it seems fair to state that a satisfactory grid can be developed to model nearly any configuration of interest. The issues at present focus on operational concerns such as cost and quality. Continuing evolution of the engineering process is placing new demands on the technologies of surface modeling and grid generation. In the evolution toward a multidisciplinary analysis-bascd design environment, methods developed for Computational Fluid Dynamics are finding acceptance in many additional applications. These two trends, the normal evolution of the process and a watershed shift toward concurrent and multidisciplinary analysis, will be considered in assessing current capabilities and needed technological improvements.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Surface Modeling, Grid Generation, and Related Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Solutions; p 3-13
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    Improvements and new features in the PDF module (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses what models are used in this package and what their advantages and disadvantages are, how the probability density function (PDF) model is implemented and the features of the program, and what can be expected in the future from the NASA Lewis PDF code.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 269-275
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    A composition joint PDF method for the modeling of spray flames (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses an extension of the probability density function (PDF) method to the modeling of spray flames to evaluate the limitations and capabilities of this method in the modeling of gas-turbine combustor flows. The comparisons show that the general features of the flowfield are correctly predicted by the present solution procedure. The present solution appears to provide a better representation of the temperature field, particularly, in the reverse-velocity zone. The overpredictions in the centerline velocity could be attributed to the following reasons: (1) the use of k-epsilon turbulence model is known to be less precise in highly swirling flows and (2) the swirl number used here is reported to be estimated rather than measured.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 259-268
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  • 37
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    PDF methods for turbulent reactive flows (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Viewgraphs are presented on computation of turbulent combustion, governing equations, closure problem, PDF modeling of turbulent reactive flows, validation cases, current projects, and collaboration with industry and technology transfer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 247-257
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    Modeling of turbulent chemical reaction (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Viewgraphs are presented on modeling turbulent reacting flows, regimes of turbulent combustion, regimes of premixed and regimes of non-premixed turbulent combustion, chemical closure models, flamelet model, conditional moment closure (CMC), NO(x) emissions from turbulent H2 jet flames, probability density function (PDF), departures from chemical equilibrium, mixing models for PDF methods, comparison of predicted and measured H2O mass fractions in turbulent nonpremixed jet flames, experimental evidence of preferential diffusion in turbulent jet flames, and computation of turbulent reacting flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 219-230
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  • 39
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    Second-order closures for compressible turbulence (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses project description, turbulence models, and computational engine and results for second-order closures for compressible turbulence.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 203-217
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  • 40
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    Turbulence requirements of a commerical CFD code (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives a profile of Advanced Scientific Computing (ASC) Ltd., applications, clients and clients' needs, ASC's directions, and how the Center for Modeling of Turbulence and Transition (CMOTT) can help.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 193-202
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    Turbulence modeling needs of commercial CFD codes: Complex flows in the aerospace and automotive industries (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses the following: STAR-CD computational features; STAR-CD turbulence models; common features of industrial complex flows; industry-specific CFD development requirements; applications and experiences of industrial complex flows, including flow in rotating disc cavities, diffusion hole film cooling, internal blade cooling, and external car aerodynamics; and conclusions on turbulence modeling needs.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 171-192
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  • 42
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    Progress in simulating industrial flows using two-equation models: Can more be achieved with further research? (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation provides a brief review of two-equation eddy-viscosity models (TEM's) from the perspective of applied CFD. It provides objective assessment of both well-known and newer models, compares model predictions from various TEM's with experiments, identifies sources of modeling error and gives historical perspective of their effects on model performance and assessment, and recommends directions for future research on TEM's.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 155-169
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    Experiences with two-equation turbulence models (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses the following: introduction to CFD Research Corporation; experiences with two-equation models - models used, numerical difficulties, validation and applications, and strengths and weaknesses; and answers to three questions posed by the workshop organizing committee - what are your customers telling you, what are you doing in-house, and how can NASA-CMOTT (Center for Modeling of Turbulence and Transition) help.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 143-153
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    Recent advances in PDF modeling of turbulent reacting flows (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation concludes that a Monte Carlo probability density function (PDF) solution successfully couples with an existing finite volume code; PDF solution method applied to turbulent reacting flows shows good agreement with data; and PDF methods must be run on parallel machines for practical use.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 119-129
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  • 45
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    Experience with turbulence interaction and turbulence-chemistry models at Fluent Inc. (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses (1) turbulence modeling: challenges in turbulence modeling, desirable attributes of turbulence models, turbulence models in FLUENT, and examples using FLUENT; and (2) combustion modeling: turbulence-chemistry interaction and FLUENT equilibrium model. As of now, three turbulence models are provided: the conventional k-epsilon model, the renormalization group model, and the Reynolds-stress model. The renormalization group k-epsilon model has broadened the range of applicability of two-equation turbulence models. The Reynolds-stress model has proved useful for strongly anisotropic flows such as those encountered in cyclones, swirlers, and combustors. Issues remain, such as near-wall closure, with all classes of models.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 131-142
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    Recent progress in the joint velocity-scalar PDF method (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This viewgraph presentation discusses joint velocity-scalar PDF method; turbulent combustion modeling issues for gas turbine combustors; PDF calculations for a recirculating flow; stochastic dissipation model; joint PDF calculations for swirling flows; spray calculations; reduced kinetics/manifold methods; parallel processing; and joint PDF focus areas.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Industry-Wide Workshop on Computational Turbulence Modeling; p 99-10
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  • 47
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    Single-drop reactive extraction/extractive reaction with forced convective diffusion and interphase mass transfer (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An algorithm has been developed for time-dependent forced convective diffusion-reaction having convection by a recirculating flow field within the drop that is hydrodynamically coupled at the interface with a convective external flow field that at infinity becomes a uniform free-streaming flow. The concentration field inside the droplet is likewise coupled with that outside by boundary conditions at the interface. A chemical reaction can take place either inside or outside the droplet, or reactions can take place in both phases. The algorithm has been implemented, and for comparison results are shown here for the case of no reaction in either phase and for the case of an external first order reaction, both for unsteady behavior. For pure interphase mass transfer, concentration isocontours, local and average Sherwood numbers, and average droplet concentrations have been obtained as a function of the physical properties and external flow field. For mass transfer enhanced by an external reaction, in addition to the above forms of results, we present the enhancement factor, with the results now also depending upon the (dimensionless) rate of reaction.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 291-315
