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  • General Chemistry  (4,740)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (1,972)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,794)
  • COMMUNICATIONS  (1,377)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (10,843)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Radio communications with extra-terrestrial civilizations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Communications between civilizations within our galaxy at the present level of radio engineering is possible, although civilizations must begin to search for each other to achieve this. If an extra-terrestrial civilization possessing a technology at our level wishes to make itself known and will transmit special radio signals to do this, then it can be picked up by us at a distance of several hundreds of light years using already existing radio telescopes and specially built radio receivers. If it wishes, this civilization can also send us information without awaiting our answer.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 79-82
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  • 2
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    Intermediate memory devices (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Several methods of transfer and processing of data whose practical implementation requires operational memory devices are described. Devices incorporating multistable elements are proposed and their main parameters are given. The possibility of using the proposed devices for storing information for transmission in space radio communications channels is examined.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 155-162
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  • 3
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    Possibility of using sources of vacuum ultraviolet irradiation to solve problems of space material science (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An urgent problem in space materials science is simulating the interaction of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) of solar emission with solids in space conditions, that is, producing a light source with a distribution that approximates the distribution of solar energy. Information is presented on the distribution of the energy flux of VUV of solar radiation. Requirements that must be satisfied by the VUV source used for space materials science are formulated, and a critical evaluation is given of the possibilities of using existing sources for space materials science. From this evaluation it was established that none of the sources of VUV satisfies the specific requirements imposed on the simulator of solar radiation. A solution to the problem was found to be in the development of a new type of source based on exciting a supersonic gas jet flowing into vacuum with a sense electron beam. A description of this gas-jet source, along with its spectral and operation characteristics, is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 102-123
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  • 4
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    Effect of small flares in the neutral component of secondary cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The results are presented of an investigation of the effect of small flares, scale divisions 1 and 1(+), in the neutron component of secondary cosmic radiation from the data of neutron supermonitors at the stations of Kiev, Bukhta Tiksi, and Deep River. It is shown that flares of scale divisions 1 and 1(+) are accompanied by an effect in the neutron component amounting to about 0.4%. A mechanism is presented for calculating the outflow of particles accelerated in small flares, owing to diffusion across the magnetic field of a trap.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 77-85
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  • 5
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    Analysis of the nature of excessive cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at altitudes 250-500km, from Kosmos-225 satellite data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results are presented from a study of the region of anomalous cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at the altitudes 250-500 km, using data measurements taken on the Kosmos-225 satellite (14-29 June 1968). The existence of a stable intensity anomaly discovered in the experiments on the second and third Soviet spacecraft-satellites is confirmed. The total vector of the geomagnetic field at different altitudes was compared with isoline maps. An altitude profile of the South Atlantic anomaly of radiation intensity was obtained, using data from the same instrument. The nature of the anomalies in cosmic radiation intensity over the regions of negative magnetic anomalies is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 86-94
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  • 6
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    Acceleration of solar cosmic rays during chromospheric flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using the Fokker-Planck equation, an examination is made of the acceleration of charged particles by fluctuational electric fields caused by the propagation of intense radio emission in the long-wave range. Correlation functions of electric fields near the boundary of plasma instability were computed. The interaction of charged particles with these fields is examined. It is shown that due to the interaction of particles with fluctuational fields, solar cosmic rays can be accelerated to energies of E=100 to 1000 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 69-76
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  • 7
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    Chromospheric flares and sudden commencements of geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A catalogue of flare activity was compiled during 1957-1967 (the solar activity cycle). By comparing all reliable SC during this period with chromospheric flares, the following conclusions are drawn; (1) There is no statistically significant correlation between SC and chromospheric flares. (2) The assumption that a shock wave propagates throughout the entire hemisphere is unjustified and contradicts the fact of recurrence of SC. (3) A statistically significant correlation was established between SC and chromospheric flares, that is, a relationship between a SC and the moment that a flare active region transits the Central Meridian. (4) SC are caused by shock waves or tangential discontinuities formed at the western boundary of the quasisteady directed corpuscular flux or at the boundary between sectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 61-68
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  • 8
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    Electromagnetic processes in the atmosphere of pulsars (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The work consists of two parts. The first deals with the fine structure of radio pulses. Based on kinetic theory, processes occurring in the plasma shell of a pulsar when external electromagnetic radiation is present are investigated. It is shown that electromagnetic waves cause electrons to drift relative to ions, and initiate longitudinal oscillations. A dispersion equation describing the longitudinal oscillations in magnetized plasma is derived. Conditions for excitation of oscillations are found. Correlation functions of electron density are calculated, along with the coefficients of electromagnetic wave scattering. It is shown that variations in the amplitude of pulsar pulses are associated with scintillations caused by fluctuations in the plasma electron density. The second part of the study presents a mechanism for the radio emission of pulsars. The model of a rotating and a pulsating star, a neutron star with dipolar or more complex magnetic field, is examined.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3, (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 44-53
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  • 9
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    The tropospheric calibration model for Mariner Mars 1971 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The effects of the troposphere on arrival time, range, and range rate measurement of radio signals propagating from spacecraft are examined. A tropospheric calibration model which takes into account seasonal variations, various elevations, and apparent location changes was developed. A comparison was made of the effects before and after calibration. Without calibration, a 16-m change in the distance off the spin axis, is induced for a 10-deg minimum elevation symmetrical pass. Even after calibration with the old model, the error in spin axis is still greater than 1 m. Calibration results and estimated uncertainties of the model are given in tabular form. Test results also show that the model met the required accuracy for the Mariner Mars 1971 mission.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Tracking System Analytic Calibration Activities for the Mariner Mars 1971 Mission; p 61-76
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  • 10
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    Rigidity spectrum of z greater than or equal to 3 cosmic-ray nuclei in the range 4-285 GV and a search for cosmic antimatter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A measurement, using the magnetic emulsion spectrometer system, of the differential rigidity spectrum of Z greater than or equal to 3 nuclei of the galactic cosmic radiation is presented. The system was flown on Aug. 22, 1969, from Palestine, Texas. The instrument floated above 125,000 feet for eight hours. The data in the rigidity range 8-285 GV can be represented by a power-law spectrum in rigidity, J(rho) = A rho to the minus gamma power, with the exponent gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.10. The spectrum in the range 15-285 GV is also described by the same exponent, gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.25. The data below 8 GV cannot be described by the same power law without invoking solar modulation. A set of nonunique parameters for modulation are given. Upper limit for the fraction of antimatter in the rigidity range 4-125 GV is .005 with 95% confidence limit.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 11
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma ray line flux as a function of longitude is examined. It is shown that the gamma ray emissivity varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. This enhancement is accounted for in part by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4 to 5 kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the galaxy on the assumption that only an increased cosmic ray flux is responsible for the observed emission. Cosmic ray nucleons, cosmic ray electrons, and ionized hydrogen gas were found to have a strikingly similar distribution in the galaxy according to both the observational data and the theoretical model discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 241-248
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  • 12
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    Observations of discrete gamma ray sources with SAS-2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Compact gamma ray sources centered on the Crab nebula and the Vela X supernova remnant are considered. An excess in the galactic radiation was observed in both regions. Data indicate that a large fraction of this flux is pulsed. The excess from the Vela region could reflect either a large-scale galactic feature, such as a superposition of spiral arm segments, or it could be associated with the Vela supernova remnant. Low-energy gamma ray bursts were observed in the SAS-2 anticoincidence shielding.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 273-277
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  • 13
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    Optical antenna gain. II - Receiving antennas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Expressions are developed for the gain of a centrally obscured, circular optical antenna used as the collecting and focusing optics in a laser receiver, involving losses due to (1) incoming light blockage by central obscuration, (2) energy spillover at the detector, and (3) the effect of local oscillator distribution in the case of heterodyne or homodyne detection. Numerical results are presented for direct detection and for three types of local oscillator distribution (uniform, Gaussian, and matched).
