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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Capabilities and Limitations of Total Flooding, Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems in Machinery Space Applications (2000)
    Springer
    Fire technology 36 (2000), S. 8-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; fire tests ; extinguishment ; suppression ; Halon 1301 ; Halon alternatives ; water mist ; total flooding ; machinery space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Water mist fire suppression systems are being seriously considered as replacements for Halon 1301 total flooding systems in machinery space applications. A “total flooding” water mist system is designed to discharge mist uniformly throughout the entire enclosure/compartment. The tests conducted to date form a substantial database for water mist systems installed in machinery spaces with volumes from 100 m3 to 1,000 m3 and varying degrees of ventilation. These tests have also identified the strengths and limitations of water mist in these applications. This report describes the capabilities of total flooding water mist fire suppression systems in machinery space applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015473502679
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Heat Transfer Model for Firefighters' Protective Clothing (2000)
    Springer
    Fire technology 36 (2000), S. 39-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: heat transfer ; computer modeling ; fire ; firefighter ; firefighter safety ; protective clothing ; thermal insulation ; turnout coats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An accurate and flexible model of heat transfer through firefighter protective clothing has many uses, including investigating the degree of protection, in terms of burn injury and heat stress, of a particular fabric assembly and analyzing cheaply and quickly the expected performance of new or candidate fabric designs or fabric combinations. This paper presents the first stage in developing a heat transfer model for firefighters' protective clothing. The protective fabrics are assumed to be dry, which means no moisture from perspiration, and the fabric temperatures considered are below the point of thermal degradation, such as melting or charring. Many firefighter burns occur even when there is no thermal degradation of their protective gear. A planar geometry of the fabric layers is assumed with one-dimensional heat transfer. The forward-reverse model is used for radiative heat transfer. The accuracy of the model is tested by comparing time-dependent temperatures from both within and on the surface of a typical fabric assembly to those obtained experimentally. Overall, the model performed well, especially inside the garment where the temperature difference between the experiment and the stimulation was within 5°C. The predicted temperature on the outer shell of the garment differed most from experimental values, by much as 24°C. This was probably due to the absence of fabric-specific optical properties, such as transmissivity and reflectivity, used for model input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015429820426
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methodologies for hazard analysis and risk assessment in the petroleum refining and storage industry — Part I (1984)
    Springer
    Fire technology 20 (1984), S. 23-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Hazard analysis ; risk assessment ; risk management ; explosion ; fire ; risk avoidance ; hazard indices ; HAZOP ; quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The report briefly describes the consecutive steps in the identification, assessment and comparison of hazards and associated risk. These techniques can be helpful in setting the priorities for the decision on measures to reduce risk. When quantifying risk for the comparison of alternative cases, the use of a consistent data base is stressed. It is pointed out that the risk assessment techniques described in the report, although potentially valuable tools for improving overall safety performance, have shortcomings particularly in dealing with human factors. A glossary is appended to define terms as they are used in this report and a list of recommended further reading is included. Part II will appear inFire Technology, November 1984.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02384162
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetometric Method of Investigating Fire Sites (1997)
    Springer
    Fire technology 33 (1997), S. 195-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: point of fire origin ; fire ; temperature ; plaster ; concrete ; thermal ; damage ; biotite ; magnetization ; susceptibility ; N-rays ; P-rays ; X-rays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements were taken to determine fire exposure patterns on noncombustible structural members and compartment boundaries. These measurements led on-site fire investigators to the cause of combustion and the point of fire origin. Thermal damage to walls and to ceilings was estimated quantitatively by measuring MS and two-valent Fe ion concentration in building materials such as concrete and plaster. It was shown that these effects are preconditioned by thermochemical transformations in the mineral biotite, which is present as a component of common building materials. For the first time, the effect of a substantial and irreversible increase in biotite magnetization exposed to powerful flows of N- and P-rays was found. It is hoped that the presence of this “magnetic trace” of radiation in building materials will allow investigators to use the magnetometric method at nuclear power plant catastrophes such as that in Chernobyl. It was also shown that the influence of N- and P-rays on biotite's magnetic properties greatly differs from the thermal influence on biotite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015363605037
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of a fire on a diesel railcar (1990)
    Springer
    Fire technology 26 (1990), S. 290-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Diesel engine ; railcar ; railroad ; fire ; fire investigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A fire broke out on a diesel railcar while running on a line of the Japan Railways Group. After an exhaustive investigation into the cause of the fire, it was found that the origin had been the lubricating oil of the engine. The lubricating oil vaporized from a long idling engine while the car was standing and accumulated in the exhaust silencer in considerable amounts. When the car was climbing up a long slope, the oil was exposed to a high-temperature exhaust gas and ignited. The flame attacked and melted the exhaust funnel, and eventually caused a fire.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01293075
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Pore Pressure, Moisture, and Temperature in High-Strength Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire (1999)