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    The Benard problem: A comparison of finite difference and spectral collocation eigen value solutions (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The application of spectral methods, using a Chebyshev collocation scheme, to solve hydrodynamic stability problems is demonstrated on the Benard problem. Implementation of the Chebyshev collocation formulation is described. The performance of the spectral scheme is compared with that of a 2nd order finite difference scheme. An exact solution to the Marangoni-Benard problem is used to evaluate the performance of both schemes. The error of the spectral scheme is at least seven orders of magnitude smaller than finite difference error for a grid resolution of N = 15 (number of points used). The performance of the spectral formulation far exceeded the performance of the finite difference formulation for this problem. The spectral scheme required only slightly more effort to set up than the 2nd order finite difference scheme. This suggests that the spectral scheme may actually be faster to implement than higher order finite difference schemes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 275-290
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  • 49
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    Turbulance boundary conditions for shear flow analysis, using the DTNS flow solver (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The effects of different turbulence boundary conditions were examined for two classical flows: a turbulent plane free shear layer and a flat plate turbulent boundary layer with zero pressure gradient. The flow solver used was DTNS, an incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solver with k-epsilon turbulence modeling, developed at the U.S. Navy David Taylor Research Center. Six different combinations of turbulence boundary conditions at the inflow boundary were investigated: In case 1, 'exact' k and epsilon profiles were used; in case 2, the 'exact' k profile was used, and epsilon was extrapolated upstream; in case 3, both k and epsilon were extrapolated; in case 4, the turbulence intensity (I) was 1 percent, and the turbulent viscosity (mu(sub t)) was equal to the laminar viscosity; in case 5, the 'exact' k profile was used and mu(sub t) was equal to the laminar viscosity; in case 6, the I was 1 percent, and epsilon was extrapolated. Comparisons were made with experimental data, direct numerical simulation results, or theoretical predictions as applicable. Results obtained with DTNS showed that turbulence boundary conditions can have significant impacts on the solutions, especially for the free shear layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 247-262
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    Thermal neutral format based on the step technology (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The exchange of models is one of the most serious problems currently encountered in the practice of spacecraft thermal analysis. Essentially, the problem originates in the diversity of computing environments that are used across different sites, and the consequent proliferation of native tool formats. Furthermore, increasing pressure to reduce the development's life cycle time has originated a growing interest in the so-called spacecraft concurrent engineering. In this context, the realization of the interdependencies between different disciplines and the proper communication between them become critical issues. The use of a neutral format represents a step forward in addressing these problems. Such a means of communication is adopted by consensus. A neutral format is not directly tied to any specific tool and it is kept under stringent change control. Currently, most of the groups promoting exchange formats are contributing with their experience to STEP, the Standard for Exchange of Product Model Data, which is being developed under the auspices of the International Standards Organization (ISO 10303). This paper presents the different efforts made in Europe to provide the spacecraft thermal analysis community with a Thermal Neutral Format (TNF) based on STEP. Following an introduction with some background information, the paper presents the characteristics of the STEP standard. Later, the first efforts to produce a STEP Spacecraft Thermal Application Protocol are described. Finally, the paper presents the currently harmonized European activities that follow up and extend earlier work on the area.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 263-273
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    A Navier-Stokes boundary element solver (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Using global interpolation functions (GIF's) boundary element solutions are obtained for two-dimensional laminar flows. Two schemes are proposed for handling the convective terms. The first treats convection as a forcing function, and converts the flow equations to pseudo-Poisson equations. In the second scheme, some convective effect is incorporated into the fundamental solution used in constructing the pertinent integral equations. The lid-driven cavity flow is selected as the benchmark problem.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 233-246
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    Transitional flow in thin tubes for space station freedom radiator (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A two dimensional finite volume method is used to predict the film coefficients in the transitional flow region (laminar or turbulent) for the radiator panel tubes. The code used to perform this analysis is CAST (Computer Aided Simulation of Turbulent Flows). The information gathered from this code is then used to augment a Sinda85 model that predicts overall performance of the radiator. A final comparison is drawn between the results generated with a Sinda85 model using the Sinda85 provided transition region heat transfer correlations and the Sinda85 model using the CAST generated data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 227-232
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    A probabilistic model of a porous heat exchanger (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper presents a probabilistic one-dimensional finite element model for heat transfer processes in porous heat exchangers. The Galerkin approach is used to develop the finite element matrices. Some of the submatrices are asymmetric due to the presence of the flow term. The Neumann expansion is used to write the temperature distribution as a series of random variables, and the expectation operator is applied to obtain the mean and deviation statistics. To demonstrate the feasibility of the formulation, a one-dimensional model of heat transfer phenomenon in superfluid flow through a porous media is considered. Results of this formulation agree well with the Monte-Carlo simulations and the analytical solutions. Although the numerical experiments are confined to parametric random variables, a formulation is presented to account for the random spatial variations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 215-226
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    Numerical solution of fluid flow and heat tranfer problems with surface radiation (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper presents a numerical scheme, based on the finite element method, to solve strongly coupled fluid flow and heat transfer problems. The surface radiation effect for gray, diffuse and isothermal surfaces is considered. A procedure for obtaining the view factors between the radiating surfaces is discussed. The overall solution strategy is verified by comparing the available results with those obtained using this approach. An analysis of a thermosyphon is undertaken and the effect of considering the surface radiation is clearly explained.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 175-188
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  • 55
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    Single-drop reactive extraction/extractive reaction with forced convective diffusion and interphase mass transfer (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An algorithm has been developed for the forced convective diffusion-reaction problem for convection inside and outside a droplet by a recirculating flow field hydrodynamically coupled at the droplet interface with an external flow field that at infinity becomes a uniform streaming flow. The concentration field inside the droplet is likewise coupled with that outside by boundary conditions at the interface. A chemical reaction can take place either inside or outside the droplet or reactions can take place in both phases. The algorithm has been implemented and results are shown here for the case of no reaction and for the case of an external first order reaction, both for unsteady behavior. For pure interphase mass transfer, concentration isocontours, local and average Sherwood numbers, and average droplet concentrations have been obtained as a function of the physical properties and external flow field. For mass transfer enhanced by an external reaction, in addition to the above forms of results, we present the enhancement factor, with the results now also depending upon the (dimensionless) rate of reaction.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 189-213
