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  • Engineering  (1,377)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,377)
  • 1980-1984  (1,377)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Quasi-three-dimensional ; Interconnected Aquifer Systmes ; Fluid Mass Balance ; Iterated Frontal Method ; Predictor-Corrector Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The quasi-three-dimensional equations controlling the groundwater flow in heterogeneous and interconnected aquifer systems are discretized by finite elements, considering also the aquifer branching. A new method for fluid mass balance evaluation based on the equivalent nodal source (E.N.S.) concept allows one to express the balance in conservative terms, and interpret finite element equations as nodal balance equations. The solution of the system is based on the frontal method. Use of substructures limits the frontal increase in correspondence to the aquifer branching. In the steady state, the frontal method is integrated with an iterative solution technique to eliminate the frontal increase caused by the presence of aquitards. It converges very rapidly, using a forcing technique with an automatic parameter definition. In the unsteady case the same scope is achieved using a predictor-corrector procedure which employs the Crank-Nicolson method in the corrector phase.This very stable procedure permits use of fairly long time-steps and concerns the case of source terms depending on piezometry (problem of interaction between water table and river). This method has been tested with several fairly complex cases.
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  • 2
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 493-506 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Modified ; Dodge ; Algorithm ; Parabolized ; Navier-Stokes ; Computational Fluid Dynamics ; Low Speed Flow ; Channel Flow ; Zebra Algorithm ; Mass Balancing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A revised version of Dodge's split-velocity method for numerical calculation of compressible duct flow has been developed. The revision incorporates balancing of mass flow rates on each marching step in order to maintain front-to-back continuity during the calculation. The (chequerboard) zebra algorithm is applied to solution of the three-dimensional continuity equation in conservative form. A second-order A-stable linear multistep method is employed in effecting a marching solution of the parabolized momentum equations. A chequerboard iteration is ued to solve the resulting implicit non-linear systems of finite-difference equations which govern stepwise transition. Qualitive agreement with analytical predictions and experimental results has been obtained for some flows with well-known solutions.
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  • 3
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Strongly Rotating ; Incompressible ; Free-surface ; Finite-difference ; Coriolis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flow of an incompressible fluid in a rapidly rotating right circular cylinder is considered. A source/sink mass distribution at the lateral wall, which is azimuthally uniform and symmetric across the midplane, causes a deviation from wheel flow. The container is only partially full and the inner free surface is allowed to deviate slightly from the vertical. A finite-difference solution of the full axisymmetric, non-linear governing equations was used to obtain the flow field. A special implicit technique for the Coriolis terms which maintains geostrophy was developed and is described. The results obtained for a low Rossby number flow compare quite favourably with the linearized solution. Results are also presented for a case wherein the non-linear terms are important.
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  • 4
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 567-581 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Advection ; Convection ; Estuary ; Fractional ; Step ; Diffusion ; Dispersion ; Moving ; Co-ordinates Transport ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A successful and economical fractional step algorithm for the convection-dispersion-reaction equation is described. Exact solutions are adopted for the reaction and convection steps, the latter by the introduction of a moving co-ordinate system. The dispersion step uses an optimized finite difference algorithm which specifically accommodates the grid non-uniformity. The excellent performance of the algorithm is confirmed by numerical experiments together with computations of the Fourier response and integrated square error characteristics.
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  • 5
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 583-590 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: QUICK ; Finite Difference ; Free Surface Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The spatially third-order accurate QUICK finite difference technique is applied to the solution of the depth-integrated equations of motion for steady, subcritical, free surface flow in a wide, shallow, rectangular channel with and without an abrupt expansion. The conservative, control-volume discretization of the equations of motion and the use of QUICK in approximating required cell and cell face average quantities is discussed. Results presented show that it is possible to obtain stable solutions for advective free surface flows without resorting to implicit numerical smoothing.
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  • 6
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 591-604 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Finite Element Method ; Wave Equation ; Numerical Noise ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical noise has been a problem with finite element solutions to the shallow water equations. Two methods used to reduce the noise level are evaluated, and these results are compared with published results for equal-order interpolations. The two methods are mixed-interpolation (quadratic interpolation for velocity and linear interpolation for sea level) and a spectral form of the wave equation. Whereas mixed interpolation removes the troublesome sea level mode, it can still have considerable noise in velocity. The spectral wave equation is efficient and does not contain the spurious eigenmodes which contribute to high noise levels.
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  • 8
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Review ; Finite Elements ; Meteorology ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The application of the finite-element method to the simulation of meterological fluid flow problems is reviewed. Early studies were aimed primarily at demonstrating the viability of the method for one- and two-dimensional flows, whereas more recent studies have been aimed at demonstrating the efficiency and viability of the method for more complex three-dimensional simulations. There has also been a shift towards exploiting such models to better understand and predict the underlying meteorological phenomena, rather than restricting attention to the development of the algorithms.
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  • 9
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 605-622 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Natural ; Convection ; Stream ; Function ; Finite ; Element ; Formulation ; C1 ; Continuity ; Truncated ; Quintic ; Restricted Variational Principle ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element stream function formulation is presented for the solution to the two-dimensional double-glazing problem. Laminar flow with constant properties is considered and the Boussinesq approximation used. A restricted variational principle is used, in conjunction with a triangular finite element of C1 continuity, to discretize the two coupled governing partial differential equations (4th order in stream function and second order in temperature). The resulting non-linear system of equations is solved in a segregated (decoupled) manner by the Newton-Raphson linearizing technique.Results are produced for the standard test case of an upright square cavity. These are for Rayleigh numbers in the range 103-105, with a Prandtl number of 0.71. Comparisons are made with benchmark results presented at the 1981 International Comparison study in Venice. In the discussion of results, emphasis is placed on the variation of local Nusselt number along the isothermal walls, particularly near the corner. This reveals a noticeable source of error in the evaluation of the maximum Nusselt number by lower order discretization methods.