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 14
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    Cosmic electrons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The published literature on cosmic electrons is summarized. The primary and secondary sources of cosmic electrons are discussed, and the propagation of the electrons in the interstellar medium is studied with respect to energy loss mechanisms, age distributions, and spectral modifications during flight. Various portions of the electron and positron spectra are then considered in relation to problems of astrophysics. New information is presented on such topics as the origin of low-energy positrons, the decay kinematics of the pi-mu-e process, the application of age distributions for nuclear cosmic rays to cosmic electrons, and the possibility of nonidentical sources for cosmic electrons and protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 15
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    Solar particles /observations, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The major features of the propagation of flare particles in the interplanetary medium are discussed in terms of the classic well-behaved flare having unique impulsive injection and a smooth time profile. Topics include flare events, their frequency of occurrence, development of a typical event, energy spectra, proton and electron types, charge and isotopic composition, solar flares and particle accelerations, radio and X-ray observations, the Fermi mechanism, the betatron mechanism, acceleration models, plasma instabilities, two-stage acceleration, propagation mechanisms, the anisotropic stage, the diffusive stage, and the convection and energy loss stage.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 16
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    Optical antenna gain. I - Transmitting antennas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The gain of centrally obscured optical transmitting antennas is analyzed in detail. The calculations, resulting in near- and far-field antenna gain patterns, assume a circular antenna illuminated by a laser operating in the TEM-00 mode. A simple polynomial equation is derived for matching the incident source distribution to a general antenna configuration for maximum on-axis gain. An interpretation of the resultant gain curves allows a number of auxiliary design curves to be drawn that display the losses in antenna gain due to pointing errors and the cone angle of the beam in the far field as a function of antenna aperture size and its central obscuration. The results are presented in a series of graphs that allow the rapid and accurate evaluation of the antenna gain which may then be substituted into the conventional range equation.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Sept
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  • 17
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    Sweet's mechanism in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Sweet (1956, 1958) proposed a mechanism for the rapid, steady-state dissipation of a magnetic field in a resistive plasma. It is shown that Sweet's mechanism operates in the interplanetary medium near 1 AU in structures which Burlaga and Ness (1968) have identified and called D-sheets. The basic equations are considered of a specific mathematical model provided by Parker (1963) for the case of antiparallel fields and incompressible flow. The theoretical conclusions are related to interplanetary observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 18
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    The subsequence weight distribution of summed maximum length digital sequences (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An attempt is made to develop mathematical formulas to provide the basis for the design of pseudorandom signals intended for applications requiring accurate knowledge of the statistics of the signals. The analysis approach involves calculating the first five central moments of the weight distribution of subsequences of hybrid-sum sequences. The hybrid-sum sequence is formed from the modulo-two sum of k maximum length sequences and is an extension of the sum sequences formed from two maximum length sequences that Gilson (1966) evaluated. The weight distribution of the subsequences serves as an approximation to the filtering process. The basic reason for the analysis of hybrid-sum sequences is to establish a large group of sequences with good statistical properties. It is shown that this can be accomplished much more efficiently using the hybrid-sum approach rather than forming the group strictly from maximum length sequences.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-22; Aug. 197
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  • 19
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the gamma-ray intensity in the longitude region less than or equal to 30 deg. These data, when unfolded, imply that the low-energy (1 to 10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. It is further shown that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4- to 5-kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 20
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    Origin of QSO absorption lines (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of the origin of the absorption lines in QSOs with observed absolute redshifts much less than the empirical values. As a possible alternative to the plasmoid mechanism for decreasing the relatively large possible macroscopic or bulk motions in QSO clouds, it is shown that certain large relative bulk motions in QSO clouds can be dissipated without the presence of strong magnetic fields and without large adiabatic expansions. The essence of the argument is that a cloud with convergent internal velocities can coalesce inelastically, because the internal kinetic energy can be dissipated and radiated away. There are thus indications that observed QSO absorption clouds may have their origin in clouds with internal velocities which are convergent.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 250; July 26
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  • 21
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    478-keV and 431-keV line emissions from alpha-alpha reactions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 22
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    1.0 arc second structure on the sun at 3.71 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 23
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    Ionization equilibrium in soft X-ray-emitting solar flares (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of the 1.9-A line produced by highly ionized iron during a solar flare indicate that this emission occurs under conditions approaching a steady-state ionization equilibrium. Time-dependent and steady-state ionization equilibrium values are used for calculation of 1.9 A line fluxes per unit flare emission. The results are compared with those obtained by observations of some four solar flares, showing that the calculations from time-dependent equilibrium values approximate the observed line flux values with the same accuracy as the calculations from steady-state equilibrium values only when the electron densities are equal to or greater than 10 billion per cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 24
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    Solar longitude dependence of some characteristics of type III radio bursts from metric to hectometric wavelengths (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using the observed data for metric and hectometric type III radio bursts, the dependence of burst characteristics on the solar longitude has been examined over a wide frequency range. It is found that there exists and east-west asymmetry for the extension of metric type III bursts into the hectometric wavelength range. In particular, hectometric bursts are rarely observed for solar flares associated with metric bursts east of 60 E solar longitude. Furthermore, for east longitudes, the low-frequency radio observations show a large dispersion in drift time interval.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 25
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    On helium-like 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in solar flare spectra (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Expected wavelengths and intensities are computed for 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in helium-like ions of the abundant elements from oxygen to iron under coronal conditions. Probable observations of some of these lines in the spectra of solar flares are discussed, and attention is called to a possible reversal of singlet and triplet intensities as compared to laboratory observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 26
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    The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For the case of homogeneous, isotropic magnetic field fluctuations, it is shown that most theories which are based on the quasi-linear and adiabatic approximations yield the same integral for the Fokker-Planck coefficient for the pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays. For example, despite apparent differences, the theories due to Jokipii and to Klimas and Sandri yield the same integral. It is also shown, however, that this integral in most cases has been evaluated incorrectly in the past. For small pitch angles, the errors in previous evaluations are fortuitously of minor importance. For large pitch angles, however, these errors become more significant; and for pitch angles of 90 deg, the actual Fokker-Planck coefficient contains a delta function which has been overlooked in the past. The implications of these corrections on the possibility of relating cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients to observed properties of the interplanetary magnetic field are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 27
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    Empirical solar proton model for orbiting spacecraft applications (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An empirical model for energetic solar proton fluxes is presented. With this model the effects of such protons on geocentric space missions, to be flown during the next solar active period (1977-1983), and with orbits involving partial magnetospheric shielding, may be estimated. A synoptic background review is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the model's use, errors, uncertainties, and limitations, including sample calculations which demonstrate the application of specific or general project missions. Finally, for circular trajectories, percentage exposure maps are presented, depicting fractional mission times spent outside particular L shells as functions of orbit altitude and inclination.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; July 197