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    Effect of turbulence models on criticality conditions in swirling flows (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The critical state of vortex cores downstream of vortex breakdown has been studied. Base vortical flows were computed using the Reynolds-averaged, axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations. Standard K - epsilon, RNG and second-order Reynolds stress models were employed. Results indicate that the return to supercriticality is highly dependent on the turbulence model. The K - epsilon model predicted a rapid return of the vortex to supercritical conditions, the location of which showed little sensitivity to changes in the swirl ratio. The Reynolds stress model predicted that the vortex remains subcritical to the end of the domain for each of the swirl ratios employed, and provided results in qualitative agreement with experimental work. The RNG model produced intermediate results, with a downstream movement in the critical location with increasing swirl. Calculations for which area reductions were introduced at the exit in a subcritical flow were also performed using the Reynolds stress model. The structure of the resulting recirculation zone was altered significantly. However, when area reductions were employed within supercritical flows as predicted using the two-equation models, no significant influence on the recirculation zone was noted.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 163-173
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    A case study of view-factor rectification procedures for diffuse-gray radiation enclosure computations (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The view factors which are used in diffuse-gray radiation enclosure calculations are often computed by approximate numerical integrations. These approximately calculated view factors will usually not satisfy the important physical constraints of reciprocity and closure. In this paper several view-factor rectification algorithms are reviewed and a rectification algorithm based on a least-squares numerical filtering scheme is proposed with both weighted and unweighted classes. A Monte-Carlo investigation is undertaken to study the propagation of view-factor and surface-area uncertainties into the heat transfer results of the diffuse-gray enclosure calculations. It is found that the weighted least-squares algorithm is vastly superior to the other rectification schemes for the reduction of the heat-flux sensitivities to view-factor uncertainties. In a sample problem, which has proven to be very sensitive to uncertainties in view factor, the heat transfer calculations with weighted least-squares rectified view factors are very good with an original view-factor matrix computed to only one-digit accuracy. All of the algorithms had roughly equivalent effects on the reduction in sensitivity to area uncertainty in this case study.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 115-131
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    Transient studies of G-induced capillary dryout and rewet (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A transient, one-dimensional numerical code is developed to model the liquid motion in an axial groove with square cross section. Axial variation in liquid level, shear stress and heat transfer between the groove wall and the liquid, evaporation and transient body forces are accounted for in the model. Dryout and rewet of the groove are allowed; the front location is determined numerically using conservation of mass and linear extrapolation. Several numerical test results are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 85-105
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    Analysis of developing laminar flows in circular pipes using a higher-order finite-difference technique (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A higher-order finite-difference technique is developed to calculate the developing-flow field of steady incompressible laminar flows in the entrance regions of circular pipes. Navier-Stokes equations governing the motion of such a flow field are solved by using this new finite-difference scheme. This new technique can increase the accuracy of the finite-difference approximation, while also providing the option of using unevenly spaced clustered nodes for computation such that relatively fine grids can be adopted for regions with large velocity gradients. The velocity profile at the entrance of the pipe is assumed to be uniform for the computation. The velocity distribution and the surface pressure drop of the developing flow then are calculated and compared to existing experimental measurements reported in the literature. Computational results obtained are found to be in good agreement with existing experimental correlations and therefore, the reliability of the new technique has been successfully tested.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 107-114
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    Validation of the SINDA/FLUINT code using several analytical solutions (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Systems Improved Numerical Differencing Analyzer and Fluid Integrator (SINDA/FLUINT) code has often been used to determine the transient and steady-state response of various thermal and fluid flow networks. While this code is an often used design and analysis tool, the validation of this program has been limited to a few simple studies. For the current study, the SINDA/FLUINT code was compared to four different analytical solutions. The thermal analyzer portion of the code (conduction and radiative heat transfer, SINDA portion) was first compared to two separate solutions. The first comparison examined a semi-infinite slab with a periodic surface temperature boundary condition. Next, a small, uniform temperature object (lumped capacitance) was allowed to radiate to a fixed temperature sink. The fluid portion of the code (FLUINT) was also compared to two different analytical solutions. The first study examined a tank filling process by an ideal gas in which there is both control volume work and heat transfer. The final comparison considered the flow in a pipe joining two infinite reservoirs of pressure. The results of all these studies showed that for the situations examined here, the SINDA/FLUINT code was able to match the results of the analytical solutions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 69-84
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    Features and applications of the Groove Analysis Program (GAP) (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An IBM Personal Computer (PC) version of the Groove Analysis program (GAP) was developed to predict the steady state heat transport capability of an axially grooved heat pipe for a specified groove geometry and working fluid. In the model, the capillary limit is determined by the numerical solution of the differential equation for momentum conservation with the appropriate boundary conditions. This governing equation accounts for the hydrodynamic losses due to friction in liquid and vapor flows and due to liquid/vapor shear interaction. Back-pumping in both 0-g and 1-g is accounted for in the boundary condition at the condenser end. Slug formation in 0-g and puddle flow in 1-g are also considered in the model. At the user's discretion, the code will perform the analysis for various fluid inventories (undercharge, nominal charge, overcharge, or a fixed fluid charge) and heat pipe elevations. GAP will also calculate the minimum required heat pipe wall thickness for pressure containment at design temperatures that are greater than or lower than the critical temperature of the working fluid. This paper discusses the theory behind the development of the GAP model. It also presents the many useful and powerful capabilities of the model. Furthermore, a correlation of flight test performance data and the predictions using GAP are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 53-68
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    Computation of three-dimensional mixed convective boundary layer flow (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The paper presents the numerical solution of heat and mass transfer during cross-flow (orthogonal) mixed convection. In this class of flow, a buoyancy-driven transport in the vertical direction and a forced convective flow in the horizontal direction results in a three-dimensional boundary layer structure adjacent to the plate. The rates of heat and mass transfer are determined by a combined influence of the two transport processes. The equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration were solved along with appropriate boundary conditions to determine the distributions of velocity components, temperature, and concentration across the thickness of the boundary layer at different locations on the plate. Results were expressed in dimensionless form using Reynolds number, Richardson number for heat transfer, Richardson number for mass transfer, Prandtl number, and Schmidt number as parameters. It was found that the transport is dominated by buoyancy at smaller vertical locations and at larger distances away from the forced convection leading edge. Effects of forced convection appeared to be very strong at smaller horizontal distances from the leading edge. The cross stream forced convection enhanced the rate of heat and mass transfer by a very significant amount.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 25-36