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 105-105 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Incompressible Flow ; Pressure-specification-point ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The discontinuity of a finite-element pressure field that is sometimes present in the neighbourhood of the pressure-specification-point is shown to arise either from round-off, or from mistakes in modelling. The implications of this are considered. In particular it restricts grid refinement near the pressure-specification-point. The analysis can be extended to finite-difference calculations, and to other fields governed by equations similar to Poisson's equation.
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 109-125 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite elements ; Navier-Stokes ; Vorticity-stream function ; Time-dependent ; flows ; Boundary conditions ; Incompressible viscous flows ; Two-dimensional flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new finite element method for solving the time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with general boundary conditions is presented. The two second-order partial differential equations for the vorticity and the stream function are factorized, apart from the non-linear advection term, by eliminating the coupling due to the double specification on the stream function at (a part of) the boundary. This is achieved by reducing the no-slip boundary conditions to projection integral conditions for the vorticity field and by evaluating the relevant quantities involved according to an extension of the method of Glowinski and Pironneau for the biharmonic problem. Time integration schemes and iterative algorithms are introduced which require the solution only of banded linear systems of symmetric type. The proposed finite element formulation is compared with its finite difference equivalent by means of a few numerical examples. The results obtained using 4-noded bilinear elements provide an illustration of the superiority of the finite element based spatial discretization.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Polymer Flows ; Non-Newtonian ; Moving Boundary ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Recent progress in the simulation of polymeric flows of two key problems in the injection moulding process, carried out by a team at Cornell University, is briefly described. For the filling of cooled thin cavities, the fluid is characterized by a power-law viscosity with exponential temperature dependence, and interaction between the transient thermal boundary-layer and the core flow in a domain with moving boundary is essential. The earlier procedure of Hieber and Shen is modified in two aspects: a boundary-integral formulation replaces the finite-element treatment of the pressure, and an ‘energy integral’ approach is used for the transient temperature. The second problem is the steady visco-elastic flow in the juncture region where sudden changes of the geometry and large strain rates occur. The constitutive equation is postulated according to the Leonov model. The main features in the numerical implementation are: integration along a streamline to determine the elastic deformation tensors for a given velocity field, and finite-element treatment (in time-dependent form) of the pressure and fields for given stresses. In an example where the contraction ratio is 7:1, results for nominal Deborah number exceeding 100 show no numerical instability. (However, for this problem, the true Weissenberg number, i.e. the ratio of local first-normal-stress difference to shear stress turns out to be generally O(10).) The predictions also correlate very well with experimental birefringence measurements.
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 303-319 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Turbulent Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Although the finite-element (FE) method has been successful in analysing complex laminar flows, a number of difficulties can arise when two-equation turbulence models (e.g. the k-∊ model) are incorporated. This work describes a particular FE discretization of the k-∊ model and reports its performance in recirculating flow. Severe problems encountered in attempts to obtain convergence of the numerical scheme are isolated and analysed, and methods by which the problems can be overcome are suggested.Insight gained in this work has enabled a practical turbulent flow FE code to be constructed which is robust and efficient. This code is the subject of a further paper.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 321-336 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Incorporation of the k-∊ turbulence model into Galerkin finite-element fluid-flow codes (which, unlike upwind finite-difference codes, have no artificial damping) can lead to severe iterative convergence difficulties. This paper introduces an alternative turbulence model (the q-f model) and an associated finite-element discretization method which are designed to overcome these problems. The new model forms the basis of a finite-element fluid-flow code which is robust and efficient. Furthermore, it is demonstrated on a practical example that the code can give good agreement with experiment on fairly coarse meshes.
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 399-419 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar Boundary Layers ; Finite Element Method ; Finite Difference Method ; Spectral Method Convergence ; Computational Efficiency ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Dorodnitsyn boundary later formulation is given a finite element interpretation and found to generate very accurate and economical solutions when combined with an implicit, non-iterative marching scheme in the downstream direction. The algorithm is of order (Δ2u, Δx) whether linear or quadratic elements are used across the boundary layer. Solutions are compared with a Dorodnitsyn spectral formulation and a conventional finite difference formulation for three Falkner-Skan pressure gradient cases and the flow over a circular cylinder. With quadratic elements the Dorodnitsyn finite element formulation is approximately five times more efficient than the conventional finite difference formulation.
