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  • General Chemistry  (12,710)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (3,802)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (3,662)
  • 1980-1984  (10,583)
  • 1970-1974  (6,225)
  • 1905-1909
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Isolated knobs that are erosional remnants of central volcanoes or of folded rocks occur in several areas of the Altiplano are visible on both optical and images. The optically visible streaks occur in the immediate lee of the knobs, whereas the radar visible streaks occur in the zone downwind between the knobs. Aerial reconnaissance and field studies showed that the optically visible streaks consist of a series of small ( 100 m wide) barchan and barchanoid dunes, intradune sand sheets, and sand hummocks (large shrub coppice dunes) up to 15 m across and 5 m high. On LANDSAT images these features are poorly resolved but combine to form a bright streak. On the radar image, this area also appears brighter than the zone of the radar dark streak; evidently, the dunes and hummocks serve as radar reflectors. The radar dark streak consists of a relatively flat, smooth sand sheet which lacks organized aerolian bedforms, other than occasional ripples. Wind velocity profiles show a greater U value in the optically bright streak zone than in the radar dark streak.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 271-272
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The diversity of proposed origins for large Martian outflow channels results from the differing interpretations given to the landforms associated with the outflow channels. In an attempt to help limit the possible mechanisms of channel erosion, detailed studies of three of the channel features were done; the streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks. This examination involved a comparison of the martian streamlined islands with various streamlined landforms on Earth including those found in the Channel Scabland in large rivers, glacial drumlins, and desert yardangs. The comparisons included statistical analyses of the landform lengths versus widths and positions of maximum width, and an examination of the degree of shape agreement with the geometric lemniscate which was in turn demonstrated to correspond closely with true airfoil shapes. The analyses showed that the shapes of the martian islands correspond closely to the streamlined islands in rivers and the Channel Scabland land. Drumlins show a much smaller correlation. Erosional rock islands formed by glaciers are very much different in shape.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 200-202
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: In order to understand better the polygenetic evolution of landforms on the martian surface, field studies were conducted in and around the Kharga Depression, Egypt. The Kharga region, on the eastern edge of Egypt's Western Desert, was subject to erosion under mostly hyperarid climatic conditions, punctuated by brief pluvial episodes of lesser aridity, since early Pleistocene time. The region contains numerous landforms analogous to features on the martian surface: yardangs carved in layered surficial deposits and in bedrock, invasive dune trains, wind-modified channels and interfluves, and depressions bounded by steep scarps. Like many of the topographic depresions on Mars, the Kharga Depression was invaded by crescentic dunes. In Egypt, stratigraphic relations between dunes, yardangs, mass-wasting debris, and wind-eroded flash-flood deposits record shifts in the relative effectiveness of wind, water, and mass-wasting processes as a function of climate change.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 225-227
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Sand bars and islands within braided rivers have characteristic rhomboid or diamond shapes, often becoming very complex in form as the density of islands increases. Similar forms are observed in the martian outflow channels where the islands occur in groups. This contrasts with the more isolated martian islands which have airfoil shapes, as do isolated streamlined islands in rivers and in the Channeled Scabland. These observations indicate that the bar and island forms are controlled by the density of the islands, with increasing island interaction and flow modification as the density increases. As a continuation of previous flume experiments on the shapes of isolated islands, a new series of experiments investigate the modifications produced by a progressive increase in island density, finally leading to a true braided system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 198-199
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  • 5
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Sample images obtained with the Shuttle Imaging Radar A (SIR-A) are presented, along with design and performance features of the SIR-A, Seasat and Landsat images of the same scenes for comparison purposes. The SIR-A functions at the L-band 25 cm at a frequency of 1278 GHz with a spectral bandwidth of 6 MHz. The images were taken at an angle of 47 deg and furnished a resolution of 40 m from an altitude of 259 km. The images covered a ground swath 50 km wide. The images are provided to assist in the development of effective techniques for interpreting radar imagery. The SIR-A instrument is a precursor of another imaging device which will be flown around Venus. The images provided include sections of France, Sardinia and Algeria.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photo Interpretation (ISSN 0031-8523); 23; 4-17
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer-implemented classification has been derived from Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data acquired over Baldwin County, Alabama on January 15, 1983. One set of spectral signatures was developed from the data by utilizing a 3x3 pixel sliding window approach. An analysis of the classification produced from this technique identified forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas was extracted by employing a pixel-by-pixel signature development program which derived spectral statistics only for pixels within the forested land covers. The spectral statistics from both approaches were integrated and the data classified. This classification was evaluated by comparing the spectral classes produced from the data against corresponding ground verification polygons. This iterative data analysis technique resulted in an overall classification accuracy of 88.4 percent correct for slash pine, young pine, loblolly pine, natural pine, and mixed hardwood-pine. An accuracy assessment matrix has been produced for the classification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Among the topics discussed are NASA's land remote sensing plans for the 1980s, the evolution of Landsat 4 and the performance of its sensors, the Landsat 4 thematic mapper image processing system radiometric and geometric characteristics, data quality, image data radiometric analysis and spectral/stratigraphic analysis, and thematic mapper agricultural, forest resource and geological applications. Also covered are geologic applications of side-looking airborne radar, digital image processing, the large format camera, the RADARSAT program, the SPOT 1 system's program status, distribution plans, and simulation program, Space Shuttle multispectral linear array studies of the optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover, orbital surveys of solar-stimulated luminescence, the Space Shuttle imaging radar research facility, and Space Shuttle-based polar ice sounding altimetry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 8
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Oil and gas deposits in the Alaskan Arctic are estimated to contain up to 40 percent of the remaining undiscovered crude oil and oil-equivalent natural gas within U.S. jurisdiction. Most (65 to 70 percent) of these estimated reserves are believed to occuur offshore beneath the shallow, ice-covered seas of the Alaskan continental shelf. Offshore recovery operations for such areas are far from routine, with the primary problems associated with the presence of ice. Some problems that must be resolved if efficient, cost-effective, environmentally safe, year-round offshore production is to be achieved include the accurate estimation of ice forces on offshore structures, the proper placement of pipelines beneath ice-produced gouges in the sea floor, and the cleanup of oil spills in pack ice areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 225; 371-378
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation has the objective to develop a simple 'user's' model for simulating the measured radar backscattering coefficients from vegetation-covered fields in conjunction with the data obtained by Jackson et al. (1980, 1982). The theoretical work reported by Fung and Eom (1981) provides the basis for the model. Certain modifications are related to a consideration of the effect of a vegetation canopy. The first part of the model is concerned with a description of scatter from rough bare soil, while the second part takes into account the effect of a vegetation cover. It is shown that the measured angular distribution of the backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered fields can be satisfactory reproduced by using the developed model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 119-133
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance of sunlight scattered from the earth-atmosphere system is strongly influenced by the contrasts between fields and their sizes. In this paper, the radiances above finite fields are computed to simulate radiances measured by a satellite. A simulation case including 11 agricultural fields and four natural fields (water, soil, savanah, and forest) is used to test the effect of field size, background reflectance, and optical thickness of the atmosphere on the classification accuracy. For a given atmospheric turbidity, the atmospheric effect on classification of surface features may be much stronger for nonuniform surfaces than for uniform surfaces. Therefore, the classification accuracy of agricultural fields and urban areas is dependent not only on the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, but also on the size of the surface elements to be classified and their contrasts. It is concluded that new atmospheric correction methods, which take into account the finite size of the fields, are needed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 95-118
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectal bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 315-332
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The validity of using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) of the satellites NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 for land cover mapping is assessed by making comparisons with much higher resolution LANDSAT multi-spectral scanner (MSS) data. Near synchronous data for both systems are analysed for test sites in the Imperial Valley, California, the Nile Delta, and southern Italy. The results strongly indicate that despite the very coarse resolution of the AVHRR data compared with conventional MSS data they are sufficiently strongly correlated to suggest that the former have significant potential for land cover mapping, especially at small scales and for large areas. Hence the outstanding benefits of AVHRR data, namely their high temporal frequency, relative cheapness and low data volumes for image processing, may readily be taken advantage of for such tasks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 497-504