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  • 28
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    Solar proton fluences for 1977-1983 space missions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The probability with which any given solar proton fluence level will be exceeded during a space mission is computed for mission to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). This probability is a function of fluence level, proton energy threshold, and mission duration. Calculations are based on 1966-1972 data only. In estimating mission fluences, a distinction is made between ordinary and anomalously large events. Probable numbers of each type of event are estimated from Burrell's extension of Poisson statistics. Fluences of all anomalously large events are assumed to have a spectrum given by the August 1972 event, while fluences of the ordinary events are assumed to obey a log normal distribution.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; June 197
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  • 29
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    The anomalous abundance of cosmic-ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei at low energies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent measurements using the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic-ray telescope on the Pioneer 10 spacecraft have revealed an anomalous spectrum of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei relative to other nuclei such as He and C, in the energy range 3-30 MeV per nucleon. The intensity of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei is enhanced by a factor of up to 20 relative to their abundance in galactic or solar cosmic rays. It is argued that this is most likely a new extrasolar component of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Feb. 1
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  • 30
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    Computer simulation of the Pioneer 10 microwave occultation experiment (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: As Pioneer 10 approaches the planet Jupiter, its trajectory will carry it behind the planet, as seen from the earth. The microwave telemetry signal from the spacecraft will then pass through the Jovian atmosphere on its way to the earth, and analysis of the effects of the atmosphere on the signal should yield information on the atmospheric structure. To help define the capabilities of this experiment and to aid the analysis of the real data, we have simulated the occultation experiment on a computer by using model Jovian atmospheres and a predicted trajectory. The results indicate that the useful depth of penetration of the microwave signal will be governed by ammonia absorption rather than superrefractivity. The experiment is apparently far more sensitive to variations in cloud-top temperature than to variations in the hydrogen-helium ratio. Characteristic 'flashes' in the attenuation record of the signal may yield information on the location of the top of the Jovian convective zone.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; May 1
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  • 31
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    Mutual coupling in a finite planar array of circular apertures (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Equations are presented for the calculation of the interelement mutual coupling in a finite-size planar array of waveguide-fed apertures in an infinite flat conductor. The general mutual admittance expression is evaluated for circular apertures, and the mutual coupling calculations are verified experimentally for two Te-(11) mode excited apertures. Qualitative agreement between calculations for a 183-element array and an infinite array establishes the validity of the finite-array theoretical model.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; Mar. 197
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  • 32
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    Channel simulation for optical communication systems (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique is reported for simulating the signal fading that will be experienced by typical optical communication systems. The desired irradiance or amplitude fading statistics can be simulated by incorporating a linearized optical modulator subsystem between the transmitter and receiver. This technique has been implemented in the design and construction of a laboratory channel simulator. The design of the processing electronics is discussed along with the results of tests performed for each mode of operation.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; June 197
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    An upper limit on soft X-ray pulsations from the pulsar PSR 0833-45 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Vela pulsar PSR 0833-45, located in the Vela X nebula, has the second shortest period of any of the known radio pulsars. Soft X-ray observations are described which place an upper limit of 0.3% on the pulsed fraction of the Vela pulsar relative to the flux from the entire Vela X Nebula, in the 0.5- to 1.0-keV energy band. The present results are about a factor of 7 below the value of 2% measured by Harnden and Gorenstein (1973) for the pulsed fraction relative to the flux from the Vela X Nebula.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; May 1
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  • 34
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    On first cycle slip time of phase-locked loops in cascade (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Precise measurement and spacecraft tracking are obtained by using phase-locked loops in cascade in two-way communications links. Statistics on cycle slip time are of vital importance in system planning and design. This paper presents: (1) results of a computer simulation study of the mean time to first cycle slip of cascade phase-locked loops preceded by bandpass limiters, and (2) the determination of probability distributions of cycle slip. Numerical results are obtained for a typical coherent communication system.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; May 1974
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  • 35
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    The helium component of solar wind velocity streams (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Systematic variations of the properties of the helium constituent of the solar wind in the velocity streams are described. It is found that the helium abundance varies by about a factor of 2 as the stream is crossed. The velocity of the helium differs from that of the hydrogen by a few kilometers per second throughout much of the stream structure. This velocity difference is greatest immediately after the proton density peak passes, the helium velocity being typically 20 km/sec faster than the protons at that position in the stream. A sharp dip in the helium to proton temperature ratio is centered on the proton density peak. Although it appears reasonable that at least the velocity and temperature effects are due to the dynamic interactions of the two streams, it is not yet clear exactly what physical processes are directly involved in producing the effects described here.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 36
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    Bistatic scatter from rain (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An experimental investigation of bistatic scatter from rain was conducted, using a 143-km scatter path at frequencies of 4.5 and 7.7 GHz. The ratio of transmitted to received power (transmission loss) was measured for scattering angles ranging from 6 to 130 deg. Simultaneous weather radar observations were made at a frequency of 1.3 GHz. Transmission loss estimates for the bistatic scatter path were computed, using the weather radar data, the bistatic radar equation, and a model for the scattering cross section per unit volume of rain based upon Rayleigh scattering by an ensemble of water spheres. The measured and estimated transmission loss values were compared to test the use of the scattering model for the estimation of interference. The averaged ratio of measured-to-calculated transmission loss for the 4.5 GHz data is 1.2 plus or minus 0.4 dB. The averaged ratio for the 7.7 GHz data is -1.6 plus or minus 0.5 dB.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; Mar. 197
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  • 37
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    Effects of heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of the reduction in the thermal conductivity due to heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind are examined. Large enhancements of heavy ions in the corona appear to be necessary to give appreciable changes in the thermal gradient of the electrons. These enhancements, if they should occur, may contribute to the understanding of some low values of solar wind temperature measurements at 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 1
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  • 38
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    Some effects of diffusion on the flow of ions in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The contribution of diffusive effects to the near equality of flow velocities of H+ and heavier ions of the solar wind at 1 AU is examined. Frictional drag on heavy ions from average solar wind fluxes of H+ appears to make an appreciable contribution to equalizing velocities. The frictional drag on H+ due to the presence of heavy ions may make an appreciable contribution to equalizing flow velocities, since compensating increases in coronal temperatures may be required in order to give solar wind velocities for H+. However, rather large enhancements of heavy ions near the sun appear to be required. If appreciable enhancements of heavy ions extend beyond about 2.5 solar radii, significant increases in heavy ion temperatures above H+ temperatures may be produced. This temperature difference may contribute to equalizing flow velocities and may contribute to the explanation of measured temperature differences at 1 AU between H+ and He++.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 39
