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  • Books  (120)
  • Articles  (12,512)
  • Other Sources  (27,246)
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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The Internet connects billions of computational platforms of various sizes, from supercomputers to smart phones. However, the same types of data transmission can connect computational resources to much simpler sensors “at the edge of the net” that collect, analyze, and transmit data, as well as controllers that receive instructions. Devices deployed in the environment, homes and offices, and even our bodies would expand the number of connected devices to the trillions. This “Internet of Things” (IoT) underlies the vision of smart homes and buildings that could sense and transmit their status and respond appropriately (1), or track and report on the state of objects (vehicles, goods, or even animals) in the environment. However, the practical implementation of the IoT has been relatively slow, in part because all of these edge devices must draw electrical power from their local environment. We analyze the use of photovoltaics (PV) to power devices and help bring the IoT to fruition. Authors: Richard Haight, Wilfried Haensch, Daniel Friedman
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1006-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Mars ; *Safety ; Space Flight ; *Spacecraft ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: Polyamide thickness and roughness have been identified as critical properties that affect thin-film composite membrane performance for reverse osmosis. Conventional formation methodologies lack the ability to control these properties independently with high resolution or precision. An additive approach is presented that uses electrospraying to deposit monomers directly onto a substrate, where they react to form polyamide. The small droplet size coupled with low monomer concentrations result in polyamide films that are smoother and thinner than conventional polyamides, while the additive nature of the approach allows for control of thickness and roughness. Polyamide films are formed with a thickness that is controllable down to 4-nanometer increments and a roughness as low as 2 nanometers while still exhibiting good permselectivity relative to a commercial benchmarking membrane.
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2018-09-07
    Description: Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membranes are emerging as a promising energy-efficient separation technology. However, their reliable and scalable manufacturing remains a challenge. We demonstrate the fabrication of ZIF nanocomposite membranes by means of an all-vapor-phase processing method based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO in a porous support followed by ligand-vapor treatment. After ALD, the obtained nanocomposite exhibits low flux and is not selective, whereas after ligand-vapor (2-methylimidazole) treatment, it is partially transformed to ZIF and shows stable performance with high mixture separation factor for propylene over propane (an energy-intensive high-volume separation) and high propylene flux. Membrane synthesis through ligand-induced permselectivation of a nonselective and impermeable deposit is shown to be simple and highly reproducible and holds promise for scalability.
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Insects are among the most agile natural flyers. Hypotheses on their flight control cannot always be validated by experiments with animals or tethered robots. To this end, we developed a programmable and agile autonomous free-flying robot controlled through bio-inspired motion changes of its flapping wings. Despite being 55 times the size of a fruit fly, the robot can accurately mimic the rapid escape maneuvers of flies, including a correcting yaw rotation toward the escape heading. Because the robot’s yaw control was turned off, we showed that these yaw rotations result from passive, translation-induced aerodynamic coupling between the yaw torque and the roll and pitch torques produced throughout the maneuver. The robot enables new methods for studying animal flight, and its flight characteristics allow for real-world flight missions.
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2008-12-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiermeier, Quirin -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):540-1. doi: 10.1038/nj7221-540a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19112617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Employment/statistics & numerical data ; Engineering ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry/manpower ; Marine Biology/manpower/trends ; Oceanography/education/*manpower/*trends ; Oceans and Seas ; Petroleum ; Physics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2009-02-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 19;457(7232):942-3. doi: 10.1038/457942b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19225485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Engineering ; *Federal Government ; Fishes ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Hobbies/history ; Marine Biology ; Physics ; *Research Personnel ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*organization & administration ; Wine
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teich, Al -- White, Wendy D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):657.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; *Foreign Professional Personnel ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Security Measures ; *Students ; Travel ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: We have used 19.9 million papers over 5 decades and 2.1 million patents to demonstrate that teams increasingly dominate solo authors in the production of knowledge. Research is increasingly done in teams across nearly all fields. Teams typically produce more frequently cited research than individuals do, and this advantage has been increasing over time. Teams now also produce the exceptionally high-impact research, even where that distinction was once the domain of solo authors. These results are detailed for sciences and engineering, social sciences, arts and humanities, and patents, suggesting that the process of knowledge creation has fundamentally changed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuchty, Stefan -- Jones, Benjamin F -- Uzzi, Brian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1036-9. Epub 2007 Apr 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwestern Institute on Complexity (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Authorship ; Bibliometrics ; Biomedical Research/statistics & numerical data/trends ; Databases as Topic/statistics & numerical data ; Engineering ; Humanities ; *Knowledge ; *Patents as Topic ; Publishing/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Research/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Sociology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-11-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bolon, Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 21;322(5905):1187. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5905.1187a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19023062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; Lawyers ; *Occupations ; Physicians ; Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Travis, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1750-2. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5871.1750.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; *Commerce ; *Diffusion of Innovation ; Drug Industry ; Engineering ; *Internet ; *Problem Solving ; Research ; *Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, John D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):344-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1168085.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. jdlee@engineering.uiowa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Attention ; *Automobile Driving ; Engineering ; Feedback ; Humans ; Risk ; *Safety ; *Technology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: A current limitation in nanoparticle superlattice engineering is that the identities of the particles being assembled often determine the structures that can be synthesized. Therefore, specific crystallographic symmetries or lattice parameters can only be achieved using specific nanoparticles as building blocks (and vice versa). We present six design rules that can be used to deliberately prepare nine distinct colloidal crystal structures, with control over lattice parameters on the 25- to 150-nanometer length scale. These design rules outline a strategy to independently adjust each of the relevant crystallographic parameters, including particle size (5 to 60 nanometers), periodicity, and interparticle distance. As such, this work represents an advance in synthesizing tailorable macroscale architectures comprising nanoscale materials in a predictable fashion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macfarlane, Robert J -- Lee, Byeongdu -- Jones, Matthew R -- Harris, Nadine -- Schatz, George C -- Mirkin, Chad A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):204-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1210493.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Crystallization ; Crystallography ; DNA/*chemistry ; Engineering ; Metal Nanoparticles/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotides/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Scattering, Small Angle ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: This viewpoint comments on recent advances in understanding the design principles of biological networks. It highlights the surprising discovery of "good-engineering" principles in biochemical circuitry that evolved by random tinkering.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alon, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1866-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100. urialon@weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; *Biological Evolution ; *Biology ; DNA/metabolism ; Engineering ; *Models, Biological ; Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Systems Theory
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 17;308(5729):1722-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15961635" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Authorship ; *Aviation ; Commerce ; *Editorial Policies ; Engineering ; International Cooperation ; Iran ; Publishing ; Security Measures ; *Societies, Scientific ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):565.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Engineering ; *Foundations ; Institute of Medicine (U.S.) ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mattick, John S -- Gagen, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):856-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ARC Special Research Centre for Functional and Applied Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. j.mattick@imb.uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computers ; Engineering ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Industry ; *Mathematics ; Software ; *Systems Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-22