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radiometric measurements over bare field and fields covered with grass, soybean, corn, and alfalfa were made with 1.4- and 5-GHz microwave radiometers during August-October 1978. The measured results are compared with radiative transfer theory treating the vegetated fields as a two-layer random medium. It is found that the presence of a vegetation cover generally gives a higher brightness temperature T sub B than that expected from a bare soil. The amount of this T sub B excess increases with increase in the vegetation biomass and in the frequency of the observed radiation. The results of radiative transfer calculations, which include a parameter characterizing ground surface roughness, generally match well with the experimental data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 143-150
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technique for inverting a vegetation canopy reflectance model described earlier (Goel and Strebel, 1983) is investigated further. The novel concept of an 'angle transform' is introduced. This concept allows the formation of functions of reflectances at different view zenith and azimuth angles, which are either sensitive or insensitive to a certain agronomic parameter. A proper combination of these functions can allow determination of all the important agronomic and spectral parameters from measured canopy reflectance data. The technique is demonstrated using Suits' (1972) model for homogeneous canopies. It is shown that leaf area index, leaf reflectance and transmittance, and average leaf angle all can be determined from the canopy reflectance at a set of selected view zenith and azimuth angles. A sensitivity analysis of the calculated values to the errors in the data is also carried out. Guidelines are formulated for the number and types of observations required to obtain the values of a particular canopy variable to within a given degree of accuracy for a given level of error in the measurement of canopy reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 77-111
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  • 15
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Glacial landforms in the drumlin drift belt of Ireland and the Alaska Range can be identified and mapped from Seasat synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. Drumlins cover 60 percent of the Ireland scene. The width/length ratio of individual drumlins can be measured on the SAR images, allowing regional differences in drumlin shape to be mapped. This cannot be done with corresponding Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) images because of lower spatial resolution and because of shadowing effects that vary seasonally. The Alaska scene shows the extent and nature of morphological features such as medial and lateral moraines, stagnant ice, and fluted ground moraine in glaciated valleys. Perception of these features on corresponding Landsat MSS images is limited by seasonal diffrences in solar illumination. Because SAR is not affected by such differences or by cloud cover, it is particularly well suited for monitoring glacial movement. The disadvantage of distorted high-relief features on Seasat SAR images can be reduced in future SAR systems by modifying the radar illumination geometry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Quaternary Research (ISSN 0033-5894); 22; 314-327
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An evaluation of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types based on vegetative cover characteristics is addressed in this research. A methodology for accomplishing this evaluation utilizing univariate and multivariate techniques is presented. TMS data acquired with a Daedalus DEI-1260 multispectral scanner were integrated with vegetation and geologic information for subsequent statistical analyses, which included a chi-square test, an analysis of variance, stepwise discriminant analysis, and Duncan's multiple range test. Results indicate that ultramafic rock types are spectrally separable from nonultramafics based on vegetative cover through the use of statistical analyses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 525-530
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An assessment is made of the information content of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the case of a forested region, in order to determine the sensitivity of such data to forest crown closure and tree size class. Principal components analysis and Monte Carlo simulation indicated that channels 4, 7, 5 and 3 were optimal for four-channel forest structure analysis. As the number of channels supplied to the Monte Carlo feature selection routine increased, classification accuracy increased. The greatest sensitivity to the forest structural parameters, which included succession within clearcuts as well as crown closure and size class, was obtained from the 7-channel TMS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 482-489
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An historical account is given of the development of technology for the processing of satellite-acquired multispectral data aimed at the identification of the type, condition, and ontogenic stages of agricultural areas. During 1972 and 1973, research established the feasibility of automating digital classification for the processing of large volumes of Landsat MSS data. This capability was successfully demonstrated during the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment, which estimated wheat crop production on a global basis. This achievement in turn led to the Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing, which investigated other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and expanded the study of key commercial crops in important agricultural areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 473-482
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present model for the temporal behavior of agricultural greenness is applied to the extraction of Landsat-derived profile features, distinguishing small from large grain crops. An additional feature derivable from the temporal behavior of the ratio of greenness to brightness is noted which aids in the separation of crops from other vegetation. A limited training set of 20 pure pixels/class, obtained from ground data, is subjected to the Ho-Kashyap (1965) linear classifier. The initial correct classification value for pure pixels of about 85 percent drops to 75 percent for all Landsat pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 783-797
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The utility of Landsat MSS classification methods in the case of small, highly urbanized hydrological basins containing complex land-use patterns is limited, and is plagued by misclassifications due to the spectral response similarity of many dissimilar surfaces. Landsat MSS data for the Conley Creek basin near Atlanta, Georgia, have been compared to thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data obtained on the same day by aircraft. The TMS data were able to alleviate many of the recurring patterns associated with MSS data, through bandwidth optimization, an increase of the number of spectral bands to seven, and an improvement of ground resolution to 30 m. The TMS is thereby able to detect small water bodies, powerline rights-of-way, and even individual buildings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 761-770
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt has been made to relate hand-held radiometer measurements, and airborne multispectral scanner readings, with both different wheat stand densities and grain yield. Aircraft overflights were conducted during the tillering, stem extension and heading period stages of growth, while hand-held radiometer readings were taken throughout the growing season. The near-IR/red ratio was used in the analysis, which indicated that both the aircraft and the ground measurements made possible a differentiation and evaluation of wheat stand densities at an early enough growth stage to serve as the basis of management decisions. The aircraft data also corroborated the hand-held radiometer measurements with respect to yield prediction. Winterkill was readily evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 771-781
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ratios of intensities of near-infrared spectral bands, measured in reflectance, quantitatively predict the iron content of granitic rocks. Such data from the 1.60- and 1.05-micron bands of the Shuttle multispectral infrared radiometer have been used to study granitic rocks along orbits crossing Baja California, Mexico, and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Both regions are arid and relatively to essentially free of vegetation, and there is no indication in the spectra that surface chemical alteration masks the true composition of the unweathered rock. Predicted values of iron are consistent with known compositional types of most of the rocks along the orbital paths. Results demonstrate that the near-infrared method used is a powerful technique to average the variability of these rocks on the scales of meters to kilometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9439-944
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles from downlooking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. Only an optimum subset of available radiometer channels is selected for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to 50 independent tropical radiosondes over a sea surface. It was also used to retrieve continuous sequences of atmospheric moisture profiles from a set of data obtained with a 4-channel microwave radiometer carried aboard an aircraft over a land surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 449-451
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The SEASAT altimeter (ALT), scatterometer (SASS), and scanning microwave multichannel radiometer (SMMR) measured sea surface wind speed. During the satellite lifetime from June to October 1978, the Austral winter, the highest wind speeds were recorded in the Southern Ocean. Three-month, monthly, and three-day surface wind speed fields deduced from the three Seasat wind speed sensors are compared. The monthly and three-day fields show a pronounced mesoscale (1000 km) variability in wind speed. At all space and time scales analyzed, differences of 40% are found in the magnitude of the wind speed features, with the ALT consistently yielding the lowest wind speed and the SMMR the highest.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 403-409
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Passive microwave measurements of the Bering Sea were made with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory during February. Microwave data were obtained with imaging and dual-polarized, fixed-beam radiometers in a range of frequencies from 10 to 183 GHz. The high resolution imagery at 92 GHz provides a particularly good description of the marginal ice zone delineating regions of open water, ice compactness, and ice-edge structure. Analysis of the fixed-beam data shows that spectral differences increase with a decrease in ice thickness. Polarization at 18 and 37 GHz distinguishes among new, young, and first-year sea ice types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 379-384