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 421-439 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar Flow ; Turbulent Flow ; Compressible Flow ; Separation ; Time-split Method ; Finite Element Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The time-split finite element method is extended to compute laminar and turbulent flows with and without separation. The examples considered are the flows past trailing edges of a flat plate and a backward-facing step. Eddy viscosity models are used to represent effects of turbulence. It is found that the time-split method produces results in agreement with previous experimental and computational results. The eddy viscosity models employed are found to give accurate predictions in all regions of flow except downstream of reattachment.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 441-457 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element Method ; Dip Coating ; Newtonian Fluid ; Free Surface ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element simulation of the dip coating process based on a discretization of the continuum with discontinuous pressure elements is presented. The algorithm computes the flow field from natural boundary conditions while an extra condition provided by the existence of free surface is employed to displace the meniscus location towards the actual position. The process is iterative and uses a pseudo-time stepping technique coupled to a cubic spline fitting of the free surface. Numerical predictions exhibit good agreement with experimental data for Newtonian fluids in the case of flat plate dip coating as well as in the case of wire dip coating.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 459-475 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Augmented Lagrangian ; Finite Element Method ; Dip Coating ; Non-Newtonian Fluids ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We apply in this paper the augmented Lagrangian method to the study of various non-Newtonian fluid flow problems, and in particular the dip coating process. We only present in this second part the treatment specific to the non-linearities involved in the constitutive equations, the first part having largely been concerned with the general description of the approximation used.Two rheological models illustrating different rheological behaviours are used to simulate dip coating process: the Carreau-A model for shear-thinning properties of the viscosity and a truncated second-order model for a Newtonian behaviour in viscosity with elastic properties.Numerical predictions show a very good agreement with experimental data for the second-order model. The discrepancy observed in the other case can be explained qualitatively by the elastic properties exhibited by the shear-thinning fluids used: this elasticity is not taken into account in the Carreau-A model.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 667-683 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Rotating Flow ; Finite Differences ; Numerical Stability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A computer program has been developed to predict laminar source-sink flow in a rotating cylindrical cavity. Although the program is based on a standard finite difference technique for recirculating flow, it incorporates two novel features. Step changes in grid size are employed to obtain sufficient resolution in the boundary layers and special treatment is given to the solution of the pressure correction equations, in the ‘SIMPLE’ algorithm, in order to improve the convergence properties of the method. Results are presented both for the flow in an infinite rotating cylindrical annulus and a finite rotating cylindrical cavity, with the inner cylindrical surface acting as a uniform source and the outer cylinder as a sink. These show good agreement with existing analytical solutions and illustrate some of the problems associated with the computation of rapidly rotating flows.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 685-699 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Stokes Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A family of simple Stokes flows involving sliding surfaces adjacent to surfaces at rest is considered. Principally, two specific flow configurations are investigated: (i) that arising when parts of the boundary of an infinitely long circular cylinder are rotating about the axis while other parts of the boundary are at rest, and (ii) the flow produced when a cap of a sphere is held at rest while the remainder of the sphere rotates about the symmetry axis. In each case computer plots of streamlines or constant velocity lines are presented to give a general impression of the resulting flow pattern.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 708-708 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 709-709 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 765-780 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Diffraction ; Hydrodynamics ; Ocean Engineering ; Underwater Structures ; Wave Forces ; Offshore Structures ; Velocity Potential ; Boundary Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fluid forces resulting from wave interaction with large submerged structures may be calculated using numerical procedures based on the solution of the associated boundary-value problem. In this paper, the analysis of wave interaction with a fixed submerged object of arbitrary cross-section and infinite length using a two-dimensional boundary value formation based on linear diffraction theory is summarized. Subsequently, the application of the boundary element method to obtain a solution is presented. The numerical considerations are emphasized with particular reference to computational efficiency.Numerical results are presented in the form of dimensionless wave force plots for various structural shapes. In the case of a bottom-seated half cylinder, for which there exists a closed-form solution, comparisons are made between results generated using both boundary element and equivalent finite element approaches. In the case of a submerged cylinder, comparisons are made between boundary element derived values and experimental results. The boundary element results compare well with both the closed-form solution and the experimental values.
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 931-947 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two-layer Flow ; Two-step Scheme ; Selective Lumping Method ; Ishikari Bay ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element method for the analysis of two-layer density flows is presented in this paper. The standard Galerkin method based on linear interpolation functions is used to yield discrete spatial variables. For numerical integration in time, an explicit two-step selective lumping method is used. Here it is applied to a flow analysis of Ishikari Bay, at the mouth of Ishikari River. This case demonstrates a procedure that yields a numerically stable solution.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 949-969 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Discrete Fourier Transform ; Finite Difference ; Short Convolutions ; No-slip Boundary Condition ; Far Field Condition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A mixed discrete Fourier transform-Finite difference algorithm is developed and used for the calculation of rapidly changing viscous fluid flows past a circular cylinder. The numerical approach has been designed to overcome certain difficulties arising for high Reynolds number simulations. The foremost advantage of the technique lies in its fast calculations of the convolution sums portraying the convective terms of the governing equations. Third-order spatial discretizations and fourth-order time marching are implemented.New schemes are proposed for the boundary conditions at the solid wall and at large distances. The techniques are tested on a case study with other schemes (summarized by Roache1) in order to obtain an optimal choice. Definite indications on the stability and accuracy of boundary condition schemes are achieved. Support for the statement of dominant importance of boundary conditions is also given.A comparison of computational results with experimental data is presented for the case study of the flow past an impulsively started cylinder at Reynolds number 20.The time development of the symmetrical zone of recirculation, which is formed at an early stage of the flow, has been studied for 300 ≤ Re ≤ 9500 by means of the proposed algorithm. Computational results, comparisons with experimental data2 and discussion of upper limits of validity of the procedure will be presented in a companion paper.
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 997-998 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 999-999 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 989-996 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Galerkin ; Spline ; Stability ; Disk ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The perturbation equations which characterize the stability of flow over a rotating infinite disk are derived via strict order of magnitude analysis. These equations contain viscous terms not considered by Stuart,1 curvature and Coriolis terms not considered by Brown,2 and axial velocity terms not considered by Kobayashi et al.3 The strategy for reducing the problem to an algebraic system is Galerkin's method with B-spline discretization. In comparison with the Poiseuille flow solutions of Orszag,4 the method is shown to perform well without placing undue demands on computing capability. Critical values of Reynolds number, wave length, vortex orientation and number of spiral vortices calculated by the present method compare favourably with experimental data of Kobayashi et al.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 1001-1012 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Compressible Fluid Flow ; Numerical Analysis ; Pressure Method ; von Kármán Vortex Street ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the pressure method for incompressible fluid flow simulation is extended and applied to the numerical simulation of compressible fluid flow. The governing equations, obtained from the physical principles of conservation of momentum, mass and energy, are first studied from a characteristic point of view. Then they are discretized with a semi-implicit finite difference technique in such a fashion that stability is achieved independently of the speed of sound. The resulting algorithm is fast, accurate and particularly efficient in subsonic flow calculations. As an example, the computer simulation of the von Kármán vortex street is described and discussed.