    Springer
    Fire technology 35 (1999), S. 232-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; performance-based design ; standards ; fire resistance ; fire exposure ; thermal response ; carbonate aggregate ; elevated temperatures ; moisture content ; pore pressure ; contours ; fire test ; ASTM E119 ; ASTM E1529 ; heat transfer ; mass transport ; dehydration ; evaporation ; hydrocarbon pool fire ; high-strength concrete ; high-strength concrete columns ; structural fire resistance ; size effects ; spalling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical and computational model to stimulate a two-dimensional thermal response of high-strength concrete columns subjected to fire is presented. Contours as well as history and distribution profiles for temperature, moisture content, and pore pressure are illustrated as model output. The model's predictions are validated against ASTM E119 fire test data from a high-strength concrete (HSC) column test and are subsequently compared to output based on a hydrocarbon pool fire (ASTM E1529) exposure. The model's handling of input fires other than ASTM E119 demonstrates its usefulness and adaptability to a performance-based design environment. Results from parametric studies reveal the importance of performing thermophysical material property tests under fire exposures similar to those at which full-scale specimens are to be tested. The influence of size effects on data obtained from small- and large-scale fire test programs is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015436510431
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methodologies for hazard analysis and risk assessment in the petroleum refining and storage industry — Part II (1984)
    Springer
    Fire technology 20 (1984), S. 43-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Hazard analysis ; risk assessment ; risk management ; explosion ; fire ; risk avoidance ; hazard indices ; HAZOP ; quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The report briefly describes the consecutive steps in the identification, assessment and comparison of hazards and associated risk. These techniques can be helpful in setting the priorities for the decision on measures to reduce risk. When quantifying risk for the comparison of alternative cases, the use of a consistent data base is stressed. It is pointed out that the risk assessment techniques described in the report, although potentially valuable tools for improving overall safety performance, have short-comings particularly in dealing with human factors. A glossary is appended to define terms as they are used in this report and a list of recommended further reading is included. Part I appeared inFire Technology, August 1984.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389992
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of hydraulic fluid spray combustion (1991)
    Springer
    Fire technology 27 (1991), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Hydraulic fluids ; spray combustion ; fire ; flame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The combustion intensity of hydraulic fluids and mineral oil, methanol, ethanol, and heptane, ejected vertically up ward through a pressure-jet hollow cone nozzle and stabilized by a ring burner, has been characterized in terms of heat release rates. A relationship has been established between the chemical heat release rate, fluid exit velocity, and chemical heat of combustion. Mineral oil, along with some organic esters, has the highest combustion intensity as indicated by heat release rate, followed by esters (organic and phosphates), heptane, water-in-oil emulsion, ethanol, methanol, and polyglycol-in-water. Variations in combustion intensities in hydraulic fluids are found to be due to variations in the chemical structures and additives. The efficiency of combustion is found to be sensitive to fluid exit velocity. The radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion for phosphate esters is found to be the highest (0.38–0.40), followed by mineral oil (0.36), organic esters (0.28–0.35), water-in-oil emulsion (0.27–0.28), and polyglycol-in-water (0.12–0.25). The radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion for ethanol and heptane spray fires is found to be less than for the pool fires. For methanol spray fire, radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion is found to be about the same as for the pool fire. The visible flame length of hydraulic fluid spray fires varies with the chemical heat release rate to the power of 0.6 for both hollow and solid cone nozzles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039883
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The process of fire safety design—development ofFire Engineering Guidelines in Australia (1996)
    Springer
    Fire technology 32 (1996), S. 297-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; safety ; design ; regulations ; performance ; guidelines ; risk assessment ; evaluation ; criteria ; technology transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Australia is quickly moving toward adopting performance-based regulations for building fire safety. This approach offers owners and designers more flexibility, greater opportunity for innovation, and more cost-effective construction. To help introduce a performance approach, the Fire Code Reform Centre has developedFire Engineering Guidelines, which document an agreed methodology for performance-based design and draws on earlier Australian research and similar developments in a number of countries. The guidelines are the first step in a broader research program to develop a full risk assessment methodology as the basis for fire safety design in Australia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01037740
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer program for an uninhibited smoke plume and associated computer software (1993)
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 246-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; plume ; hot layer ; smoke control ; computer software
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A Program Plume has been created to compute the air entrainment for a given fire size and a specified hot layer height. The solution is based on integration of conservation law equations. The empirical assumptions are related to the flame height and to the coefficient of entrainment and are based on the experimental data of California's Institute of Technology. Calculations are compared with the experimental results obtained in the field tests. The program seems to describe the experimental data better than other known methods. A software package called “Firecalc” includes seven modules, based on the plume model, which describe hot layer properties in confined compartments relevant to practical situations. The computational results of these modules are also in good agreement with available results of field and laboratory tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01152109
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