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data acquired with the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 Satellite for a six-week period in Fram Strait were analyzed with a procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. Calculations were compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, is discussed. The indication of multiyear ice is found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 373-378
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Soil moisture budgets at the Earth's surface were investigated based on soil and atmospheric temperature variations. A number of data sets were plotted and statistically analyzed in order to accentuate the existence and the characteristics of mesoscale soil temperature extrema variations and their relations to other parameters. The correlations between diurnal temperature extrema for air and soil in drought and non-drought periods appear to follow different characteristic patterns, allowing an inference of soil moisture content from temperature data. The recovery of temperature extrema after a precipitation event also follows a characteristic power curve rise between two limiting values which is an indicator of evaporation rates. If these indicators are applied universally to regional temperature data, soil moisture content or drought conditions can be inferred directly from temperature measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spaceborne gravity gradiometer is a potential sensor for mapping the fine structure of the Earth's gravity field. Error analyses were performed to investigate the accuracy of the determination of the Earth's gravity field from a gravity field satellite mission. The orbital height of the spacecraft is the dominating parameter as far as gravity field resolution and accuracies are concerned.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 29
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The capability of spaceborne altimetry to record the level, or monitor changes in the level, of inland seas was assessed. SEASAT altimetry data from Lake Baikal in Siberia; the Caspian, Black, and Aral Seas in the southern Soviet Union; the Great Salt Lake in the United States; lakes and reservoirs in northwestern and central China; and snow cover in northwestern India and on the Tibetan Plateau were examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 30
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple interactive biosphere is presented based on an electrical analog of turbulent transport processes that produce heat and moisture fluxes between land and the atmosphere. A network of resistances that effect temperature or vapor pressure fluxes are identified and entered into the quasi steady state equations. A set of solutions that depict a realistic diurnal cycle is included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 285-291
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Changes in leaf spectra caused by mineralization under different conditions of preservation are measured using a three-band portable radiometer which simulates three Thematic Mapper bands 3, 4, and 5. Daily spectral measurements of white oak (Quercus alba) leaves did not distinguish among the fresh, bottled, and bagged vegetation in the spectral bands 3 and 5 for up to four days after collection. The reflected energy of the preserved vegetation increased thereafter, reportedly due to the loss of chlorophyll and dehydration. It is concluded that the measurement procedure is sufficiently sensitive as to discern documented patterns of variation in reflectance measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1737-174
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An airborne multispectral scanner, operating in the same spectral channels as the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), was used in a region east of Denver, CO, for a simulation test performed in the framework of using TM to discriminate the level I and level II classes. It is noted that at the 30-m spatial resolution of the Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) the overall discrimination for such classes as commercial/industrial land, rangeland, irrigated sod, irrigated alfalfa, and irrigated pasture was superior to that of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner, primarily due to four added spectral bands. For residential and other spectrally heterogeneous classes, however, the higher resolution of TMS resulted in increased variability within the class and a larger spectral overlap.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1713-172
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Program was established by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1966 under the administration of the Geological Survey. It is primarily concerned with the application of remote sensing techniques for the management of natural resources. The retrieval system employed to search the EROS database is called INORAC (Inquiry, Ordering, and Accounting). A description is given of the types of images identified in EROS, taking into account Landsat imagery, Skylab images, Gemini/Apollo photography, and NASA aerial photography. Attention is given to retrieval commands, geographic coordinate searching, refinement techniques, various online functions, and questions regarding the access to the EROS Main Image File.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Database (ISSN 0162-4105); 7; 35-52
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The sensitivity of thermal inertia (TI) calculations to errors in the measurement or parameterization of a number of environmental factors is considered here. The factors include effects of radiative transfer in the atmosphere, surface albedo and emissivity, variations in surface turbulent heat flux density, cloud cover, vegetative cover, and topography. The error analysis is based upon data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite for July 1978 at three separate test sites in the deserts of the western United States. Results show that typical errors in atmospheric radiative transfer, cloud cover, and vegetative cover can individually cause root-mean-square (RMS) errors of about 10 percent (with atmospheric effects sometimes as large as 30-40 percent) in HCMM-derived thermal inertia images of 20,000-200,000 pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 211-232
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Alluvial fans have been mapped in Death Valley, California using NASA's 8-12 micron six-channel airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS). Both composition and relative age differences were recognized. Age unit boundries are generally consistent with those obtained by conventional mapping. Composition was verified by field investigation and comparison with existing geologic maps. Bedrock and its young derived fan gravels have similar emissivities. The original composition of the fans is modified by differential erosion and weathering, permitting relative age mapping with TIMS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1153-115
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Emissivity and reflectivity in the thermal infrared spectral region (8-13 microns) may be used to discriminate among rocks and minerals. Although considerable success has been achieved in remote sensing classification of rock types based on emissivity measurements made with NASA's Thermal Infreared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), classification based on reflectivity offers several advantages: much narrower bandwidths are used, higher signal to noise ratios are possible, and measurements are little affected by surface temperature. As a demonstration, an airborne CO2 laser instrument was flown along the margin of Death Valley, California. Measurements of spectral reflectance collected with this device were compared with emissivity measurements made with the TIMS. Data from either instrument provided the means for recognizing boundaries between geologic units including different rock types and fan surfaces of different ages.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1149-115
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Correlations between spectral indices and vegetation parameters in south-central New Mexico were used to determine the utility of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) spectral indices in arid rangeland monitoring. In addition, spectral index change for 1976-1980 was calculated from retrospective MSS data and compared with qualitative ground truth in order to evaluate vegetation change detection by means of spectral indices. Brightness index change consistently differentiated between cover increase and decrease, but index change appears to have been offset from true cover change; this may at least partly be attributed to the failure of the methods used to standardize MSS scenes for differences in sensor response. Green vegetation indices, by contrast to brightness indices, failed to consistently differentiate between cover increase and decrease.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 512-519
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The NOAA-7 polar orbiting sun-synchronous operational satellite carries the 5-channel advanced very high-resolution radiometer which acquires data globally at a spatial resolution of 4 km on a daily basis. These data provide a means for frequently monitoring global vegetation at continental scales. Techniques for compositing and cloud screening a green leaf density vegetation index product for Africa are presented for 9 sequential days beginning August 16, 1982 and are compared with a semi-operational vegetation index product produced by NOAA.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 496-502
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture over vegetated areas is studied via scattering models. In active sensing three contributing terms to radar backscattering can be identified: (1) the ground surface scatter term; (2) the volume scatter term representing scattering from the vegetation layer; and (3) the surface volume scatter term accounting for scattering from both surface and volume. In emission three sources of contribution can also be identified: (1) surface emission; (2) upward volume emission from the vegetation layer; and (3) downward volume emission scattered upward by the ground surface. As ground moisture increases, terms (1) and (3) increase due to increase in permittivity in the active case. However, in passive sensing, term (1) decreases but term (3) increases for the same reason. This self conpensating effect produces a loss in sensitivity to change in ground moisture. Furthermore, emission from vegetation may be larger than that from the ground. Hence, the presence of vegetation layer causes a much greater loss of sensitivity to passive than active sensing of soil moisture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime; 35 p