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  • 33
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 3-16 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vector Upstream ; Differencing Scheme ; Significant Sources ; False Diffusion ; Spatial Oscillation ; Steady-state Linear Systems ; Convective Flow ; Rod Bundle Geometry ; Temperature Prediction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper considers a finite difference scheme for modelling the convection/diffusion equation in strongly convective flow regimes including circumstances in which significant source terms are present.The main objective is to provide an alternative approach to central and/or upwind difference methods which for various reasons are unsatisfactory. To illustrate the main features of the scheme, an assessment of its accuracy is made by means of a Taylor expansion analysis and a study of its performance in two model problems. As a demonstration of its generality for use in large-scale practical problems, some numerical results are presented for the prediction of the temperature distribution in a flow through a partially blocked heated rod bundle.The main conclusions are that in almost all practical circumstances results obtained using the scheme are not susceptible to false diffusion or spatial oscillations, which are, respectively, the inherent weaknesses in many upwind and central difference scheme formulations, and in general its use results in improved overall accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 63-79 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Heat Transfer ; Convection Finite ; Element Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A simple method is proposed to generate high-order accurate convection operators for lumped-explicit schemes based on linear or multilinear finite elements. The basic idea is to reduce the truncation error on the first-order spatial derivatives by exploiting the consistent mass matrix of the finite element method in a purely explicit multistep procedure. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on pure convection problems in one and two dimensions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 17-43 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Navier-Stokes ; Incompressible Flows ; Penalty Methods ; Pressure Filters ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The spurious pressures and ostensibly acceptable velocities which sometimes result from certain FEM approximate solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are explained in detail. The concept of pressure modes, physical and spurious, pure and impure, is introduced and their effects on discretized solutions is analysed, in the context of both mixed interpolation and penalty approaches. Pressure filtering schemes, which are capable of recovering useful pressures from otherwise polluted numerical results, are developed for two particular elements in two-dimensions and one element in three-dimensions. Implications regarding the effect of spurious pressure modes on accuracy and ultimate convergence with mesh refinement are discussed and a list of unanswered questions presented. Sufficient numerical examples are discussed to corroborate the theory presented herein.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 45-61 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two Layer Flow ; Periodic Galerkin Method ; Mixed Interpolation ; Niigata Port ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to present the finite element method and its application to quasi-steady periodic two-layer tidal flow in estuaries and coastal seas. Formulating the weighted residual equations, using quadratic polynomials for velocity and linear polynomials for water elevation as interpolation functions and employing the periodic Galerkin method, the nonlinear simultaneous equations can be derived. The present method is used for the simulation analysis of the Niigata Port redevelopment planning.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Waves ; Mixed Finite Element ; Shallow Water ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents new finite element formulations of the shallow-water wave equations which use different basis functions for the velocity and height fields. These arrangements are analysed with the Fourier transform technique which was developed by Schoenstadt,1 and they are also compared with other finite difference and finite element schemes. The new schemes are integrated in time for two initial states and compared with analytic solutions and numerical solutions from other schemes. The behaviour of the new forms is excellent and they are also convenient to apply in two dimensions with triangular elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 99-100 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 101-115 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Subsidence ; Finite Elements ; Reservoirs ; Hydrocarbons ; Pore Pressure ; Consolidation ; Aquifer ; Waterdrive ; Permeability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A fully coupled consolidation model has been developed for the simulation of the surface subsidence above gas reservoirs. The model is based on the Biot Theory and the material balance equation for hydrocarbon reservoirs. The model is extremely versatile and can handle such complex situations as vertical cross-sections where several gas reservoirs and aquifers are exploited at different levels. Computer runs were used to generate several reservoir formation profiles and the surface subsidence bowl for a variety of conditions. These results indicate the importance of various parameters which are disregarded in proelasticity models.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Conservation Forms ; Inviscid Boussinesq Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The finite element discretization of the inviscid Boussinesq equations is studied with particular emphasis on the conservation properties of the discrete equations. Methods which conserve the total energy, total temperature and total temperature squared, or two of the above mentioned quantities, are presented. The effect of time discretization, and other numerical errors, on the conservation laws is considered. Finally, the theory is supported and illustrated by several numerical experiments.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 129-144 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vorticity Conditions ; Integral Conditions Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations ; Computation of 2D Viscous Flows ; Vorticity/Stream Function Splitting ; Noniterative Algorithms ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The problem of establishing appropriate conditions for the vorticity transport equation is considered. It is shown that, in viscous incompressible flows, the boundary conditions on the velocity imply conditions of an integral type on the vorticity. These conditions determine a projection of the vorticity field on the linear manifold of the harmonic vector fields. Some computational consequences of the above result in two-dimensional calculations by means of the nonprimitive variables, stream function and vorticity, are examined. As an example of the application of the discrete analogue of the projection conditions, numerical solutions of the driven cavity problem are reported.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 145-169 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Numerical Model ; Estuary ; Open Boundary Condition ; Three dimensional ; Hydrothermal Biscayne Bay ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three-dimensional time dependent free-surface model has been used to simulate the velocity and temperature distributions in Biscayne Bay, an estuarine basin in South Florida. Comparisons with tide gauge data and airborne infrared temperature data have been made. Analyses of three-dimensional velocity structure, phase relationships of velocity with depth and horizontal location have been conducted.One of the major concerns with three-dimensional models is the specification of conditions at open-boundaries, since it is rare that complete time dependent variations of variables at these boundaries are available. Two sets of approximate boundary conditions at the Biscayne Bay-Atlantic Ocean interface have been used for computations. It was found that specification of averaged surface height variation at open boundaries yield significantly better results than specification of estimated values of velocity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 205-206 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 171-204 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Navier-Stokes ; Incompressible Flows ; Penalty Methods ; Pressure Filters ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The spurious pressures and ostensibly acceptable velocities which sometimes result from certain FEM approximate solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are explained in detail. The concept of pressure modes, physical and spurious, pure and impure, is introduced and their effects on discretized solutions is analysed, in the context of mixed interpolation and penalty approaches. Pressure filtering schemes, which are capable of recovering useful pressures from otherwise polluted numerical results, are developed for two particular elements in two-dimensions and one element in three-dimensions. The automatic pressure filter associated with the penalty method is also explained. Implications regarding the effect of spurious pressure modes on accuracy and ultimate convergence with mesh refinement are discussed and a list of unanswered questions presented. Sufficient numerical examples are discussed to corroborate the theory presented herein.