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  • Chemical Engineering  (2,596)
  • 1980-1984  (2,596)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 152-154 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 148-150 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 174-174 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 175-176 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 177-201 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article reviews the major developments in the engineering and design of three-phase slurry catalytic reactors. A general theoretical analysis for predicting the overall rate of reaction in a slurry reactor for various kinetics is presented, incorporating all the transport effects. Modeling of semi-batch reactors is discussed and design procedures are indicated. Some major correlations and methods for determining gas-liquid and liquid-solid mass transfer coefficients and effective diffusivity in liquid filled pores are reviewed. Slurry reactors are compared with other three-phase reactors, such as trickle bed or packed bed reactors, and relative merits are pointed out.
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  • 7
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Intraparticle mass transfer in coal pyrolysis is described by ternary diffusion and viscous flow, in conjunction with a simple pore model to predict concentration profiles for gases and tar. At low pressures, product yields depend on particle size only, while at high pressures they depend on pressure and particle size. Limited experimental data from a subbituminous coal confirm these trends. Data from a bituminous coal show different trends, as expected from the drastic changes the pore structure undergoes during pyrolysis.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When primary control objectives cannot be measured directly, secondary measurements have to be selected and used in conjunction with estimators to infer the value of the unmeasurable variables. Unmeasured process disturbances (state excitation noise) are assumed to be of major importance, dominating the errors caused by measurement noise. Since the white noise assumption is generally insufficient for the persistent disturbances commonly occuring in the Chemical Engineering, environment, a nonstationary noise model has been employed, and is shown to yield superior estimations under these circumstances. New necessary and sufficient conditions have been developed for the observability of the dynamic system augmented to include the noise model.A variety of new measurement selection criteria is presented here, with the goal of minimizing estimation error. One class of criteria aims at minimizing the transient estimation error when a static estimator is used. The other class minimizes the measurement error caused by the unobservable subspace. The design of state reconstruction procedures (which are able to handle persistent unmeasured process disturbances) is explained in a stochastic and a deterministic framework. Finally, the synthesis of reduced order control schemes is discussed. The power of the selection criteria and the superiority of a Kalman filter design employing a nonstationary noise model is demonstrated in many examples.
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  • 9
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 274-281 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A three-parameter model of axial and radial dispersion in a packed tubular reactor is proposed as an alternative to the Fickian dispersion model. Though it is formulated in terms of differential equations, it requires no exit boundary condition, so it is mathematically more convenient than the Fickian model. Examples of its application to chemical reactors are given.
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  • 10
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 287-288 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 11
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 308-310 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 12
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 314-317 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 325-327 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article describes a novel approach to the systematic synthesis of heat exchanger networks. For a given synthesis problem, this approach leads to a complete listing of all solutions which exist, using a prescribed degree of energy recovery, the minimum number of exchangers, heaters and coolers, and no split streams. The approach is combinatorial, with a variety of thermodynamic criteria used to minimize the problem size by preventing infeasible solutions being generated. Two examples (5SPI and 6SPI) are discussed to illustrate complete solution by hand.
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  • 16
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 24-30 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For moving-bed solids flow in an inclined pipe leading into a fluidized bed, the pressure drop across the pipe is a retarding force while the gas leakage rate alters the flow properties of the solids. The pressure drop has been related to the pipe exit pressure, which, in turn, can be calculated by integrating the solids bulk density over the bed depth. A correlation for the rate of gas leakage in terms of the geometric features and operating conditions of the system is developed. The correlation agrees with experimental data to within ± 25%. Part II of this paper will deal with solids flow.
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  • 17
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 43-51 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusion in concentrated, non-ideal liquid solutions may take place not only through motion of single molecules but also through movement of groups of molecules, or “clusters.” Analyzing this cluster diffusion leads to predictions that the diffusion coefficient can vary with the square root of the usual activity corrections to diffusion. These predictions seem consistent with experiments, particularly in highly non-ideal solutions.