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A vegetation layer is modeled by a collection of randomly oriented circular discs over a half space. The backscattering coefficient from such a half space is computed using the radiative transfer theory. It is shown that significantly different results are obtained from this theory as compared with some earlier investigations using the same modeling approach but with restricted disc orientations. In particular, the backscattered cross polarized returns cannot have a fast increasing angular trend which is inconsistent with measurements. By setting the appropriate angle of orientation to zero the theory reduces to previously published results. Comparisons are shown with measurements taken from milo, corn and wheat and good agreements are obtained for both polarized and cross polarized returns.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime; 10 p
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Multitemporal Thematic Mapper, Thematic Mapper Simulator, and detailed ground truth data were collected for a 9- by 11-km sample segment in Webster County, Iowa, in the summer of 1982. Three dates were acquired each with Thematic Mapper Simulator (June 7, June 23, and July 31) and Thematic Mapper (August 2, September 3, and October 21). The additional TM spectral bands in the middle infrared were found to substantially improve corn/soybean separability in both single date and multitemporal analyses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The directional-reflectance distributions of radiant flux from homogeneous vegetation canopies with greater than 90 percent ground cover are analyzed with a radiative-transfer model. The model assumes that the leaves consist of small finite planes with Lambertian properties. Four theoretical canopies with different leaf-orientation distributions were studied: erectophile, spherical, planophile, and heliotropic canopies. The directional-reflectance distributions from the model closely resemble reflectance distributions measured in the field. The physical scattering mechanisms operating in the model explain the variations observed in the reflectance distributions as a function of leaf-orientation distribution, solar zenith angle, and leaf transmittance and reflectance. The simulated reflectance distribution show unique characteristics for each canopy. The basic understanding of the physical scattering properties of the different canopy geometries gained in this study provide a basis for developing techniques to infer leaf-orientation distributions of vegetation canopies from directional remote-sensing measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Optical Society of America, Journal A: Optics and Image Science (ISSN 0740-3232); 1; 725-737
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Simulated Thematic Mapper (TMS) data are compared with data from a simulated multispectral scanner to determine whether digital data from the Thematic Mapper on board Landsat will be adequate for wetland mapping. Also considered is the question whether the Thematic Mapper will in fact improve discrimination among wetland cover types. It is found that for the six cover types examined the Thematic Mapper has the greatest discriminatory power in the infrared wavelength range from 1.0 to 1.3 microns. A distinct separation was found between low marsh and high marsh species in the middle infrared band (TM5), and this is expected to assist in the inventory of wetland habitats in the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 599-606
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present and proposed capabilities of the Central Image Processing Laboratory, which provides a powerful resource for the advancement of programs in missile technology, space science, oceanography, and biomedical image analysis, are discussed. The use of image digitizing, digital image processing, and digital image output permits a variety of functional capabilities, including: enhancement, pseudocolor, convolution, computer output microfilm, presentation graphics, animations, transforms, geometric corrections, and feature extractions. The hardware and software of the Image Processing Laboratory, consisting of digitizing and processing equipment, software packages, and display equipment, is described. Attention is given to applications for imaging systems, map geometric correction, raster movie display of Seasat ocean data, Seasat and Skylab scenes of Nantucket Island, Space Shuttle imaging radar, differential radiography, and a computerized tomographic scan of the brain.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 5; 59-78
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An extended CIE transformation was employed to deal with data reduction problems of hyperdimensional spectral data for NASA airborne and Shuttle imaging spectrometers. A simple descriptor was found to be very effective in analyzing spectral data covers from 0.4 to 2.4 microns. Results reveal contextual properties of minerals, vegetation, and crops. It provides a means to monitor seasonal growth variations for crops. It can also serve as pseudocolor indexing for imaging spectrometer imagery extended beyond the visible range.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 465-468
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The techniques used initially for the identification of cultivated crops from Landsat imagery depended greatly on the iterpretation of film products by a human analyst. This approach was not very effective and objective. Since 1978, new methods for crop identification are being developed. Badhwar et al. (1982) showed that multitemporal-multispectral data could be reduced to a simple feature space of alpha and beta and that these features would separate corn and soybean very well. However, there are disadvantages related to the use of alpha and beta parameters. The present investigation is concerned with a suitable method for extracting the required features. Attention is given to a profile model for crop discrimination, corn-soybean separation using profile parameters, and an automatic labeling (target recognition) method. The developed technique is extended to obtain a procedure which makes it possible to estimate the crop proportion of corn and soybean from Landsat data early in the growing season.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 15-29
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  • 47
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To study the sea-ice interactive region in the Bering and Greenland Seas a series of experimental compaigns, the Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) has been planned. A major objective of MIZEX is the development of a capability to relate the morphology and distribution of the sea ice to atmospheric and oceanographic parameters in an overall model. During the first part of the MIZEX, a 13.7 GHz microwave radar altimeter/scatterometer having a pulse length of 16 nanoseconds was flown over the Bering Sea Marginal ice zone. On the same aircraft were the NASA GSFC 19 GHz Electronically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR), scanning radiometers and an infrared, nadir pointing, temperature sounder. The altimeter/scatterometer was operated in nadir pointing and conically scanning modes to collect measurements of reflectivity and pulse shapes. These will be related to sea-ice classifications, ocean wave spectra and coincident microwave and infrared radiometric measurements and laser profilometer surface roughness estimates.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 513
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Technological developments responding to world food needs are examined. It is noted that agribusiness technology has become more space-related in recent years. Although crops forecasting and improvements in yield (the green revolution) were developed prior to the space era, it would be unthinkable today to ignore the contributions of operational meteorological and communications satellites and experimental Earth observation satellites in agribusiness. Space-driven communications now permit national agribusiness database management networks, with a significant portion of the data being space-derived. In demonstration experiments, space communications were shown to improve those aspects of the food problem related to education and communications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center 2nd Symp. on Space Industrialization; p 110-119
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  • 49
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The integration of image processing capabilities with interactive computer mapping systems is discussed. It is noted that the accomplishment of this integration will result in powerful geographic information systems which will enhance the applicatons of LANDSAT and other types of remotely sensed data in solving problems in the resource planning and management domain.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center 2nd Symp. on Space Industrialization; p 103-109
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of the satellite radar altimeter as a platform to provide synoptic monitoring of the oceanic mesoscale is faced with two critical issues: removal of geoid error or contamination and election of optimum space/time sampling strategies. Long wavelength orbit determination errors are not critical problems for altimeter measurements of the basin scale circulation. Both issues are addressed within the constraints provided by orbital mechanics which dictates the laydown pattern of the satellite's groundtracks in space/time. Other issues which must be assessed are: adequate mission duration scales and the problems of geophysical noise sources and instrumental noise which degrade the effective alongtrack spatial resolution of the altimeter.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 389
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Present technology allows radiometric monitoring of the Earth, ocean and atmosphere from a geosynchronous platform with good spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. The proposed system could provide a capability for multispectral remote sensing with a 50 m nadir spatial resolution in the visible bands, 250 m in the 4 micron band and 1 km in the 11 micron thermal infrared band. The diffraction limited telescope has a 1 m aperture, a 10 m focal length (with a shorter focal length in the infrared) and linear and area arrays of detectors. The diffraction limited resolution applies to scenes of any brightness but for a dark low contrast scenes, the good signal to noise ratio of the system contribute to the observation capability. The capabilities of the AGP system are assessed for quantitative observations of ocean scenes. Instrument and ground system configuration are presented and projected sensor capabilities are analyzed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 29-40
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The program of activities under way in the European Space Agency (ESA) directed towards Remote Sensing of the oceans and troposphere is discussed. The initial project is the launch of a satellite named ERS-1 with a primary payload of microwave values in theee C- and Ku-bands. This payload is discussed in depth. The secondary payload includes precision location experiments and an instrument to measure sea surface temperature, which are described. The important topic of calibration is extensively discussed, and a review of activities directed towards improvements to the instruments for future satellites is presented. Some discussion of the impact of the instrument payload on the spacecraft design follows and the commitment of ESA to the provision of a service of value to the ultimate user is emphasized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 11-17