    Description: So prized by the ancient Romans were Egyptian obelisks that, at one time, more of them stood in Rome than in Egypt. In the 19th century, France, Britain, and the United States—inspired by Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt in 1798— acquired their own major obelisks from Alexandria and Luxor. Cleopatra's Needles, by Egyptologist Bob Brier, explores the engineering challenges associated with building and erecting these massive monuments. Author: Andrew Robinson
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 21
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2010-06-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hand, Eric -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 10;465(7299):673. doi: 10.1038/465673a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20535171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ; Budgets ; Engineering ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; India/ethnology ; Politics ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/economics/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giosan, Liviu -- Syvitski, James -- Constantinescu, Stefan -- Day, John -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 4;516(7529):31-3. doi: 10.1038/516031a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA. ; University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, and chair of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. ; University of Bucharest, Romania. ; Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25471866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Engineering ; Environmental Policy ; Floods ; Oceans and Seas ; *Rivers
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boesch, Donald -- England -- Nature. 2012 Apr 17;484(7394):289. doi: 10.1038/484289a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge. boesch@umces.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; Disasters/economics/prevention & control ; Ecology/trends ; Ecosystem ; Engineering ; Federal Government ; Gulf of Mexico ; Petroleum Pollution/adverse effects/economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/*prevention & control ; *Risk Management/trends ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2010-01-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keith, David W -- Parson, Edward -- Morgan, M Granger -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 28;463(7280):426-7. doi: 10.1038/463426a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. keith@ucalgary.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Engineering ; Global Warming/prevention & control ; International Cooperation ; *Radiation Protection/economics/methods ; *Research ; *Solar Energy
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2013-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pauwels, Eleonore -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 29;500(7464):523-4. doi: 10.1038/500523a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC, USA. eleonore.pauwels@wilsoncenter.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Communication ; Engineering ; *Metaphor ; Public Opinion ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Synthetic Biology ; *Terminology as Topic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piccolo, Stefano -- England -- Nature. 2013 Dec 12;504(7479):223-5. doi: 10.1038/504223a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, 35126 Padua, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24336279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Developmental Biology ; Education/*methods ; Engineering ; Genetic Engineering
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stern, Paul C -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 4;513(7516):33. doi: 10.1038/513033b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Research Council, Washington DC, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25186891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Behavior ; Conservation of Energy Resources/*economics/*methods ; Engineering ; *Environmental Policy/economics ; Humans ; *Interdisciplinary Studies
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):584.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Engineering ; *Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Rivers ; *Salmon ; Trees ; Washington
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-04-27
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gottheil, D L -- Waldrop, T G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 17;262(5141):1801-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8266063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Graduate ; *Education, Medical ; Engineering ; Humanities ; Humans ; Research ; Science ; Social Sciences
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):582-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068234" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Engineering ; *Environment ; *Fresh Water ; Plant Development ; Rivers ; Water Movements ; Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, Briahna -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1382-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Science Disciplines ; *Biomimetic Materials ; Biomimetics ; Computer Simulation ; Engineering ; *Fishes/physiology ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Mathematics ; Pressure ; *Sense Organs/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1435. doi: 10.1126/science.1168790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; *Government ; *Public Policy ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leshner, Alan I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 26;330(6008):1155. doi: 10.1126/science.1200554.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; *Financing, Government ; Policy Making ; Politics ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-10-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Birch, Kristi -- Blackburn, Carol -- Brody, Linda -- Wallace, Patricia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):467-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1196983.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johns Hopkins University Center for Talented Youth, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA. kbirch@jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Awards and Prizes ; Engineering ; *Internet ; Mathematics ; *Science ; Technology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Merali, Zeeya -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 17;332(6036):1376-7. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6036.1376.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Engineering ; China ; Engineering ; *Equipment Design ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Housing ; Spacecraft ; *Stents
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: A physicist reveals the engineering marvels that underlie the modern metropolis Author: Sybil Derrible
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-16
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Exoskeletons and active prostheses promise to enhance human mobility, but few have succeeded. Optimizing device characteristics on the basis of measured human performance could lead to improved designs. We have developed a method for identifying the exoskeleton assistance that minimizes human energy cost during walking. Optimized torque patterns from an exoskeleton worn on one ankle reduced metabolic energy consumption by 24.2 ± 7.4% compared to no torque. The approach was effective with exoskeletons worn on one or both ankles, during a variety of walking conditions, during running, and when optimizing muscle activity. Finding a good generic assistance pattern, customizing it to individual needs, and helping users learn to take advantage of the device all contributed to improved economy. Optimization methods with these features can substantially improve performance.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 42
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-12-18
    Description: Women have made tremendous strides in educational attainment in science and engineering over the past decade, increasing their proportion of doctorate awards in these fields from 7 percent in 1965 to 23 percent in 1980. But they still have higher unemployment rates and lower salaries than men in all fields of science and engineering, at all degree levels, and at all levels of experience; and the disparities between men and women widen with higher degree levels and with years of experience. Graduate enrollments indicate continuing increases over at least the next several years in degree awards to women, but their access to equal employment and advancement opportunities is not assured.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vetter, B M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 18;214(4527):1313-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7313688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Engineering ; Female ; Humans ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; *Science ; *Women
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  • 43
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-24
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: Kim et al . (Reports, 28 April 2017, p. 430) presented results for the solar-driven harvesting of water from air via metal-organic frameworks as a prodigious potential advance toward remedying global water shortages. Basic thermodynamics and a survey of multiple off-the-shelf technologies show that their approach is vastly inferior in efficiency (and thereby in feasibility) to available alternatives.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: In their comment, Bui et al . argue that the approach we described in our report is vastly inferior in efficiency to alternative off-the-shelf technologies. Their conclusion is invalid, as they compare efficiencies in completely different operating conditions. Here, using heat transfer and thermodynamics principles, we show how Bui et al .’s conclusions about the efficiencies of off-the-shelf technologies are fundamentally flawed and inaccurate for the operating conditions described in our study.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2017-05-12
    Description: Bacteria within communities can interact to organize their behavior. It has been unclear whether such interactions can extend beyond a single community to coordinate the behavior of distant populations. We discovered that two Bacillus subtilis biofilm communities undergoing metabolic oscillations can become coupled through electrical signaling and synchronize their growth dynamics. Coupling increases competition by also synchronizing demand for limited nutrients. As predicted by mathematical modeling, we confirm that biofilms resolve this conflict by switching from in-phase to antiphase oscillations. This results in time-sharing behavior, where each community takes turns consuming nutrients. Time-sharing enables biofilms to counterintuitively increase growth under reduced nutrient supply. Distant biofilms can thus coordinate their behavior to resolve nutrient competition through time-sharing, a strategy used in engineered systems to allocate limited resources.