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  • 18
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 60-67 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A reactor of fiour crossflow nomolithic blocks is used to approximate a cocurrent and a countercurrent reactor-heat excanger. Essentailly isothermal reaction pass profiles are produced by flowing the coolant and reactant streams cocurrent to each other according to the criteria set down in Part I of this paper. A multiplicy of steady states is shown to exist for the autothermal countercurrent mode, but not for the autothermal cocurrent mode, under identical conditions.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There are several ways to remove minral matter from coal-derived liquids: antisolvent agglomeration and subsequent sedimentation is one. Adding antisolvent to coal liquids causes asphaltenes and/or preasphaltenes in the oil to precipitate. The precipitated asphaltenes then agglomerate the paraticles, increasing the sedimentation rate. The magnitude of this increase depend no the mixing conditions used to dispers the antisolvent in the oil.This article discuss the results of sedimentation experiments performed onthe antisolvent addition to coal liquids, using an x-ray detection system. The system has the capacity of high temperature (up to 315°C) and high pressure (up to 2.75 7 × 106 Pa). The important parameters are the mixing time, the impeller speed, and the antisolvent addition rate. These are studied in detail for the antisolvent Soltrol.
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  • 20
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 132-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 136-139 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NO Abstract.
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 144-148 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Slugging experiments were performed in a semicircular Plexiglas column 5.6 m in height to study the effect of an expanded section on slugging. The bottom section of the column (3.05 m long) is 28.6 cm in inside diameter and the expanded section 40.6 cm. Both the bed height and the fluidizing velocity were varied during the study, and the results were successfully correlated with a theoretically derived equation. The implications in designing a bed with an expanded section to reduce the slugging effectively are also discussed.
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  • 23
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 154-157 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 25
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 507-510 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 510-513 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ruthven (1976) published thermodynamic and kinetic data on the adsorption of five gases in zeolites over a wide range of temperatures and concentrations. We have described zeolite diffusivities with a model based on the discrete structure of zeolite crystals and a statistic-thermodynamic evaluation of equilibrium measurements (Fiedler and Celbin 1978). Prof. Ruthven has kindly sent us tables of results for all systems in his paper, which we analyze below.
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 526-526 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 28
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 517-521 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 526-526 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 527-528 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 529-536 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Models of the role of the interstitial fluid for dispersion in a fixed bed for very high Reynolds numbers are examined in detail to determine how well they fit the physical requirements of finite speed of signal propagation, no backmixing, conservation and correct asymptotic form. It is concluded that no linear continuous partial differential equation of finite order can satisfy all of these requirements as well as the cell model, although all models for sufficiently large axial space and time variables are very good approximations to the cell model. Some new hyperbolic models are presented and their solutions obtained and compared with the standard solutions. In present day design it appears that no model has an outstanding advantage over any other.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The simultaneous solution of all the equations for a general system of interlinked, multistaged separators is considered. The interlinks may be simple streams or reciprocal streams, and a particular separator may have bypassing streams (for example, pumparounds). Algorithms are developed that automatically arrange the linearized equations so that for a Newton-Raphson type of solution procedure using, for example, the Naphtali-Sandholm technique, a minimum or nearly minimum number of nonzero blocks occur outside the tridiagonal band so that computational memory and time requirements are minimized. The nonzero and nonidentity blocks are stored in a single vector of variable dimension.
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  • 34
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 602-610 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements were made of the steady state flux of sulfur dioxide through films of water and solutions of neutral and alkaline sodium salts (0.1 to 2.0 M sodium chloride, 10-3 to 3.0M sodium hydroxide, NaHSO3 or sodium sulfite) with sulfur dioxide partial pressures between 10 and 100Pa. In agreement with equilibrium theory (Part I), data from water and sodium chloride solutions show that HSO3- is responsible for 83 to 95% of the flux (facilitation factor F between 5 and 19). In alkaline solutions, HSO3- and other sulfur containing species cause F to be as large as 1 370. Equilibrium theory, however, overpredicts F by up to a factor of 7. The NEBLA (Part I) accounts for this deviation.