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Systematic analysis of both image and numeric data shows that the overall spectral, spatial, and radiometric quality of the TM data are excellent. Spectral variations in fallow fields are due to the vaiability in soil moisture and surface roughness resulting from the various stages of field preparation for small grains production. Spectrally, the addition of the first TM short wave infrared band (Band 5) significantly enhanced ability to discriminate different crop types. Bands 1, 5, and 6 contain saturated pixels due to high albedo effects, low moisture conditions, and high radiant temperatures of granite and dry, bare soil on south facing slopes, respectively. Spatially, the two fold decrease in interpixel distance and four fold decrease in area per pixel between the TM and MSS allow for improved discrimination of small fields, boundary conditions, road and stream networks in rough terrain, and small forest clearings resulting from various forest management practices.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 98-102
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The design of the Thematic Mapper (TM) multispectral radiometer makes it susceptible to band-to-band misregistration. To estimate band-to-band misregistration a block correlation method is employed. This method is chosen over other possible techniques (band differencing and flickering) because quantitative results are produced. The method correlates rectangular blocks of pixels from one band against blocks centered on identical pixels from a second band. The block pairs are shifted in pixel increments both vertically and horizontally with respect to each other and the correlation coefficient for each shift position is computed. The displacement corresponding to the maximum correlation is taken as the best estimate of registration error for each block pair. Subpixel shifts are estimated by a bi-quadratic interpolation of the correlation values surrounding the maximum correlation. To obtain statistical summaries for each band combination post processing of the block correlation results performed. The method results in estimates of registration error that are consistent with expectations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 55-58
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Microwave remote sensing of agricultural crops and forested regions is studied. Long term goals of the research involve modeling vegetation so that radar signatures can be used to infer the parameters which characterize the vegetation and underlying ground. Vegetation is modeled by discrete scatterers viz, leaves, stems, branches and trunks. These are replaced by glossy dielectric discs and cylinders. Rough surfaces are represented by their mean and spectral characteristics. Average scattered power is then calculated by employing discrete random media methodology such as the distorted Born approximation or transport theory. Both coherent and incoherent multiple scattering techniques are explored. Once direct methods are developed, inversion techniques can be investigated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 39
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The dielectric properties of vegetation material--primarily agricultural plants--as a function of moisture content and microwave frequency was measured and used to develop dielectric mixing models for the vegetation-water mixture. A model for the loss factor of a vegetation canopy was also developed. During the first phase of this investigation, three waveguide transmission systems covering from 1 to 2-GHz, from 3.5 to 6.5-GHz, and from 7.5 to 8.5-GHz bands were constructed and calibrated. By measuring the magnitude and phase of the field transmission coefficient of a given sample, it was possible to calculate the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant of the sample. Measurements were made for numerous samples of leaves and stalks of wheat and corn, and for wheat heads. Also, dielectric measurements were made of the liquid included in the vegetation material after extraction by mechanical means. The propagation loss is more than an order of magnitude greater than had previously been assumed. Various types of dielectric mixing models were investigated in terms of the available data, and a propagation model was developed and evaluated against direct canopy attenuation measurements. The canopy measurements were made by transmitting a signal from a radar antenna mounted atop a truck-mounted boom, and using a small antenna mounted on a rail beneath the canopy to receive it.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 40
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Directional reflectance distributions spanning the entire existent hemisphere were measured in two field studies; one using a Mark III 3-band radiometer and one using the rapid scanning bidirectional field instrument called PARABOLA. Surfaces measured included corn, soybeans, bare soils, grass lawn, orchard grass, alfalfa, cotton row crops, plowed field, annual grassland, stipa grass, hard wheat, salt plain shrubland, and irrigated wheat. Analysis of field data showed unique reflectance distributions ranging from bare soil to complete vegetation canopies. Physical mechanisms causing these trends were proposed. A 3-D model was developed and is unique in that it predicts: (1) the directional spectral reflectance factors as a function of the sensor's azimuth and zenith angles and the sensor's position above the canopy; (2) the spectral absorption as a function of location within the scene; and (3) the directional spectral radiance as a function of the sensor's location within the scene. Initial verification of the model as applied to a soybean row crop showed that the simulated directional data corresponded relatively well in gross trends to the measured data. The model was expanded to include the anisotropic scattering properties of leaves as a function of the leaf orientation distribution in both the zenith and azimuth angle modes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 32
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  • 58
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: A research program to measure the LANDSAT 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) modulation transfer function (MTF) is described. Measurement of a satellite sensor's MTF requires the use of a calibrated ground target, i.e., the spatial radiance distribution of the target must be known to a resolution at least four to five times greater than that of the system under test. A small reflective mirror or a dark light linear pattern such as line or edge, and relatively high resolution underflight imagery are used to calibrate the target. A technique that utilizes an analytical model for the scene spatial frequency power spectrum will be investigated as an alternative to calibration of the scene. The test sites and analysis techniques are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 32
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  • 59
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The main thrust of the work conducted is in the modeling of spectral responses of discontinuous conifer forest canopies, considered as collections of conical forms that are illuminated at an angle and cast shadows on contracting background. The three first-year objectives are: (1) modification of the variance-driven model to incorporate overlapping of shadows and crowns; (2) collection and analysis of photographic data to calibrate tree-spacing functions; and (3) collection of field data to determine height, spacing, and shape of conifers in open and closed stands in the Goosenest (California) test area. Modification of the invertible model uses a linear approximation to correct for the reduction in shadow and canopy area that occurs when shadows fall on crowns or tree crowns intersect. Comparison of the results of the approximation with a series of Monte Carlo simulations shows that the mean area covered by crowns or shadows is approximated quite accurately, but the variance calculated departs significantly from simulated values. The analysis of tree spacing patterns using air photos showed that spacing tended to be somewhat regular at a scale approximately equal to the average distance between trees, but at larger distance scales counts of trees in cells could be approximated acceptably by a Poisson (random) function.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 34
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Efforts to develop a three dimensional model to predict canopy, bidirectional reflectance for heterogenous plant stands using incident radiation and canopy structural descriptions as inputs are described. Utility programs were developed to cope with the complex output from the 3 dimensional model. In addition an attempt was made to define leaf and soil properties, which are appropriate to the mode, by measuring leaf and soil bidirectional reflectance distribution functions; since almost no data exist on these distributions. In the process it was realized that most models probably are using the wrong leaf spectral properties, and that off-nadir reflectance measurements are difficult to make because of non-Lambertian properties of reference surfaces. Also, in the visible wavebands, rough soil may not be distinguishable from canopies when viewed from above.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 31
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Efforts in measuring, analyzing, and mathematically modeling the specular, polarized, and diffuse light scattering properties of several plant canopies and their component parts (leaves, stems, fruit, soil) as a function of view angle and illumination angle are reported. Specific objectives were: (1) to demonstrate a technique for determining the specular and diffuse components of the reflectance factor of plant canopies; (2) to acquire the measurements and begin assembling a data set for developing and testing canopy reflectance models; (3) to design and build a new optical instrument to measure the light scattering properties of individual leaves; and (4) to use this instrument to survey and investigate the information in the light scattering properties of individual leaves of crops, forests, weeds, and horticulture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 33
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  • 62
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2014-09-26
    Description: A classical description of the one dimensional radiative transfer treatment of vegetation canopies was completed and the results were tested against measured prairie (blue grama) and agricultural canopies (soybean). Phase functions are calculated in terms of directly measurable biophysical characteristics of the canopy medium. While the phase functions tend to exhibit backscattering anisotropy, their exact behavior is somewhat more complex and wavelength dependent. A Monte Carlo model was developed that treats soil surfaces with large periodic variations in three dimensions. A photon-ray tracing technology is used. Currently, the rough soil surface is described by analytic functions and appropriate geometric calculations performed. A bidirectional reflectance distribution function is calculated and, hence, available for other atmospheric or canopy reflectance models as a lower boundary condition. This technique is used together with an adding model to calculate several cases where Lambertian leaves possessing anisotropic leaf angle distributions yield non-Lambertian reflectance; similar behavior is exhibited for simulated soil surfaces.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 30