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    Analysis of gas absorption to a thin liquid film in the presence of a zero-order chemical reaction (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The paper presents a detailed theoretical analysis of the process of gas absorption to a thin liquid film adjacent to a horizontal rotating disk. The film is formed by the impingement of a controlled liquid jet at the center of the disk and subsequent radial spreading of liquid along the disk. The chemical reaction between the gas and the liquid film can be expressed as a zero-order homogeneous reaction. The process was modeled by establishing equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and species concentration and solving them analytically. A scaling analysis was used to determine dominant transport processes. Appropriate boundary conditions were used to solve these equations to develop expressions for the local concentration of gas across the thickness of the film and distributions of film height, bulk concentration, and Sherwood number along the radius of the disk. The partial differential equation for species concentration was solved using the separation of variables technique along with the Duhamel's theorem and the final analytical solution was expressed using confluent hypergeometric functions. Tables for eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are presented for a number of reaction rate constants. A parametric study was performed using Reynolds number, Ekman number, and dimensionless reaction rate as parameters. At all radial locations, Sherwood number increased with Reynolds number (flow rate) as well as Ekman number (rate of rotation). The enhancement of mass transfer due to chemical reaction was found to be small when compared to the case of no reaction (pure absorption), but the enhancement factor was very significant when compared to pure absorption in a stagnant liquid film. The zero-order reaction processes considered in the present investigation included the absorption of oxygen in aqueous alkaline solutions of sodiumdithionite and rhodium complex catalyzed carbonylation of methanol. Present analytical results were compared to previous theoretical results for limiting conditions, and were found to have very good agreement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 37-52
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    Extensional flow convecting a reactant undergoing a first order homogeneous reaction and diffusional mass transfer from a sphere at low to intermediate Peclet and Damkohler numbers (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Forced convective diffusion-reaction is considered for viscous axisymmetric extensional convecting velocity in the neighborhood of a sphere. For Peclet numbers in the range 0.1 less than or equal to Pe less than or equal to 500 and for Damkohler numbers increasing with increasing Pe but in the overall range 0.02 less than or equal to Da less than or equal to 10, average and local Sherwood numbers have been computed. By introducing the eigenfunction expansion c(r, Theta) = Sum of c(n)(r)P(n)(cos Theta) into the forced convective diffusion equation for the concentration of a chemical species undergoing a first order homogeneous reaction and by using properties of the Legendre functions Pn(cos Theta), the variable coefficient PDE can be reduced to a system of N + 1 second order ODEs for the radial functions c(sub n)(r), n = 0, 1, 2,..., N. The adaptive grid algorithm of Pereyra and Lentini can be used to solve the corresponding 2(N + 1) first order differential equations as a two-point boundary value problem on 1 less than or equal to r less than or equal to r(sub infinity). Convergence of the expansion for a specific value of N can thus be established and provides 'spectral' behavior as well as the full concentration field c(r, Theta).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 1-23
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    An annotation system for 3D fluid flow visualization (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Annotation is a key activity of data analysis. However, current systems for data analysis focus almost exclusively on visualization. We propose a system which integrates annotations into a visualization system. Annotations are embedded in 3D data space, using the Post-it metaphor. This embedding allows contextual-based information storage and retrieval, and facilitates information sharing in collaborative environments. We provide a traditional database filter and a Magic Lens filter to create specialized views of the data. The system has been customized for fluid flow applications, with features which allow users to store parameters of visualization tools and sketch 3D volumes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Digital Equipment Corp., Three-Dimensional User Interfaces for Scientific Visualization; 8 p
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    Reduction of fluctuating pressure loads in shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Fluctuating surface pressure measurements have been made to investigate the effectiveness of boundary layer separators (BLS's) in reducing the fluctuating pressure loads produced by separated shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions. Measurements have been made under unswept and swept compression corner interactions in a Mach 5 flow. BLS's fix the separation location and eliminate the large-amplitude, low-frequency fluctuating pressure loads upstream of the compression corners. The loads on the unswept compression corner face are reduced by as much as 59%. The BLS's also shift the mean pressure distribution on the unswept corner face in the streamwise direction. Results show that the loads on the corner face vary with the BLS height and the distance between the BLS and the compression corner. Suggestions for the optimum placement and the use of the BLS's are also made.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Control and Reduction of Unsteady Pressure Loads in Separated Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction; 19 p
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    Experimental study of the use of vortex generators to reduce fluctuating pressure loads in shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Fluctuating wall pressure measurements have been made in a separated shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction produced by an unswept compression corner in a Mach 5 flow. Wheeler doublet vortex generators were placed 15.8 boundary layer thicknesses upstream of the corner to study their effect on the fluctuating pressure loads produced by the translating separation shock. The vortex generators produced significant three-dimensionality in an otherwise two-dimensional interaction. They reduced the upstream influence and the length of the region of shock motion by 60% and 64%, respectively, decreased the maximum wall pressure rms by 23%, and shifted the fluctuations to a higher frequency band. The maximum fraction of energy in the 100-500 Hz frequency band is decreased by 11%. These changes are due to a fuller boundary layer profile, a weaker separation shock, and increased boundary layer turbulence causing increased separation shock jitter.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Control and Reduction of Unsteady Pressure Loads in Separated Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction; 20 p
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    The pressure field of a gust interacting with a flat plate (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A semianalytical solution is presented for the unsteady pressure field of a vortical gust interacting with a flat-plate airfoil in subsonic flow. The solution will serve as a benchmark for evaluating the accuracy and efficiency of time dependent numerical schemes. The specific case considered corresponds to the ICASE benchmark problem number 6. The results are compared with those of asymptotic theories for high frequency and show excellent agreement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Benchmark Problems in Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA) p 291-296 (SEE N95-30133 10-71); NASA. Langley Resear
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    Computation of wave propagation in a complex flow (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A numerical method has been developed in order to address aeroacoustic problems modeled by the linearized Euler equations. A weak formulation of the equations leads to a time-dependent equation for the test functions. The basic solver being one dimensional, two dimensional problems are handled by directional splitting. This method shows low dissipation and dispersion errors.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Benchmark Problems in Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA) p 125-132 (SEE N95-30133 10-71); NASA. Langley Resear
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    Auto-adaptive finite element meshes (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Accurate capturing of discontinuities within compressible flow computations is achieved by coupling a suitable solver with an automatic adaptive mesh algorithm for unstructured triangular meshes. The mesh adaptation procedures developed rely on non-hierarchical dynamical local refinement/derefinement techniques, which hence enable structural optimization as well as geometrical optimization. The methods described are applied for a number of the ICASE test cases are particularly interesting for unsteady flow simulations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Adaptive Grid Methods; p 219-232
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    Multigrid solution strategies for adaptive meshing problems (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper discusses the issues which arise when combining multigrid strategies with adaptive meshing techniques for solving steady-state problems on unstructured meshes. A basic strategy is described, and demonstrated by solving several inviscid and viscous flow cases. Potential inefficiencies in this basic strategy are exposed, and various alternate approaches are discussed, some of which are demonstrated with an example. Although each particular approach exhibits certain advantages, all methods have particular drawbacks, and the formulation of a completely optimal strategy is considered to be an open problem.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Adaptive Grid Methods; p 21-57