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 635-641 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There are many industrially important reactions in which the chemical kinetics and external diffusion govern the observed reaction rate, and the observed kinetics differ drastically from the true kinetics. This study shows that the forward stagnation flow region of a circular cylinder can be a convenient system for studying the true kinetics of a solid catalyzed reaction owing to its unique property of uniform accessibility.
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 663-669 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A five plate distillation column, 100 mm in diameter, has been used to study both fluid mixing and the mass transfer separations of mixtures of methylcyclohexane and n-heptane under periodically cycled conditions. Both the fluid mixing and mass transfer could be successfully analyzed using the (2S) model to describe the liquid movement in the column. Previously reported results by McWhirter and Lloyd could not be reproduced. Only moderate improvements in separating ability can be obtained with sieve plates and packed sieve plate columns operated in the cycled mode.
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an earlier article, a Corresponding States Method was presented for predicting the saturated liquid densities of both pure components and mixtures. The method is based on the known saturated liquid densities of two reference fluids and requires the critical properties and acentric factors of the pure components as input parameters. We use the method here to calculate the swelling factors of CO2-crude oil mixtures using CO2 and n-dodecane as the reference fluids. The critical properties and acentric factors of the crude oils were estimated from their API gravities and Watson K-factors. Using only one adjustable coefficient to characterize each CO2-crude oil system, swelling factors were calculated to within 0.5% of their experimental values. The single, adjustable coefficient is linearly related to the boiling point of the crude.
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  • 39
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 372-378 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cubic perturbed, hard sphere equation of state which combines the hard sphere expression of Scott and the empirical attractive term of Redlich and Kwong with two temperature dependent parameters has been successfully applied to the calculation of pure component properties and vapor-liquid equilibrium values.
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 390-398 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trajectories of bubbles and entrained particles in the rotating fluidized bed were obtained from equations expressing a balance among inertial, centrifugal, Coriolis, gravity and drag forces. The solutions led to information on the behavior of isolated bubbles, bubbles swarms and the elutriation characteristics of the rotating fluidized bed.
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 411-419 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We identify dispersion approximations to the transverse average of the solution of the convective diffusion equation on exacting equality of a finite number of axial Hermite moments. The method unifies the dispersion of chemically active and passive solutes and generalizes dispersion theory to arbitrary transverse averages. We emphasize the importance of the scalar results via their application to the dispersion of a system of chemical isomers.
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 443-454 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When an aerocolloidal suspension flows through a fibrous filter, particles deposit on the fibers and form dendrites. Similar phenomena are observed with collectors other than fibers, provided that the characteristic dimension of the collector does not exceed that of the particles by more than one to two orders of magnitude. This deposition pattern leads to marked increases in capture efficiency and pressure drop, as particles accumulate within the filter. In previous publications, theoretical models of this process were developed for the cases of deposition by interception alone and of deposition by combined inertial impaction and interception. Consequently, those works apply to aerosol particles with diameters of 1 μm or larger. Here we extend the model to the case of submicron particles, where the main transport mechanism is Brownian diffusion. To keep things specific, we consider fine fibers as collectors, but the model can be easily converted to other geometries. We present solutions for the cases of nonslip flow around the fiber and nonslip, slip and free molecular flow around particles. Unlike deposition by inertial impaction and/or interception, convective Brownian diffusion forms dendrites over the entire fiber surface.