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    Some measurements of the attenuation of solar radiation during BOMEX (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the upward and downward flux of solar radiation in two broad wavelength bands defined by glass filters were made at height between about 300 and 12,000 m in the neighborhood of Barbados during the BOMEX experiment in the summer of 1969. These were examined on selected occasions, apparently cloudless, to determine the attenuation (absorption and upward scattering) that could not be attributed to atmospheric gases and must be considered to be caused by particles. Total particle absorption between the lowest and highest flight levels was found to be of order 5%, and upward scatter of order 1% of the incident radiation. Unexplained attenuation above the highest level was of order 2%. The attenuation attributed to particles was approximately the same magnitude as the geometrical cross section deduced by direct particle sampling on the same flights.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Mar. 197
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  • 40
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    Cosmic far ultraviolet background (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The expected intensities of various possible components of the far ultraviolet background are discussed. It is concluded that existing results do not place interesting constraints on the density of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Current techniques and instrumentation for far ultraviolet astronomy are, however, sufficient to achieve vastly improved limits. New observations are required to determine whether the IGM can be detected in the far ultraviolet or whether the extragalactic component of the background is masked by radiation with a more local origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 247; Feb. 22
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  • 41
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    Coherent scattering of cosmic neutrinos (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that cosmic neutrino scattering can be non-negligible when coherence effects previously neglected are taken into account. The coherent neutrino scattering cross section is derived and the neutrino index of refraction evaluated. As an example of coherent neutrino scattering, a detector using critical reflection is described which in principle can detect the low energy cosmic neutrino background allowed by the measured cosmological red shift.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 37; 1, De; Dec. 197
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  • 42
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    Search for optical emission from cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Long-exposure films are available for both times and regions of sky for several cosmic gamma-ray bursts. A visual magnitude of no more than 6 was set for optical emission from the well-observed May 14, 1972, event. The corresponding lower limit for the ratio of X-ray to optical energy flux in the burst is greater than 100. This may restrict solar-flare analogy models for the burst sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 43
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    The origin of the diffuse background gamma radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent observations provided evidence for diffuse background gamma radiation extending to energies beyond 100 MeV, and evidence of isotropy and implied cosmological origin. Significant features in the spectrum of this background radiation were observed which provide evidence for its origin in nuclear processes in the early stages of big-bang cosmology, and connect these processes with the galaxy formation theory. A test of the theory is in future observations of the background radiation in the 100 MeK to 100 GeV energy range which are made with large orbiting spark-chamber satellite detectors. The theoretical interpretations of present data, their connection with baryon-symmetric cosmology and galaxy formation theory, and the need for future observations are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 147-156
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  • 44
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    Progress in gamma ray burst astronomy (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectral observations on nine of the eleven known cosmic gamma ray bursts detected from IMP-7 from late 1972 through 1973 are reported. All nine events were found to have average spectra ranging from 100 to 1100 keV. The hypothesis of a single greater than 100 keV average event spectrum for all gamma ray bursts (inferred from IMP-6 observations) was investigated. In addition to the mutual consistency of these 14 IMP events, all independently reported average event spectra fit the IMP-7 common spectrum. This observed lack of variability of the average event spectrum suggests that the production mechanism is tied to more rigidly fixed source parameters than most celestial or solar hard X-ray phenomena. Other characteristics of gamma ray bursts events, are discussed: a high-energy spectral tail with power-law index -2.5, a rising size spectrum from the earlier event rate, and a hint of clustering of event occurrence in time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 37-45
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  • 45
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    Gamma radiation from the Crab Nebula above 35 MeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 251; Oct. 4
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  • 46
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    Cosmic rays - Astronomy with energetic particles (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: All nuclei in the periodic table of the elements, as well as electrons and positrons, are present in the stream of cosmic-ray particles. The cosmic-ray particles constitute the only sample of matter from outside the solar system which reaches the earth. Some of the most accurate knowledge of the extrasolar-element abundance distribution is based on the study of these particles. Observational data concerning the cosmic rays are discussed along with cosmic-ray sources, questions of particle interactions and propagation, the electron spectrum, and the significance of the positron component. The directions of cosmic ray research in the immediate future are also considered, giving attention to some fundamental questions which have not yet been answered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physics Today; 27; Oct. 197
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  • 47
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    Integrated laser/radar satellite ranging and tracking system (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A laser satellite ranging system that is mounted upon and integrated with a microwave tracking radar is reported. The 1-pulse/sec ruby laser transmitter is attached directly to the radar's elevation axis and radiates through a new opening in the radar's parabolic dish. The laser photomultiplier tube receiver utilizes the radar's existing 20-cm diam f/11 boresight telescope and observes through a similar symmetrically located opening in the dish. The laser system possesses separate ranging system electronics but shares the radar's timing, computer, and data handling/recording systems. The basic concept of the laser/radar is outlined together with a listing of the numerous advantages over present singular laser range-finding systems. The developmental laser hardware is described along with preliminary range-finding results and expectations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 48
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    The abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The relative abundances are treated as a consequence of processes in cosmic ray transport occurring during passage of the radiation through interstellar material at high velocity. Some of the subjects mentioned are nuclear fragmentation and the production of secondary nuclei, nuclear reactions, energy loss and nuclear decay, ionization, the range-energy relation and propagation variables, capture and loss of electrons, the propagation of nuclei, the transport equation, equilibrium solutions, energy-dependent path length distribution, exponential path length distributions, discrete spectra, sources, supernovae, and the origin of the abundances. The connection between the space-time features of the sources, the material traversed, and the effects of magnetic fields is established by describing the particle-field interaction as a diffusive or random-walk process.
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  • 49
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    High energy particles and quanta in astrophysics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: The various subdisciplines of high-energy astrophysics are surveyed in a series of articles which attempt to give an overall view of the subject as a whole by emphasizing the basic physics common to all fields in which high-energy particles and quanta play a role. Successive chapters cover cosmic ray experimental observations, the abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation, cosmic electrons, solar modulation, solar particles (observation, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium), radio astronomy, galactic X-ray sources, the cosmic X-ray background, and gamma ray astronomy. Individual items are announced in this issue.
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  • 50
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    Cosmic ray experimental observations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current experimental situation in cosmic ray studies is discussed, with special emphasis on the development of new detector systems. Topics covered are the techniques for particle identification, energy measurements, gas Cerenkov counters, magnet spectrometers, ionization spectrometers, track detectors, nuclear emulsions, multiparameter analysis using arrays of detectors, the Goddard ionization spectrometer, charge spectra, relative abundances, isotope composition, antinuclei in cosmic rays, electrons, the measurement of cosmic ray arrival directions, and the prehistory of cosmic rays.