    Keywords: Engineering
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-12
    Keywords: Engineering
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Keywords: Engineering
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-17
    Description: Engineering has an image problem. The phrase "engineering disaster" rolls off the tongue, while great technical achievements are more often heralded as "scientific miracles." Enter Dream Big. Sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers with support from Bechtel Corporation, the film sets out to reframe engineering as a force for good and a profession in service to people and the planet. Author: Donna Riley
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 51
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Keywords: Engineering
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 53
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 54
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 55
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 56
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-10
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 57
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Impact attenuation methods for manned spacecraft
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Proceedings of the National Meeting on Manned Space Flight: Unclassified Portion
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Hypersonic vehicle skin development
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Proceedings of the National Meeting on Manned Space Flight: Unclassified Portion
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Design requirements for self-erecting manned space station configuration for use in Apollo program
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Proceedings of the National Meeting on Manned Space Flight: Unclassified Portion
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Parabolic manned reentry design comparison of lunar return configurations
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Proceedings of the National Meeting on Manned Space Flight: Unclassified Portion
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2008-08-25
    Description: Spacecraft look-angle problem - instrument orientation
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL-TR-32-311
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2008-08-25
    Description: Nuclear electric spacecraft for unmanned planetary and interplanetary missions - powerplants
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL-TR-32-281
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: Rocket exhaust jet interaction with lunar surface dust layer
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: AGARD THE FLUID DYN. ASPECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT, VOL. 2 1966; P 269-290
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: Electric drag of spherical satellites with conducting surfaces
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The 3.0-micrometers water of hydration absorption feature observed in the IR photometry of many low-albedo and some medium-albedo asteroids strongly correlates with the 0.7-micrometers Fe(+2) to Fe(+3) oxidized iron absorption feature observed in narrowband spectrophotometry of these asteroids. Using this relationship, an empirical algorithm for predicting the presence of water of hydration in the surface material of a Solar System body using photometry obtained through the Eight-Color Asteroid Survey nu (0.550 micrometers), w (0.701 micrometers), and x (0.853 micrometers) filters was developed and applied to the ECAS photometry of asteroids and outer planet satellites. The percentage of objects in low-albedo, outer main-belt asteroid classes that test positively for water of hydration increases from P to B to C to G class and correlates linearly with the increasing mean albedos of those objects testing positively. The medium-albedo M-class asteroids do not test positively in large number using this algorithm. Aqueously altered asteroids dominate the Solar System population between heliocentric distances of 2.6 to 3.5 AU, bracketing the Solar System region where the aqueous alteration mechanism operated most strongly. One jovian satellite, J VI Himalia, and one saturnian satellite. Phoebe, tested positively for water of hydration, supporting the hypothesis that these may be captured C-class asteroids from a postaccretional dispersion. The proposed testing technique could be applied to an Earth-based survey of asteroids or a space-probe study of an asteroid's surface characteristic in order to identify a potential water source.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 111; 2; p. 456-467
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The infrared transmission spectra and photochemical behavior of various organic compounds isolated in solid N2 ices, appropriate for applications to Triton ad Pluto, are presented. It is shown that excess absorption in the surface spectra of Triton and Pluto, i.e., absorption not explained by present models incorporating molecules already identified on these bodies (N2, CH4, CO, and CO2), that starts near 4450/cm (2.25 microns) and extends to lower frequencies, may be due to alkanes (C(n)H(2n+2)) and related molecules frozen in the nitrogen. Branched and linear alkanes may be responsible. Experiments in which the photochemstry of N2: CH4 and N2: CH4: CO ices was explored demonsrtrate that the surface ices of Triton and Pluto may contain a wide variety of additional species containing H, C, O, and N. Of these, the reactive molecule diazomethane, CH2N2, is particularly important since it may be largely responsible for the synthesis of larger alkanes from CH4 and other small alkanes. Diazomethane would also be expected to drive chemical reactions involving organics in the surface ices of Triton and Pluto toward saturation, i.e., to reduce multiple CC bonds. The positions and intrinsic strengths (A values) of many of the infrared absorption bands of N2 matrix-isolated molecules of relevance to Triton and Pluto have also been determined. These can be used to aid in their search and to place constraints on their abundances.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 111; 1; p. 151-173
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Estimates of the mass of dust suspended in the Martian atmosphere are derived from global and regional 9-micrometer opacity maps produced from Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper data. During the peak of the 1977b storm, a total dust mass of approximately 4.3 x 10(exp 14) g was suspended, equivalent to 4.3 x 10(exp -4) g/sq cm, or a layer 1.4 micrometers thick. During a local dust storm near Solis Planum at L(sub s) 227 deg, approximately 1.3 x 10(exp 13) g of dust were lofted, equal to about a 6-micrometer layer in that vicinity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; E4; p. 7509-7512
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We model an infrared outburst on Io as being due to a large, erupting lava flow which increased its area at a rate of 1.5 x 10(exp 5)/sq m and cooled from 1225 to 555 K over the 2.583-hr period of observation. The inferred effusion rate of 3 x 10(exp 5) cu m/sec for this eruption is very high, but is not unprece- dented on the Earth and is similar to the high eruption rates suggested for early lunar volcanism. Eruptions occur approxi- mately 6% of the time on Io. These eruptions provide ample resurfacing to explain Io's lack of impact craters. We suggest that the large total radiometric heat flow, 10(exp 14) W, and the size and temperature distribution of the thermal anomalies (McEwen et al. 1992; Veeder et al. 1994) can be accounted for by a series of silicate lava flows in various stages of cooling. We propose that the whole suite of Io's currently observed thermal anomalies was produced by multiple, high-eruptive-rate silicate flows within the past century.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 113; 1; p. 220-225
