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  • Cooperatives  (74)
  • Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology  (41)
  • Oxford University Press  (115)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-12
    Beschreibung: In this study, we isolated 15 endophytic fungi from five Sudanese medicinal plants. Each fungal endophytic strain was identified by sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA. Ethyl acetate extracts were prepared from each endophyte cultivated in vitro and tested for their respective antibacterial activities and antiproliferative activities against human cancer cells. Antibacterial screening was carried out against two bacterial strains: Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , by the broth dilution method. Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT procedure after exposure of MCF7 breast cancer cells and HT29 or HCT116 human colon adenocarcinoma cells to each endophytic extract. Of interest, Byssochlamys spectabilis isolated from Euphorbia prostata showed cytotoxicity (IC 50 = 1.51 ± 0.2 μg mL –1 ) against MCF7 cells, but had a low effect against HT29 or HCT116 cells (IC 50 〉 20 μg mL –1 ). Cladosporium cladosporioides 2, isolated from Vernonia amygdalina leaves, showed antiproliferative activities against MCF7 cells (IC 50 = 10.5 ± 1.5 μg mL –1 ) only. On the other hand, B. spectabilis and Alternaria sp. extract had antibacterial activities against the S. aureus strain. The findings of this work revealed that endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants from Sudan could be considered as an attractive source of new therapeutic compounds.
    Schlagwort(e): Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Digitale ISSN: 1574-6968
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-05-12
    Beschreibung: The Canadian farm share for five crop-based products and seven livestock-based products from 1997 to 2010 is calculated using a supply chain IO analysis. Significant differences exist in farm shares across food commodities with higher farm shares for livestock products and lower farm shares for grain-based products. The decline in the Canadian farm share for food consumed at home is driven in large part by the food purchasing habits of consumers. This paper also addresses the hypothesis that the decline in the Canadian farm share could be partially driven by rising input costs in post-farmgate processes or rising input costs that have greater impact on downstream sectors than primary agricultural producers. Three experiments were conducted to assess the impact of an increase in the cost of corn, energy, and farm labor would have on commodity output prices, farm returns, food expenditure, and farm share. In all three cases, the overall farm share increases, albeit by a small amount, suggesting that these shocks have a larger relative impact on the prices of agricultural commodities than the prices of marketing commodities used in post-farmgate activities. A two-period comparison of these simulations shows that energy (corn and farm labour) price shocks would have had a greater (lower) impact on the farm share in 2007 than 1997.
    Schlagwort(e): Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-05-12
    Beschreibung: Farm households in developing countries generally allocate a major portion of their resources to staple food production, mainly for self-consumption. Hence, many of them are more or less delinked from the market. It is well recognized, however, that market participation is crucial for farm households to ensure a flow of cash income, leading to poverty alleviation and improved livelihoods. Thus, it is meaningful to understand what factors affect farm households' decision to sell food crops, which is important for strengthening their linkages with markets. The empirical literature on impacts of market linkages has seldom focused on the determinants of market participation. Using rice farm households in Bangladesh and applying a double-hurdle model, this article demonstrates that the provision of general education and the development of agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation facilities can strengthen the market linkages of farm households by enhancing their marketable surplus through increased production. By contrast, rainfall beyond the optimum level, drought spells, and flood incidences can weaken market linkages by reducing their marketable surplus through decreased production. Specific policies such as investment in general education are drawn up based on the findings.
    Schlagwort(e): C24 - Truncated and Censored Models, D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles, D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-12-29
    Beschreibung: This article investigates the collective choice of production standards by farmer and processor groups within a vertical food supply chain, taking into account their competition behaviours. We develop a general model to analyse the strategic motive of using standards to limit supply and shift rents between farmers and processors in the vertical chain. We find that a stringent standard can raise farmers' profit, but at the expense of processors. This is the case when the standard affects more variable costs than fixed cost of production, when the demand for the final product is inelastic, and when processors have a high degree of oligopoly power.
    Schlagwort(e): L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-31
    Beschreibung: Thinly traded agricultural commodity markets are a concern for farmers and policy markers due to the belief that prices in these settings will be highly volatile, subject to manipulation, and incapable of efficiently allocating resources. Analysis of thin agricultural markets has to date been impeded by lack of an appropriate analytical framework from which to study their behavior. In this paper we propose the modern agricultural markets (MAM) framework as an appropriate paradigm through which to view and evaluate thin markets. We argue that thinly traded markets that meet key conditions required for a MAM will generate maximum economic surplus and enable farmers to earn at least a competitive return on their investments. In the absence of these conditions, however, the concerns known as the "thin market problem" have validity. We set forth the MAM framework, interpret it in a thin-market context, and conduct several brief case studies of thin markets to illustrate use of the approach and draw some key inferences about these markets' behavior. The analysis indicates that appropriate government policies directed to thin markets are those that facilitate their convergence to MAM status, but in reality key policies under recent consideration would have the opposite effect.
