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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (2,380)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,486)
  • 1975-1979  (3,866)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    DSN energy data base preliminary design (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-01
    Description: The design and implementation of a computerized data base created to support the DSN Energy Conservation Project with data relating to energy use at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex are described. The results of development work to date, are presented along with work currently in progress or in the planning stage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 167-181
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  • 2
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    Potential prediction needs in support of energy systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The relationship between emerging energy systems and the natural environment is discussed, including selected examples to show that energy systems are tied to global solar terrestrial processess. The interdependence of resources, technology, and environmental impact is considered in terms of needed geophysical, atmospheric, and solar terrestrial data inputs. The need for long term basic research on the solar terrestrial system is emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 198-202
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  • 3
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    A device model for the tandem junction solar cell (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A conceptual device model has been developed to explain operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) when back contacts only are used. Operation and parameters of the cell are explained by transistor action. Experimental observations are presented which confirm that current is collected for carrier generation in the front uncontacted n(plus) region. The model should be useful as a guideline to optimize the TJC by application of transistor design principles.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Sept
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  • 4
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    The importance of surface recombination and energy-bandgap narrowing in p-n-junction silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental data demonstrating the sensitivity of open-circuit voltage to front-surface conditions are presented for a variety of p-n-junction silicon solar cells. Analytical models accounting for the data are defined and supported by additional experiments. The models and the data imply that a) surface recombination significantly limits the open-circuit voltage (and the short-circuit current) of typical silicon cells, and b) energy-bandgap narrowing is important in the manifestation of these limitations. The models suggest modifications in both the structural design and the fabrication processing of the cells that would result in substantial improvements in cell performance. The benefits of one such modification - the addition of a thin thermal silicon-dioxide layer on the front surface - are indicated experimentally.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Sept
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  • 5
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    Evaluation of models to predict insolation on tilted surfaces (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An empirical study was performed to evaluate the validity of various insolation models which employ either an isotropic or an anisotropic distribution approximation for sky light when predicting insolation on tilted surfaces. Data sets of measured hourly insolation values were obtained over a 6-month period using pyranometers which received diffuse and total solar radiation on a horizontal plane and total radiation on surfaces tilted toward the equator at 37 degrees and 60 degrees angles above the horizon. Data on the horizontal surfaces were used in the insolation models to predict insolation on the tilted surface; comparisons of measured vs calculated insolation on the tilted surface were examined to test the validity of the sky light approximations. It was found that the Liu-Jordan isotropic distribution model provides a good fit to empirical data under overcast skies but underestimates the amount of solar radiation incident on tilted surfaces under clear and partly cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 23; 2, 19; 1979
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  • 6
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    A simple theory of back-surface-field /BSF/ solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An earlier calculation of the I-V characteristics of solar cells contains a mistake. The current generated by light within the depletion layer is too large by a factor of 2. When this mistake is corrected, not only are all previous conclusions unchanged, but the agreement with experiment becomes better. Results are presented in graphical form of new computations which not only take account of the factor of 2, but also include more recent data on material parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 50; Aug. 197
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  • 7
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    Low-cost encapsulation materials for terrestrial solar cell modules (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the findings of material surveys intended to identify low cost materials which could be functional as encapsulants (by 1986) for terrestrial solar cell modules. Economic analyses have indicated that in order to meet the low cost goal of $2.70 per sq m, some or all of the following material technologies must be developed or advanced: (1) UV screening outer covers; (2) elastomeric acrylics; (3) weatherproofing and waterproofing of structural wood and paper products; (4) transparent UV stabilizers for the UV-sensitive transparent pottants; and (5) cost-effective utilization of silicone and fluorocarbon materials.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 22; 4, 19; 1979
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  • 8
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    Solar cell spectral response characterization (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute spectral response of solar cells is reported in the 400-1000-nm spectral region. Measurements were performed using two different types of monochromatic sources: amplitude-stabilized CW laser lines and interference filters with an incandescent lamp. Both types of calibration procedures use electrical substitution radiometry as the basis of traceability to absolute SI units. The accuracy of the calibration is shown to be limited by the nonideal characteristics of the solar cells themselves, specifically spatial nonuniformities and nonlinearities induced by high light levels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Dec. 1
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  • 9
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    Radiation energy conversion in space (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Topics discussed at the third NASA conference on radiant energy conversion are reviewed. The unconcentrated-photovoltaic-generation version of a solar power satellite is described, noting that it will consist of a 21.3 x 5.3-sq-km silicon-solar-cell array expected to provide 17 Gw of electrical power, with 1 km in diam transmitters oriented to beam 2.45 GHz microwave power to two receiving/rectifying 'rectennas' on earth. The Solares space-energy-system concept, designed for providing a large fraction of the world's energy needs at costs comparable to those of future coal/nuclear alternative, is considered, as are subsystems for improving the economics of the solar power satellite. A concept proposing the use of relativistic-electron-storage rings for electron-beam energy transmission and storage, and a report on the production of a high temperature plasma with concentrated solar radiation are taken into account. Laser-conversion systems, including the direct-solar-pumped space laser, and the telec-powered spacecraft, are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 17; Mar. 197
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  • 10
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    Application of the superposition principle to solar-cell analysis (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The superposition principle of differential-equation theory - which applies if and only if the relevant boundary-value problems are linear - is used to derive the widely used shifting approximation that the current-voltage characteristic of an illuminated solar cell is the dark current-voltage characteristic shifted by the short-circuit photocurrent. Analytical methods are presented to treat cases where shifting is not strictly valid. Well-defined conditions necessary for superposition to apply are established. For high injection in the base region, the method of analysis accurately yields the dependence of the open-circuit voltage on the short-circuit current (or the illumination level).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Mar. 197
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  • 11
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    Comparison of two total energy systems for a diesel power generation plant (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The capabilities and limitations, as well as the associated costs for two total energy systems for a diesel power generation plant are compared. Both systems utilize waste heat from engine cooling water and waste heat from exhaust gases. Pressurized water heat recovery system is simple in nature and requires no engine modifications, but operates at lower temperature ranges. On the other hand, a two-phase ebullient system operates the engine at constant temperature, provides higher temperature water or steam to the load, but is more expensive.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 89-93
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  • 12