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  • 51
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    A discussion of interplanetary postshock flows with two examples (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Plasma and magnetometer observations of two types of flare-associated shock flows are described and compared with present models. One type represents a class of flows in which the shock is followed by a stream and separated from it by a region in which density, temperature, and speed decrease monotonically. Neither the blast wave model nor the two-stage model, in which the stream and the shock are attributed to the same flare, can quantitatively describe this class. The other type is characterized by a complex region between the shock and the following stream, which has many discontinuities and fluctuations but in which there is no increase in helium concentration. This class of event is not describable in terms of the conventional pictures presented, for example, by Hundhausen (1972). These two types of flow can be distinguished by using ground magnetograms, since the first type shows no sudden impulses following the shock, whereas the second type shows many.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 52
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    Possible evidence for structured acceleration of cosmic rays on a galactic scale from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the region below 30 deg. These data, as unfolded here, imply that the low-energy (1-10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with the radial distance from the galactic center and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region for radial distances between 4 and 5 kpc. We further show that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by Fermi acceleration and compression caused by a hydrodynamic shock driven by the expanding gas in the 3-kpc arm and invoked in some versions of galactic structure theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Mar. 1
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  • 53
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    Shortwave telemetric system (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The application of frequency modulation when constructing a telemetric system in the shortwave band. The operating principles, the construction of the system and the decision making device are described and experimental data are presented. The equipment can be used on sounding balloons.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Technol. for the Production of Space Equipment (NASA-TT-F-15766); p 59-65
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  • 54
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    Solar flux and its variations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Current knowledge of the electromagnetic solar spectrum and radiant energy output for conditions of quiet and active sun is summarized. Discussed are temporal behavior and occurrence of solar phenomena such as active regions, calcium plages and flares, X-rays, UV and other energetic emissions, and their relationships to 11- and 22-year solar cycles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 143-187
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    A possible correlation between maxima of the far ultraviolet solar irradiance and central meridian passages of solar magnetic sector boundaries (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite observations of the sun over almost five years have shown that principally two UV active longitudes have persisted over a significant portion. A comparison between the position of solar magnetic sector boundaries and UV enhancements of the sun indicates that the UV maxima tend to occur near the times when a solar sector boundary is near central meridian. An estimate of the magnitude of the variable UV solar energy input into the atmosphere resulting from the rotation of active solar longitudes is that for wavelengths less than 175 nm and down to H. Lyman-alpha it exceeds the annual variation, whereas at longer wavelengths it is less. The total observed peak-to-peak variation in the UV irradiance from 120 to 300 nm over a solar rotation is typically at least 230 ergs/sq cms.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 116-121
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  • 56
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    The particle background observed by the X-ray detectors onboard Copernicus (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design and characteristics of low energy detectors on the Copernicus satellite are described. The functions of the sensors in obtaining data on the particle background. The procedure for processing the data obtained by the satellite is examined. The most significant positive deviations are caused by known weak X-ray sources in the field of view. In addition to small systemic effects, occasional random effects where the count rate increases suddenly and decreases within a few frames are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
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    Geomagnetic background events observed by Uhuru (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems due to sporadic background events observed by Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite - A) do not compromise the study of discrete X-ray sources. Nevertheless, direct particle effects and auroral type X-ray events in the atmosphere may occasionally occur. Therefore, even on the geomagnetic equator, an experiment must be prepared to recognize and eliminate such events when the ultimate level of sensitivity is desired. The test equipment contained in the satellite and the orbital mechanics of Small Astronomy Satellite - A are described. The sporadic events which were observed by the satellite are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron. Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 18 p
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  • 58
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    Electron contamination in a mid-latitude soft X-ray astronomy experiment during an intense magnetic storm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A large area X-ray sky survey payload was launched from White Sands Missile Range (106 deg W 32 deg N) on 1 Nov. 1972 at 0530 hours U.T. The launch time coincided with intense geomagnetic activity (3 hour K sub p index = 8) following a solar flare. The data have been analyzed to determine possible contamination of X-ray data by large fluxes of low energy electrons that can precipitate down to low altitudes during magnetic storms. There is clear evidence in the data for low energy electrons of 10 - 50 keV contributing appreciably at about 200 km altitude in the 1 - 10 keV X-ray energy channels of the proportional counters used for the X-ray observations. The McIlwain parameters L and B for this altitude at White Sands are 1.25 and 0.46G, respectively.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 21 p
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  • 59
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    AE-LEE measurements at low and mid latitude (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Shortly after the Low Energy Electron Experiment (LEE) on the Atmosphere Explorer-C was turned on following launch, an unexpected phenomenon was encountered at mid-latitudes, a counting rate was acquired with one maximum per roll. Recent analysis shows that these counting rates occur when the detectors are looking in the ram direction of the spacecraft and the spacecraft is near perigee, and are indeed not due to properly analyzed charged particles. After showing the probable cause of these counting rates, some upper limits to true fluxes at low altitudes in the energy range 200 eV to 25 keV from the LEE experiment are shown. OGO-4 data taken at mid-latitudes are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
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  • 60
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    Quasitrapped electrons in the low L region. Preliminary results of a rocket observation on 22 January 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Suprathermal electrons in the energy range 5 - 100 keV were measured with thin-window proportional counters on board a sounding rocket. The flux of the electrons was found to increase with altitude in the range .100 - 550 km, corresponding to L = 1.15 - 1.22, the angular distribution to be peaked in the direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic line of force, and the energy to be represented by a power law.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
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  • 61
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    Observation and explanation of a 0.3% sunward radial streaming of 1 to 5 GV cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A high-energy proton telescope on board the HEOS-1 satellite obtained quiet-time anisotropy data between December 1968 and April 1970. Analysis of the data showed an integral radial streaming component towards the sun of 0.3% for particles of rigidity greater than 1 GV. This value is not explicable in terms of any experimental defect, the effect of the earth's magnetosphere or energy loss effects under spherical symmetry in the solar cavity. An explanation in terms of a falling off ecliptic gradient in cosmic ray density most affecting the 1-5 GV range would seem to be the most compelling.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 39; Nov. 197
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  • 62
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    Physics of solar cosmic rays (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of the historical development of solar cosmic ray research is presented and details concerning the solar atmosphere, the interplanetary space, and solar activity are considered, giving attention to solar-atmosphere structure, problems of radiative transfer, questions of solar magnetism, solar wind, and interplanetary plasmas. Solar flares and associated phenomena are discussed along with the generation of solar cosmic ray events, the mechanism of solar flares, the acceleration process of solar cosmic rays, the propagation of solar cosmic rays, and relations between the flow of energetic protons and solar active regions. Questions regarding the origin theory of cosmic rays are also explored, taking into account the solar origin theory and problems of flare stars.
