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  • Books  (14)
  • Articles  (34)
  • rationality
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  • Books  (14)
  • Articles  (34)
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  • 1
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Whatever societies accept as ‘knowledge’ is embedded in epistemological, institutional, political, and economic power relations. How is knowledge produced under such circumstances? What is the difference between general knowledge and the sciences? Can there be science without universal truth claims? Questions like these are discussed in eleven essays from the perspective of Sociology, Law, Cultural Studies, and the Humanities.
    Keywords: Knowledge-based society ; cognition ; rationality ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge
    Language: German , English
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: This reprint examines the panorama of contemporary Islamic revivalism in the modern world. Constituted by methodologically and ideologically a wide variety of revivalist movements, Islamic revivalism is a complex multidimensional global reality. In a local context, it is a socio-religious reaction to the failure of state-led modernization projects and to general socio-economic quandaries, and in international context, it is a reaction to the wide-ranging crises of modernity. The collection provides important insights into the reality of contemporary Islamic revivalism through an examination of myriad socio-cultural, economic, and political problems facing Muslims at micro- and macro-levels of everyday living. It explains how Islamic revivalist movements are engaged in revivalist activities commonly known as Islamization at an individual level as well as at a community level and reveals that as a global reality, contemporary Islamic revivalism is neither necessarily violent nor anti-modernity but an attempt by religiously motivated concerned Muslims to bring about a self-conceived positive social transformation of individual societies and the modern world at large.
    Keywords: the Qur’an ; exegesis ; ijtihad ; revival ; renewal ; modernity ; Tabligh Jama’at ; emotion work ; emotions ; framing ; social transformation ; extremism(s) ; Islamism ; eco-radicals ; frames ; Tajdid ; Australian Muslims ; Said Nursi ; Hizmet Movement ; mosque open day ; Muslims in the West ; Australian Intercultural Society ; Fethullah Gülen ; Affinity Intercultural Society ; Muslim consumer ethics ; youth ; media ; digital age ; Hizmet ; revivalism ; revivalist movements ; education ; interfaith dialogue ; intercultural dialogue ; Islamic movements ; multiculturalism ; cosmopolitanism ; Tablighi Jamaat ; COVID-19 ; WhatsApp ; traditional ; Islamic revivalist movement ; digital religion ; Pakistan ; netnography ; logics ; authority ; Salafism ; reversion ; deprivation ; women movements ; ‘Aisyiyah ; Muhammadiyah ; modernism ; literacy ; Indonesian Islam ; crisis of modernity ; Islamic revivalism ; Islamization of modernity ; rationality ; secularism ; Maulana Tariq Jamil ; Tablighi Jama’at ; Raiwind ; Deoband ; Islam in Pakistan ; ulama ; religious authority ; popular preachers ; Islamic televangelists ; da’wa ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: A novel defense of abduction, one of the main forms of nondeductive reasoning. With this book, Igor Douven offers the first comprehensive defense of abduction, a form of nondeductive reasoning. Abductive reasoning, which is guided by explanatory considerations, has been under normative pressure since the advent of Bayesian approaches to rationality. Douven argues that, although it deviates from Bayesian tenets, abduction is nonetheless rational. Drawing on scientific results, in particular those from reasoning research, and using computer simulations, Douven addresses the main critiques of abduction. He shows that versions of abduction can perform better than the currently popular Bayesian approaches—and can even do the sort of heavy lifting that philosophers have hoped it would do. Douven examines abduction in detail, comparing it to other modes of inference, explaining its historical roots, discussing various definitions of abduction given in the philosophical literature, and addressing the problem of underdetermination. He looks at reasoning research that investigates how judgments of explanation quality affect people's beliefs and especially their changes of belief. He considers the two main objections to abduction, the dynamic Dutch book argument, and the inaccuracy-minimization argument, and then gives abduction a positive grounding, using agent-based models to show the superiority of abduction in some contexts. Finally, he puts abduction to work in a well-known underdetermination argument, the argument for skepticism regarding the external world.