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: A quick look monitor in the spacecraft control center was used to measure the TM Band 6 shutter background and the 34.7 C internal blackbody signal on over 50 dates. Comparison of relative internal gains between the four channels to prelaunch values showed changes over 9 months of up to 5%, while 512 x 512 subsections of the original 10 daytime scenes showed scene counts that ranged from 135 down to 62. A night scene of the Buffalo area was used to determine channel gain relative to the mean and to discern a systematic along scan pattern in a difference between forward and reverse scan counts of up to 0.5. A corrected digital image was produced and individual gains and offsets were calculated for the four channels. At satellite radiance was determine and noise equivalent temperature difference was calculated. The calibration data and the Buffalo scene, with the corrections and estimates of the atmospheric transmission and radiance, were used to make a temperature estimate for an area of Lake Erie of 21 C to 27 C. Local records of the temperature showed 21 C.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 186-188
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: The relationship between crop growth and spectra reflectance parameters was studied. The dynamic behavior of canopy reflectance versus time and the relationship of trajectories to canopy dynamics, ontogeny and morphology was investigated. The determination of which transformations of spectral data best suited for observing key canopy characteristics, such as leaf area index and vegetation identification are understood. A physical basis to understand how various spectral transform trajectories depend on vegetation type and models that describe the time delayed interaction of reflectance in the chlorophyll and water absorption bands to monitor stress were formulated. The general process of physical understanding of canopy reflectance is evaluated and existing canopy models are improved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 96-105
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  • 65
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Scattering from an inhomogeneous layer with irregular boundaries was calculated to model natural terrain such as a layer of vegetation or sea ice. The inhomogeneities were modeled by spherical or disc-shaped discrete scatterers which were small compared with the incident wavelength and were in the far field of one another. It was found that the cross-polarized scattering was dominated by multiple scattering effects and was sensitive to the orientations and distributions of the scatterers. This model has been applied to interpret measurements from vegetation, snow and sea ice. The scattering model was extended to handle disc-shaped scatterers which are comparable to the incident wavelength. The model was used to investigate the relative merits between active versus passive sensing of soil moisture over vegetated terrain. Results indicate that scattering mesurements are more sensitive to soil moisture changes than emission measurements. This is because while both types of measurements lose sensitivity to soil moisture because of the vegetation layer, the loss is greater for passive than active measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 37
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Progress and results in the measurement and scattering properties of crop canopies was examined. The following accomplishments are reported: (1) analysis of inhouse polarization, Sun/view angle data set of wheat was completed; (2) polarization photometer instrument system was completed; (3) light polarization properties (measured with polarization photometer) of individual plant leaves initiated, and twenty two species/varieties were measured before frost; (4) light polarizing properties of both moisture-stressed corn leaves and diseased wheat leaves were measured; (5) Sun/view angle data and ancillary data were acquired on two wheat canopies on two dates and on one sorghum canopy on two adjacent days.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 87-91
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  • 67
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: The NASA Fundamental Remote Sensing Research Program is described. The program provides a dynamic scientific base which is continually broadened and from which future applied research and development can draw support. In particular, the overall objectives and current studies of the scene radiation and atmospheric effect characterization (SRAEC) project are reviewed. The SRAEC research can be generically structured into four types of activities including observation of phenomena, empirical characterization, analytical modeling, and scene radiation analysis and synthesis. The first three activities are the means by which the goal of scene radiation analysis and synthesis is achieved, and thus are considered priority activities during the early phases of the current project. Scene radiation analysis refers to the extraction of information describing the biogeophysical attributes of the scene from the spectral, spatial, and temporal radiance characteristics of the scene including the atmosphere. Scene radiation synthesis is the generation of realistic spectral, spatial, and temporal radiance values for a scene with a given set of biogeophysical attributes and atmospheric conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 2-29
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  • 68
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Theoretical models that are useful and practical in relating remote sensing data to the important physical parameters characterizing Earth terrain are developed. The development of models that are useful in data analysis and interpretation, scene simulation, and developing new remote sensing approaches and techniques is discussed. Numerous theoretical models that are applicable to the active and passive remote sensing of plowed fields, atmospheric precipitation, vegetation, and snow fields were developed. The radiative transfer theory is used to interpret the active and passive data as a function of rain rate. Both the random medium model and the discrete scatterer model is used to study the remote sensing of vegetation fields. Due to the non-spherical geometry of the scatterers there is strong azimuthal dependence in the observed data. Thus, the anisotropic random medium model and the discrete scatterer model with nonspherical particles was developed. In order to relate the remote sensing data to the actual physical parameters, the scattering of electromagnetic waves from randomly distributed dielectric scatterers was studied. Both the rigorous random discrete scatterer theory and the strong fluctuation theory are used to derive the backscattering cross section in terms of the actual physical parameters and the results agree well with the data obtained from the snow fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 38
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Rectangular training fields of homogeneous spectroreflectance are commonly used in supervised pattern recognition efforts. Trial image classification with manually selected training sets gives irregular and misleading results due to statistical bias. A self-verifying, grid-sampled training point approach is proposed as a more statistically valid feature extraction technique. A systematic pixel sampling network of every ninth row and ninth column efficiently replaced the full image scene with smaller statistical vectors which preserved the necessary characteristics for classification. The composite second- and third-order average classification accuracy of 50.1 percent for 331,776 pixels in the full image substantially agreed with the 51 percent value predicted by the grid-sampled, 4,100-point training set.
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The availability of data obtained with the aid of Landsat and other remote sensing satellites provides potentially the possibility to study problems on a global scale. Difficulties arise, however, in connection with the diversity of data formats, archival conditions, and the need for data registration. Systems are being planned to test the ability to reduce some of these difficulties. Details regarding the given situation are examined, taking into account global problems which are being considered. These problems are related to the global carbon dioxide cycle, and the biogeochemical cycle. Attention is given to pilot data systems, considerations for spatial data, data format considerations, data quality considerations, aspects of data base design, and system aids.
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Relations between spectroscopy and the concept of inferring surface cover type and condition from measurements of reflected or emitted radiation are examined, taking into account the observation of 'spectral signatures'. It has now become evident that the paradigm which had provided the basis for the spectroscopic identification of materials, is incomplete when applied to the inference of type and condition of materials in a natural environment. It was found that one could not collect a remote sensing signature from an unknown ground cover class at a particular time and place and match that signature with an a priori catalog value to infer the properties of the unknown cover class. The spectroscopy paradigm was, therefore, largely abandoned in favor of decision theoretic approaches. Attention is given to the temporal greenness profile feature space, the crop stage of development estimation using a temporal greenness profile, the temporal greenness profile for crop yield, and applications to regional scales.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 72
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spectral remote sensing has been practiced on a large scale since the launch of Landsat 1 in 1972. The limited information contained in this spectrally undersampled data set has led to the development of sophisticated statistical-inferential methods for data analysis. The results are usually limited by the availability of ground truth information. Recent technological developments have made it feasible to create narrow-band, contiguous, spectral image data sets that make possible the identification of surface cover materials based on the complete reflectance spectrum for each picture element. This capability will revolutionize the use of remote sensing data and require new deterministic image processing techniques to extract the full information content from the data. Sensors, based on the concept of imaging spectrometry and the new technology of area array infrared detectors, have been constructed and are candidates for Shuttle and space platform flights.