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  • 63
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    SAS-2 observations of celestial diffuse gamma radiation above 30 MeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The small astronomy satellite, SAS-2, used a 32-deck magnetic core digitized spark chamber to study gamma rays with energies above 30 MeV. Data for four regions of the sky away from the galactic plane were analyzed. These regions show a finite, diffuse flux of gamma rays with a steep energy spectrum, and the flux is uniform over all the regions. Represented by a power law, the differential energy spectrum shows an index of 2.5 + or - 0.4. The steep SAS-2 spectrum and the lower energy data are reasonably consistent with a neutral pion gamma-ray spectrum which was red-shifted (such as that proposed by some cosmological theories). It is concluded that the diffuse celestial gamma ray spectrum observed presents the possibility of cosmological studies and possible evidence for a residual cosmic ray density, and supports the galactic superclusters of matter and antimatter remaining from baryon-symmetric big bang.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 83-88
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    Solar modulation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The important aspects of solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays are outlined. The conditions in the interplanetary medium that affect the modulation are summarized, and equations are developed to describe the behavior of cosmic rays in the solar system, including the effects of diffusion, convection, and energy loss due to adiabatic deceleration in the expanding solar wind. The particle diffusion coefficient is determined from the power spectra of interplanetary magnetic field irregularities. After some solutions for the modulation equations have been derived, the probable forms of the unmodulated cosmic ray spectra are discussed. Other topics include solar cycle variations, energy loss effects, anisotrophies, and gradients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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    Pioneer 10 observations of the solar wind interaction with Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detailed analysis of the Pioneer 10 plasma analyzer experiment flight data during the Jupiter flyby in late November and early December 1973 has been performed. The observations show that the interaction of Jupiter's magnetic field with the solar wind is similar in many ways to that at earth, but the scale size is over 100 times larger. Jupiter is found to have a detached standing bow shock wave of high Alfven Mach number. Like the earth, Jupiter has a prominent magnetopause that deflects the magnetosheath plasma and excludes its direct entry into the Jovian magnetosphere. Unlike that of the earth, the sunward hemisphere of Jupiter's outer magnetosphere is found to be highly inflated with thermal plasma and a high-beta region that is highly responsive to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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    The cosmic X-ray background (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: After a phenomenological description of the diffuse X-ray sky the various mechanisms of X-ray generation are discussed. These include radiation by high-energy particles in their interactions with magnetic fields, ambient electromagnetic waves, and interstellar grains and radiation from subrelativistic suprathermal charged particles in collisions with ambient gas. The generation of X-rays by plasmas through thermal electron-ion interactions is noted. The incidence of X-ray emission inside the Galaxy is first examined; then the extragalactic isotropic background is analyzed in the framework of modern cosmology. Interpretations of the X-ray background based on discrete sources as well as metagalactic cosmic rays are reviewed.
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    Energetic particles in the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detail account of the Pioneer 10 encounter with Jupiter as viewed by the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic ray experiment. Flux time histories of electrons and protons are given over a wide energy band. These show a marked variation with magnetic latitude. Significant removal of low-energy protons by Io is apparent in the inner magnetosphere (less than or equal to 6 Jovian radii). Proton and electron energy spectra are given at various Jovicentric distances. The electron spectra are remarkably hard and constant in slope in the 0.12 to 8.0-MeV interval, the electron spectral index having a value of 1.5 to 2.0 in the region outside 25 Jovian radii. Proton spectra are shown to transform from a power law with indices in the 3 to 4.2 range to more nearly exponential forms in the inner regions (less than or equal to 40 Jovian radii). Extensive data are presented on the angular distributions of protons and electrons at various locations in the Jovicentric magnetosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 68
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    Relative abundances of positrons and antiprotons in the primary cosmic ray flux (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations on the ratio of positrons to the electron-positron sum made in the 5 to 50 GeV range by Buffington et al. (1974) are used to put an upper limit on the ratio of antiprotons to protons at various energies. The calculation of the latter ratio is based on detailed measurements of the cross section of antiproton production up to intersecting storage ring energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 251; Sept. 13
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  • 69
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    The unique cosmic-ray history of the Malakal chondrite (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmogenic radionuclides, including Na-22, Al-26, and Mn-54, were measured in a sample of the recently-fallen Malakal hypersthene chondrite. The high Al-26 activity, 79 plus or minus 2 dpm/kg, greatly exceeds the levels expected from elemental production rates, shielding considerations, or comparisons with other ordinary chondrites, and can only be explained by exposure to a uniquely high cosmic-ray flux. Calculations including noble gas, H-3, and Mn-53 data from other laboratories require a two-stage irradiation. Malakal's most probable history is: exposure in excess of 4 m.y. to an effective cosmic-ray flux approximately three times that experienced by other chondrites, an orbit change (very possibly caused by a collision), and a final period of about 2 m.y. during which it was exposed to a normal cosmic-ray flux.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 22; 3, Ju; June 197
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  • 70
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    SAS-2 observations of the high-energy gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 71
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    Energetic particles from the sun (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of solar cosmic ray phenomena and related topics from the solar physical point of view. Since solar cosmic rays are usually produced by solar flares, it is necessary to understand the processes and mechanism of solar flares, especially the so-called proton flares, in order to understand the acceleration mechanism of solar cosmic rays and their behavior in both the solar atmosphere and interplanetary space. For this reason, a detailed discussion is given of various phenomena associated with solar flares, proton flare characteristics, and the mechanism of solar flares. Since the discovery of solar cosmic rays by Forbush, the interplanetary space has been thought of as a medium in which solar cosmic rays propagate. The propagation of solar cosmic rays in this space is therefore discussed briefly by referring to the observed magnetic properties of this space. Finally, some problems related to the physics of galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 28; June 197
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  • 72
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    An interpretation of the observed oxygen and nitrogen enhancements in low-energy cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility is suggested that the enhancement of cosmic-ray oxygen and nitrogen observed at about 10 MeV per nucleon could result from neutral interstellar particles that are swept into the solar cavity by the motion of the sun through the interstellar medium. These particles are subsequently ionized and accelerated. It is pointed out that this mechanism imposes no severe requirements either on the number of particles that have to be accelerated or on the energy that has to be removed from the solar wind to perform this acceleration.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; May 15
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  • 73
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    Diffraction theory techniques applied to aperture antennas on finite circular and square ground planes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Expressions which represent the elevation-plane patterns of a large TEM mode coax aperture and a TM-01 mode circular aperture on finite circular and square ground planes have been derived using geometrical theory of diffraction; design curves for the coax case are presented. The expressions for the field pattern were obtained by superposing the infinite ground plane solutions, the first-order diffracted field solutions, and the axial caustic solutions in their respective regions of validity. The pattern analyses for the coax and circular apertures are verified experimentally.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; May 1974
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  • 74
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    Observations of the infrared radiation from the nuclei of NGC 1068 and NGC 4151 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data resulting from monitoring the flux of radiation at 11 microns from NGC 1068 and NGC 4151 are presented. There is some evidence for changes of flux of 50% on a time scale of approximately 100 days from NGC 4151. This evidence is suggestive but not compelling. Limits are set on the possible change of the 11-micron flux from NGC 1068. The energy distribution of radiation from NGC 1068 between 8 and 13 microns has been shown to have no spectral features within the accuracy and resolution of our measurement. This is in contrast to energy distributions observed from galactic sources in which the source of energy is generally interpreted as thermal reradiation from grains.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 15