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    A structured multi-block solution-adaptive mesh algorithm with mesh quality assessment (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The dynamic solution adaptive grid algorithm, DSAGA3D, is extended to automatically adapt 2-D structured multi-block grids, including adaption of the block boundaries. The extension is general, requiring only input data concerning block structure, connectivity, and boundary conditions. Imbedded grid singular points are permitted, but must be prevented from moving in space. Solutions for workshop cases 1 and 2 are obtained on multi-block grids and illustrate both increased resolution of and alignment with the solution. A mesh quality assessment criteria is proposed to determine how well a given mesh resolves and aligns with the solution obtained upon it. The criteria is used to evaluate the grid quality for solutions of workshop case 6 obtained on both static and dynamically adapted grids. The results indicate that this criteria shows promise as a means of evaluating resolution.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Adaptive Grid Methods; p 181-200
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    Moving and adaptive grid methods for compressible flows (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper describes adaptive grid methods developed specifically for compressible flow computations. The basic flow solver is a finite-volume implementation of Roe's flux difference splitting scheme or arbitrarily moving unstructured triangular meshes. The grid adaptation is performed according to geometric and flow requirements. Some results are included to illustrate the potential of the methodology.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Adaptive Grid Methods; p 111-126
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    The adaptive, cut-cell Cartesian approach (warts and all) (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Solution-adaptive methods based on cutting bodies out of Cartesian grids are gaining popularity now that the ways of circumventing the accuracy problems associated with small cut cells have been developed. Researchers are applying Cartesian-based schemes to a broad class of problems now, and, although there is still development work to be done, it is becoming clearer which problems are best suited to the approach (and which are not). The purpose of this paper is to give a candid assessment, based on applying Cartesian schemes to a variety of problems, of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach as it is currently implemented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Adaptive Grid Methods; p 59-77
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    Unstructured viscous flow solution using adaptive hybrid grids (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A three dimensional finite volume scheme based on hybrid grids containing both tetrahedral and hexahedral cells is presented. The application to hybrid grids offers the possibility to combine the flexibility of tetrahedral meshes with the accuracy of hexahedral grids. An algorithm to compute a dual mesh for the entire computational domain was developed. The dual mesh technique guarantees conservation in the whole flow field even at interfaces between hexahedral and tetrahedral domains and enables the employment of an accurate upwind flow solver. The hybrid mesh can be adapted to the solution by dividing cells in areas of insufficient resolution. The method is tested on different viscous and inviscid cases for hypersonic, transonic and subsonic flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Adaptive Grid Methods; p 171-179
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    Adaptive unstructured triangular mesh generation and flow solvers for the Navier-Stokes equations at high Reynolds number (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A method for generating high quality unstructured triangular grids for high Reynolds number Navier-Stokes calculations about complex geometries is described. Careful attention is paid in the mesh generation process to resolving efficiently the disparate length scales which arise in these flows. First the surface mesh is constructed in a way which ensures that the geometry is faithfully represented. The volume mesh generation then proceeds in two phases thus allowing the viscous and inviscid regions of the flow to be meshed optimally. A solution-adaptive remeshing procedure which allows the mesh to adapt itself to flow features is also described. The procedure for tracking wakes and refinement criteria appropriate for shock detection are described. Although at present it has only been implemented in two dimensions, the grid generation process has been designed with the extension to three dimensions in mind. An implicit, higher-order, upwind method is also presented for computing compressible turbulent flows on these meshes. Two recently developed one-equation turbulence models have been implemented to simulate the effects of the fluid turbulence. Results for flow about a RAE 2822 airfoil and a Douglas three-element airfoil are presented which clearly show the improved resolution obtainable.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Adaptive Grid Methods; p 139-151
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    An hp-adaptivity and error estimation for hyperbolic conservation laws (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This paper presents an hp-adaptive discontinuous Galerkin method for linear hyperbolic conservation laws. A priori and a posteriori error estimates are derived in mesh-dependent norms which reflect the dependence of the approximate solution on the element size (h) and the degree (p) of the local polynomial approximation. The a posteriori error estimate, based on the element residual method, provides bounds on the actual global error in the approximate solution. The adaptive strategy is designed to deliver an approximate solution with the specified level of error in three steps. The a posteriori estimate is used to assess the accuracy of a given approximate solution and the a priori estimate is used to predict the mesh refinements and polynomial enrichment needed to deliver the desired solution. Numerical examples demonstrate the reliability of the a posteriori error estimates and the effectiveness of the hp-adaptive strategy.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ICASE(LaRC Workshop on Adaptive Grid Methods; p 7-20
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    Optimization methods, flux conserving methods for steady state Navier-Stokes equation (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Navier-Stokes equation as discretized by new flux conserving method proposed by Chang and Scott results in the system: vector F(vector x) = 0, where F is a vector valued function. The Optimization method we use is based on Quasi-Newton methods: given a nonlinear function vector F(vector x) = 0, we solve, Delta(vector x) = -BF(vector x), where Delta(vector x) is the correction term and B is the inverse Jacobian of F(x). Then, iteratively, vector(x(sub (i+1))) = vector(x (sub i)) + alpha.Delta(vector x(sub i)), where alpha is a line search correction term determined by a line search routine. We use the BFCG's update the Jacobian matrix B(sub k) at each iteration. It is well known that B(sub k) approaches B(*) at the solution X(*). This algorithm has several advantages over the Newton-Raphson method. For example, we do not need to calculate the Jacobian matrix at each iteration which is computationally very expensive.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, HBCUs Research Conference Agenda and Abstracts; p 31
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    A 3-D Navier-Stokes CFD study of turbojet/ramjet nozzle plume interactions at Mach 3.0 and comparison with data (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Advanced airbreathing propulsion systems used in Mach 4-6 mission scenarios, usually consist of a single integrated turboramjet or as in this study, a turbojet housed in an upper bay with a separate ramjet housed in a lower bay. As the engines transition from turbojet to ramjet, there is an operational envelope where both engines operate simultaneously. One nozzle concept under consideration has a common nozzle, where the plumes from the turbojet and ramjet interact with one another as they expand to ambient conditions. In this paper, the two plumes interact at the end of a common 2-D cowl, when they both reach an approximate Mach 3.0 condition and then jointly expand to Mach 3.6 at the common nozzle exit plane. At this condition, the turbojet engine operated at a higher NPR than the ramjet, where the turbojet overpowers the ramjet plume, deflecting it approximately 12 degrees downward and in turn the turbojet plume is deflected 6 degrees upward. In the process, shocks were formed at the deflections and a shear layer formed at the confluence of the two jets. This particular case was experimentally tested and the data used to compare with the PARC3D code with k-kl two equation turbulence model. The 2-D and 3-D centerline CFD solutions are in good agreement, but as the CFD solutions approach the outer sidewall, a slight variance occurs. The outer wall boundary layers are thin and do not present much of an interaction, however, where the confluence interaction shocks interact with the thin boundary layer on the outer wall, strong vortices run down each shock causing substantial disturbances in the boundary layer. These disturbances amplify somewhat as they propagate downstream axially from the confluence point. The nozzle coefficient (CFG) is reduced 1/2 percent as a result of this sidewall interaction, from 0.9850 to 0.9807. This three-dimensional reduction is in better agreement with the experimental value of 0.9790.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, HBCUs Research Conference Agenda and Abstracts; p 35