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    A two-dimensional thermal analysis of a new high-performance tubular solar collector (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first of two articles are presented which describe and analyze the thermal performance of a vacuum tube solar collector. The assumptions and mathematical modeling are presented. The problem is reduced to the formulation of two simultaneous linear differential equations characterizing the collector thermal behavior. After applying the boundary conditions, a general solution is obtained which is found similar to the general Hottel, Whillier and Bliss form but with a complex flow factor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 116-131
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  • 13
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    The updated algorithm of the Energy Consumption Program (ECP): A computer model simulating heating and cooling energy loads in buildings (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energy Comsumption Computer Program was developed to simulate building heating and cooling loads and compute thermal and electric energy consumption and cost. This article reports on the new additional algorithms and modifications made in an effort to widen the areas of application. The program structure was rewritten accordingly to refine and advance the building model and to further reduce the processing time and cost. The program is noted for its very low cost and ease of use compared to other available codes. The accuracy of computations is not sacrificed however, since the results are expected to lie within + or - 10% of actual energy meter readings.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 107-115
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  • 14
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 5: Safety criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Methodology is described for determining potential safety hazards involved in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power systems and provides guidelines for the implementation of safety considerations in the specification, design and operation of photovoltaic systems. Safety verification procedures for use in solar photovoltaic systems are established.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183320 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-5 , NAS 1.26:183320
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  • 15
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 3: Environmental issues and evaluation criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The environmental issues and evaluation criteria relating to the suitability of sites proposed for photovoltaic (PV) system deployment are identified. The important issues are defined, briefly discussed and then developed into evaluation criteria. System designers are provided with information on the environmental sensitivity of PV systems in realistic applications, background material which indicates the applicability of the siting issues identified, and evaluation criteria are defined to facilitate the selection of sites that maximize PV system operation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183318 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-3 , NAS 1.26:183318
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  • 16
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 1: Guidelines for evaluating the management and operations planning of photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Guidelines are provided to the Field Centers for organization, scheduling, project and cost control, and performance in the areas of project management and operations planning for Photovoltaics Test and Applications. These guidelines may be used in organizing a T and A Project Team for system design/test, site construction and operation, and as the basis for evaluating T and A proposals. The attributes are described for project management and operations planning to be used by the Field Centers. Specifically, all project management and operational issues affecting costs, schedules and performance of photovoltaic systems are addressed. Photovoltaic tests and applications include residential, intermediate load center, central station, and stand-alone systems. The sub-categories of system maturity considered are: Initial System Evaluation Experiments (ISEE); System Readiness Experiments (SRE); and Commercial Readiness Demonstration Projects (CRDP).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183316 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-1 , NAS 1.26:183316
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  • 17
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 4: Review criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Guidelines are provided for the organization, preparation and conduct of program reviews for photovoltaic applications. These criteria apply to all photovoltaic applications. They include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) Conceptual design review; (2) Preliminary design review; (3) Critical design review; and (4) Operational readiness review. Contract goal's and objectives are met through program monitoring for cost, schedule, and performance for both managerial and technical elements for all PV applications activities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183319 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-4 , NAS 1.26:183319
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  • 18
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 2: Quality assurance criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Quality assurance criteria are described for manufacturers and installers of solar photovoltaic tests and applications. Quality oriented activities are outlined to be pursued by the contractor/subcontractor to assure the physical and operational quality of equipment produced is included. In the broad sense, guidelines are provided for establishing a QA organization if none exists. Mainly, criteria is provided to be considered in any PV quality assurance plan selected as appropriate by the responsible Field Center. A framework is established for a systematic approach to ensure that photovoltaic tests and applications are constructed in a timely and cost effective manner.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183317 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-2 , NAS 1.26:183317
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  • 19
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    Results of a utility survey of the status of large wind turbine development (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Wind energy conversion systems were surveyed from a utility viewpoint to establish the state of the art with regard to: (1) availability of the type of machines; (2) quality of power generation; (3) suitability for electrical grid; (4) reliability; and (5) economics. Of the 23 designs discussed, 7 have vertical axis wind turbines, 9 have upwind horizontal axis turbines, and 7 have downwind horizontal axis turbines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 363-374
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  • 20
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    Large, low cost composite wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A woven roving E-glass tape, having all of its structural fibers oriented across the tape width was used in the manufacture of the spar for a wind turbine blade. Tests of a 150 ft composite blade show that the transverse filament tape is capable of meeting structural design requirements for wind turbine blades. Composite blades can be designed for interchangeability with steel blades in the MOD-1 wind generator system. The design, analysis, fabrication, and testing of the 150 ft blade are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 309-324
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  • 21
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    The use of wood for wind turbine blade construction (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The interrelationships between moisture and wood, conditions for dry rot spore activity, the protection of wood fibers from moisture, wood resin composites, wood laminating, quality control, and the mechanical properties of wood are discussed. The laminated veneer and the bonded sawn stock fabrication techniques, used in the construction of a turbine blade with a monocoque 'D' section forming the leading edge and a built up trailing edge section, are described. A 20 foot root end sample complete with 24 bonded-in studs was successfully subjected to large onetime loads in both the flatwise and edgewise directions, and to fatigue tests. Results indicate that wood is both a viable and advantageous material for use in wind turbine blades. The basic material is reasonably priced, domestically available, ecologically sound, and easily fabricated with low energy consumption.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 293-308
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  • 22
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    Evaluation of an operating MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Operating loads and structural damage were monitored during operation of the MOD-OA electric generating system. The turbine was damaged locally between stations 48 and 125 after 2.8 million rotations. Loads due to degraded yaw stiffness and fretting at rib station 48 were identified as primary to this distress. The repaired blades operated an additional 4.8 million rotations without problems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 239-265
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  • 23
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    Cost of energy evaluation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The estimated cost per kilowatt hour, the wind resources in the utilities service area, and the reliability of the units are considered in computing the cost of energy of the wind turbine generator system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 397-402
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  • 24