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  • 75
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    Measurement of the positron-electron ratio in the primary cosmic rays from 5 to 50 GeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., vol. 1, no. 3,; 4 p
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  • 76
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    On the possibility of a geocoronal contribution to the celestial soft X-ray background (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility is investigated that a significant fraction of the X-ray background in the energy range from 0.2 to 0.28 keV originates in the geocorona through bremsstrahlung. It is concluded that the geocoronal flux must be substantial at some times and the possibility exists that an observable geocoronal background exists at all times. The existing data on the soft X-ray background is found to be compatible with the hypothesis of a geocoronal component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Sept
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  • 77
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    Diffused optical waveguides (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diffused optical waveguides are studied using the modal and the ray tracing approach, with an emphasis on the case of a hollow waveguide with diffuse cladding. The properties of the guided modes are investigated in detail. The applications of these structures to optical circuits, integrated optics lasers and capillary gas lasers are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: vol. 43; July 197
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  • 78
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    Interplanetary MeV electrons of Jovian origin (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observation of low-energy (0.2- to 8-MeV) electron increases observed in interplanetary space on Pioneer 10 as it approached within 1 AU of Jupiter. These discrete bursts or increases were typically several hundred times the normal quiet-time electron flux and became much more frequent with decreasing distance to Jupiter, the result being the quasi-continuous presence of large fluxes of these electrons in interplanetary space. In view of the likely origin of these electrons at Jupiter and the similarity of these increases to quiet-time electron increases previously observed at earth, the temporal presence of the quiet-time increases has been reexamined. It is found that these increases have a 13-month periodicity, indicating a Jovian origin for the events near the earth as well. It is noted that the integrated flux from quiet-time increase electrons at 1 AU is comparable to the integrated ambient electron flux itself.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 79
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    The Apollo Lunar Sounder radar system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The objectives of the Apollo 17 Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) were to detect subsurface geologic structures, to generate a continuous lunar profile, and to image the moon at radar wavelengths. A three-wavelength synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) operating at 60, 20, and 2 m wavelengths was designed to attain these objectives. The design choices reflected a balance of scientific requirements versus Apollo mission and hardware constraints. The radar data from the lunar mission were recorded on photographic film in a conventional SAR format, and were returned to earth for processing. A combination of optical and digital processing and exploitation techniques was applied to the scientific interpretation of the data. Some preliminary results from the lunar mission have been obtained.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE; vol. 62
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  • 80
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    Charge composition of cosmic rays between 4 and 100 GV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Balloon-flight measurements were used to determine ratios of cosmic-ray L nuclei (charge Z ranging from 3 to 5) to M nuclei (Z ranging from 6 to 8) and of VH nuclei (Z from 20 to 27) to M nuclei using a magnetic spectrometer. The purpose of the measurements was to establish whether both ratios vary with rigidity as this would provide evidence for more than one basic acceleration mechanism. The results provide no indication that the VH spectrum is steeper than the M spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 249; June 28
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  • 81
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    Solar-flare emission lines in the range from 66 to 171 A; 2sr 2pk - 2s/r-1/ 2p/k+1/ transitions in highly ionized iron (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New emission lines found in several flare spectra obtained with the Goddard grating spectrometer on the OSO-5 satellite, in 1969, have been listed by wavelength and relative intensity. These new lines, including several as strong as normal quiet-sun lines, are extremely variable in intensity and have been assigned mainly to transitions of the type 2sr 2pk - 2s(r-1) 2p(k+1) in iron ions up to Fe XXIII.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 82
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    Satellite observations of type III solar radio bursts at low frequencies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Type III solar radio bursts have been observed from 10 MHz to 10 kHz by satellite experiments above the terrestrial plasmasphere. Solar radio emission in this frequency range results from excitation of the interplanetary plasma by energetic particles propagating outward along open field lines over distances from 5 earth radii to at least 1 AU from the sun. This review summarizes the morphology, characteristics, and analysis of individual as well as storms of bursts. Substantial evidence is available to show that the radio emission is observed at the second harmonic instead of the fundamental of the plasma frequency. This brings the density scale derived by radio observations into better agreement with direct solar wind density measurements at 1 AU and relaxes the requirement for type III propagation along large density-enhanced regions. This density scale with the measured direction of arrival of the radio burst allows the trajectory of the exciter path to be determined from 10 earth radii to 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 83
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    Absorption of trapped particles by Jupiter's moons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Inclusion of absorption effects of the four innermost moons in the radial transport equations for electrons and protons in Jupiter's magnetosphere. It is found that the phase space density n at 2 Jupiter radii for electrons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg is reduced by a factor of 42,000 when lunar absorption is included in the calculation. For protons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg the corresponding reduction factor is 2,300,000. The effect of the satellites becomes progressively weaker for both electrons and protons as equatorial pitch angles of 90 deg are approached, because the likelihood of impacting a satellite becomes progressively smaller. The large density decreases found at the orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede result in corresponding particle flux decreases that should be observed by spacecraft making particle measurements in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The characteristic signature of satellite absorption should be a downward-pointing vertex in the flux versus radius curve at the L value corresponding to each satellite.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 84
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    Dense solar wind cloud geometries deduced from comparisons of radio signal delay and in situ plasma measurements (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The geometries of dense solar wind clouds are estimated by comparing single-location measurements of the solar wind plasma with the average of the electron density obtained by radio signal delay measurements along a radio path between earth and interplanetary spacecraft. Several of these geometries agree with the current theoretical spatial models of flare-induced shock waves. A new class of spatially limited structures that contain regions with densities greater than any observed in the broad clouds is identified. The extent of a cloud was found to be approximately inversely proportional to its density.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 85
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    Mutual coupling in a finite planar array of circular apertures (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Equations are presented for the calculation of the interelement mutual coupling in a finite size planar array of wave-guide-fed apertures in an infinite flat conductor. The general mutual admittance expression is evaluated for circular apertures and the mutual coupling calculations are verified experimentally for two TE11 mode excited apertures. Qualitative agreement between calculations for a 183 element array and an infinite array establishes the validity of the finite array theoretical model.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; Mar. 197
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  • 86
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    Absorption of infrared radiation by electrons in the field of a neutral hydrogen atom (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analytical expression for the absorption coefficient is developed from a relationship between the cross-section for inverse bremsstrahlung absorption and the cross-section for electron-atom momentum transfer; it is accurate for those photon frequencies v and temperatures such that hv/kT is small. The determination of the absorption of infrared radiation by free-free transitions of the negative hydrogen ion has been extended to higher temperatures. A simple analytical expression for the absorption coefficient has been derived.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 1
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  • 87