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This report presents the most recent spherical harmonic topography model of Venus developed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It was produced by a spherical harmonic analysis of the most complete set of Magellan altimetry data, augmented by Pioneer Venus and Venera data. The harmonic coefficients of the topography were computed to degree and order 360. Compared to previous topography models, this one has the highest correlation with the gravity field of Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 112; 1; p. 27-33
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The 500-Myr average crater retention age for Venus has raised questions about the present-day level of tectonic activity. In this study we examine the relationship between the gravity and topography of four large volcanic swells, Beta, Atla, Bell, and Western Eistla Regiones, for clues about their stage evolution. The Magellan line-of-sight gravity data are inverted using a point mass model of the anomalous mass to solve for the local vertical gravity field. Spectral admittance calculated from both the local gravity inversions and a spherical harmonic model is compared to three models of compensation: local compensation, a 'flexural' model with local and regional compensation of surface and subsurface loads, and a 'hotspot' model of compensation that includes top loading by volcanoes and subsurface loading due to a deep, low density mass anomaly. The coherence is also calculated in each region, but yields an elastic thickness estimate only at Bell Regio. In all models, the long wavelengths are compensated locally. Our results may indicate a relatively old, possibly inactive plume.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 112; 1; p. 2-26
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We investigate the orbital dynamics of small dust particles generated via the continuous micrometeoroid bombardment of the Martian moons. In addition to Mar's oblateness, we also consider the radiation pressure perturbation that is complicated by the planet's eccentric orbit and tilted rotational axis. Considering the production rates and the lifetimes of dust grains, we show that particles from Deimos with radii of about 15 micrometers are expected to dominate the population of a permanently present and tilted dust torus. This torus has an estimated peak number density of approximately equals 5 x 10(exp -12)/cu cm and an optical depth of approximately equals 4 x 10(exp -8).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; E2; p. 3277-3284
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The valley network channels on the heavily cratered ancient surface of Mars suggest the presence of liquid water approximately 3.8 Gyr ago. However, the implied warm climate is difficult to explain in the context of the standard solar model, even allowing for the maximum CO2 greenhouse heating. In this paper we investigate the astronomical and planetary implications of a nonstandard solar model in which the zero-age, main-sequence Sun had a mass of 1.05 +/- 0.02 Solar Mass. The excess mass was subsequently lost in a solar wind during the first 1.2(-0.2, +0.4) Gyr of the Sun's main sequence phase. The implied mass-loss rate of 4(+3, -2) x 10(exp -11) M/yr, or about 10(exp 3) x that of the current Sun, may be detectable in several nearby young solar type stars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); p. 5457-5464
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Hellas basin on Mars has been the site of volcanism, tectonism, and modification by fluvial, mass-wasting, and eolian processes over its more than 4-b.y. existence. Our detailed geologic mapping and related studies have resulted in the following new interpretations. The asymmetric distribution of highland massifs and other structures that define the uplifted basin rim suggest a formation of the basin by the impact of a low-angle bolide having a trajectory heading S60E. During the Late Noachian, the basin was infilled, perhaps by lava flows, that were sufficiently thick (greater than 1 km) to produce wrinkle ridges on the fill material and extensional faulting along the west rim of the basin. At about the same time, deposits buried northern Malea Planum, which are interpreted to be pyroclastic flows from Amphitrites and Peneus Paterae on the basis of their degraded morphology, topology, and the application of a previous model for pyroclastic volcanism on Mars. Peneus forms a distinctive caldera structure that indicates eruption of massive volumes of magma, whereas Amphitrites is a less distinct circular feature surrounded by a broad, low, dissected shield that suggests generally smaller volume eruptions. During the Early Hesperian, an approximately 1-to 2km-thick sequence of primarily fined-grained, eolian material was deposited on the floor of Hellas basin. Subsequently, the deposit was deeply eroded, except where armored by crater ejecta, and it retreated as much as 200-300 km along its western margin, leaving behind pedestal craters and knobby outliers of the deposit. Local debris flows within the deposit attest to concentrations of groundwater, perhaps in part brought in by outflow floods along the east rim of the basin. These floods may have deposited approximately 100-200m of sediment, subduing wrinkle ridges in the eastern part of the basin floor. During the Late Hesperian and Amazonian, eolian mantles were emplaced on the basin rim and floor and surrounding highlands. Their subsequent erosion resulted in pitted and etched plains and crater fill, irregular mesas, and pedestal craters. Local evidence occurs for the possible former presence of ground ice or ice sheets approximately 100 km across; however, we disagree with a hypothesis that suggest that the entire south rim and much of the floor of Hellas have been glaciated. Orientations of dune fields and yardangs in lower parts of Hellas basin follow directions of the strongest winds predicted by a recently published general circulation model (GCM). Transient frost and dust splotches in the region are, by contrast, related to the GCM prediction for the season in which the images they appear in were taken.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); p. 5407-5432
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Visible and near-IR refectivity, Moessbauer, and X ray diffraction data were obtained on powders of impact melt rock from the Manicouagan Impact Crater located in Quebec, Canada. The iron mineralogy is dominated by pyroxene for the least oxidized samples and by hematite for the most oxidized samples. Phyllosilicate (smectite) contents up to approximately 15 wt % were found in some heavily oxidized samples. Nanophase hematite and/or paramagnetic ferric iron is observed in all samples. No hydrous ferric oxides (e.g., goethite, lepidocrocite, and ferrihydrite) were detected, which implies the alteration occurred above 250 C. Oxidative alteration is thought to have occurred predominantly during late-stage crystallization and subsolidus cooling of the impact melt by invasion of oxidizing vapors and/or solutions while the impact melt rocks were still hot. The near-IR band minimum correlated with the extent of aleration Fe(3+)/Fe(sub tot) and ranged from approximately 1000 nm (high-Ca pyroxene) to approximately 850 nm (bulk, well-crystalline hematite) for least and most oxidized samples, respectively. Intermediate band positions (900-920 nm) are attributed to low-Ca pyroxene and/or a composite band from hematite-pyroxene assemblages. Manicouagan data are consistent with previous assignments of hematite and pyroxene to the approximately 850 and approximately 1000nm bands observed in Martian reflectivity spectra. Manicouagan data also show that possible assignments for intermediate band positions (900-920 nm) in Martian spectra are pyroxene and/or hematite-pyroxene assemblages. By analogy with impact melt sheets and in agreement with observables for Mars, oxidative alteration of Martian impact melt sheets above 250 C and subsequent erosion could produce rocks and soils with variable proportions of hematite (both bulk and nanophase), pyroxene, and phyllosilicates as iron-bearing mineralogies. If this process is dominant, these phases on Mars were formed rapidly at relativly high temperatures on a sporadic basis throughout the history of the planet. The Manicouagan samples also show that this mineralogical diversity can be accomplished at constant chemical composition, which is also indicated for Mars from the analyses of soil at the two Viking landing sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); pp. 5319-5328