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 471-477 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performances of cylindrical and conical thickeners are compared by means of calculations, using published data on the properties of a suspension. Experimental data on the operation of cylindrical thickeners indicate that sludge funneling at the bottom of such thickeners has a large effect and is a possible cause of observed discrepancies between theory and experiment.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 487-496 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed for the gasification of a single-char particle in an environment of water, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane, existing in the gasification zone of a reactor. The model, consisting of the mass and energy conservation equations, together with the Stefan-Maxwell relations includes the intraparticle effects and the change in internal surface area. It is found that the intraparticle effects and the surface area effects are significant and hence cannot be neglected, and the situation becomes more acute with increasing particle size and high temperatures. Comparisons with other models and existing empirical relations show that the model agrees well when diffusional effects are minimal, but at higher temperature and large pariticle size there is a significant difference. The model may be used to discriminate among various idealized models such as the homogeneous and the shrinking core model. The conyective terms in the Stefan-Maxwell relations have negligible influence. The analysis can be directly used in the modeling studies of gasification reactors and will be so applied in a later paper.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 496-504 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study of the identification of the dynamics of a pilot scale absorption-desorption system and the subsequent design of a multivariable control scheme are reported. A multivariable transfer function model was obtained from experimental input-output data in which the inputs (steam supply and liquid circulation rate) were perturbed simultaneously using uncorrelated pseudo random sequences. A two-step, least-squares estimator was employed for the identification of the model.A multivariable controller was then designed on the basis of the direct Nyquist array method. The implementation of the controller design indicated the utility of the design procedure as compared to independent single input, single output control loops; there is, however, some scope for additional tuning.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 513-517 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 828-832 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new numerical method is proposed for the one-dimensional melting problem. Unlike many of the existing numerical techniques which either immobilize the moving interface by a suitable coordinate transformation or search for the moving interface under a fixed grid, fixed-time-step finite-difference formulation, the present method was a fixed grid, variable time-step approach. Each time step in the computation is determined iteratively by requiring that the interface be located at a mesh point, one grid space from the previous interface location.Results of two sample calculations show that the present method is superior to the conventional finite-difference method both in its accuracy and computational efficiency. The formulation is mathematically simple and can be applied with no difficulty to problems with nonplanar geometry and initial subcooling. The present method is applied to the analysis of the melting of a finite slab subjected to a constant heat flux boundary condition. Some interesting effects of initial subcooling on the physics of melting are illustrated and discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 850-852 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 869-872 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Goodman's integral heat and mass balance method is applied to the problem of a moving boundary in a spherical particle. The moving boundary was fixed by a suitable transformation for ease in solution. The mean value theorem was used to treat the nonlinearities when they occurred. Relations for the heat and mass boundary positions are obtained for the most general conditions. These expressions reduce in their limiting cases to known results.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 876-876 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 51
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 876-876 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 891-901 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Multistage permeation cascades have been designed for the removal of radioactive krypton and xenon from nuclear reactor atmospheres. These cascades could serve for the decontamination of the atmosphere within a reactor containment dome following a nuclear accident and for other applications of interest to the nuclear industry. The stages of the cascades are assumed to consist of permeator modules using silicone rubber capillaries as separation membranes. All stages are to be operated in a countercurrent mode with shell-side feed.It is shown that it is possible to design an ideal cascade for the separation of multicomponent mixtures by matching the concentrations of a suitable key component in interstage streams that are mixed. This procedure minimizes the cascade volume and power requirement. It is also possible to design a cascade with constant stage cuts in its enriching and stripping sections that approximates the performance of an ideal cascade. The krypton and xenon content of a feed mixture containing about 1 × 10-3 mol% Kr and 1 × 10-2 mol% Xe in air can be lowered by factors of 103 and 108 respectively in a 27-stage permeation cascade. Methods of reducing the number of stages and the effects of irradiation on the membrane performance are also discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 881-890 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to study the separation of krypton and xenon from nuclear reactor atmospheres by selective permeation through silicone