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    Laser-plasma spectra of highly ionized fluorine (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Lines between 11.3 and 17.2 A of lithium-like, helium-like, and hydrogen-like fluorine have been observed in spectra of laser-produced plasmas. These lines include nine members of the Lyman series of F IX; eight members of the principal series of F VIII; and satellite lines arising from doubly excited configurations of F VII and F VIII. Similar satellite lines of the abundant solar elements have been identified in soft X-ray spectra of solar flares. A wavelength list of fluorine lines is given, and physical conditions in the plasma are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 15
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  • 88
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    Direct observations in the dusk hours of the characteristics of the storm time ring current particles during the beginning of magnetic storms (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 89
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    Spatial distribution of soft X-ray and EUV emission associated with a chromospheric flare of importance 1B on August 2, 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Feb. 197
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  • 90
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    Jupiter radiation belt electrons and their effects on sensitive electronics (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data on the electron environment trapped at Jupiter, tests performed to simulate the effects of electrons on Mariner, Jupiter-Saturn 1977 sensitive parts, and test results from those simulations, are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 15 p
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  • 91
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    Radiation effects (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effects of cosmic radiation and radiation from solar flares on space probe functions are investigated. Long life batteries for probe use were also investigated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 20 p
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  • 92
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    Neutron propagation and 2.2 MeV gamma-ray line production in the solar atmosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The 2.2 MeV gamma ray line intensity from the sun was calculated using a Monte Carlo method for neutron propagation in the solar atmosphere. Detailed results are provided on the total gamma ray yield per neutron and on the time profile of the 2.2 MeV line from an instantaneous and monoenergetic neutron source. The parameters which have the most significant effects on the line intensity are the energies of the neutrons, the position of the neutron source on the sun, and the abundance of He-3 in the photosphere. For an isotropic neutron source which is not too close to the limb of the sun, the gamma ray yield is between about 0.02 to 0.2 photons per neutron, provided that the neutron energies are in the range 1 to 100 MeV and the ratio He-3/H is less than about .00005.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70568 , X-660-74-5
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  • 93
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    Simulation study of communication link for Pioneer Saturn/Uranus atmospheric entry probe (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A digital simulation is presented for a candidate modem in a modeled atmospheric scintillation environment with Doppler, Doppler rate, and signal attenuation typical of the radio link conditions for an outer planets atmospheric entry probe. The results indicate that the signal acquisition characteristics and the channel error rate are acceptable for the system requirements of the radio link. The simulation also outputs data for calculating other error statistics and a quantized symbol stream from which error correction decoding can be analyzed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-114739
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  • 94
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    Low cost ground receiving systems for television signals from high-powered communications satellites. Volume 2: Parts list and engineering drawings (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Parts lists for the 2.25 GHz indoor- and antenna-unit assemblies are followed by drawings that constitute the drafting package for three converter types and the tunnel diode amplifier.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-120933
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  • 95
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    Task 60 test report, evaluation of IRIG-A 21 channel constant bandwith FM multiplexer for shuttle development flight instrumentation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A frequency modulated (FM) multiplexer, consisting of 21 IRIG-A constant bandwidth (CBW) voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO's) was tested to determine its suitability for use in multiplexing 21 data signals which have frequency ranges of dc to 2 kHz. Tests were preformed with the composite signal, consisting of the mixed outputs of the 21 VCO's connected directly to a set of subcarrier discriminators, with the signal recorded on magnetic tape and played back through the discriminators and with the signal transmitted by a frequency-modulated FM S-band radio frequency RF transmitter to a FM receiver and through the subcarrier discriminators. Tape speed flutter was induced to determine the reduction in flutter noise which can be obtained by the tape speed compensation equipment. The RF transmission test included transmitting the composite signal at a nominal RF received signal of -73 dbm and at RF levels of -83 and -86 dbm.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-134304 , LEC-3558 , JSC-09017
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  • 96
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the gamma ray intensity in the region absolute value of l approximately smaller than 30 deg. These data imply that the low energy galactic cosmic ray flux varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. This enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by first order Fermi acceleration, compression and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4 to 5 kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70597 , X-640-74-17
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  • 97
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    SAS-2 observations of the high energy gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from a scan of the galactic plane by the SAS-B high energy gamma ray experiment in the region 250 deg smaller than 12 smaller than 290 deg show a statistically significant excess over the general radiation from the galactic plane for gamma radiation of energy larger than 100 MeV. If the enhanced gamma radiation results from interactions of cosmic rays with galactic matter, as the energy spectrum suggests, it seems reasonable to associate the enhancement with large scale galactic features, such as spiral arm segments in that direction, or with the region surrounding the Vela supernova remnant with which PSR 0833-45 is associated. If the excess is attributed to cosmic rays released from the supernova interacting with the interstellar matter in that region, than on the order of 3 x 10 to the 50th power ergs would have been released by that supernova in the form of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70602 , X-662-74-58
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Solar cosmic ray composition above 10 MeV/nucleon and its energy dependence in the 4 August 1972 event (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of the proton, helium (C,N,O) and Fe-group nuclei fluxes made during the large 4 August 1972 solar particle event are presented. The results show a small, but significant variation of the composition of multicharged nuclei as a function of energy in the energy region above 10 MeV/nucleon. In particular, the He/(C,N,O) abundance ratio varies by a factor approximately 2 between 10 and 50 MeV/nucleon, and the Fe-group/(C,N,O) ratio suggests a similar variation. Abundance ratios from the 4 August 1972 event are compared as a function of energy with ratios measured in other solar events. At energies approximately greater than 50 MeV/nucleon, the He/(C,N,O) abundance ratio for August 1972 is consistent with all earlier measurements made above that energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70590 , X-662-74-32
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  • 99
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    Measurement of cosmic ray positron and negatron spectra between 50 and 800 MeV (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne magnetic spectrometer was used to measure the spectra of cosmic ray positrons and negatrons at energies between 50 and 800 MeV. Comparisons of the separate positron and negatron spectra observed near the earth with their expected intensities in interstellar space can be used to investigate the complex (and variable) interaction of galactic cosmic rays with the expanding solar wind. The present measurements, which have established finite values or upper limits for the positron and negatron spectral between 50 and 800 MeV, have confirmed earlier evidence for the existence of a dominant component of negatrons from primary sources in the galaxy. The present results are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the positron component is in fact mainly attributable to collisions between cosmic ray nuclei and the interstellar gas. The estimate of the absolute intensities confirm the indications from neutron monitors that in 1972 the interplanetary cosmic ray intensities were already recovering toward their high levels observed in 1965.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70580 , X-660-74-16
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  • 100
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    Integrated source and channel encoded digital communications system design study (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Studies on the digital communication system for the direct communication links from ground to space shuttle and the links involving the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). Three main tasks were performed:(1) Channel encoding/decoding parameter optimization for forward and reverse TDRS links,(2)integration of command encoding/decoding and channel encoding/decoding; and (3) modulation coding interface study. The general communication environment is presented to provide the necessary background for the tasks and to provide an understanding of the implications of the results of the studies.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-134183 , R7401-2
    Format: application/pdf
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