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Recent mapping studies west of Elysium Mons, Mars, have pinpointed subice features that suggest the existence of a frozen paleolake in Utopia Planitia as recently as 1.8 billion years ago. The subice features are interpreted to be hyaloclastic ridges and hills, table moutains, associated joekulhalaup deposits, and fluvial channels. Photoclinometric studies of these features and of a basal scarp around the northwest flank of Elysium Mons interpreted to have been an ice-sheet boundary indicate that the maximum thickness of ice within the basin may have been about 180 m. This thickness of ice during a relatively late stage of Martian geologic history would have important implications concerning the atmospheric, the climatic, and possibly the exobiologic history of the planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 109; 2; p. 393-406
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: During the final, low solar activity phase of the Pioneer Venus (PV) mission, the Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer (OIMS) measurements found all ion species, in the midnight-dusk sector, reduced in concentration relative to that observed at solar maximum. Molecular ion species comprised a greater part of the total ion concentration as O(+) and H(+) had the greatest depletions. The nightside ionospheric states were strikingly similar to the isolated solar maximum 'disappearing' ionospheres. Both are very dynamic states characterized by a rapidly drifting plasma and 30-100 eV superthermal O(+) ions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 23; p. 2735-2738
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In October, 1992 the Pioneer Venus Orbiter entered the atmosphere of Venus, ending nearly 14 years of observations at Venus. Prior to the entry into the atmosphere and subsequent loss of the spacecraft careful management of spacecraft resources had allowed the acquisition of much low altitude data over the nightside of the planet. The long duration of the Pioneer Venus mission has enabled us to study the ionosphere and atmosphere of Venus under different levels of solar activity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 23; p. 2715-2717
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Atmospheric drag measurements from the orbital decay of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Magellan spacecraft have recently been obtained of the Venus dayside and nightside atmosphere between 130 and 210 km during a period of low solar activity. These new measurements, combined with the earlier Pioneer Venus drag measurements (1978-80) obtained near the maximum of the 11-year solar cycle, have allowed the detection of the detailed response of temperature, atomic oxygen and carbon dioxide to solar variations. We have found a weak but detectable temperature response on the dayside which is in accord with the response predicted by Keating and Bougher when they assumed very strong CO2 radiative cooling resulting from atomic oxygen exciting CO2 into 15 micron emission. This same radiative process may cause strong cooling in the Earth's upper atmosphere with the doubling of CO2 in the future. With decreasing solar activity, the O/CO2 ratio in the lower thermosphere is found to decrease, apparently due to decreased photodissociation of CO2 and lower temperatures. The percent decrease in atomic oxygen with decreasing solar activity on the dayside is found to be approximately the same as the percent decreases of atomic oxygen transported to the nightside. A very weak response of nightside temperatures to solar activity variations has also been detected.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 23; p. 2751-2754
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The ion and electron momentum equations, along with Ampere's law, are solved for the ion and electron drift velocities and the electric field in the subsolar Venus ionosphere, assuming a partially ionized gas and a single ion species having the ion mean mass. All collision terms among the ions, electrons and neutral particles are retained in the equations. A general expression for the evolution of the magnetic field is derived and compared with earlier expressions. Subsolar region data in the altitude range 150-300 km from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter are used to calculate altitude profiles of the components of the current due to the electric field, gradients of pressure, and gravity. Altitude profiles of the ion and electron velocities as well as the electric field, electrodynamic heating, and the energy density are determined. Only orbits having a complete set of measured plasma temperatures and densities, neutral densities, and magnetic field were considered for analysis; the results are shown only for orbit 202. The vertical velocity at altitudes above 220 km is upgoing for orbit 202. This result is consistent with observations of molecular ions at high altitudes and of plasma flow to the nightside, both of which require upward velocity of ions from the dayside ionosphere. Above about 230 km the momentum equations are extremely sensitive to the altitude profiles of density, temperature, and magnetic field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); p. 8791-8800
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We report here analyses of olivines and pyroxenes, and petrofabrics of 27 chondritic interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), comparing those from anhydrous and hydrous types. Approximately 40% of the hydrous particles contain diopside, a probable indicator of parent body thermal metamorphism, while this mineral is rarely present in the anhydrous particles. Based on this evidence, we find that hydrous and anhydrous IDPs are, in general, not directly related, and we conclude that olivine and pyroxene major-element compositions can be used to help discriminate between IDPs that are (1) predominantly nebular condensates, and lately resided in anhydrous or icy (no liquids) primitive parent bodies, and (2) those originating from more geochemically active parent bodies (probably hydrous and anhydrous asteroids).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 29; 5; p. 616-620
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper reports on a magnetic field phenomenon, hereafter referred to as null fields, which were discovered during the inbound pass of the recent flyby of Jupiter by the Ulysses spacecraft. These null fields which were observed in the outer dayside magnetosphere are characterised by brief but sharp decreases of the field magnitude to values less than 1 nT. The nulls are distinguished from the current sheet signatures characteristic of the middle magnetosphere by the fact that the field does not reverse across the event. A field configuration is suggested that accounts for the observed features of the events.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 6; p. 405-408