    Schlagwort(e): L10 - General, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-08
    Beschreibung: Resveratrol is a well-known triphenolic natural product present in red wine. For its contribution to human health, the demand for resveratrol as a food and nutrition supplement has increased significantly. In recent years, the rapid development of synthetic biology has promoted extensive work to increase the production of resveratrol in microbes. However, supplementation of expensive phenylpropanoic precursors was required in current engineered strains. Here, we first utilized the site-specific integration strategy to produce resveratrol in Escherichia coli . The genes tal , 4cl and sts were site-specific integrated into the loci of genes tyrR and trpED in the chromosome of E. coli BW25113 (DE3). The final strain was capable of producing 4.612 mg L –1 of resveratrol from glucose.
    Schlagwort(e): Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Digitale ISSN: 1574-6968
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-08
    Beschreibung: While extensively studied in several model organisms, the role of small, non-coding RNAs in the stress response remains largely unexplored in Clostridium organisms. About 100 years after the first industrial Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol fermentation process, based on the Weizmann Clostridium acetobutylicum strain, strain tolerance to butanol remains a crucial factor limiting the economics of the process. Several studies have examined the response of this organism to metabolite stress, and several genes have been engaged to impart enhanced tolerance, but no sRNAs have yet been directly engaged in this task. We show that the two stress-responsive sRNAs, 6S and tmRNA, upon overexpression impart tolerance to butanol as assessed by viability assays under process-relevant conditions. 6S overexpression enhances cell densities as well as butanol titres. We discuss the likely mechanisms that these two sRNAs might engage in this tolerance phenotype. Our data support the continued exploration of sRNAs as a basis for engineering enhanced tolerance and enhanced solvent production, especially because sRNA-based strategies impose a minimal metabolic burden on the cells.
    Schlagwort(e): Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Digitale ISSN: 1574-6968
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-07-10
    Beschreibung: In many developing countries, supermarkets are expanding rapidly. This affects farmers’ marketing options. Previous studies have analyzed welfare effects of smallholder participation in supermarket channels from a static perspective, using cross-section data. We develop a conceptual framework and use panel data to better understand participation and impact dynamics. The analysis focuses on vegetable producers in Kenya. Participation in supermarket channels is associated with income gains. However, many farmers have dropped out of the supermarket channel due to various constraints. The initial income gains cannot be sustained when returning to the traditional market. Organizational support may be needed to avoid widening income disparities.
    Schlagwort(e): L24 - Contracting Out ; Joint Ventures ; Technology Licensing, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-02
    Beschreibung: Ten indole alkaloids were obtained from the marine sponge-associated fungus Neosartorya siamensis KUFA 0017. We studied the antimicrobial properties of these and of three other compounds previously isolated from the soil fungus N. siamensis KUFC 6349. Only neofiscalin A showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE); with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 μg mL –1 against both strains. Another compound, fiscalin C, presented synergistic activity against MRSA when combined with oxacillin, although alone showed no antibacterial effect. Moreover, neofiscalin A, when present at sub-MICs, hampered the ability of both MRSA and VRE strains to form a biofilm. Additionally, the biofilm inhibitory concentration values of neofiscalin A against the MRSA and VRE isolates were 96 and 80 μg mL –1 , respectively. At a concentration of 200 μg mL –1 , neofiscalin A was able to reduce the metabolic activity of the biofilms by ~50%. One important fact is that our results also showed that neofiscalin A had no cytotoxicity against a human brain capillary endothelial cell line.
    Schlagwort(e): Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Digitale ISSN: 1574-6968
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-02
    Beschreibung: During unconventional protein secretion (UPS), proteins do not pass through the classical endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi-dependent pathway, but are transported to the cell membrane via alternative routes. One type of UPS is dependent on several autophagy-related (Atg) proteins in yeast and mammalian cells, but mechanisms for unconventional secretion are largely unknown for filamentous fungi. In this study, we investigated whether the autophagy machinery is used for UPS in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger . An aspartic protease, which we called PepN, was identified as being likely to be secreted unconventionally, as this protein is highly abundant in culture filtrates during carbon starvation while it lacks a conventional N-terminal secretion sequence. We analysed the presence of PepN in the culture filtrates of carbon starved wild-type, atg1 and atg8 deletion mutant strains by Western blot analysis and by secretome analysis using nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS (wild-type and atg8 deletion mutant). Besides the presence of carbohydrate-active enzymes and other types of proteases, PepN was abundantly found in culture filtrates of both wild-type and atg deletion strains, indicating that the secretion of PepN is independent of the autophagy machinery in A. niger and hence most likely occurs via a different mechanism.
    Schlagwort(e): Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Digitale ISSN: 1574-6968
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
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