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spatial analysis of geographic information systems and the acquisition and use of remotely-sensed data within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is an emerging Technology Work units have been developed under te Remote Sensing Research and Development Program, which are most relevant to the productive needs of the Corps in both the military and civil works missions. Corps participation in the SPOT simulation champaign is one such example of this research. This paper describes the application of spatial analysis and remote sensing in recreation resource managmaster planning at the Berlin Lake Reservoir Project within the Pittsburgh District. SPOT simulator data was acquired over Berlin Lake, Site No. 10, on July 8, 1983. The first part of this paper describes the background of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Berlin Lake project, the geographic information system being developed, and the planned use of SPOT and similar data. The remainder of the paper describes the results on an analysis of the simulated SPOT data conducted at the NASA Goddard Institut for Space Studies.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A technique is proposed for the semi-automatic digitization of topographic maps using a vidicon camera interfaced with a mini-computer system. The required input is a black and white map that shows only contour lines and corresponding elevation values such as the advance prints of 7.5 minute USGS topographic sheets. A set of image processing algorithms is implemented on an image of the contour map acquired by a vidicon camera. The system developed performs extraction of contour lines, tagging elevation values and subsequent interpolation of elevations to produce, in 5 sec. x 5 sec. intervals of latitude and longitude, digital elevation matrices. The interpolation of elevations for non-contour points is achieved using a steepest descent algorithm. A communications capability allows the final data to be transferred over telephone lines to an off-site unit such as the floppy disk or a micro-computer.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has developed a Transportable Applications Executive (TAE) for use in implementing portable applications software that can be shared by different research projects. Since many of the supported disciplines require the interactive display and manipulation of remotely sensed images, a device independent Display Management Subsystem (DMS) was written as a TAE extension. The DMS attempts to abstract and standardize the device dependent functions that are used in the display and manipulation of image data on image analysis terminals. This paper explores the concept of DMS and the interface routines that are available to the applications programmer for use in developing a set of portable image display utility programs.
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The following potential applications of AI to the study of earth science are described: (1) intelligent data management systems; (2) intelligent processing and understanding of spatial data; and (3) automated systems which perform tasks that currently require large amounts of time by scientists and engineers to complete. An example is provided of how an intelligent information system might operate to support an earth science project.
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the fall of 1983, the Information Systems Office of NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications assembled a Working Group to develop initial plans for a Pilot Land Data System (PLDS). Workshops coordinated planning and concept development activities between land-related and computer science disciplines, and examined land research requirements, information science technology requirements, PLDS architecture, and methodologies for system evaluation. The PLDS will be a limited-scale distributed information system to explore scientific, technical and management approaches to satisfy land science research needs. PLDS will pave the way for a Land Data System to improve data access, processing, transfer and analysis, fostering an environment in which land science information synthesis can occur on a scale not previously possible owing to limits to data assembly and access and efficiency of processing.
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The automated analysis of land surface features is increasingly important to earth scientists. User-friendly algorithms for studying these features can be integrated into geographic information systems through the use of topological grid structure, which maintains the simplicity and transportability of standard grid structure while providing the essential capability to treat groups of contiguous, identically-classified pixels (corresponding to lakes, forests, fields, etc.) as distinct spatial entities.
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Topics discussed at the symposium include hardware, geographic information system (GIS) implementation, processing remotely sensed data, spatial data structures, and NASA programs in remote sensing information systems. Attention is also given GIS applications, advanced techniques, artificial intelligence, graphics, spatial navigation, and classification. Papers are included on the design of computer software for geographic image processing, concepts for a global resource information system, algorithm development for spatial operators, and an application of expert systems technology to remotely sensed image analysis.
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 81
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Because of the large contrast between the dielectric constant of liquid water and that of dry soil at microwave wavelength, there is a strong dependence of the thermal emission and radar backscatter from the soil on its moisture content. This dependence provides a means for the remote sensing of the moisture content in a surface layer approximately 5 cm thick. The feasibility of these techniques is demonstrated from field, aircraft and spacecraft platforms. The soil texture, surface roughness, and vegetative cover affect the sensitivity of the microwave response to moisture variations with vegetation being the most important. It serves as an attenuating layer which can totally obscure the surface. Research indicates that it is possible to obtain five or more levels of moisture discrimination and that a mature corn crop is the limiting vegetation situation.
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper reviews the atmospheric effects on remote sensing of surface reflectance. The scattering and absorption of sunlight by atmospheric molecules and aerosols affects the quality of images of the surface remotely sensed from satellites and aircrafts. The concentration and characteristics of the atmospheric aerosols vary from place to place and vary with time. The effect of atmospheric aerosols on the upward radiance depends on their optical thickness, scattering phase function and absorption. These parameters result from the aerosol concentration, composition, and the relative humidity. For high resolution images the aerosol scale height is also of importance. The radiative transfer theory that predicts the atmospheric radiances for a given surface and atmosphere is a well established theory for the case of uniform surfaces (or low resolution data). Some radiative transfer models exist for nonuniform surfaces and others are being developed. Recent field experiment and laboratory simulation data confirm the need for these models and can be used for their testing. It is shown that the atmospheric effect reduces the apparent resolution of satellite imagery and causes errors in the classification of surface fields. Suggestions for correction procedures are given. Such corrections can be based on ground observations, on satellite radiances above dark areas, or on climatologic information, depending on the accuracy of the corrections needed. The chosen correction algorithm depends also on the image resolution and the specific remote sensing application.
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spectral information content was quantitatively measured for simulated SPOT, Thematic Mapper, and simulated Thematic Mapper data acquired over Santa Cruz County, California. Two techniques were employed: spectral separability summarized through optimal wave band evaluation, and histogram cluster analysis. Using data from the three sources it is shown that three spectral bands can provide separability nearly as high as six bands provide, if the three bands are optimally chosen for the cover type. Analysis of the Santa Cruz scene emphasizes the importance of TM bands 1 and 5 in particular. The three bands of the SPOT scanner are shown to provide sufficient separability for cover types within the study area. The higher spatial resolution data (20 meters) provided by SPOT contain more distinct distributions than data from the other sources studied. Techniques should be developed to exploit this additional information.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In October of 1983, a project was initiated at NASA/Ames Research Center to design a prototype expert system capable of producing a preliminary land cover classification from an unsupervised classification of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery and associated collateral data. This paper outlines the problem of determining land cover classes from an unsupervised classification, presents a brief overview of expert systems, and continues with a description of the design and current state of implementation of NASA/Ames' prototype Landsat MSS image analysis expert system.