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    Wavenumber selection and hysteresis in nonlinear baroclinic flow (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Wavenumber transition and hysteresis in a highly unstable baroclinic flow are investigated using a high-resolution spectral numerical model. As the flow becomes more supercritical, the dominant wave gradually shifts from the most unstable wave predicted by the linear theory to a longer wave with a larger time-averaged amplitude, while the rectified mean flow attains a stronger shear at the center of the channel. The numerical results display a complex hysteresis behavior, which occurs not only between the states of different dominant wavenumbers, but also between the states of identical dominant wavenumber but of different dynamic characteristics. In a certain parameter range three stable states, each with different dominant wavenumber, are possible, and in another parameter range four stable states are possible, among them three stable states with an identical dominant wave. The numerical results suggest that a multiple weather regime exists even without external forcing in which the flow aperiodically varies between two distinct behaviors. The effects of stable higher harmonics are assessed and it is found that their presence contributes not only to the better approximation of the model solutions but also to the selection of the final equilibrium state, due to the chaotic nature of the initial transient period.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-111211 , NAS 1.15:111211 , NIPS-96-07276
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    Volumetric imaging of supersonic boundary layers using filtered Rayleigh scattering background suppression (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: We demonstrate the use of Filtererd Rayleigh Scattering and a 3D reconstruction technique to interrogate the highly three dimensional flow field inside of a supersonic inlet model. A 3 inch by 3 inch by 2.5 inch volume is reconstructed yielding 3D visualizations of the crossing shock waves and of the boundary layer. In this paper we discuss the details of the techniques used, and present the reconstructured 3D images.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA PAPER 94-0491 , Development of Filtered Rayleigh Scattering for Accurate Measurement of Gas Velocity; 8 p
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  • 82
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    On the consistency of Reynolds stress turbulence closures with hydrodynamic stability theory (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The consistency of second-order closure models with results from hydrodynamic stability theory is analyzed for the simplified case of homogeneous turbulence. In a recent study, Speziale, Gatski, and MacGiolla Mhuiris showed that second-order closures are capable of yielding results that are consistent with hydrodynamic stability theory for the case of homogeneous shear flow in a rotating frame. It is demonstrated in this paper that this success is due to the fact that the stability boundaries for rotating homogeneous shear flow are not dependent on the details of the spatial structure of the disturbances. For those instances where they are -- such as in the case of elliptical flows where the instability mechanism is more subtle -- the results are not so favorable. The origins and extent of this modeling problem are examined in detail along with a possible resolution based on rapid distortion theory (RDT) and its implications for turbulence modeling.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198173 , NAS 1.26:198173 , ICASE-95-46
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  • 83
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    Nonlinear (time domain) and linearized (time and frequency domain) solutions to the compressible Euler equations in conservation law form (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two linearized solvers (time and frequency domain) based on a high resolution numerical scheme are presented. The basic approach is to linearize the flux vector by expressing it as a sum of a mean and a perturbation. This allows the governing equations to be maintained in conservation law form. A key difference between the time and frequency domain computations is that the frequency domain computations require only one grid block irrespective of the interblade phase angle for which the flow is being computed. As a result of this and due to the fact that the governing equations for this case are steady, frequency domain computations are substantially faster than the corresponding time domain computations. The linearized equations are used to compute flows in turbomachinery blade rows (cascades) arising due to blade vibrations. Numerical solutions are compared to linear theory (where available) and to numerical solutions of the nonlinear Euler equations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-199398 , NAS 1.26:199398
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  • 84
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    Nozzle Flow with Vibrational Nonequilibrium (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Flow of nitrogen gas through a converging-diverging nozzle is simulated. The flow is modeled using the Navier-Stokes equations that have been modified for vibrational nonequilibrium. The energy equation is replaced by two equations. One equation accounts for energy effects due to the translational and rotational degrees of freedom, and the other accounts for the affects due to the vibrational degree of freedom. The energy equations are coupled by a relaxation time which measures the time required for the vibrational energy component to equilibrate with the translational and rotational energy components. An improved relaxation time is used in this thesis. The equations are solved numerically using the Steger-Warming flux vector splitting method and the Implicit MacCormack method. The results show that uniform flow is produced outside of the boundary layer. Nonequilibrium exists in both the converging and diverging nozzle sections. The boundary layer region is characterized by a marked increase in translational-rotational temperature. The vibrational temperature remains frozen downstream of the nozzle, except in the boundary layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-199948 , NAS 1.26:199948 , NIPS-95-06856
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  • 85
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    Sweeping and straining effects in sound generation by high Reynolds number isotropic turbulence (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The sound radiated by isotropic turbulence is computed using inertial range scaling expressions for the relevant two time and two point correlations. The result depends on whether the decay of Eulerian time correlations is dominated by large scale sweeping or by local straining: the straining hypothesis leads to an expression for total acoustic power, whereas the sweeping hypothesis leads to a more recent result.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198235 , NAS 1.26:198235 , ICASE-95-77 , NIPS-95-06838
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  • 86
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    Computational Study of Flow Establishment in a Ram Accelerator (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The temporal evolution of the combustion process established during projectile transition from the launch tube into the ram accelerator section containing an explosive hydrogen-oxygen-argon gas mixture is studied. The Navier-Stokes equations for chemically reacting flow are solved in a fully coupled manner, using an implicit, time accurate algorithm. The solution procedure is based on a spatially second order total variation diminishing scheme and a temporally second order, variable-step, backward differentiation formula method. The hydrogen-oxygen chemistry is modeled with a 9-species, 19-step mechanism. The accuracy of the solution method is first demonstrated by several benchmark calculations. Numerical simulations of two ram accelerator configurations are then presented. In particular, the temporal developments of shock-induced combustion and thrust forces are followed. Positive thrust is established in both cases; however, in one of the ram accelerator configurations studied, combustion in the boundary layer enhances its separation, ultimately resulting in unstart.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-107068 , NAS 1.15:107068 , E-9931 , ICOMP-95-20 , AIAA PAPER 95-2489 , NIPS-95-06486
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  • 87
