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  • Articles  (34)
  • optimization  (22)
  • fire resistance  (12)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (34)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rehabilitation and replacement of water distribution system components considering uncertainties (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 277-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Water distribution ; optimization ; nonlinear programming ; integer programming ; chance constraints ; rehabilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the mathematical development of an integer — nonlinear programming chance — constrained optimization model for the minimum cost rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution system components. Particular attention is given to the handling of uncertainties in the roughness factors and the loading conditions including both the random demand and preassure head requirements. The advantages of the proposed model include the ability to: 1) handle the optimal timing of rehabilitation/replacement for water distribution system components; 2) link a mixed-integer linear program solver, a nonlinear program solver, and a hydraulic simulator into an optimization framework; 3) handle the uncertainties of some of the variables; 4) incorporate various kinds of cost functions; and 5) handle multiple loading conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544082
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entropy principles in the prediction of water quality values at discontinued monitoring stations (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 301-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Change ; discontinued stations ; entropy ; networks ; optimization ; prediction ; unbiased ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology for predicting water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations is proposed. The method is based upon the Principle of Maximum Entropy (POME) and provides unbiased predictions of water quality levels at upstream tributaries and on the mainstem of a river given observed changes in the distribution of the same water quality parameter at a downstream location. Changes in the values of water quality parameters which are known a priori to have occurred upstream, but which are not sufficiently large to account for all the observed change in the same water quality parameter at the downstream location are able to be incorporated in the method through the introduction of a new term in the basic entropy expression. Application of the procedure to water quality monitoring on the Mackenzie River in Queensland, Australia indicates the method has considerable potential for prediction of water quality at discontinued stations. The method also has potential for identifying the location of causes of observed changes in water quality at a downstream station.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588759
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigating the unexposed surface temperature criteria of standard ASTM E119 (1985)
    Springer
    Fire technology 21 (1985), S. 169-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Surface temperature ; temperature rise ; ignition temperature ; fire resistance ; fire spread ; structural integrity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Information and data were obtained to evaluate the unexposed surface temperature criteria of standard ASTM E119. The investigation consisted of: (1) reviewing literature to obtain information on the development of ASTM E119 and the unexposed surface temperature rise criteria, (2) conducting fire tests to obtain temperature data on slabs with various materials placed on the unexposed surface and (3) conducting ignition tests on these materials to obtain their approximate temperature at ignition. The information and data increased the knowledge concerning the relationship between the unexposed surface temperature rise criteria of ASTM E119 and the ignition temperature of common combustible materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039972
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire endurance of lightweight wood trusses in building construction (1995)
    Springer
    Fire technology 31 (1995), S. 44-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Lightweight wood trusses ; truss ; wood truss construction ; wood ; gusset plates ; fire resistance ; char ; pyrolysis ; concealed spaces ; structural collapse ; backdraft ; smoke explosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Lightweight wood trusses are economical construction elements that combine high strength, light weight, and cost savings. The parallel-chord truss is one of the most common lightweight trusses used in commercial and residential occupancies today. Like all structural components, these trusses are arguably susceptible to failure when exposed to fire. This paper will address fire resistance concerns of parallel-chord, lightweight wood truss floor- and roof-ceiling assemblies, particularly their performance under fire conditions and their susceptibility to construction defects. Because evaluating the effect of fire exposure on both conventional and lightweight wood truss assemblies is so important, considerable supplemental background information on the standard fire test, as it applies to general types of construction, is also provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01305267
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cost-effective compliance with life safety codes (1996)
    Springer
    Fire technology 32 (1996), S. 291-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Building codes ; building economics ; economic analysis ; fire safety ; health care facilities ; hospitals ; life safety codes ; linear programming ; mathematical programming ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract ALARM is personal computer software that helps building managers and fire safety engineers achieve cost-effective compliance with the widely used NFPA 101,Life Safety Code ®. The software currently supports health-care occupancy analysis. Through the equivalency provision of the code,ALARM implements a goal-oriented, or performance-based, approach to code compliance. The software generates a set of alternative code compliance strategies and their estimated construction costs. Engineering judgment is then applied to select the most appropriate code compliance strategy based on both cost and design considerations. The software offers a code-compliance optimizer, a comprehensive file manager, and a full-screen data editor. Since 1981, the optimization method used inALARM has been field-tested in 89 hospitals (17,898 beds). For this sample, the least-cost solution identified by the software was, on average, 41 percent less expensive than the prescriptive solution. This represents a potential cost savings of $2,116 per bed or more than $37 million. Future versions ofALARM could address other building occupancies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01037739