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    Status of the Southern California Edison Company 3 MW Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) demonstration project (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To demonstrate the concept of utility scale electricity production from a high wind energy resource, a program was initiated to construct and test a 3 megawatt (3,000 kW) Schachle wind turbine generator near Palm Springs, California. The background and current status of this program are presented along with a summary of future planned program activities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 355-362
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  • 25
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    Blade design and operating experience on the MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine at Clayton, New Mexico (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two 60 foot long aluminum wind turbine blades were operated for over 3000 hours on the MOD-OA wind turbine. The first signs of blade structural damage were observed after 400 hours of operation. Details of the blade design, loads, cost, structural damage, and repair are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 225-238
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  • 26
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    Alcoa wind turbines (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of Alcoa's wind energy program is given with emphasis on the the development of a low cost, reliable Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine System. The design layouts and drawings for fabrication are now complete, while fabrication and installation to utilize the design are expected to begin shortly.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 155-171
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  • 27
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    Specification, siting and selection of large WECS prototypes (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of large-scale windpowered systems is outlined. Topics discussed include: prototype specifications development, site selection process, and selection of prototype contractor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 89-102
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  • 28
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    Design evolution of large wind turbine generators (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: During the past five years, the goals of economy and reliability have led to a significant evolution in the basic design--both external and internal--of large wind turbine systems. To show the scope and nature of recent changes in wind turbine designs, development of three types are described: (1) system configuration developments; (2) computer code developments; and (3) blade technology developments.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 25-33
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  • 29
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    Computer modeling of a two-junction, monolithic cascade solar cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The theory and design criteria for monolithic, two-junction cascade solar cells are described. The departure from the conventional solar cell analytical method and the reasons for using the integral form of the continuity equations are briefly discussed. The results of design optimization are presented. The energy conversion efficiency that is predicted for the optimized structure is greater than 30% at 300 K, AMO and one sun. The analytical method predicts device performance characteristics as a function of temperature. The range is restricted to 300 to 600 K. While the analysis is capable of determining most of the physical processes occurring in each of the individual layers, only the more significant device performance characteristics are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 267-281
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  • 30
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    An interim report on the NTS-2 solar cell experiment (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data obtained from the fourteen solar cell modules on the NTS-2 satellite are presented together with a record of panel temperature and sun inclination. The following flight data are discussed: (1) state of the art solar cell configurations which embody improvements in solar cell efficiency through new silicon surface and bulk technology, (2) improved coverslip materials and coverslip bonding techniques, (3) short and long term effects of ultraviolet rejection filters vs. no filters on the cells, (4) degradation on a developmental type of liquid epitaxy gallium-aluminum-arsenide solar cell, and (5) space radiation effects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 117-129
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  • 31
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    The NASA Lewis Research Center program in space solar cell research and technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress in space solar cell research and technology is reported. An 18 percent-AMO-efficient silicon solar cell, reduction in the radiation damage suffered by silicon solar cells in space, and high efficiency wrap-around contact and thin (50 micrometer) coplanar back contact silicon cells are among the topics discussed. Reduction in the cost of silicon cells for space use, cost effective GaAs solar cells, the feasibility of 30 percent AMO solar energy conversion, and reliable encapsulants for space blankets are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 1-4
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  • 32
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    Temperature and intensity dependence of the performance of an electron-irradiated (AlGa)As/GaAs solar cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of a Hughes, liquid-phase epitaxial 2 centimeter-by-2 centimeter, (AlGa)As/GaAs solar cell was measured before and after irradiations with 1 MeV electrons to fluences of 1 x 10 to the 16th power electrons/sq cm. The temperature dependence of performance was measured over the temperature range 135 to 415 K at each fluence level. In addition, temperature dependences were measured at five intensity levels from 137 to 2.57 mW/sq cm before irradiation and after a fluence of 1 x 10 to the 16th power electrons/sq cm. For the intermediate fluences, performance was measured as a function of intensity at 298 K only.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 217-226
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  • 33
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    High-energy electron-induced damage production at room temperature in aluminum-doped silicon (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: DLTS and EPR measurements are reported on aluminum-doped silicon that was irradiated at room temperature with high-energy electrons. Comparisons are made to comparable experiments on boron-doped silicon. Many of the same defects observed in boron-doped silicon are also observed in aluminum-doped silicon, but several others were not observed, including the aluminum interstitial and aluminum-associated defects. Damage production modeling, including the dependence on aluminum concentration, is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 185-196
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    Langley program of GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief overview of the development of GaAs solar cell technology is provided. An 18 to 20 percent AMO efficiency, stability under radiation and elevated-temperature operation, and high power-to-weight ratio are among the factors studied. Cell cost and availability are also examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 13-14
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  • 35
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    Modeling of thin, back-wall silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of silicon solar cells with p-n junctions on the nonilluminated surface (i.e., upside-down or back-wall cells) was calculated. These structures consisted of a uniformly shaped p-type substrate layer, a p(+)-type field layer on the front (illuminated) surface, and a shallow, n-type junction on the back (nonilluminated) surface. A four-layer solar cell model was used to calculate efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current. The effect on performance of p-layer thickness and resistivity was determined. The diffusion length was varied to simulate the effect of radiation damage. The results show that peak initial efficiencies greater than 15 percent are possible for cell thicknesses or 100 micrometers or less. After 10 years of radiation damage in geosynchronous orbit, thin (25 to 50 micrometers thick) cells made from 10 to 100 ohm cm material show the smallest decrease (approximately 10 percent) in performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 73-78
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    System configuration improvement (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Factors involved in the choice of the system configuration for the wind turbine generator are listed. It was found that choices among the many configuration options can be based strictly upon the resulting cost of energy results. Choices made on that basis also lead to reduced analytical complexity, less hardware complexity and reduced program risk. It was also found that many seemingly minor details turn out to have important impacts that are seen only after design, performance and cost-finding were thoroughly probed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 385-396
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    The Boeing MOD-2 wind turbine system rotor (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: External configuration, environmental, and internal design requirements for the 300 foot diameter MOD-2 rotor are discussed, with emphasis on design details, significance of fatigue strength, design development test results, and conclusions of the preliminary design efforts.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 343-354
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  • 38