rubber capillaries. Effective permeability coefficients for pure krypton xenon, nitrogen, and oxygen were determined between 0 and 40°C and at pressure differences across the capillary walls (Δp) of up to 3.45 × 105 N/m2 (50 psi). The silicone rubber capillaries had an O.D. of 635 μm (0.025 in.) and an I.D. of 305 μm (0.012 in.), and were pressurized externally. The effective permeability coefficients decreased with increasing Δp, due to the elastic deformation of the capillaries, in general agreement with a deformation analysis of thick-walled elastic tubes.Gas separation studies were made with a Kr-Xe-N2-O2 mixture in a permeator containing a bundle of silicone rubber capillaries. The permeator had an effective permeation area of 0.480 m2 (5.165 ft2) at a packing density of 4132 m2m3 permeator volume (1260 ft2/ft3), and was operated in a countercurrent mode. The separation studies were conducted at -10 and 20°C and at three Δp values. The separation achieved in the permeator at Δp's of 1.38 × 105 N/m2 (20 Ib/in.2) and 2.07 × 105 N/m2 (30 Ib/in.2) was in good agreement with that predicted from a theoretical model of a permeation stage with countercurrent flow. At 3.45 × 105 N/m2 (50 Ib/in.2), the separation approached that predicted from a “perfect mixing” model. This behavior probably was due to local collapses of the capillaries at weak spots in their walls, as was evidenced also by a sharp increase in the axial pressure drop inside the capillaries.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 916-928 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Due to rising energy costs, there is an increasing need to include the goal of energy conservation as an integral part of process synthesis. This paper discusses the problem of finding the optimum sequence of distillation columns for separating a multicomponent mixture, when heat exchange is permitted between the columns. The major difficulties are associated with the nonserial nature of the problem, the large combinatorial variety and the size of the optimization task. The synthesis strategy presented here overcomes these problems by the use of a bounding technique together with the Lagrangian theory from nonlinear programming. Accurate lower bounds on the optimal costs permit the elimination of nonoptimal sequences with minimal computational effort.
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 26-32 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A branched pore kinetic model for aqueous phase activated carbon adsorption is presented in which the carbon particle is separated into rapidly and slowly diffusing regions. The model was developed to overcome problems arising from a single rate parameter analysis and is shown to describe experimental data well. In addition to very different rates of transport in the two regions, parameters estimated by regression analysis indicated differences in the adsorptive characteristics.
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  • 56
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    Notes: Numerical bifurcation techniques are used to predict multiple steady states for a nonadiabatic, premixed hydrogen flame stabilized on a flat-flame burner. It is found that predicted conditions for burnout and ignition vary remarkably as rival chemical niodels are selected, while conditions for a well-stabilized flame are much less sensitive to chemical and kinetic assumptions. It is concluded that multiplicity theory can help define the chemical behavior of realistic, complex reaction-diffusion systems.
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  • 57
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    Notes: An experimental investigation of an impinging water jet freezing on a melting solid surface has been carried out. Attention was focused on the stagnation region of an axisymmetric jet. In the experiment, a water jet was directed upward against the lower end of a meltable rod, having a diameter about twice that of the jet orifice. Solid octane (m.p. - 56.5°C) and solid mercury (m.p. - 38.9°C) served as the meltable materials. A laminar-axisymmetric flow model was developed to describe melting heat transfer in the presence of jet solidification within the impingement region. Measurements of the melting rate and conditions for the onset of jet solidification were found to agree quite well with the values predicted with this model.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 779-787 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical solution is obtained to the extended Graetz problem with prescribed wall flux, based on a selfadjoint formalism resulting from a decomposition of the convective diffusion equation into a pair of first-order partial differential equations. The solution obtained is simple, computationally efficient and in striking contrast with incomplete numerical efforts in the past.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 802-816 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Structural relationships between the numbers of the various types of steady states exhibited by a mixed culture of microorganisms growing in a chemostat have been obtained. The analysis is based on the degree theory and utilizes Hopf's index theorem. Useful information concerning the culture growth and general conclusions pertaining to the nature of the possible steady states are obtained from these relationships. An alternate method of stability analysis, based on the above results, has also been developed and applications to several cases of growth of indirectly interacting populations which demonstrate the efficiency of the method are presented.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 832-839 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For gas absorption accompanied by two consecutive second-order reactions, the reaction factors of the film and penetration theories were solved by the orthogonal collocation method. For equivalent definition of the other physico-chemical parameters, the reaction factors from the two theories differ only slightly. In film theory, it is shown that the film-bulk boundary condition is of importance only for small values of M. It is also shown that the difference between the point yields of the film and penetration theories is generally small, although it is larger than the difference in reaction factors for the two theories.