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of selected coatings applied to polystyrene block walls under simulated mine fire conditions (1986)
    Springer
    Fire technology 22 (1986), S. 311-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Polystyrene ; foam plastic ; insulation ; fire resistance ; coatings ; tray fire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A test program was undertaken by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to determine the feasibility of coating polystyrene block walls for fire protection. Selected coatings, used in the mining industry, were tested under semilarge scale, simulated mine fire conditions to determine the appropriate thicknesses of these coatings for protection of the polystyrene foam block against fire for specified time periods. Building plasters containing gypsum and perlite and an expanded vermiculite, portland cement, and limestone coating were particularly effective in protecting the foam blocks against the heat of the simulated mine fire.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038243
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire drainage system (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 26-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Fire drainage ; fire spread ; fire resistance ; compartment boundaries ; heat conduction ; structural damage ; convection ; corridors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Present firesafety measures were conceived to deal with hypothetical fires spreading by destruction of successive compartment boundaries. A new firesafety system, referred to as the “fire drainage system,” is designed to cope with real-world fires spreading mainly by convection. It confines fire and smoke to the room of origin and to a small corridor element adjacent to the room. The system can be designed to operate without the use of water and electric energy. The fundamentals of its design are described and some experimental information is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038364
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire stops for plastic pipe (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire stops ; plastic pipe ; fire separation ; intumescence ; fire resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Undue fire hazards may arise when plastic pipe penetrates fire-rated walls or floors. Fire stops for protecting these penetration openings are available commercially. This paper discusses the physical characteristics and operating modes of these devices. A selected number of fire stops were tested in accordance with CAN 4-S115-M85 in either horizontal (wall) or vertical (floor) configurations, using two small-scale furnaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040584
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The plate thermometer - a simple instrument for reaching harmonized fire resistance tests (1994)
    Springer
    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Plate thermometer ; fire resistance ; furnace ; thermocouple
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The measured fire resistance of a structure tested in different furnaces in accordance with ISO 834 may differ considerably. Similarly, the fire resistance of that same structure may be 25% longer when tested in accordance with ISO than it is when tested in accordance with ASTM. These anomalies complicate the evaluation of test results and must be eliminated to reach harmonized international testing. The heat transfer to a test specimen in a test furnace at high temperature depends primarily on radiant flux rather than convection. Temperature measurement devices used to control furnaces should therefore respond to this type of heating in a way similar to that in which test specimens respond. They should have a large area so that the radiant heat transfer dominates, and they must, at the same time, have a quick thermal response. The plate thermometer is designed to have these properties. It consists of a thin steel plate, 100 mm by 100 mm and 0.7 mm thick, with an insulating fiber board on one side. A thermocouple is welded to the center of the plate. It should be placed in front of the specimen, with the insulated side facing the specimen. The exposed side will then receive the same radiant heat flux as the specimen. This paper describes the plate thermometer and gives a basic theoretical analysis of the heat transfer conditions in furnaces. Measurements with the plate thermometer in several furnaces are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040002
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Pore Pressure, Moisture, and Temperature in High-Strength Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 232-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; performance-based design ; standards ; fire resistance ; fire exposure ; thermal response ; carbonate aggregate ; elevated temperatures ; moisture content ; pore pressure ; contours ; fire test ; ASTM E119 ; ASTM E1529 ; heat transfer ; mass transport ; dehydration ; evaporation ; hydrocarbon pool fire ; high-strength concrete ; high-strength concrete columns ; structural fire resistance ; size effects ; spalling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical and computational model to stimulate a two-dimensional thermal response of high-strength concrete columns subjected to fire is presented. Contours as well as history and distribution profiles for temperature, moisture content, and pore pressure are illustrated as model output. The model's predictions are validated against ASTM E119 fire test data from a high-strength concrete (HSC) column test and are subsequently compared to output based on a hydrocarbon pool fire (ASTM E1529) exposure. The model's handling of input fires other than ASTM E119 demonstrates its usefulness and adaptability to a performance-based design environment. Results from parametric studies reveal the importance of performing thermophysical material property tests under fire exposures similar to those at which full-scale specimens are to be tested. The influence of size effects on data obtained from small- and large-scale fire test programs is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015436510431
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