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Geochemical profiles of surface units, impact, and volcanic features are studied in detail to determine the underlying structure in an area of extensive mare/highland interface, Sinus Amoris. This study region includes and surrounds the northeastern embayment of Mare Tranquillitatis. The concentrations of two major rock-forming elements (Mg and Al), which were derived from the Apollo 15 orbital geochemical measurements, were used in this study. Mapped units and deposits associated with craters in the northwestern part of the region tend to have correlated low Mg and Al concentrations, indicating the presence of Potassium (K)-Rare Earth Elements (REE)-Phosphorus (P) (KREEP)-enriched basalt. Found along the northeastern rim of Tranquillitatis were areas with correlated high Mg and Al concentration, indicating the presence of troctolite. Distinctive west/east and north/south trends were observed in the concentrations of Mg and Al, and, by implication, in the distribution of major rock components on the surface. Evidence for a systematic geochemical transition in highland or basin-forming units may be observed here in the form of distinctive differences in chemistry in otherwise similar units in the western and eastern portions of the study region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth, Moon, and Planets (ISSN 0167-9295); 64; 2; p. 165-185
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  • 83
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The aerobraking orbital activities of Magelland during the gravity mapping of Venus are discussed. The goal of aerobraking was to circularize Magellan's orbit. By aerobraking the spacecraft into a nearly circula orbit, the Magellan team was able to provide scientists with a different data set to deepen their understanding of what is going on beneath Venus' surface. Before undertaking its gravity-mapping mission, Magellan completed three cycles of radar mapping. This repeated coverage allowed the spacecraft to see some of Venus' geologic features from different viewing angles. Various aspects of the mission are discussed, and maps of Venus are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680); 14; 2; p. 6-13
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have combined the most recent Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and Magellan (MGN) data with the earlier 1978-1982 PVO data set to obtain a new 60th degree and order spherical harmonic gravity model and a 120th degree and order spherical harmonic topography model. Free-air gravity maps are shown over regions where the most marked improvement has been obtained (Ishtar-Terra, Alpha, Bell and Artemis). Gravity versus topography relationships are presented as correlations per degree and axes orientation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 21; p. 2403-2406
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We report infrared heterodyne spectroscopy (lambda/delta lambda is approximately 10(exp 6)) of C2H6 emission at 11.9 microns from the northern Jovian auroral region, in observations conducted over December 2-7, 1989. Accurately measured line shapes provide information on C2H6 abundance as well as temperature and permit retrieval of the source pressure region. Enhanced emission was observed in the longitude range approximately 150-180 deg at approximately 60 deg north latitude, approximately corresponding to the CH4 7.8 micron hot spot and the region of brightest UV aurora. Significant brightness variations were observed in the hot spot emissions on a time scale of approximately 20 hours. Analysis of the brightest hot spot spectra indicates C2H6 mole fractions of approximately (6.3-6.8) x 10(exp -6) at temperatures of approximately 182-184 K at 1 mbar, compared to mole fractions of (3.8 +/- 1.4) x 10(exp -6) averaged over spectra outside the hot spot at a temperature of approximately 172 K at the same pressure. Fixing the mole fraction to the lower limit retrieved in the quiescent (non-hot spot) region allows the temperature at 1 mbar to be as high as approximately 200 K within the hot spot. These results provide upper limits to the temperature increase near the source of the C2H6 thermal infrared emission. Combined with results from similar measurements of ethylene emission probing the approximately 10-microbar region (Kostiuk et al., this issue), altitude information on the thermal structure of the Jovian auroral stratosphere can be obtained for the first time.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; E10; p. 18,813-18,822
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Doppler tracking data of three orbiting spacecraft have been reanalyzed to develop a new gravitational field model for the planet Mars, Goddard Mars Model 1 (GMM-1). This model employs nearly all available data, consisting of approximately 1100 days of S band tracking data collected by NASA's Deep Space Network from the Mariner 9 and Viking 1 and Viking 2 spacecraft, in seven different orbits, between 1971 and 1979. GMM-1 is complete to spherical harmonic degree and order 50, which corresponds to a half-wavelength spatial resolution of 200-300 km where the data permit. GMM-1 represents satellite orbits with considerably better accuracy than previous Mars gravity models and shows greater resolution of identifiable geological structures. The notable improvement in GMM-1 over previous models is a consequence of several factors: improved computational capabilities, the use of otpimum weighting and least squares collocation solution techniques which stabilized the behavior of the solution at high degree and order, and the use of longer satellite arcs than employed in previous solutions that were made possible by improved force and measurement models. The inclusion of X band tracking data from the 379-km altitude, nnear-polar orbiting Mars Observer spacecraft should provide a significant improvement over GMM-1, particularly at high latitudes where current data poorly resolve the gravitational signature of the planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; E11; p. 20,871-20,889
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A series of surface-modified clays containing nanophase (np) iron/oxyhydroxides of extremely small particle sizes, with total iron contents as high as found in Mars soil, were prepared by iron deposition on the clay surface from ferrous chloride solution. Comprehensive studies of the iron mineralogy in these 'Mars-soil analogs' were conducted using chemical extractions, solubility analyses, pH and redox, x ray and electron diffractometry, electron microscopic imaging specific surface area and particle size determinations, differential thermal analyses, magnetic properties characterization, spectral reflectance, and Viking biology simulation experiments. The clay matrix and the procedure used for synthesis produced nanophase iron oxides containing a certain proportion of divalent iron, which slowly converts to more stable, fully oxidized iron minerals. The noncrystalline nature of the iron compounds precipitated on the surface of the clay was verified by their complete extractability in oxalate. Lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH) was detected by selected area electron diffraction. It is formed from a double iron Fe(II)/Fe(III) hydroxyl mineral such as 'green rust', or ferrosic hydroxide. Magnetic measurements suggested that lepidocrocite converted to the more stable meaghemite (gamma-Fe203) by mild heat treatment and then to nanophase hematite (aplha-Fe203) by extensive heat treatment. Their chemical reactivity offers a plausible mechanism for the somewhat puzzling observations of the Viking biology experiments. Their unique chemical reactivities are attributed to the combined catalytic effects of the iron oxide/oxyhydroxide and silicate phase surfaces. The mode of formation of these (nanophase) iron oxides on Mars is still unknown.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; E11; p. 20,831-20,853