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    Structural analysis considerations for wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Approaches to the structural analysis of wind turbine blade designs are reviewed. Specifications and materials data are discussed along with the analysis of vibrations, loads, stresses, and failure modes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 211-224
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  • 39
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    Large wind energy converter: Growian 3 MW (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The main features of the Growian wind energy converter are presented. Energy yield, environmental impact, and construction of the energy converter are discussed. Reliability of the windpowered system is assessed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 121-132
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  • 40
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    Overview of Federal wind energy program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives and strategies of the Federal wind energy program are described. Changes in the program structure and some of the additions to the program are included. Upcoming organizational changes and some budget items are discussed, with particular emphasis on recent significant events regarding new approvals.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 1-24
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  • 41
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    Summary of GaAs Solar Cell Performance and Radiation Damage Workshop (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The workshop considered the GaAs solar cell capability and promise in several steps: (1) maximum efficiency; (2) space application; (3) major technology problems (AR coating optimization, contacts); (4) radiation resistance; (5) cost and availability; and (6) alternatives. The workshop believes that GaAs solar cells are fast approaching the fulfillment of their potential as candidates for space cells. A maximum efficiency of 20 to 31 percent AMO can be reasonably expected from GaAs based cells, and this may go a little higher with concentration. The use of concentration in space needs to be more carefully evaluated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 253-254
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  • 42
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    Shallow-homojunction GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Single-crystal GaAs shallow-homojunction solar cells on GaAs or Ge substrates, without Ga sub 1-x Al sub x As window layers, that have conversion efficiencies exceeding 20% at AM1 (17% at AMO). Using a simple theoretical model, good fits were obtained between computer calculations and experimental data for external quantum efficiency and conversion efficiency of cells with different values of n+ layer thickness. The calculations not only yield values for material properties of the GaAs layers composing the cells but will also permit the optimization of cell designs for space and terrestrial applications. Preliminary measurements indicate that the shallow-homojunction cells are resistant to electron irradiation. In the best test so far, bombardment with 1 x 10 to the 16th power/sq cm fluence of 1 MeV electrons reduced the short-circuit current by only about 6%.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 227-233
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  • 43
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    Radiation damage in GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent results of electron and proton irradiation and annealing of GaAs solar cells are presented along with some implications of these results. A comparison between the energy-levels produced by protons and by electrons which are not stopped in the material indicate that the damage produced by protons and electrons may be qualitatively different. Thus, annealing of proton damage may be very different from the annealing of electron damage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 201-207
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  • 44
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    Reverse annealing in radiation-damaged, silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In order to understand the results in terms of properties of the radiation induced defects, a combination of diffusion length measurements and defect data obtained from Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy were used. The results indicate that the defect at E sub v + 0.30 eV is responsible for the observed reversed annealing. The defect was identified as a boron-oxygen vacancy complex. This identification is a guide to processing efforts aimed at increasing the concentration of these radiation induced defects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 161-171
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  • 45
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    Efficiency of tandem solar cell systems as function of temperature and solar energy concentration ratio (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of a comprehensive theoretical analysis of tandem photovoltaic solar cells as a function of temperature and solar concentration ratio are presented. The overall efficiencies of tandem cell stacks consisting of as many as 24 cells having gaps in the 0.7 to 3.6 eV range were calculated for temperatures of 200, 300, 400, and 500 K and for illumination by an AMO solar spectrum having concentration ratios of 1, 100, 500, and 1000 suns. For ideal diodes (A = B = 1), the calculations show that the optimized overall efficiency has a limiting value eta sub opt of approximately 70 percent for T = 200 K and C = 1000; for T = 300 K and C = 1000, this limiting efficiency approaches 60 percent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 263-265
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  • 46
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    Silicon solar cells for space use: Present performance and trends (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A technology assessment of present performance levels and current fabrication methods and designs is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 101-104
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    High efficiency cell geometry (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new silicon solar cell is described which has an array of small-area conduction paths to transport current directly through the wafer to metal electrodes on the back. This design eliminates grid shadowing and many of the other losses inherent in conventional cells. Early experimental units without texturing or antireflection coatings show 13.3% efficiency under air-mass-one illumination insolation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 97-100
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  • 48
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    Design considerations for the Tandem Junction Solar Cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Structure and operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) are described. The impact of using only back contacts is discussed. A model is presented which explains operation of the TJC in terms of transistor action. The model is applied to predict TJC performance as a function of physical parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 79-85
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  • 49
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    Open-circuit voltage improvements in low-resistivity solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Mechanisms limiting the open-circuit voltage in 0.1 ohm-cm solar cells were investigated. It was found that a rather complicated multistep diffusion process could produce cells with significantly improved voltages. The voltage capabilities of various laboratory cells were compared independent of their absorption and collection efficiencies. This was accomplished by comparing the cells on the basis of their saturation currents or, equivalently, comparing their voltage outputs at a constant current-density level. The results show that for both the Lewis diffused emitter cell and the Spire ion-implanted emitter cell the base component of the saturation current is voltage controlling. The evidence for the University of Florida cells, although not very conclusive, suggests emitter control of the voltage in this device. The data suggest further that the critical voltage-limiting parameter for the Lewis cell is the electron mobility in the cell base.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 61-70
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  • 50
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    Limiting process in shallow junction solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In extending the violet and nonreflective cell technology to lower resistivities, several processes limiting output power were encountered. The most important was the dark diffusion current due to recombination at the front grid contacts. After removal of this problem by reduction of the silicon metal contact area (to 0.14 percent of the total area), the electric field enhanced junction recombination current J sub r was the main limitation. Alteration of the diffusion profile to reduce the junction field is shown to be an effective means of influencing J sub r. The remaining problems are the bulk recombination in the n+ layer and the surface recombination at the oxide-silicon interface; both of these problems are aggravated by band-narrowing resulting from heavy doping in the diffused layer. Experimental evidence for the main limitations is shown, where increased diffusion temperature is seen to reduce both the influence of the front grid contacts and the junction electric field by increasing the junction depth. The potential for further significant improvement in efficiency appears to be high.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 35-36
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    Solar photovoltaic research and development program of the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress is reported in the following areas: laser weapon effects, solar silicon solar cell concepts, and high voltage hardened, high power system technology. Emphasis is placed on solar cells with increased energy conversion efficiency and radiation resistance characteristics for application to satellite power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 5-8