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 858-862 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 865-868 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Diametrically different influences of small moisture contents upon strength are often measured in beds of different kinds of particles. Here we explain such opposing trends in terms of capillary forces exerted by condensed liquid rings at the points of particle contact. The effects of such rings are opposite for different particle shapes at the point of contact, namely, at spherical or at sharp angular contact points. In addition to the theoretical development, data are given for two different illustrative types of particles.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 876-876 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 876-879 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980) 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 910-916 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: A number of approaches to the optimal selection of sensor locations are presented, and some of these are applied to determine optimal thermocouple positions in a packed bed tubular reactor. As expected, the optimal locations were found to be those surrounding the hot spot location. The theory also revealed that for good state estimation and for goodlinear quadratic control of the reactor, only one or two well located temperature measurements are necessary rather than the entire temperature profile.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 935-943 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A detailed mathematical model of a single catalyst pellet has been developed to describe its behavior under transient conditions encountered during the warmup period of automobile exhaust catalytic converters. In contrast to the converter models previously reported in the literature, this model is capable of describing the time-dependent behavior of a composite catalyst pellet, and thus provides a convenient means of examining the effects of poison penetration and various noble metal impregnation strategies in the activity-time (rather than activity-temperature) domain.Extensive calculations were carried out to investigate the effects of various catalyst design parameters and converter operating conditions on the lightoff behavior of a spherical, platinum-alumina catalyst pellet. Due to the complex kinetics of the CO and hydrocarbon oxidation reactions, catalyst lightoff was found to exhibit interesting behavior with respect to variations of the system's design parameters and operating conditions. Graphs are presented to illustrate the parameteric sensitivity of these effects.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 954-964 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have obtained values for interaction second viral coefficients of the helium-carbon dioxide system in the range 230 ≤ T/K ≤ 300. Our experimental technique is essentially the Burnett mixing method described by Hall and Eubank (1973, 1974). We have modified the analysis to account for higher-order effects and to detect significant systematic errors. We also report virial coefficients for the pure components: helium in the range 100 ≤ T/K ≤ 300 and carbon dioxide at 300 K.
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    Notes: The design of the steady-state optimizing control for a single unit is formulated within the framework of the nonlinear mathematical programming theory. Alternative implementational strategies are developed and a multilevel screening procedure is proposed to arrive at the best optimizing control configuration. Numerical examples on a fluid catalytic cracking unit and a distillation column demonstrate the systematic design and the synthesis of the most promising optimizing control structures for these systems.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 1013-1019 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A time lag method is described for use with a membrane-covered, rotated disc electrode that allows determination of the partitioning and diffusivity of small molecules in hydrophilic gel membranes and membrane permeability from a single measurement. This new technique takes into account the concentration boundary layer in the solution adjacent to the membrane and reaction at the electrode surface of solutes that are diffusion- or kinetic-limited. Examples are given of the use of this method for characterizing mass transfer in a commercial cellulosic membrane with oxygen, hydroquinone, ferrocyanide, and glucose as solutes.
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 316-316 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 321-351 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Process synthesis is the step in design where the chemical engineer selects the component parts and how to interconnect them to create his flowsheet. This paper reviews the rapidly growing process synthesis literature of over 190 articles, almost all of which have been produced in the last decade.The paper first introduces the nature of the synthesis problem and outlines the variety of approaches which have appeared to solve aspects of it. The problems include developing a representation, a means to evaluate alternatives, and a strategy to search the almost infinitely large space of possible alternatives. As the article demonstrates, effective solutions are very dependent on the nature of the synthesis problem being addressed.The article covers in detail the following five synthesis topics: chemical reaction paths, separation systems, heat exchanger networks, complete flowsheets, and control systems. Readily apparent are the development of industrially significant insights to aid in the design of heat exchanger networks. Reasonable progress exists in the synthesis of separation systems based on nearly ideal distillation technology and in the development of computer aids by chemists for reaction path synthesis leading to desired complex organic molecules. More work is needed for the remaining areas to become industrially significant.