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. i 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 207-223 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Numerical Solution ; Integrated Compartment Method ; Fluid Dynamics ; Incompressible Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The most common numerical methods that are used by physical scientists to approximate partial differential equations employ finite differences and/or finite elements. In addition, compartment analyses have been adopted by ecological system analysts to simulate the evolution of processes governed by differential equations without spatial derivatives. An integrated compartment method (ICM) is proposed to combine the merits of these three numerical techniques. The basic procedures of the ICM are first to discretize the region of interest into compartments, then to apply three integral theorems of vectors to transform the volume integral to the surface integral, and finally to use interpolation to relate the interfacial values in terms of compartment values to close the system. These procedures are applied to the Navier-Stokes equations to yield the computational algorithm from which computer programs can be coded. The computer code is designed to solve one-, two-, or three-dimensional problems as desired. The program is applied to two simple cases: wake formation behind an obstacle in a channel and circulatory motion of a body of fluid in the square cavity. These preliminary applications have shown promising results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 225-235 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Fluid Flow ; Mathematical Models ; Reynolds Stresses ; Channels Lateral Motion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The solution for the stress transport turbulence model equations for the situation where the flow is unidirectional is now commonly applied to flows with weak secondary currents in closed ducts, open channels, and rod bundles in nuclear reactor channels. Here, perturbations to the unidirectional flow solutions are studied by solving the exact equations using an iterative procedure. Now the equations also contain the small lateral velocity gradients formerly neglected. The applicability as well as the limitation of the use of the unidirectional flow turbulence model for the description of channel flow with lateral motion are discussed. Modifications for weak lateral motion are suggested.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 273-290 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Large Eddy ; Simulation ; Isotropic ; Turbulence ; Filtering ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: HOMTY, a code for Large Eddy Simulation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence is proven by successful simulation of two experiments. The role of each term in the equations of motion and the concept of filtering is examined. It is shown that ‘prefiltering’ is unnecessary, and the resulting additional term in the equations, instead of transferring energy to the subgrid scales, backscatters energy from the resolved large wavenumerbers to the small ones. The kinetic energy decay exponent is shown to depend on the low wavenumber part of the velocity spectrum. Pressure statistics are computed and found to be in agreement with previous computations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 237-272 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Diffraction ; Refraction ; Gravity Water Waves ; Wave Equation ; Homma's Island Tsunamis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A linear wave equation correct to first order in bed slope is used to calculate the wave field in the sea around an idealized island. This is of circular cylindrical shape and is situated on a paraboloidal shoal in an ocean of constant depth (Figure 1). The sides of the island are assumed fully reflecting. The incident waves are plane and periodic. Wave periods up to 30 min are investigated, and the Coriolis force is neglected. The solution of the wave equation is represented by a finite Fourier series, and a large number of very accurate numerical computations are carried through. The results appear partly in figures showing amplitude and phase angle curves (in some cases extending to the water area of constant depth outside the shoal), partly in figures showing amplitude vs wave period in fixed points. Comparison with solutions to the linearized long-wave equation is made, and the validity range of the corresponding shallow water theory is given. The influence of the shoal is studied by investigating the wave field around an island in an ocean of constant depth. New criteria are given for the applicability of a geometrical optics approach (i. e. refraction). Complete numerical refraction solutions for points at the shoreline (corresponding to many wave orthogonals ending at the point) for shallows water waves, as for the general case, demonstrate the inadequacy of this approach for long-period waves (seismic seawaves: tsunamis). All non-linear effects, including dissipation, are excluded.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 291-294 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 291-291 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. i 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Numerical Methods ; Turbulence ; Separation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Flow over a downstream-facing step is predicted using the F.E.M. A two-equation model of turbulence is employed where the transport of turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate are depicted using transport-type equations, i.e. the two-equation model of turbulence. The results obtained are compared with other models and experimental results. Generally, the model was found to be under-predictive with regard to the reattachment length when previous empirical data was used in the transport equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 305-322 
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    Keywords: Diffusion ; Convection ; Heat Transfer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Scope of this paper is to develop the basic equations for a variational formulation which can be used to solve problems related to convection and/or diffusion dominated flows. The formulation is based on the introduction of a generalized quantity defined as the hear displacement. The governing equation is expressed in terms of this quantity and a variational formulation is developed which leads to a system of equations similar in form to Lagrange's equations of mechanics. These equations can be used for obtaining approximate solutions, though they are of particular interest for application of the finite element method.As an example of the formulation two finite element models are derived for solving convectiondiffusion boundary value problems. The performance of the two models is investigated and numerical results are given for different cases of convection and diffusion with two types of boundary conditions. The applications of the developed formulations are not limited to convection-diffusion problems but can also be applied to other types of problems such as mass transfer, hydrodynamics and wave propagation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 323-346 
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    Keywords: Finite Element ; Incompressible Material ; Divergence-free Bases ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Explicit basis functions are constructed for 9-node biquadratic velocity fields which guarantee that a weak form of the continuity equation is satisfied. The corresponding pressure approximations are either piecewise constant, piecewise linear or piecewise bilinear. These results are extended to give bases for bilinear velocity/piecewise constant pressure elements and also to some three-dimensional brick elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 347-364 
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    Keywords: Incompressible Flows ; Pressure Modes ; Vortices ; Finite Element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents some seemingly new elements for the computation of two and three-dimensional incompressible flow. We want to obtain elements satisfying the Babǔska-Brezzi condition for mixed methods and thus introducing no spurious pressure modes (cf. Sani et al.1). In order to present clearly the advantages and disadvantages of our new elements we compare them on a qualitative basis with more standard ones. Of particular importance for incompressible flow is the size and shape of vortices that can be produced by the elements. We shall try to describe this as precisely as possible. The conclusion is that the elements introduced here should be quite competitive on a cost/precision scale.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 389-392 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 64
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 365-387 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Lagrangian Advective Schemes ; Numerical Diffusion ; Navier-Stokes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A one-dimensional transport test applied to some conventional advective Eulerian schemes shows that linear stability analyses do not guarantee the actual performances of these schemes. When adopting the Lagrangian approach, the main problem raised in the numerical treatment of advective terms is a problem of interpolation or restitution of the transported function shape from discrete data. Several interpolation methods are tested. Some of them give excellent results and these methods are then extended to multi-dimensional cases.The Lagrangian formulation of the advection term permits an easy solution to the Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables V, p, by a finite difference scheme, explicit in advection and implicit in diffusion.As an illustration steady state laminar flow behind a sudden enlargement is analysed using an upwind differencing scheme and a Lagrangian scheme. The importance of the choice of the advective scheme in computer programs for industrial application is clearly apparent in this example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transition ; Boundary Layers ; Models of Turbulence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A computational procedure for compressible axisymmetric boundary layers, on bodies of revolution, in transition from laminar to turbulent flow, is introduced. The procedure is an extension of a former method, due to Patankar and Spalding.The flow field is computed by solution of four simultaneous equations for the momentum, the thermal energy, the turbulence energy amplitude and the turbulent scale.The results show good agreement with existing theoretical and experimental data.