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    Simulation studies of multiple large wind turbine generators on a utility network (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The potential electrical problems that may be inherent in the inertia of clusters of wind turbine generators and an electric utility network were investigated. Preliminary and limited results of an analog simulation of two MOD-2 wind generators tied to an infinite bus indicate little interaction between the generators and between the generators and the bus. The system demonstrated transient stability for the conditions considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 375-384
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    The MOD-1 steel blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, development, fabrication, testing, and transport of two 100 foot metal blades for the MOD-1 WTS are summarized. Because the metal blade design was started late in the MOD-1 system development, many of the design requirements (allocations) were restrictive for the metal blade concept, particularly the maximum weight requirement. The design solutions required to achieve the weight goal resulted in a labor intensive (expensive) fabrication, particularly for a quantity of only two blades manufactured using minimal tooling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 325-342
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  • 54
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    WTG Energy Systems' Rotor: Steel at 80 Feet (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, specifications, and performance of the 80 foot diameter fixed pitch rotor operating on the MP1-200 wind turbine generator installed as part of the Island of Cuttyhunk's electric power utility grid system are described. This synchronous generating system rated 200 kilowatts at 28 mph wind velocity, and produces constant 60 Hz, 480 VAC current at +/- 1 percent accuracy throughout the machine's operating range. Future R & D requirements and suggestions are included with cost data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 285-292
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    Design, fabrication, and test of a steel spar wind turbine blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and fabrication of wind turbine blades based on 60 foot steel spars are discussed. Performance and blade load information is given and compared to analytical prediction. In addition, performance is compared to that of the original MOD-O aluminum blades. Costs for building the two blades are given, and a projection is made for the cost in mass production. Design improvements to reduce weight and improve fatigue life are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 267-284
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  • 56
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    Fabrication of extruded vertical axis turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Important characteristics of the extruded aluminum blade for the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine are presented. Their weight, structural strength, shape, and maintainability are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 193-204
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    Design Characteristics of the 224 kW Magdalen Islands VAWT (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The evolution of the main design features of the Magdalen Islands vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is described. The turbine has a rotor height of 120 ft (36.58 m) and diameter 80 ft (24.38 m). It was operated as a joint project between NRC and Hydro-Quebec in grid-coupled mode from July 1977 to July 1978 when the rotor was destroyed in an accident. The accident, although unfortunate, tested the basic integrity of the design in a gross overspeed condition, and the rotor is being rebuilt with minor modifications. Some directions for future VAWT research are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 143-154
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  • 58
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    The Danish large wind turbine program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief description of the Danish wind energy program and its present status is given. Results and experiences from tests on the Gedser windmill (200 kW) are presented. The key results are presented from the preliminary design study and detailed design of two new WECS (630 kW each) is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 103-120
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  • 59
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    Radiation effects in GaAs AMOS solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of radiation damage produced in AMOS (Antireflecting-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) cells with Sb2O3 interfacial oxide layers by 1-MeV electrons are presented. The degradation properties of the cells as a function of irradiation fluences were correlated with the changes in their spectral response, C-V, dark forward, and light I-V characteristics. The active n-type GaAs layers were grown by the OM-CVD technique, using sulfur doping in the range between 3 x 10 to the 15th power and 7 x 10 to the 16th power/cu cm. At a fluence of 10 to the 16th power e/sq cm, the low-doped samples showed I sub sc degradation of 8% and V sub oc degradation of 8%. The high-doped samples showed I sub sc and V sub oc degradation of 32% and 1%, respectively, while the fill factor remained relatively unchanged for both. AMOS cells with water vapor-grown interfacial layers showed no significant change in V sub oc.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 235-244
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    Radiation damage in high-voltage silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three types of open circuit high voltage solar cells were tested to determine their performance after exposure to 1 MeV electron irradiations. The cells with a relatively deep n-type emitter were more susceptible to radiation damage than other high open circuit high voltage cells. The use of diffused or ion implanted junctions leads to open circuit high voltage cell designs that are less susceptible to radiation damage. These latter two types of cells show degradations that are typical of the 0.1 ohm-cm material from which they are fabricated. Furthermore, exposure to ionizing radiation causes oxide degradation and decreased cell performance in cells that depend on a charged oxide to achieve significant cell properties. Hence, the combination of a charged oxide and a relatively deep n-type emitter is not recommended for incorporation into a cell designed for use in the particulate radiation environment of space.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 137-143
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    WTG Energy Systems' MP1-200 200 kilowatt wind turbine generator (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The preliminary design criteria of the MP1-200 wind turbine are given along with a brief description of the wind turbine generator. Performance and operational experience and cost factors are included. Recommendations for additional research are listed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 79-88
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  • 62
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    The Boeing MOD-2 wind tunnel system rated at 2.5 MW (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A summary description of MOD-2 development and the resulting system hardware is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 61-78
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    The General Electric MOD-1 wind turbine generator program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, fabrication, installation and checkout of MOD-1, a megawatt class wind turbine generator which generates utility grade electrical power, is described. A MOD-1/MOD-1A tradeoff study is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 35-59
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    A review of Air Force high efficiency cascaded multiple bandgap solar cell research and development (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: At the time of their conception, the cell stack systems to be discussed represent the best semiconductor materials combinations to achieve Air Force program goals. These systems are investigated thoroughly and the most promising systems, from the standpoint of high efficiency, are taken for further development with large area emphasized (at least 4 sq cm). The emphasis in the Air Force cascaded cell program is placed on eventual nonconcentrator application. This use of the final cell design considerably relieves the low resistance requirements for the tunnel junction. In a high concentration application the voltage drop across the tunnel junction can be a very serious problem.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 255-261
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    Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells: Cycle life test (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The service life and storage stability for several storage batteries were determined. The batteries included silver-zinc batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and silver-cadmium batteries. The cell performance characteristics and limitations are to be used by spacecraft power systems planners and designers. A statistical analysis of the life cycle prediction and cause of failure versus test conditions is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: WQEC/C-79-1 , AR-15