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 358-364 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) was used for the simultaneous measurement of the gas and particle velocities in a gas-solid, two-phase flow. The flow configuration consists of an air jet at ambient temperature in which a spherical glass powder of a mean particle diameter of 97.0 or 13.7 μm was injected from one side using a secondary air jet. Both principal and secondary jets were also seeded with talcum powder with a mean particle diameter of about 1 μm which served as a tracer.The probability density distribution function (PDF) of the LDA output showed two distinct peaks corresponding to the particle and gas velocities. As the particles were accelerated by the flow, the slip velocity between the gas and the particles decreased causing the gap between these two peaks to narrow. The measured mean particle velocity profiles were in agreement with the predictions of a theoretical model.The objectives of the present investigation was to obtain experimental data on the dependence of the particle trajectories and their mean velocities on the injection conditions in a free jet stream. The principal question, however, was whether such data could be obtained using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). In other words, whether LDA could be effectively used in two-phase flow systems for the simultaneous measurement of the gas and particle velocities? Obviously, the answer to this last question can affect far beyond this particular study and more than justified the effort for this detailed investigation. It should be pointed out that, while LDA has been known for sometime, and the necessary equipments for an LDA system are available on a commercial bases, relatively little attention has been given to its application to other than single-phase, fluid-flow measurements.
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow mechanism of adsorbable gas through the porous adsorbent in the presence of capillary condensation is interpreted, and a new transport model is derived by separately taking into account the hopping behavior of adsorbed molecules in the adsorbed phase and the viscous flow of capillary condensate. Surface flow coefficients including the contribution of capillary flow calculated with this model agree with published experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 292-298 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption rate of SO2 from a gas mixture of SO2 and N2 into pure water, HCl, and NaCl solutions has been measured at 25°C in a continuous stirred vessel with an unbroken gas-liquid interface. The rates of the liquid-phase mass transfer are accurately modeled by the theory of surface renewal with the instantaneous, reversible hydrolysis of dissolved SO2. The theory and results are applicable to SO2 absorption from waste gases.
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 312-315 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a new formulation of the infinite plate or minimum reflux limit of a multicomponent distillation column. Based on this model, two new calculation methods are developed. The first is a short-cut method which extends Underwood's classic minimum reflux treatment to variable molar overflow situations. The second is a rigorous method which is similar to a multicomponent flash calculation and represents a significant computational advance over other rigorous methods.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 472-481 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A reactor model is presented to calculate the sulfur retention and SO2 emission of a fluidized-bed coal combustor with absorption of SO2 by limestone or dolomite. It is based on the two-phase theory of fluidization and a two parameter simplified rate expression for the sulfation reaction. Both parameters can be determined by experimental reaction rate measurements. In the overall reactor model, an average size is assumed for all the stone particles in the bed. Sulfur retention is found to be dependent on only three dimensionless parameters. Comparisons with experimental measurements indicated that the model predicts satisfactorily the dependence of sulfur retention on the Ca/S ratio, sulfur content of the coal, excess air, gas residence time, and sorbent type.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 495-503 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dimensionless dispersion number was developed to characterize liquid-liquid dispersions created in turbulent Couette flow with respect to their subsequent coalescence in a settling zone. For a given solvent pair and continuous phase, the dispersion number is relatively constant over a wide range of operating and dimensional parameters. Because of this, the dispersion number can be used for the design and scale-up of liquid extraction equipment with discrete stages.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 514-516 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 524-525 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 489-495 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The discrimination of the fast second-order, pseudo-first-order and fast pseudo-first-order reaction models on the basis of the second-order reaction model justifies the use of the pseudo-first-order model in the prediction of the multiplicity regions. The use of the fast second-order reaction model leads to a certain pitfall regarding uniqueness and multiplicity. Finally, the use of the fast pseudo-first-order reaction model is justifiable not only because of the fair agreement between the multiplicity regions predicted by this model and the second-order model but also because of the analyticity of the uniqueness and multiplicity regions obtained by this model.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 504-508 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of exchange of fluid elements between Taylor vortices was experimentally determined for low axial flow rates. A model was formulated defining the exchange coefficient appropriate for this flow system. In the laminar vortex flow region, the measured exchange coefficient increases with Re but is almost independent of Ta.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 518-521 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 526-526 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 262-270 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism of surface flow of adsorbing gas molecules through the porous adsorbent is interpreted, and a new hopping model is derived by separately taking into account the hopping behaviors of monolayer and multilayer molecules. The reported experimental results containing the data measured here are correlated well. Finally, some considerations are given to the two experimental constants appearing in the model.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 613-619 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to point out the relationship between the relative gain array (RGA) and control system stability and design. Rigorous stability limits are presented for a general 2 × 2 system for several cases involving both steady state and dynamic interactions. These stability limits explicity involve the RGA. Two specific examples of interaction in distillation models are also discussed.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 673-679 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for inserting vapor pressure data in the equations of state is presented. It provides a straightforward scheme for the extension of direct methods to the study of phase equilibria of polar mixtures and of solutions containing nonvolatile electrolytes. Some examples of application are also given.