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A need exists for digitized information pertaining to linear features such as roads, streams, water bodies and agricultural field boundaries as component parts of a data base. For many areas where this data may not yet exist or is in need of updating, these features may be extracted from remotely sensed digital data. This paper examines two approaches for identifying linear features, one utilizing raw data and the other classified data. Each approach uses a series of data enhancement procedures including derivation of standard deviation values, principal component analysis and filtering procedures using a high-pass window matrix. Just as certain bands better classify different land covers, so too do these bands exhibit high spectral contrast by which boundaries between land covers can be delineated. A few applications for this kind of data are briefly discussed, including its potential in a Universal Soil Loss Equation Model.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An airborne X-band SAR acquired multipolarization and multiflight pass SAR images over a truck garden vegetation area. Based on a variety of land cover and row crop direction variations, the vertical (VV) polarization data contain the highest contrast, while cross polarization contains the least. When the radar flight path is parallel to the row direction, both horizontal (HH) and VV polarization data contain very high return which masks out the specific land cover that forms the row structure. Cross polarization data are not that sensitive to row orientation. The inclusion of like and cross polarization data help delineate special surface features (e.g., row crop against non-row-oriented land cover, very-rough-surface against highly row-oriented surface).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 131-135
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results from analysis of a data set of simultaneous measurements of Thematic Mapper band reflectance and leaf area index are presented. The measurements were made over pure stands of Aspen in the Superior National Forest of northern Minnesota. The analysis indicates that the reflectance may be sensitive to the leaf area index of the Aspen early in the season. The sensitivity disappears as the season progresses. Based on the results of model calculations, an explanation for the observed relationship is developed. The model calculations indicate that the sensitivity of the reflectance to the Aspen overstory depends on the amount of understory present.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 111-115
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  • 88
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of a "canopy' bucket to more accurately represent evapotranspiration over land surfaces is explained. The temporal behavior of the traditional bucket model is compared with one that mimics the effects of interception loss. Results are presented in terms of the spectral response of the parameterization to a hypothetical white noise forcing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 275-284
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  • 89
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One of the biggest drawbacks of Eulerian methods is the presence of the nonlinear convective terms which leads to inaccurate representations of advection and fronts. An alternative and conceptually simpler approach is the Lagrangian approach in which the fluid particles themselves are tracked and equations are derived based on local spatial interaction. In this formulation the nonlinear convective terms do not appear. The main drawback with the Lagrangian formulation, however, is that the local spatial interactions are time dependent. That is, at each time level, one must know the current neighbors of a given particle to accurately compute the forces acting on the particle. The Voroni Mesh which is continuously deforming and always linking nearest neighbors is needed. The effectiveness of a simple Lagrangian method for simulating the onset of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a 2 layer fluid is demonstrated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 90-94
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  • 90
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The purpose of the GEODYN Orbit Determination and Parameter Estimation, the SOLVE and ERODYN Programs is to recover geodetic and geophysical parameters from satellite and other data in a state-of-the-art manner. Continued solutions for gravity field, pole positions, Earth rotation, GM, and baselines were made as part of the Crustal Dynamics Project. Some tidal parameters were recovered as well. The eight digit station identification number was incorporated in the software and new techniques for constraining monthly station parameters to each other are being developed. This is allowing the analysts even more flexibility in the shaping of solutions from monthly sets of normal equations and right-hand sides.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 4 p
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sensitivity of inter station distances derived from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) to errors in Earth orientation is discussed. An analysis experiment is performed which imposes a known polar motion error on all of the arcs used over this interval. The effect of the averaging of the errors over the tracking periods of individual sites is assessed. Baselines between stations that are supported by a global network of tracking stations are only marginally affected by errors in Earth orientation. The global network of stations retains its integrity even in the presence of systematic changes in the coordinate frame. The effect of these coordinate frame changes on the relative locations of the stations is minimal.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 4 p
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of raw image data, raw radiometric calibration data, and background measurements extracted from the raw data streams on high density tape reveal major shortcomings in a technique proposed by the Canadian Center for Remote Sensing in 1982 for the radiometric correction of TM data. Results are presented which correlate measurements of the DC background with variations in both image data background and calibration samples. The effect on both raw data and data corrected using the earlier proposed technique is explained and the correction required for these factors as a function of individual scan line number for each detector is described. How the revised technique can be incorporated into an operational environment is demonstrated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proposal for Evaluating LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Data; 4 p
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  • 93
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The multitemporal registration of LANDSAT-4 MSS products was tested for two different geocoded subscenes acquired in 1982 and 1983. The scenes were then compared with LANDSAT-2 MSS geocoded data from 1981. Statistical comparison between line-pixel locations of uniformly distributed ground control points in the three geocoded products permitted quantitative measure of the offset over the sub-scene. Values of line and pixel misregistration obtained using the manual ground control points and digital correlation are tabulated and discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proposal for Evaluating LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Data; 2 p
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  • 94
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Interband registration on raw LANDSAT-4 MSS data was measured in the four MSS bands of the Mistassini, Quebec scene (path-row 16-24, June 21, 1983). Statistical comparison between line-pixel locations of uniformly distributed ground control points in the four different bands permitted quantitative measures of the offset over the entire scene. The statistical distribution of the offset measures permitted evaluation of the standard error on the mean values, giving confidence on their precision. Results obtained using a manual ground control point done on a digital image correction system and those obtained using digital band-to-band correlation adapted from a digital stereographic correlation algorithm are tabulated. The pixel misrepresentation values obtained are compared with published NASA figures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proposal for Evaluating LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Data; 2 p
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Depending on detector number, there are random fluctuations in the background level for spectral band 1 of magnitudes ranging from 2 to 3.5 digital numbers (DN). Similar variability is observed in all the other reflective bands, but with smaller magnitude in the range 0.5 to 2.5 DN. Observations of background reference levels show that line dependent variations in raw TM image data and in the associated calibration data can be measured and corrected within an operational environment by applying simple offset corrections on a line-by-line basis. The radiometric calibration procedure defined by the Canadian Center for Remote Sensing was revised accordingly in order to prevent striping in the output product.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proposal for Evaluating LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Data; 22 p
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The utility of radar scatterometers for discrimination and characterization of natural vegetation was investigated. Backscatter measurements were acquired with airborne multi-frequency, multi-polarization, multi-angle radar scatterometers over a test site in a southern temperate forest. Separability between ground cover classes was studied using a two-class separability measure. Very good separability is achieved between most classes. Longer wavelength is useful in separating trees from non-tree classes, while shorter wavelength and cross polarization are helpful for discrimination among tree classes. Using the maximum likelihood classifier, 50% overall classification accuracy is achieved using a single, short-wavelength scatterometer channel. Addition of multiple incidence angles and another radar band improves classification accuracy by 20% and 50%, respectively, over the single channel accuracy. Incorporation of a third radar band seems redundant for vegetation classification. Vertical transmit polarization is critically important for all classes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 149-154
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An experiment of a factorial design was conducted to test the effects on classification accuracy of land cover types due to the improved spatial, spectral and radiometric characteristics of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) in comparison to the Multispectral Scanner (MSS). High altitude aircraft scanner data from the Airborne Thematic Mapper instrument was used to simulate TM data as well as all combinations of the three characteristics for eight data sets in all. Results for the training sites (field-center pixels) show better classification accuracies for MSS spatial resolution, TM spectral bands and TM radiometry in order of importance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 93-100
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Four major objectives are proposed: (1) to study the sensitivity of active and passive microwave remote sensing approaches to soil moisture variations; (2) to investigate the effect of vegetation cover on microwave backscatter and emission; (3) to test theoretical models of microwave backscatter and emission from a natural terrain against the observations obtained from SIR-B and aircraft radiometer flights; and (4) to estimate vegetation biomass with airborne visible and infrared sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 4 p
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The objectives and anticipated results of a study to define the strengths and limitations of microwave (SIR-B) and optical (thematic Mapper) data, singly and in combination, for the purpose of characterizing forest cover types and condition classes are described. Other specific objectives include: (1) the assessment of the effectiveness of a contextual classification algorithm (SECHO); (2) evaluation of the utility of different look angles of SAR data in determining differences in stand density of commercial forests; and (3) the determination of the effectiveness of the L-band HH polarized SIR-B data in differentiating forest-stand densities.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
    Format: text
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A general theory of intensity scattering from small particles of arbitrary shape was developed based on the radiative transfer theory. Upon permitting the particles to orient in accordance with any prescribed distribution, scattering models can be derived. By making an appropriate choice of the particle size, the scattering model may be used to estimate scattering from media such as snow, vegetation and sea ice. For the purpose of illustration only comparisons with measurements from a vegetated medium are shown. The difference in scattering between elliptic and circular shaped leaves is demonstrated. In the low frequency limit, the major factors on backscattering from vegetation are found to be the depth of the vegetation layer and the orientation distribution of the leaves. The shape of the leaf is of secondary importance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime; 8 p
    Format: text
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