    Keywords: abduction ; Bayesianism ; cognitive science ; computer simulations ; formal epistemology ; inference to the best explanation ; philosophy ; rationality ; reasoning ; skepticism ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPL Philosophy: logic ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPX Popular philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTR Cognitive science ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDX Popular philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTK Cognitive studies
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Taylor & Francis
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: First Published in 1989. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
    Keywords: administration ; transformative ; bureaucratic ; rationality ; organizational ; democracy ; power ; wielding ; administrative ; theory ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The world is full of uncertainty. In unpredictable circumstances, can emotions facilitate advantageous decision-making? A neuroscience team, led by Antonio Damasio, explored this question using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). To the present day, the findings of numerous IGT-related investigations strongly influence clinical and interdisciplinary research, for example, in neuroeconomics and neuromarketing. This special issue examines IGT-based research progress over the past 20 years through literature reviews, clinical examinations, model construction, theoretical integration, and brain imaging technology. Both supportive and opposing viewpoints are provided to frame correlations between rationality, emotion, decision-making, and IGT. Potential future directions for IGT studies are discussed
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; BF1-990 ; Q1-390 ; emotion ; Iowa Gambling Task ; decision-making ; ventromedial prefrontal cortex ; gain-loss frequency ; reward & punishment ; rationality ; expected value ; somatic marker hypothesis ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Despite the centrality of rationality to our identity as a species (let alone the scientific endeavour), and the fact that it has been studied for several millennia, the present state of our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying logical reasoning remains highly fragmented. For example, a recent review concluded that none of the extant (12!) theories provide an adequate account (Khemlani & Johnson- Laird, 2011), while other authors argue that we are on the brink of a paradigm change, where the old binary logic framework will be washed away and replaced by more modern (and correct) probabilistic and Bayesian approaches (see for example Elqayam & Over, 2012; Oaksford & Chater, 2009; Over, 2009). Over the past 15 years neuroscience brain imaging techniques and patient studies have been used to map out the functional neuroanatomy of reasoning processes. The aim of this research topic is to discuss whether this line of research has facilitated, hindered, or has been largely irrelevant for understanding of reasoning processes. The answer is neither obvious nor uncontroversial. We would like to engage both the cognitive and the neuroscience community in this discussion. Some of the questions of interest are: How have the data generated by the patient and neuroimaging studies: • influenced our thinking about modularity of deductive reasoning • impacted the debate between mental logic theory, mental model theory and the dual mechanism accounts • affected our thinking about dual mechanism theories • informed discussion of the relationship between induction and deduction • illuminated the relationship between language, visual spatial processing and reasoning • affected our thinking about the unity of deductive reasoning processes Have any of the cognitive theories of reasoning helped us explain deficits in certain patient populations? Do certain theories do a better job of this than others? Is there any value to localizing cognitive processes and identifying dissociations (for reasoning and other cognitive processes)? What challenges have neuroimaging data raised for cognitive theories of reasoning? How can cognitive theory inform interpretation of patient data or neuroimaging data? How can patient data or neuroimaging data best inform cognitive theory? This list of questions is not exhaustive. Manuscripts addressing other related questions are welcome. We are interested in hearing from skeptics, agnostics and believers, and welcome original research contributions as well as reviews, methods, hypothesis & theory papers that contribute to the discussion of the current state of our knowledge of how neuroscience is (or is not) helping us to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying logical reasoning processes.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Brain ; inference ; lesions ; reasoning ; Thinking ; Dual mechanisms ; Reason ; Emotions ; fMRI ; induction ; deduction ; logic ; rationality ; Neuropsychology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Modal logic; quantification; rationality
    Keywords: Modal logic ; quantification ; rationality ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought::QDHR Western philosophy from c 1800 ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought::QDHR Western philosophy from c 1800 ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Oxford University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Personal autonomy is often lauded as a key value in contemporary Western bioethics, and the claim that there is an important relationship between autonomy and rationality is often treated as an uncontroversial claim in this sphere. Yet, there is also considerable disagreement about how we should cash out the relationship between rationality and autonomy. In particular, it is unclear whether a rationalist view of autonomy can be compatible with legal judgments that enshrine a patient’s right to refuse medical treatment, regardless of whether “. . . the reasons for making the choice are rational, irrational, unknown or even non-existent”. In this book, I bring recent philosophical work on the nature of rationality to bear on the question of how we should understand autonomy in contemporary bioethics. In doing so, I develop a new framework for thinking about the concept, one that is grounded in an understanding of the different roles that rational beliefs and rational desires have to play in personal autonomy. Furthermore, the account outlined here allows for a deeper understanding of different form of controlling influence, and the relationship between our freedom to act, and our capacity to decide autonomously. I contrast my rationalist with other prominent accounts of autonomy in bioethics, and outline the revisionary implications it has for various practical questions in bioethics in which autonomy is a salient concern, including questions about the nature of informed consent and decision-making capacity.
    Keywords: bioethics ; autonomy ; rationality ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Open Book Publishers
    Publication Date: 2022-04-28
    Description: It is fashionable to criticize economic theory for focusing too much on rationality and ignoring the imperfect and emotional way in which real economic decisions are reached. All of us facing the global economic crisis wonder just how rational economic men and women can be. Behavioral economics—an effort to incorporate psychological ideas into economics—has become all the rage. This book by well-known economist David K. Levine questions the idea that behavioral economics is the answer to economic problems. It explores the successes and failures of contemporary economics both inside and outside the laboratory. It then asks whether popular behavioral theories of psychological biases are solutions to the failures. It not only provides an overview of popular behavioral theories and their history, but also gives the reader the tools for scrutinizing them. Levine’s book is essential reading for students and teachers of economic theory and anyone interested in the psychology of economics.
    Keywords: game theory ; economics ; psychology ; microeconomics ; rationality ; economic models ; economic theory ; Behavioral economics ; Nash equilibrium ; Risk aversion ; Subgame perfect equilibrium
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    UJ Press | UJ Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: There is a great need for healing in Africa. This need is in itself no different elsewhere in the world, but it is greatly determined by the involvement of religious communities and traditions. Faith communities and religious institutions play a major role in assisting African believers to find health, healing and completeness in everyday life.
    Keywords: Africa ; discourses on health ; African traditional healing ; missionary medicine ; HIV/AIDS in Africa ; discourse ; Church-based healing ; reformed pneumatology ; spirit and healing ; rationality ; transformation ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRC Christianity::HRCS Christian spirituality & religious experience ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRM Christianity ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRV Aspects of religion::QRVK Spirituality and religious experience
    Language: English
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