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  • 66
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 25-42 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Penalty Method ; Incompressible Flow ; Reduced Quadrature ; Finite Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The frequently used reduced integration method for solving incompressible flow problems ‘a la penalty’ is critically examined vis-a-vis the consistent penalty method. For the limited number of quadrilateral and hexahedral elements studied, it is shown that the former method is only equivalent to the latter in certain special cases. In the general case, the consistent penalty method is shown to be more accurate. Finally, we demonstrate significant advantages of a new element, employing biquadratic (2-D) or triquadratic (3-D) velocity and linear pressure over that using the same velocity but employing bilinear (2-D) or trilinear (3-D) pressure approximation.
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  • 67
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrid ; Iterative Improvement ; Geothermal Model ; Alternating-direction-implicit ; Tau-extrapolation ; Higher-order-accuracy ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper considers the multigrid iterative method applied to the solution of finite difference approximations to a linear second-order self-adjoint elliptic equation. It represents an extension of work by Dinar and Brandt. We compare two methods to obtain fourth-order convergence. The first is local error extrapolation developed by Brandt, the second is iterative improvement developed by Lindberg. This work considers non-separable problems, but only on a rectangular domain with Dirichlet boundary conditions. We consider test cases with non-smooth (i.e. discontinuous second derivatives) as well as smooth solutions. We also apply the multigrid method to an elliptic equation with non-separable coefficients which occurs in a geothermal model. In this case an analysis of the error fails to show any advantage in a fourth-order difference scheme over a second-order scheme. However, we do demonstrate that the multigrid iteration performs well on this problem. Also, this example shows that the multigrid iteration can be combined with iterative improvement to create an efficient fourth-order method for a non-separable elliptic equation which is coupled with a marching equation. Other work has found an advantage in this fourth-order scheme for a similar geothermal model.
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  • 68
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 89-112 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two Step Scheme ; Selective Lumping Method ; Tidal Flow ; Osaka Bay ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element method for solving shallow water flow problems is presented. The standard Galerkin method is employed for spatial discretization. The numerical integration scheme for the time variation is the explicit two step scheme, which was originated by the authors and their co-workers. However, the original scheme has been improved to remove the erroneous artifical damping effect. Since the improved scheme employs a combination of lumped and unlumped coefficients, the scheme is referred to as a selective lumping scheme. Stability conditions and accuracy are investigated by considering several numerical examples. The method has been applied to the tidal flow in Osaka Bay and Yatsushiro Bay.
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 113-114 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 70
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 61-88 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vector ; Differencing ; Finite ; lEement ; Scheme ; Recirculating ; Laminar ; Flow ; False ; Diffusion ; Conservation of Energy ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Finite-difference and finite-element techniques have been used to calculate the steady laminar flow over a flat plate normal to an air stream, up to a Reynolds number, Re, based on the plate half-width, of 100. The boundary conditions simulate a central splitter plate downstream of the body, to prevent vortex shedding, so the flow is characterized by a closed recirculation region which grows with increasing Re but at Re = O(100) is very similar in size to the turbulent recirculating region that occurs in the corresponding high Reynolds-number flow. Motivation came, in part, from the increasing efforts of turbulence modellers to calculate complex turbulent flows (containing elliptic regions) and our belief that the numerical methods commonly employed for such work can be inaccurate. The predictions are compared with each other and with some expectations based on classic solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, and the nature of the numerical errors is demonstrated. It is concluded that effort comparable with that expended in developing turbulence models should be directed to developing higher-order numerical methods, before the numerical accuracy of predictions of, for example, bluff-body flows can be made sufficiently high to sustain detailed discussion of the adequacy of turbulence models in such situations.
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  • 71
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 72
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Free Surface ; Porous Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An inexpensive, finite difference numerical method is developed for the approximate solution of general, free surface, porous flow problems. The method is so designed that the required numerical boundary conditions coincide exactly with the required physical boundary conditions. In the present paper, application is made to prototype, steady state, dam flow problems.