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Spatial correlation among densely packed particles can substantially change their single-scattering properties, thus making questionable the applicability of the independent scattering approximation in calculations of light scattering by planetary regoliths. The same problem arises in geophysics in light scattering computations for snow, frosts, and bare soil. In this paper, we use a dense-medium light-scattering theory based on the introduction of the static structure factor to calculate asymmetry parameters of the phase function for densely packed particles with real refractive indices 1.31 and 1.66, approximating water ice and soil particles, respectively, and imaginary refractive indices 0, 0.01, and 0.3. For sparsely distributed, independently scattering grains, the calculated asymmetry parameters are always positive and always larger than those for densely packed particles. For densely packed grains, the asymmetry parameters may be negative but only for radius-to-wavelength ratios from about 0.1 to about 0.4. With decreasing particle size, the calculated asymmetry parameters tend to zero independently of the compaction state. In the geometrical optics regime, the asymmetry parameters for densely packed scatterers are positive and very close to those for independently scattering grains. These results may have important implications for remote sensing of the Earth and solid planetary surfaces. In particular, it is demonstrated that negative asymmetry parameters derived with some approximate multiple-scattering theories may be physically irrelevant and can be the result of using an inaccurate bidirectional reflection function combined with the ill-conditionally of the inverse scattering problem.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 52; 1; p. 95-110
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The 3-5 micrometer thermal emission of the nightside of Venus, recorded by the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) instrument at the time of the Galileo flyby of Venus, is analysed to infer the properties of the upper cloud boundary. From the global maps of Venus at fixed wavelengths, the limb darkening of the flux is measured at several latitudes, within each infrared channel. By using the nominal Pioneer Venus thermal profile, these data give access to two parameters: the cloud deck temperature and the cloud scale height. It is verified independently, from the NIMS spectra, that this thermal profile is consistent with all the NIMS observations, and that the thermal structure does not vary significantly in the latitude range (25 deg S, 30 deg N). Within this range, the cloud scale height is found to be constant with latitude, and is H = 5.2 km, with an accuracy of about 15%, taking into account the various sources of theoretical and observational uncertainties. At higher latitudes, the temperature profile becomes more isothermal and the presented method to retrieve H is no longer valid.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 505-514
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A large number of i.r. spectra of Venus was obtained using the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) on the Galileo spacecraft, during the February 1990 encounter. Preliminary results show an apparent increase in the tropospheric CO volume mixing ratio (vmr) in the northern polar region. Other possible explanations of the observations are examined and rejected and an increase of the CO abundance north of 47 deg N of (35 +/- 15)% is inferred. Some possible causes of this enhancement are suggested.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 487-494
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The spectroscopic data of the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), recorded during the Galileo flyby of Venus, are analysed to retrieve the water vapor abundance variations in the lower atmosphere of Venus at night. The 1.18 micrometer spectral window, which probes altitude levels below 20 km, is used for this purpose. Constraints on the CO2 continuum and far-wing opacity from existing ground-based high-resolution observations are included in the modelling of the NIMS spectra. The NIMS measurements can be fitted with a water vapor mixing ratio of 30 +/- 15 ppm, in agreement with analyses of ground-based nightside observations. The water vapor abundance shows no horizontal variations exceeding 20% over a wide latitude range (40 deg S, 50 deg N) on the nightside of Venus. Within the same selection of NIMS spectra, a large enhancement in the O2 fluorescence emission at 1.27 micrometer is observed at a latitude of 40 deg S, over a spatial area about 100 km wide.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 495-504
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Using Venus nightside data obtained by the Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), we have studied the correlation of 1.74 and 2.30 micrometer radiation which is transmitted through the clouds. Since the scattering and absorption properties of the cloud particles are different at these two wavelengths, one can distinguish between abundance variations and variations in the properties of the cloud particles themselves. The correlation of intensities shows a clustering of data into five distinct branches. Using radiative transfer calculations, we interpret these branches as regions of distinct but different mixes of Mode 2' and 3 particles. The data and calculations indicate large differences in these modal ratios, the active cloud regions varying in content from nearly pure Mode 2' particles to almost wholly Mode 3. The spatial distribution of these branches shows large scale sizes and both hemispheric symmetries and asymmetries. High-latitude concentrations of large particles are seen in both hemispheres and there is banded structure of small particles seen in both the North and South which may be related. The mean particle size in the Northern Hemisphere is greater than found in the South. If these different branch regions are due to mixing of vertically stratified source regions (e.g. photochemical and condensation source mechanisms), then the mixing must be coherent over very large spatial scales.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 477-485
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) experiment being built for the Cassini spacecraft will study a wide range of plasma and radio wave phenomena in the magnetosphere of Saturn and will also make valuable measurements during the cruise phase and at other encounters. A feature of data from wave receivers is the capability of producing vastly more data than the spacecraft telemetry link is capable of transmitting back to the Earth. Thus, techniques of on-board data compression and data reduction are important. The RPWS instrument has one processor dedicated to data compression tasks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: British Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN 0007-094X); 46; 3; p. 115-120