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    Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells: Initial evaluation tests of General Electric Company, 6.0 ampere-hour nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells for the GOES-D, E and F satellite program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The tests are to insure that all cells put into the life cycle program are of high quality by the screening of cells found to have electrolyte leakage, internal shorts, low capacity, or inability of any cell to recover its open-circuit voltage above 1.150 volts during the internal short test. Test limits specify those values at which a cell is to be terminated from charge or discharge. Requirements are referenced to normally expected values based on past performance of aerospace nickel-cadmium cells with demonstrated life characteristics. Recommendations for the improvement of the manufacturing processes are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-163923 , WQEC/C-79-224
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    Initial evaluation tests of General Electric Company 12.0 ampere hour nickel cadmium spacecraft cells with design variables (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: All evaluation tests were performed at room ambient pressure and temperature, with discharges at a 2 hour rate. Tests consisted of phenolphthalein leak tests, three capacity tests, an auxiliary electrode test, a charge retention test, an internal short test, a charge efficiency test, overcharge tests, and a pressure versus capacity test. Results of the tests and recommendations for improvements in manufacturing are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-163925 , WQEC/C-79-114
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    Solar silicon via the Dow Corning process (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Technical feasibility for high volume production of solar cell-grade silicon is investigated. The process consists of producing silicon from pure raw materials via the carbothermic reduction of quartz. This silicon was then purified to solar grade by impurity segregation during Czochralski crystal growth. Commercially available raw materials were used to produce 100 kg quantities of silicon during 60 hour periods in a direct arc reactor. This silicon produced single crystalline ingot, during a second Czochralski pull, that was fabricated into solar cells having efficiencies ranging from 8.2 percent to greater than 14 percent. An energy analysis of the entire process indicated a 5 month payback time.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-163798 , DOE/JPL-954559-78/7 , JPL-9950-452
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    Energy: An annotated selected bibliography (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This updated bibliography contains approximately 7,000 selected references on energy and energy related topics from bibliographic and other data sources from June 1977. Under each subject heading the entries are arranged by the data, with the latest works first. Subject headings include: resources supply/demand, and forecasting; policy, legislation, and regulation; environment; consumption, conservation, and economics; analysis, systems, and modeling, and information sources and documentation. Fossil fuels, hydrogen and other fuels, liquid/solid wastes and biomass, waste heat utilization, and nuclear power sources are also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-82364 , BIB-74-01-APP-3-VOL-1
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    Thermal energy storage for the Stirling engine powered automobile (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A thermal energy storage (TES) system developed for use with the Stirling engine as an automotive power system has gravimetric and volumetric storage densities which are competitive with electric battery storage systems, meets all operational requirements for a practical vehicle, and can be packaged in compact sized automobiles with minimum impact on passenger and freight volume. The TES/Stirling system is the only storage approach for direct use of combustion heat from fuel sources not suitable for direct transport and use on the vehicle. The particular concept described is also useful for a dual mode TES/liquid fuel system in which the TES (recharged from an external energy source) is used for short duration trips (approximately 10 miles or less) and liquid fuel carried on board the vehicle used for long duration trips. The dual mode approach offers the potential of 50 percent savings in the consumption of premium liquid fuels for automotive propulsion in the United States.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159561 , ANL-K78-4135-1 , TE5484-66-79
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    Technology development for phosphoric acid fuel cell powerplant (phase 2) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The status of technology for the manufacturing and testing of 1200 sq. cm cell materials, components, and stacks for on-site integrated energy systems is assessed. Topics covered include: (1) preparation of thin layers of silicon carbide; (2) definition and control schemes for volume changes in phosphoric acid fuel cells; (3) preparation of low resin content graphite phenolic resin composites; (4) chemical corrosion of graphite-phenolic resin composites in hot phosphoric acid; (5) analysis of electrical resistance of composite materials for fuel cells; and (6) fuel cell performance and testing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-165316 , DOE/NASA/0067-79/2 , QR-5
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    A solar-heated water system for a photographic processing laboratory (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    Initial Evaluation tests of 20.0 amphere-hour sealed nickel-cadmium cells manufactured for NASA's standard cell program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Evaluation tests of 116 nickel cadmium cells provided by four manufacturers are described. Each manufacturer's group of cells, on the average, indicated an increase in plate stack thickness following the test. No limits or requirements were exceeded by any of the cells manufactured by General Electric. Limits/requirements exceeded during the charge portion of the testing are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-160015 , WQEC/C-79-144
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  • 74
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    High temperature thermal energy storage in steel and sand (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The technical and economic potential for high temperature (343 C, 650 F) thermal energy storage in hollow steel ingots, pipes embedded in concrete, and for pipes buried in sand was evaluated. Because it was determined that concrete would separate from pipes due to thermal stresses, concrete was replaced by sand, which is free from thermal stresses. Variations of the steel ingot concept were not cost effective compared to the sand-pipe approach, therefore, the sand-pipe thermal storage unit (TSU) was evaluated in depth to assess the approximate tube spacing requirements consistent with different system performance characteristics and also attendant system costs. For large TSUs which do not require fast response times, the sand-pipe approach offers attractive possibilities. A pipe diameter about 9 cm (3.5 in) and pipe spacing of approximately 25 cm (10 in), with sand filling the interspaces, appears appropriate. Such a TSU system designed for 8 hours charge/discharge cycle has an energy unit storage cost (CE) of $2.63/kWhr-t and a power unit storage cost (Cp) of $42/kW-t (in 1977 dollars).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159708 , DOE/NASA/0100-79/1 , JPL-PUB-80-35
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    MOD-2 wind turbine system concept and preliminary design report. Volume 2: Detailed report (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The configuration development of the MOD-2 wind turbine system (WTS) is documented. The MOD-2 WTS project is a continuation of DOE programs to develop and achieve early commercialization of wind energy. The MOD-2 is design optimized for commercial production rates which, in multiunit installations, will be integrated into a utility power grid and achieve a cost of electricity at less than four cents per kilowatt hour.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: DOE/NASA/0002-80/2
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    High resolution, low cost solar cell contact development (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The experimental work demonstrating the feasibility of the MIDFILM process as a low cost means of applying solar cell collector metallization as reported. Cell efficiencies of above 14% (AMl, 28 C) were achieved with fritted silver metallization. Environmental tests suggest that the metallization is slightly humidity sensitive and degradation is observed on cells with high series resistance. The major yield loss in the fabrication of cells was due to discontinuous grid lines, resulting in high series resitance. Standard lead-tin solder plated interconnections do not appear compatible with the MIDFILM contact. Copper, nickel and molybdemun base powder were investigated as low cost metallization systems. The copper based powder degraded the cell response. The nickel and molybdenum base powders oxidized when sintered in the oxidizing atmosphere necessary to ash the photoresin.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-163289 , DOE/JPL-955298-80/2 , JPL-9950-368
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    Evaluation of concentrated space solar arrays using computer modeling (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A general approach is developed for predicting the power output of a concentrator enhanced photovoltaic space array. A ray trace routine determines the concentrator intensity arriving at each solar cell. An iterative calculation determines the cell's operating temperature since cell temperature and cell efficiency are functions of one another. The end result of the iterative calculation is that the individual cell's power output is determined as a function of temperature and intensity. Circuit output is predicted by combining the individual cell outputs using the single diode model of a solar cell. Concentrated array characteristics such as uniformity of intensity and operating temperature at various points across the array are examined using computer modeling techniques. An illustrative example is given showing how the output of an array can be enhanced using solar concentration techniques.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162681 , JPL-PUB-79-87