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    Methodology for simulation of unsteady flows to determine the time-dependent interference between stationary and moving boundaries (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A new methodology is developed to simulate unsteady flows about prescribed and aerodynamically determined moving boundary problems. The method couples the fluid dynamics and rigid-body dynamics equations to capture the time-dependent interference between stationary and moving boundaries. The unsteady, compressible, inviscid (Euler) equations are solved on dynamic, unstructured grids by an explicit, finite-volume, upwind method. For efficiency, the grid adaptation is performed within a window around the moving object. The Eulerian equations of the rigid-body dynamics are solved by a Runge-Kutta method in a non-inertial frame of reference. The two-dimensional flow solver is validated by computing the flow past a sinusoidally-pitching airfoil and comparing these results with the experimental data. The overall methodology is used for two two-dimensional examples: the flow past an airfoil which is performing a three-degrees-of-freedom motion in a transonic freestream, and the free-fall of a store after separation from a wing-section. Then the unstructured mesh methodology is extended to three-dimensions to simulate unsteady flow past bodies in relative motion, where the trajectory is determined from the instantaneous aerodynamics. The flow solver and the adaptation scheme in three dimensions are validated by simulating the transonic, unsteady flow around a wing undergoing a forced, periodic, pitching motion, and comparing the results with the experimental data. To validate the trajectory code, the six-degrees-of-freedom motion of a store separating from a wing was computed using the experimentally determined force and moment fields, then comparing with an independently generated trajectory. Finally, the overall methodology was demonstrated by simulating the unsteady flowfield and the trajectory of a store dropped from a wing. The methodology, its computational cost notwithstanding, has proven to be accurate, automated, easy for dynamic gridding, and relatively efficient for the required man-hours.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-199779 , NAS 1.26:199779 , NIPS-95-06450
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  • 88
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    User's manual for the one-dimensional hypersonic experimental aero-thermodynamic (1DHEAT) data reduction code (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A FORTRAN computer code for the reduction and analysis of experimental heat transfer data has been developed. This code can be utilized to determine heat transfer rates from surface temperature measurements made using either thin-film resistance gages or coaxial surface thermocouples. Both an analytical and a numerical finite-volume heat transfer model are implemented in this code. The analytical solution is based on a one-dimensional, semi-infinite wall thickness model with the approximation of constant substrate thermal properties, which is empirically corrected for the effects of variable thermal properties. The finite-volume solution is based on a one-dimensional, implicit discretization. The finite-volume model directly incorporates the effects of variable substrate thermal properties and does not require the semi-finite wall thickness approximation used in the analytical model. This model also includes the option of a multiple-layer substrate. Fast, accurate results can be obtained using either method. This code has been used to reduce several sets of aerodynamic heating data, of which samples are included in this report.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-4691 , NAS 1.26:4691
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  • 89
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    Computation of rotor-stator interaction using the Navier-Stokes equations (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The numerical scheme presented belongs to a family of codes known as UNCLE (UNsteady Computation of fieLd Equations) as reported by Whitfield (1995), that is being used to solve problems in a variety of areas including compressible and incompressible flows. This derivation is specifically developed for general unsteady multi-blade-row turbomachinery problems. The scheme solves the Reynolds-averaged N-S equations with the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-199424 , NAS 1.26:199424
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  • 90
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    Multiple scales approach to weakly nonparallel and curvature effects: Details for the novice (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A multiple scales approach is used to approximate the effects of nonparallelism and streamwise curvature on the stability of three-dimensional disturbances in incompressible flow. The multiple scales approach is implemented with the full second-order system of equations. A detailed exposition of the source of all terms is provided.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198199 , NAS 1.26:198199
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  • 91
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    On High-Order Radiation Boundary Conditions (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In this paper we develop the theory of high-order radiation boundary conditions for wave propagation problems. In particular, we study the convergence of sequences of time-local approximate conditions to the exact boundary condition, and subsequently estimate the error in the solutions obtained using these approximations. We show that for finite times the Pade approximants proposed by Engquist and Majda lead to exponential convergence if the solution is smooth, but that good long-time error estimates cannot hold for spatially local conditions. Applications in fluid dynamics are also discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198404 , E-9918 , NAS 1.26:198404 , ICOMP-95-15
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  • 92
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    Analytical and phenomenological studies of rotating turbulence (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A framework, which combines mathematical analysis, closure theory, and phenomenological treatment, is developed to study the spectral transfer process and reduction of dimensionality in turbulent flows that are subject to rotation. First, we outline a mathematical procedure that is particularly appropriate for problems with two disparate time scales. The approach which is based on the Green's method leads to the Poincare velocity variables and the Poincare transformation when applied to rotating turbulence. The effects of the rotation are now reflected in the modifications to the convolution of a nonlinear term. The Poincare transformed equations are used to obtain a time-dependent analog of the Taylor-Proudman theorem valid in the asymptotic limit when the non-dimensional parameter mu is identical to Omega(t) approaches infinity (Omega is the rotation rate and t is the time). The 'split' of the energy transfer in both direct and inverse directions is established. Secondly, we apply the Eddy-Damped-Quasinormal-Markovian (EDQNM) closure to the Poincare transformed Euler/Navier-Stokes equations. This closure leads to expressions for the spectral energy transfer. In particular, an unique triple velocity decorrelation time is derived with an explicit dependence on the rotation rate. This provides an important input for applying the phenomenological treatment of Zhou. In order to characterize the relative strength of rotation, another non-dimensional number, a spectral Rossby number, which is defined as the ratio of rotation and turbulence time scales, is introduced. Finally, the energy spectrum and the spectral eddy viscosity are deduced.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198227 , NAS 1.26:198227 , ICASE-95-72 , NIPS-95-06405
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  • 93
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    Flow simulations about steady-complex and unsteady moving configurations using structured-overlapped and unstructured grids (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The limiting factor in simulating flows past realistic configurations of interest has been the discretization of the physical domain on which the governing equations of fluid flow may be solved. In an attempt to circumvent this problem, many Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) methodologies that are based on different grid generation and domain decomposition techniques have been developed. However, due to the costs involved and expertise required, very few comparative studies between these methods have been performed. In the present work, the two CFD methodologies which show the most promise for treating complex three-dimensional configurations as well as unsteady moving boundary problems are evaluated. These are namely the structured-overlapped and the unstructured grid schemes. Both methods use a cell centered, finite volume, upwind approach. The structured-overlapped algorithm uses an approximately factored, alternating direction implicit scheme to perform the time integration, whereas, the unstructured algorithm uses an explicit Runge-Kutta method. To examine the accuracy, efficiency, and limitations of each scheme, they are applied to the same steady complex multicomponent configurations and unsteady moving boundary problems. The steady complex cases consist of computing the subsonic flow about a two-dimensional high-lift multielement airfoil and the transonic flow about a three-dimensional wing/pylon/finned store assembly. The unsteady moving boundary problems are a forced pitching oscillation of an airfoil in a transonic freestream and a two-dimensional, subsonic airfoil/store separation sequence. Accuracy was accessed through the comparison of computed and experimentally measured pressure coefficient data on several of the wing/pylon/finned store assembly's components and at numerous angles-of-attack for the pitching airfoil. From this study, it was found that both the structured-overlapped and the unstructured grid schemes yielded flow solutions of comparable accuracy for these simulations. This study also indicated that, overall, the structured-overlapped scheme was slightly more CPU efficient than the unstructured approach.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-199781 , NAS 1.26:199781 , NIPS-95-06448
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  • 94