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 690-693 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general theory for examining the dynamic as well as static interactions among inputs and outputs in a multivariable control system has been developed. Both state space and frequency domain approaches are used, and at steady state the interaction equations assume the same form as the relative gain array developed by Bristol. Implications of selecting input-output pairings with regard to steady state vs. dynamic consideration are discussed. The application of the method of analysis to a distillation column control system is presented.
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 372-377 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents numerical solutions to the nonlinear, coupled boundary-layer equations governing laminar condensation heat and mass transfer in the vicinity of the forward stagnation point of a spherical cold water droplet translating in a saturated mixture of three components. The environment surrounding the droplet is composed of a condensable (steam), a noncondensable and nonabsorbable (air), and a third component which is noncondensable but absorbable (Elemental Iodine, for example). The dispersed and the continuous phases have been treated simultaneously. Results obtained here show excellent agreement with experimental results where available. An important conclusion is that for laminar condensation on a freely falling droplet, for a given thermal driving force and noncondensable gas concentration in the bulk, the dimensionless heat transfer decreases with increasing saturation temperature of the outside medium.
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 388-396 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An on-line statistical study of the pressure fluctuations in fluidized beds was conducted by using pressure transducers, a correlation and probability analyzer and a Fourier transform analyzer. The causes of the fluctuations were explored, and the effects of the gas velocity, bed height, particle size and distributor design on the major frequency and amplitude of the fluctuations were investigated. The results indicate that the motion of bubbles appears to be the major cause of the pressure fluctuations in the upper portion of a fluidized bed. In the lower portion, the combined effects of the formation of large bubbles in the middle portion of the bed, the formation of small bubbles near the distributor, and the jet flow immediately above the distributor appear to be the major causes of pressure fluctuations.
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 429-442 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development of processes requires the consideration of a wide variety of reactions which are required to transform raw materials into desired products, solve separation problems, and heat or cool process streams. These reactions have to be evaluated on the basis of raw material costs, kinetics, potential separation difficulties, catalyst costs, safety and reliability, as well as other factors that would arise in their industrial implementation. In this paper, the current status of research in reaction path synthesis has been reviewed. Details have been presented on the REACT program that has been developed for the synthesis of reaction paths for industrial organic chemicals.
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 460-465 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two new algorithms for calculating minimum reflux conditions in multicomponent distillation columns are described. Both algorithms are based on the continuum model for an infinite stage column proposed by Nandakumar and Andres. Several example problems demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the new algorithms.
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  • 97
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady-state behavior of a non-adiabatic gas-liquid CSTR is classified applying a second-order reaction model without any limitation on the reaction regime. Uniqueness and multiplicity regions are determined in the parameter space of reactivity versus liquid residence time, with the ignition and extinction points explicitly shown. An isola with five steady states is found possible for the adiabatic reactor; however, even a small heat loss reduces the number of steady states to three.
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  • 98
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 509-514 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 99
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    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 521-523 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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