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    Characteristics of future Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The developing Darrieus VAWT technology whose ultimate objective is economically feasible, industry-produced, commercially marketed wind energy systems is reviewed. First-level aerodynamic, structural, and system analyses capabilities which support and evaluate the system designs are discussed. The characteristics of current technology designs are presented and their cost effectiveness is assessed. Potential improvements identified are also presented along with their cost benefits.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 133-141
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    A 15kWe (nominal) solar thermal electric power conversion concept definition study: Steam Rankine reheat reciprocator system (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An evaluation was made of the potential of a steam Rankine reheat reciprocator engine to operate at high efficiency in a point-focusing distributed receiver solar thermal-electric power system. The scope of the study included the engine system and electric generator; not included was the solar collector/mirror or the steam generator/receiver. A parametric analysis of steam conditions was completed leading to the selection of 973 K 12.1 MPa as the steam temperature/pressure for a conceptual design. A conceptual design was completed for a two cylinder/ opposed engine operating at 1800 rpm directly coupled to a commercially available induction generator. A unique part of the expander design is the use of carbon/graphite piston rings to eliminate the need for using oil as an upper cylinder lubricant. The evaluation included a system weight estimate of 230 kg at the mirror focal point with the condenser mounted separately on the ground. The estimated cost of the overall system is $1932 or $90/kW for the maximum 26 kW output.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159590 , DOE/NASA/0062-79/1 , NAS-7845
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    Manufacturing methods of a composite cell case for a Ni-Cd battery (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Basic manufacturing method refinements for using graphite epoxy material for a nickel cadmium battery cell case were performed to demonstrate production feasibility. The various facets of production scale-up, i.e., process and tooling development, together with material and process control, were integrated into a comprehensive manufacturing process that assures production reproducibility and product uniformity. Test results substantiate that a battery cell case produced from graphite epoxy pre-impregnated material, utilizing the internal pressure bag fabrication method, is feasible.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162724 , JPL-PUB-79-101
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  • 81
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    Study of advanced radial outflow turbine for solar steam Rankine engines (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The performance characteristics of various steam Rankine engine configurations for solar electric power generation were investigated. A radial outflow steam turbine was investigated to determine: (1) a method for predicting performance from experimental data; (2) the flexibility of a single design with regard to power output and pressure ratio; and (3) the effect of varying the number of turbine stages. All turbine designs were restricted to be compatible with commercially available gearboxes and generators. A study of several operating methods and control schemes for the steam Rankine engine shows that from an efficiency and control simplicity standpoint, the best approach is to hold turbine inlet temperature constant, vary turbine inlet pressure to match load, and allow condenser temperature to float maintaining constant heat rejection load.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159695 , DOE/NASA/0086-79/1 , ETI-1279
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    Evaluation of feasibility of prestressed concrete for use in wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of the use of prestressed concrete as a material for low cost blades for wind turbines was conducted. A baseline blade design was achieved for an experimental wind turbine that met aerodynamic and structural requirements. Significant cost reductions were indicated for volume production. Casting of a model blade section showed no fabrication problems. Coupled dynamic analysis revealed that adverse rotor tower interactions can be significant with heavy rotor blades.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159725 , DOE/NASA/5906-79/1
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    Residential photovoltaic module and array requirements study (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Design requirements for photovoltaic modules and arrays used in residential applications were identified. Building codes and referenced standards were reviewed for their applicability to residential photovoltaic array installations. Four installation types were identified - integral (replaces roofing), direct (mounted on top of roofing), stand-off (mounted away from roofing), and rack (for flat or low slope roofs, or ground mounted). Installation costs were developed for these mounting types as a function of panel/module size. Studies were performed to identify optimum module shapes and sizes and operating voltage cost drivers. It is concluded that there are no perceived major obstacles to the use of photovoltaic modules in residential arrays. However, there is no applicable building code category for residential photovoltaic modules and arrays and additional work with standards writing organizations is needed to develop residential module and array requirements.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162528 , DOE/JPL-955149-79/1
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  • 84
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    Bi-directional four quadrant (BDQ4) power converter development (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility for implementation of a concept for direct ac/dc multikilowatt power conversion with bidirectional transfer of energy was investigated. A 10 kHz current carrier was derived directly from a common 60 Hz three phase power system. This carrier was modulated to remove the 360 Hz ripple, inherent in the three phase power supply and then demodulated and processed by a high frequency filter. The resulting dc power was then supplied to a load. The process was implemented without the use of low frequency transformers and filters. This power conversion processes was reversible and can operate in the four quadrants as viewed from any of the two of the converter's ports. Areas of application include: power systems on air and spacecraft; terrestrial traction; integration of solar and wind powered systems with utility networks; HVDC; asynchronous coupling of polyphase networks; heat treatment; industrial machine drives; and power supplies for any use including instrumentation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159660
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    Solar concentrator (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An improved solar concentrator is characterized by a number of elongated supporting members arranged in substantial horizontal parallelism with the axis and intersecting a common curve. A tensioned sheet of flexible reflective material is disposed in engaging relation with the supporting members in order to impart to the tensioned sheet a catenary configuration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    International photovoltaic program. Volume 2: Appendices (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of analyses conducted in preparation of an international photovoltaic marketing plan are summarized. Included are compilations of relevant statutes and existing Federal programs; strategies designed to expand the use of photovoltaics abroad; information on the domestic photovoltaic plan and its impact on the proposed international plan; perspectives on foreign competition; industry views on the international photovoltaic market and ideas about the how US government actions could affect this market;international financing issues; and information on issues affecting foreign policy and developing countries.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-163339
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    Mod 1 wind turbine generator failure modes and effects analysis (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) was directed primarily at identifying those critical failure modes that would be hazardous to life or would result in major damage to the system. Each subsystem was approached from the top down, and broken down to successive lower levels where it appeared that the criticality of the failure mode warranted more detail analysis. The results were reviewed by specialists from outside the Mod 1 program, and corrective action taken wherever recommended.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159494 , DOE/NASA/0058-79/1
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    Study program to develop and evaluate die and container materials for the growth of silicon ribbons (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development and evaluation of proprietary coatings of pure silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and aluminum nitride on less pure hot pressed substrates of the respective ceramic materials, is described. Silicon sessile drop experiments were performed on coated test specimens under controlled oxygen partial pressure. Prior to testing, X-ray diffraction and SEM characterization was performed. The reaction interfaces were characterized after testing with optical and scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Increasing the oxygen partial pressure was found to increase the molten silicon contact angle, apparently because adsorbed oxygen lowers the solid-vapor interfacial free energy. It was also found that adsorbed oxygen increased the degree of attack of molten silicon upon the chemical vapor deposited coatings. Cost projections show that reasonably priced, coated, molten silicon resistant refractory material shapes are obtainable.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162899 , DOE/JPL-954877-79/6 , JPL-9950-309