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 151-171 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Penalty method ; Incompressible Flow ; Finite Elements ; Convergence ; Existence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the penalty function method is reviewed in the general context of solving constrained minimization problems. Mathematical properties, such as the existence of a solution to the penalty problem and convergence of the solution of a penalty problem to the solution of the original problem, are studied for the general case. Then the results are extended to a penalty function formulation of the Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations. Conditions for the equivalence of two penalty-finite element models of fluid flow are established, and the theoretical error estimates are verified in the case of Stokes's problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 123-149 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Three-dimensional ; Flow ; Computation ; Scheme ; Time ; Marching ; Conventional ; Damping ; Old Time Level ; Current Time Level ; Fourier Perturbation ; Staggered Grid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The numerical stability of a number of computation schemes currently used for three-dimensional, inviscid, compressible flow is analysed using one-dimensional Fourier analysis. Whereas Reference 1 analysed schemes which were modified to render them amenable to simple analysis, the present work analyses the stability of schemes as actually used by Highton,3 Ahrabian,1 Denton2 and Spalding.6 The use of current values of the variables as they become available is shown to bring a general improvement to stability margin. The manner of damping introduced by the time marching formulation is shown to be deleterious to modifications which reduce truncation error. Staggered grid schemes can be formulated to second order accuracy with better stability margin than the corresponding first order scheme. While unstaggered grid schemes can be formulated to second order error and remain stable, their stability margin becomes very small. Agreement of the theory with numerical experiments continues to be of a high order for both one and three-dimensional disturbances.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 173-184 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Advection-diffusion ; Characteristics ; Space-time ; Finite ; Elements ; Water Resources ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new finite element method is presented for the solution of two-dimensional transport problems. The method is based on a weighted residual formulation in which the method of characteristics is combined with the finite element method. This is achieved by orienting sides of the space-time elements joining the nodes at subsequent time levels along the characteristics of the pure advection equation associated with the transport problem. The method is capable of solving numerically the advection--diffusion equation without generating oscillations or numerical diffusion for the whole spectrum of dispersion from diffusion only through mixed dispersion to pure convection.The utility and accuracy of the method are demonstrated by a number of examples in two space dimensions and a comparison of the numerical results with the exact solution is presented in one case. A very favourable feature of the method is the capability of solving accurately advection dominated transport problems with very large time steps for which the Courant number is well over one.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 185-207 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Two-dimensional, finite-amplitude wave propagation in an inviscid, subsonic, perfect gas medium is analysed by explicit finite-difference methods. A two-step, Lax-Wendroff method and the single-step, Lax-Friedrichs method are used. A prescribed propagating velocity or pressure disturbance is applied along a single row of grid points normal to the stream direction and results in a 'forced' outflow boundary. The inflow boundary is placed far from outflow by utilizing a streamwise expanding grid and uniform inflow is imposed. Side boundaries are spatially periodic. The numerical solutions are compared with analytical small-perturbation solutions; higher-order effects arising from non-linearities are revealed by Fourier analysis. Solutions which closely approached a periodic state were obtained. The Lax-Wendroff method combined with the expanding grid is shown to be accurate and stable, the Lax-Friedrichs scheme produced highly damped solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 221-221 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 209-219 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: First Order Equation ; Hyperbolic Conservation Equation ; Discontinuous Solutions ; Least Squares ; Finite Differences ; Finite Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Least square methods have been frequently used to solve fluid mechanics problems. Their specific usefulness is emphasized for the solution of a first-order conservation equation. On the one hand, the least square formulation embeds the first-order problem into equivalent second-order problem, better adapted to discretization techniques due to symmetry and positive-definiteness of the associated matrix. On the other hand, the introduction of a least square functional is convenient for finite element applications.This approach is applied to the model problem of the conservation of mass (the unknown is the density ρ) in a nozzle with a specified velocity field (u, v), possibly including jumps along lines simulating shock waves. This represent a preliminary study towards the solution of the steady Euler equations.A finite difference and a finite element method are presented. The choice of the finite difference scheme and of a continuous finite element representation for the groups of variables (ρu, ρv) is discussed in terms of conservation of mass flux. Results obtained with both methods are compared in two numerical tests with the same mesh system.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 222-223 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Normal Direction ; Boundary Conditions ; Incompressible ; Mass Conservation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Various techniques for implementing normal and/or tangential boundary conditions in finite element codes are reviewed. The principle of global conservation of mass is used to define a unique direction for the outward pointing normal vector at any node on an irregular boundary of a domain containing an incompressible fluid. This information permits the consistent and unambiguous application of essential or natural boundary conditions (or any combination thereof) on the domain boundary regardless of boundary shape or orientation with respect to the co-ordinate directions in both two and three dimensions. Several numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness of the recommended technique.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 263-276 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Waves ; Coastline ; Dampers ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The problem of truncating nearshore finite element wave models is addressed. Incorrect treatment of the artificial boundaries of the model will cause spurious wave reflections. Three methods for dealing with these boundaries: application of constraints, use of the Smith condition and longshore dampers, are proposed. Numerical results show the dampers to be the best method.
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 239-251 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Regular ; Discontinuous Boundary Elements ; Fluid Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Boundary Element Method is now well established as a valid numerical technique for the solution of field problems, equal to the Finite Element Method in generality and surpassing it in computational efficiency in some cases.1 In this paper is presented a 'Regular Boundary Element Method' as applied to inviscid laminar fluid flow problems. It involves the formation of a system of regular integral equations obtained by moving the singularity outside the domain of the given problem. It is also shown that non-conforming elements may be used whereby freedoms are not defined at the geometric nodes under the boundary element discretization. A linear element is developed here; higher order variants could easily be defined. Satisfactory numerical results have been obtained using the proposed regular method with both conventional (continuous across the boundary) and non-conforming boundary elements for two-dimensional inviscid laminar fluid flow problems having regular and singular solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Sloping Shelf ; Moving Shoreline ; Finite-difference Integration ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite-difference method is described for the numerical integration of the one-dimensional shallow water equations over a sloping shelf that allows for a continuously moving shoreline. An application of the technique is made to the propagation of non-breaking waves towards the shoreline. The results of the computation are compared with an evaluation based upon an exact analytical treatment of the non-linear equations. Excellent agreement is found for both tsunami and tidal scale oscillations.