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The first comprehensive discussion of the south seasonal polar cap spectra obtained by the Mariner 7 infrared spectrometer in the short-wavelength region (2-4 microns) is presented. The infrared spectra is correlated with images acquired by the wide-angle camera. Significant spectral variation is noted in the cap interior and regions of varying water frost abundance, CO2 ice/frost cover, and CO2-ice path length can be distinguished. Many of these spectral variations correlate with heterogeneity noted in the camera images, but certain significant infrared spectral variations are not discernible in the visible. Simple reflectance models are used to classify the observed spectral variations into four regions. Region I is at the cap edge, where there is enhanced absorption beyond 3 microns inferred to be caused by an increased abundance of water frost. The increase in water abundance over that in the interior is on the level of a few parts per thousand or less. Region II is the typical cap interior characterized by spectral features of CO2 ice at grain sizes of several millimeters to centimeters. These spectra also indicate the presence of water frost at the parts per thousand level. A third, unusual region (III), is defined by three spectra in which weak CO2 absorption features are as much as twice as strong as in the average cap spectra and are assumed to be caused by an increased path length in the CO2. Such large paths are inconsistent with the high reflectance in the visible and at 2.2 microns and suggest layered structures or deposition conditions that are not accounted for in current reflectance models. The final region (IV) is an area of thinning frost coverage or transparent ice well in the interior of the seasonal cap. These spectra are a combination of CO2 and ground signatures.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; E10; p. 21,143-21,152
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We report new measurements of the sodium emission intensity seen in a line of sight just above the surface of the Moon. These data show a strong dependence on lunar phase. The emission intensity decreases from a maximum around first quarter (phase angle 90 deg) to very small values near full Moon (phase angle 0 deg). This suggests that the rate of sodium vapor production from the lunar surface is largest at the subsolar point and becomes small near the terminator. However, the sodium emission near full Moon falls below that which would be expected for solar photon-driven processes. Since the solar wind flux decreases substantially when the Moon enters the Earth's magnetotail near full Moon, while the global solar photon flux is undiminished, we suggest that solar wind sputtering is the dominant process for sodium production.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 21; p. 2263-2266
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Infrared diffuse reflectance spectra (2.53-25 microns) of some carbonaceous (C) chondrites were measured. The integrated intensity of the absorption bands near 3 microns caused by hydrous minerals were compared with the modal content of hydrous minerals for the meteorites. The CM and CI chondrites show larger values of the intergated intensity than those of the unique C chondrites Y82162, Y86720 and B7904, suggesting that the amount of hydrous minerals in the CM and CI chondrites is larger, which supports the contention that hydrous minerals were dehydrated by thermal metamorphism in the unique chondrites. Orgueil (CI) has the largest value of the integrated intensity among the C chondrites we measured and shows a sharp absorption band at 3685/cm (2.71 microns) that is not seen in the spectra of the CM chondrites. There is an excellent correlation between the observed hydrogen content in C chondrites and the integrated intensity. The CM chondrites show a wide variation in the strength of absorption bands at 1470/cm (6.8 microns), despite the similarity in absorption features near 3 micron for all CM chondites. The 1470/cm band could be due to the presence of some hydrocarbons but may also be a result of terrestrial alteration processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 29; 6; p. 849-853
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Oxygen production from a lunar rock has been experimentally demonstrated for the first time. A 10 g sample of high-Ti basalt 70035 was reduced with hydrogen in seven experiments at temperatures of 900-1050 C and pressures of 14.7-150 psia. In all experiments, water evolution began almost immediately and was essentially complete in tens of minutes. Oxygen yields ranged from 2.93 to 4.61% of the starting sample weight, and showed weak dependence on temperature and pressure. Analysis of the solid samples demonstrated total reduction of Fe(2+) in ilmenite and small degrees of reduction in olivine and pyroxene. Ti O2 was also partially reduced to one or more suboxides. Data from these experiments provide a basis for predicting the yield of oxygen from lunar basalt as well as new constraints on natural reduction in the lunar regolith.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; E5; p. 10,887-10,897
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The ORBSIM program was developed for the accurate extraction of geophysical model parameters from Doppler radio tracking data acquired from orbiting planetary spacecraft. The model of the proposed planetary structure is used in a numerical integration of the spacecraft along simulated trajectories around the primary body. Using line of sight (LOS) Doppler residuals, ORBSIM applies fast and efficient modelling and optimization procedures which avoid the traditional complex dynamic reduction of data. ORBSIM produces quantitative geophysical results such as size, depth, and mass. ORBSIM has been used extensively to investigate topographic features on the Moon, Mars, and Venus. The program has proven particulary suitable for modelling gravitational anomalies and mascons. The basic observable for spacecraft-based gravity data is the Doppler frequency shift of a transponded radio signal. The time derivative of this signal carries information regarding the gravity field acting on the spacecraft in the LOS direction (the LOS direction being the path between the spacecraft and the receiving station, either Earth or another satellite). There are many dynamic factors taken into account: earth rotation, solar radiation, acceleration from planetary bodies, tracking station time and location adjustments, etc. The actual trajectories of the spacecraft are simulated using least squares fitted to conic motion. The theoretical Doppler readings from the simulated orbits are compared to actual Doppler observations and another least squares adjustment is made. ORBSIM has three modes of operation: trajectory simulation, optimization, and gravity modelling. In all cases, an initial gravity model of curved and/or flat disks, harmonics, and/or a force table are required input. ORBSIM is written in FORTRAN 77 for batch execution and has been implemented on a DEC VAX 11/780 computer operating under VMS. This program was released in 1985.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NPO-16671
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A novel modeling technique is developed and applied to the long-wavelength gravity, topography, and internal density structure of Venus. The focus of this study is to employ data on the gravity and topography of Venus, which are obtained from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter mission, to enhance understanding some key aspects of the internal structure of the planet. A modeling strategy utilizing 'stokeslets' or basic units of slow viscous flow (governed by the Stokes equations) to duplicate the observed gravity and topography is implemented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; E11; p. 18,285-18,294.
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The interaction of the thermosphere and ionosphere is largely governed by collisions between ions and neutral particles. On Venus and the Earth, O(+) is a dominant ion, and atomic O dominates throughout much of the thermosphere; therefore an accurate O(+)-O cross section is an important prerequisite for understanding the dynamics of planetary upper atmospheres. The cross section and momentum transfer collision frequency are calculated with a quantum mechanical code which includes resonance charge exchange, polarization, and charge-quadrupole effects. Our results agree well with earlier calculations of Stubbe (1968) and Stallcop et al. (1991).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 13; p. 1343-1346.
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