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    Wind Energy System Time-domain (WEST) analyzers using hybrid simulation techniques (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two stand-alone analyzers constructed for real time simulation of the complex dynamic characteristics of horizontal-axis wind energy systems are described. Mathematical models for an aeroelastic rotor, including nonlinear aerodynamic and elastic loads, are implemented with high speed digital and analog circuitry. Models for elastic supports, a power train, a control system, and a rotor gimbal system are also included. Limited correlation efforts show good comparisons between results produced by the analyzers and results produced by a large digital simulation. The digital simulation results correlate well with test data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159737 , PPI-1030-6 , DOE/NASA/0026-79/1
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    Solar power satellite system definition study. Volume 1, phase 2: Executive summary (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A review of solar energy conversion and utilization is presented. The solar power satellite system is then described. Overall system definition and integration is discussed. Principal reference system study accomplishments and conclusions are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-160540 , D180-25461-1-VOL-1-REV-A
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  • 91
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    Thermal performance evaluation of the Northrop model NSC-01-0732 concentrating solar collector array at outdoor conditions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The thermal efficiency of the concentrating, tracking solar collector was tested after ten months of operation at the Marshall Space Flight Center solar house. The test procedures and results are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-161354 , WYLE-TR-531-39
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  • 92
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    Low-cost point-focus solar concentrator, phase 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of the preliminary design study for the low cost point focus solar concentrator (LCPFSC) development program are presented. A summary description of the preliminary design is given. The design philosophy used to achieve a cost effective design for mass production is described. The concentrator meets all design requirements specified and is based on practical design solutions in every possible way.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162839 , JPL-9550-28 , ACUREX-FR-79-340
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    Low cost point focus solar concentrator, phase 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Design concepts and plans for mass-production facilities and equipment, field installation, and maintenance were developed and used for cost analysis of a pneumatically stabilized plastic film point focus solar concentrator which has potential application in conjunction with Brayton cycle engines or supply of thermal energy. A sub-scale reflector was fabricated and optically tested by laser ray tracing to determine focal deviations of the surface slope and best focal plane. These test data were then used for comparisons with theoretical concentrator performance modeling and predictions of full-scale design performance. Results of the economic study indicate the concentrator design will have low cost when mass-produced and has cost/performance parameters that fall within current Jet Propulsion Laboratory goals.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162848 , JPL-9950-279
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    Low Cost Point Focus Solar Concentrator. Phase 1: Preliminary Design (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The preliminary design of a low cost point focus solar concentrator is presented. The analysis, design, testing, and manufacturing assessments are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL-9950-273 , NASA-CR-162830
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  • 95
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    High temperature solar thermal receiver (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A design concept for a high temperature solar thermal receiver to operate at 3 atmospheres pressure and 2500 F outlet was developed. The performance and complexity of windowed matrix, tube-header, and extended surface receivers were evaluated. The windowed matrix receiver proved to offer substantial cost and performance benefits. An efficient and cost effective hardware design was evaluated for a receiver which can be readily interfaced to fuel and chemical processes or to heat engines for power generation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162831 , JPL-9950-283
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    Develop Silicone Encapsulation Systems for Terrestrial Silicon Solar Arrays (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cost effective encapsulant system was identified and a silicone acrylic cover material containing a durable ultraviolet screening agent was prepared. The effectiveness of the cover material in protecting photo-oxidatively sensitive polymers was demonstrated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162840 , DOE/JPL-954995-80/6
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  • 97
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    A 15 kWe (nominal) solar thermal-electric power conversion concept definition study: Steam Rankin reciprocator system (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A conceptual design of a 3600 rpm reciprocation expander was developed for maximum thermal input power of 80 kW. The conceptual design covered two engine configurations; a single cylinder design for simple cycle operation and a two cylinder design for reheat cycle operation. The reheat expander contains a high pressure cylinder and a low pressure cylinder with steam being reheated to the initial inlet temperature after expansion in the high pressure cylinder. Power generation is accomplished with a three-phase induction motor coupled directly to the expander and connected electrically to the public utility power grid. The expander, generator, water pump and control system weigh 297 kg and are dish mounted. The steam condenser, water tank and accessory pumps are ground based. Maximum heat engine efficiency is 33 percent: maximum power conversion efficiency is 30 percent. Total cost is $3,307 or $138 per kW of maximum output power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159591 , DOE/NASA/0063-79/1
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  • 98
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    MOD-1 Wind Turbine Generator Analysis and Design Report, Volume 2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The MOD-1 detail design is appended. The supporting analyses presented include a parametric system trade study, a verification of the computer codes used for rotor loads analysis, a metal blade study, and a definition of the design loads at each principal wind turbine generator interface for critical loading conditions. Shipping and assembly requirements, composite blade development, and electrical stability are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159496 , DOE/NASA/0058-79/2-VOL-2-APP
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    Parametric study of potential early commercial MHD power plants (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Three different reference power plant configurations were considered with parametric variations of the various design parameters for each plant. Two of the reference plant designs were based on the use of high temperature regenerative air preheaters separately fired by a low Btu gas produced from a coal gasifier which was integrated with the power plant. The third reference plant design was based on the use of oxygen enriched combustion air preheated to a more moderate temperature in a tubular type metallic recuperative heat exchanger which is part of the bottoming plant heat recovery system. Comparative information was developed on plant performance and economics. The highest net plant efficiency of about 45 percent was attained by the reference plant design with the use of a high temperature air preheater separately fired with the advanced entrained bed gasifier. The use of oxygen enrichment of the combustion air yielded the lowest cost of generating electricity at a slightly lower plant efficiency. Both of these two reference plant designs are identified as potentially attractive for early MHD power plant applications.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159633 , DOE/NASA/0051-79/1
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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    Development of improved wraparound contacts for silicon (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A developmental process for fabricating 2 X 4 cm back surface field silicon solar cells featuring wraparound contacts and screen printed dielectric isolation is described. The process was then used to fabricate a number of cells for evaluation and study, as well as to establish the validity of the process sequence. While a number of cells exhibiting relatively good conversion efficiencies were produced, nearly all had low I-V curve factors for the level of efficiencies attained. Cells with conversion efficiencies of more than 15 percent (air mass zero and 25 C) had fill factors of only 0.76. Evidence as to the cause of this has not been conclusive, but is most probably linked to isolation failure in the wraparound dielectric and associated shunting problems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-159748
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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