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    On the Nonlinear Evolution of a Stationary Cross-Flow Vortex in a Fully Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer Flow (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: We consider the nonlinear stability of a fully three-dimensional boundary layer flow in an incompressible fluid and derive an equation governing the nonlinear development of a stationary cross-flow vortex. The amplitude equation is a novel integro-differential equation which has spatial derivatives of the amplitude occurring in the kernal function. It is shown that the evolution of the cross-flow vortex is strongly coupled to the properties of an unsteady wall layer which is in fact driven by an unknown slip velocity, proportional to the amplitude of the cross-flow vortex. The work is extended to obtain the corresponding equation for rotating disk flow. A number of special cases are examined and the numerical solution for one of cases, and further analysis, demonstrates the existence of finite-distance as well as focussing type singularities. The numerical solutions also indicate the presence of a new type of nonlinear wave solution for a certain set of parameter values.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198405 , NAS 1.26:198405 , E-9919 , ICOMP-95-16 , NIPS-95-06270
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  • 95
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    Energy transfer in compressible turbulence (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This letter investigates the compressible energy transfer process. We extend a methodology developed originally for incompressible turbulence and use databases from numerical simulations of a weak compressible turbulence based on Eddy-Damped-Quasi-Normal-Markovian (EDQNM) closure. In order to analyze the compressible mode directly, the well known Helmholtz decomposition is used. While the compressible component has very little influence on the solenoidal part, we found that almost all of the compressible turbulence energy is received from its solenoidal counterpart. We focus on the most fundamental building block of the energy transfer process, the triadic interactions. This analysis leads us to conclude that, at low turbulent Mach number, the compressible energy transfer process is dominated by a local radiative transfer (absorption) in both inertial and energy containing ranges.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198216 , NAS 1.26:198216 , ICASE-95-65 , NIPS-95-06127
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    A self-contained, automated methodology for optimal flow control validated for transition delay (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper describes a self-contained, automated methodology for flow control along with a validation of the methodology for the problem of boundary layer instability suppression. The objective of control is to match the stress vector along a portion of the boundary to a given vector; instability suppression is achieved by choosing the given vector to be that of a steady base flow, e.g., Blasius boundary layer. Control is effected through the injection or suction of fluid through a single orifice on the boundary. The present approach couples the time-dependent Navier-Stokes system with an adjoint Navier-Stokes system and optimality conditions from which optimal states, i.e., unsteady flow fields, and control, e.g., actuators, may be determined. The results demonstrate that instability suppression can be achieved without any a priori knowledge of the disturbance, which is significant because other control techniques have required some knowledge of the flow unsteadiness such as frequencies, instability type, etc.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198215 , NAS 1.26:198215 , ICASE-95-64 , NIPS-95-06129
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  • 97
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    On absorbing boundary conditions for linearized Euler equations by a perfectly matched layer (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Recently, Berenger introduced a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) technique for absorbing electromagnetic waves. In the present paper, a perfectly matched layer is proposed for absorbing out-going two-dimensional waves in a uniform mean flow, generated by linearized Euler equations. It is well known that the linearized Euler equations support acoustic waves, which travel with the speed of sound relative to the mean flow, and vorticity and entropy waves, which travel with the mean flow. The PML equations to be used at a region adjacent to the artificial boundary for absorbing these linear waves are defined. Plane waves solutions to the PML equations are developed and wave propagation and absorption properties are given. It is shown that the theoretical reflection coefficients at an interface between the Euler and PML domains are zero, independent of the angle of incidence and frequency of the waves. As such, the present study points out a possible alternative approach for absorbing out-going waves of the Euler equations with little or no reflection in computation. Numerical examples that demonstrate the validity of the proposed PML equations are also presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198224 , NAS 1.26:198224 , ICASE-95-70 , NIPS-95-06126
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  • 98
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    The nonlinear evolution of inviscid Goertler vortices in three-dimensional boundary layers (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The nonlinear development of inviscid Gortler vortices in a three-dimensional boundary layer is considered. We do not follow the classical approach of weakly nonlinear stability problems and consider a mode which has just become unstable. Instead we extend the method of Blackaby, Dando, and Hall (1992), which considered the closely related nonlinear development of disturbances in stratified shear flows. The Gortler modes we consider are initially fast growing and we assume, following others, that boundary-layer spreading results in them evolving in a linear fashion until they reach a stage where their amplitudes are large enough and their growth rates have diminished sufficiently so that amplitude equations can be derived using weakly nonlinear and non-equilibrium critical-layer theories. From the work of Blackaby, Dando and Hall (1993) is apparent, given the range of parameters for the Gortler problem, that there are three possible nonlinear integro-differential evolution equations for the disturbance amplitude. These are a cubic due to viscous effects, a cubic which corresponds to the novel mechanism investigated in this previous paper, and a quintic. In this paper we shall concentrate on the two cubic integro-differential equations and in particular, on the one due to the novel mechanism as this will be the first to affect a disturbance. It is found that the consideration of a spatial evolution problem as opposed to temporal (as was considered in Blackaby, Dando, and Hall, 1992) causes a number of significant changes to the evolution equations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-198222 , NAS 1.26:198222 , ICASE-95-68 , NIPS-95-06128
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  • 99
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    Non-linear boundary-layer receptivity due to distributed surface roughness (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The process by which a laminar boundary layer internalizes the external disturbances in the form of instability waves is known as boundary-layer receptivity. The objective of the present research was to determine the effect of acoustic excitation on boundary-layer receptivity for a flat plate with distributed variable-amplitude surface roughness through measurements with a hot-wire probe. Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) mode shapes due to surface-roughness receptivity have also been determined, analyzed, and shown to be in agreement with theory and other experimental work. It has been shown that there is a linear relationship between the surface roughness and receptivity for certain roughness configurations with constant roughness wavelength. In addition, strong nonlinear receptivity effects exist for certain surface roughness configurations over a band where the surface roughness and T-S wavelength are matched. The results from the present experiment follow the trends predicted by theory and other experimental work for linear receptivity. In addition, the results show the existence of nonlinear receptivity effects for certain combinations of surface roughness elements.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-199224 , NAS 1.26:199224
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  • 100
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    Large-Amplitude Long-Wave Instability of a Supersonic Shear Layer (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: For sufficiently high Mach numbers, small disturbances on a supersonic vortex sheet are known to grow in amplitude because of slow nonlinear wave steepening. Under the same external conditions, linear theory predicts slow growth of long-wave disturbances to a thin supersonic shear layer. An asymptotic formulation is given here which adds nonzero shear-layer thickness to the weakly nonlinear formulation for a vortex sheet. Spatial evolution is considered, for a spatially periodic disturbance having amplitude of the same order, in Reynolds number, as the shear-layer thickness. A quasi-equilibrium inviscid nonlinear critical layer is found, with effects of diffusion and slow growth appearing through nonsecularity condition. Other limiting cases are also considered, in an attempt to determine a relationship between the vortex-sheet limit and the long-wave limit for a thin shear layer; there appear to be three special limits, corresponding to disturbances of different amplitudes at different locations along the shear layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-198401 , ICOMP-95-14 , E-9912 , NAS 1.15:198401
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