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 313-315 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 277-297 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Advection ; Convection ; Estuary ; Finite ; Element ; Hermite ; Polynomials ; Diffusion ; Dispersion ; Transport ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Space-time finite element solutions of the convection-dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 299-311 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbines ; Compressors ; Optimal Design ; Blade Design ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Hamilton's variational principle is applied to derive a system of conditions which expresses the balance of momentum and energy of an ideal gas across the selvadgesThe reviewer of this paper confesses to be unfamiliar with the term 'selvadge(s)' which appears frequently herein. Clearly, however, it (variously) means 'boundary', 'edge', 'projection of edge line' (meridional or axial), 'locus of leading edges', etc. of bladed zones within the flow tracts of turbines. This system provides the background for a correct formulation of optimal design problems for turbines and compressors. The exposition follows the model of a large number of blades when the basic equations can be averaged over the azimuthal co-ordinate.An analysis is given of the obtained conditions and a computational algorithm described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 317-330 
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    Keywords: Transonic flow ; Turbomachines ; Finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this work a study of the application of the finite element method to transonic flows in axial turbomachines is undertaken.Solution techniques capable of accurately predicting flows from the incompressible regime up to the establishment of shocks in the transonic regime are presented. In the subsonic and shockless transonic regimes a local linearization method capable of very rapid convergence is used. In the full transonic regime the artificial compressibility method is employed to exclude downstream influences in the supersonic regions. The two approaches can be combined in a unified package and appropriate switches introduced to select the relevant method in any flow regime.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 331-347 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Fluid Flow ; Turbulent ; Non-circular Passages ; Secondary Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite difference method has been developed to predict the overall features of the local mean flow in fully developed turbulent non-circular passage flows. The main transport effects of secondary flow have been identified and simulated with diffusion transport in a simple way which eliminates solution of the cross-plane momentum and continuity equations and produces a compact calculation method. Predictions are presented for four different passage shapes and are discussed in relation to experimental measurements and predictions from other more complex methods. Although some minor details were not predicted, the main effects of secondary flow on the mean flow were found to have been quite well simulated, yielding predictions that are in reasonable overall agreement with experiment.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 349-366 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscous Flow Modelling ; Convection Modelling ; Flow Boundary Treatment ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Stream function-vorticity finite element solution of two-dimensional incompressible viscous flow and natural convection is considered. Steady state solutions of the natural convection problem have been obtained for a wide range of the two independent parameters. Use of boundary vorticity formulae or iterative satisfaction of the no-slip boundary condition is avoided by application of the finite element discretization and a displacement of the appropriate discrete equations. Solution is obtained by Newton-Raphson iteration of all equations simultaneously. The method then appears to give a steady solution whenever the flow is physically steady, but it does not give a steady solution when the flow is physically unsteady. In particular, no form of asymmetric differencing is required. The method offers a degree of economy over primitive variable formulations. Physical results are given for the square cavity convection problem. The paper also reports on earlier work in which the most commonly used boundary vorticity formula was found not to satisfy the no-slip condition, and in which segregated solution procedures were attempted with very minimal success.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 407-409 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Incompressible Fluid Flows ; Cavity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 367-386 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Free Surface ; Thermocapillary ; Convective Flows ; Curvilinear Co-ordinates ; Interface Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The importance of convective flows generated by surface tension gradients, in comparison with the ones generated by other driving forces, has been investigated in connection with space technological applications involving fluid processes. A theoretical model of the boundary conditions at the interface, considered free and diffusive, has been derived in general tensor form to allow for the use of non orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates. For the study of flow fields contained in enclosures, these co-ordinates are more suitable to fit all teh boundaries, in particular near the contact angle between the interface and the solid walls, thus giving more accurate numerical solutions.A computational procedure to solve the complete set of bulk and surface equations is proposed and applied to a simplified two dimensional flow in a rectangular enclosure with a temperature gradient between the lateral walls. The numerical results show the importance of considering the interface to be deformable and diffusive for an accurate evaluation of the convective flow in the fluid bulk.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 410-410 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 387-405 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Hyperbolic ; Non-standard Finite Elements ; High Order ; Domain of Dependence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The method of non-standard finite elements was used to develop multilevel difference schemes for linear and quasilinear hyperbolic equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions. A closed form equation of kth-order accuracy in space and time (O(Δtk, Δxk)) was developed for one-dimensional systems of linear hyperbolic equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions. This same equation is also applied to quasilinear systems. For the quasilinear systems a simple iteration technique was used to maintain the kth-order accuracy.Numerical results are presented for the linear and non-linear inviscid Burger's equation and a system of shallow water equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 410-412 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. i 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbomachines ; Finite Elements ; Transonic Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical approximation is taken to the solution of the complex flows existing in gas turbine engines with transonic blading. The quasi-3D approach decouples the problem into through-flow and blade-to-blade solutions. An industrially practical finite element through-flow solution is developed and for blade-to-blade solutions a transonic finite areas method is utilized. The finite element code developed is capable of operating in an analysis or a design mode. In both modes a dynamic relaxation factor is employed and considerable reduction in solution time can be achieved. Comparisons to streamline curvature methods are carried out for simple analytical and complex industrial problems.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Navier-Stokes ; Incompressible Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A variational formulation for the solution of two dimensional, incompressible viscous flows has been developed by one of the authors.1 The main objective of the present paper is to demonstrate the applicability of this approach for the solution of practical problems and in particular to investigate the introduction of boundary conditions to the Navier-Stokes equations through a variational formulation. The application of boundary conditions for typical internal and external flow problems is presented. Sample cases include flow around a cylinder and flow through a stepped channel.Quadrilateral, bilinear isoparametric elements are utilized in the formulation. A single-step, implicit, and fully coupled numerical integration scheme based on the variational principle is employed. Presented results include sample cases with different Reynolds numbers for laminar and turbulent flows. Turbulence is modelled using a simple mixing length model. Numerical results show good agreement with existing solutions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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