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  • Articles  (1,973)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Insurance Mathematics and Economics 15 (1994), S. 86-87 
    ISSN: 0167-6687
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environmental Dangers ; Risk Prevention
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Resources Policy 8 (1982), S. 177-192 
    ISSN: 0301-4207
    Keywords: Commodity markets ; Ecology ; Hardwoods
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Three-dimensional light microscopy ; Brain slices ; Neurobiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The microscopy of biological specimens has traditionally been a two-dimensional imaging method for analyzing what are in reality three-dimensional (3-D) objects. This has been a major limitation of the application of one of science's most widely used tools. Nowhere has this limitation been more acute than in neurobiology, which is dominated by the necessity of understanding both large-and small-scale 3-D anatomy. Fortunately, recent advances in optical instrumentation and computational methods have provided the means for retrieving the third dimension, making full 3-D microscopic imaging possible. Optical designs have concentrated on the confocal imaging mode while computational methods have made 3-D imaging possible with wide field microscopes using deconvolution methods. This work presents a brief review of these methods, especially as applied to neurobiology, and data using both approaches. Specimens several hundred micrometers thick can be sampled allowing essentially intact neurons to be imaged. These neurons Image analysis in 3-D is as important as visualization in 3-D. Automated methods of cell counting and analysis by nuclear detection as well as tracing of individual neurons are presented. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 279-289 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Fluorescence microscopy ; Ca channels ; Pyramidal neurons ; CA1 region ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) within CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons were imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy in conjunction with Ca2+ -sensitive fluorescent indicators. The imaging was performed in thick hippocampal brain slices while simultaneously measuring or controlling electrical activity with sharp microelectrodes or whole-cell patch-clamp electrodes. The combination of imaging and electrophysiology was essential for interpreting the changes in [Ca2+]i. We compared the increases in [Ca2+]i produced by either of two methods-direct depolarization of the cell via the somatic electrode or high-frequency stimulations of synaptic inputs. The increases in [Ca2+]i in the soma and proximal dendrites caused by both methods were of comparable magnitude and they always decayed within seconds in healthy cells. However, the spatial patterns of distal Ca2+ increases were different. Separate sets of synaptic inputs to the same cell resulted in different spatial patterns of [Ca2+]i transients. We isolated and observed what appeared to be a voltage-independent component of the synaptically mediated [Ca2+]i transients. This work demonstrates that the combination of neurophysiology and simultaneous confocal microscopy is well suited for visualizing and analyzing [Ca2+]i within neurons throughout the CNS and it raises the possibility of routinely relating subcellular [Ca2+]i changes to structural and functional modifications. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Sinus afferent pathway ; SP interneurons ; Double immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ultrastructure of substance P-containing nerve terminals synapsing on catecholamine neurons in the rat commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTScom) was studied using a double immunocytochemical labeling technique. Although there were numerous tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-I) somata present, substance P immunoreactive (SP-I) cell bodies were only occasionally found in the NTScom. At the light microscopic level, many SP-I terminals were seen closely associated with TH-I dendrites and somata. At the electron microscopic level, SP-I terminals synapsing on TH-I structures were also readily encountered. SP-I terminals contained small, clear, and predominantly spherical vesicles (32 ± 4 nm diameter), as well as large dense-cored vesicles approximately 100 nm in diameter. Postsynaptic TH-I dendritic profiles of various calibers and somata were encountered. These postsynaptic TH-I structures often showed postsynaptic densities. The morphological features of the SP-TH synapses in the present study, that is, the size of synaptic vesicles and the presence of postsynaptic densities, are quite different from those of central carotid sinus afferent synapses reported in our previous study [Chen et al. (1992), J. Neurocytol., 21:137-147]. Therefore, most of the SP terminals of the SP-TH synapses in the NTScom appear not to originate from the carotid sinus afferents. SP-I second-order neurons of the carotid sinus afferent pathway [Chen et al. (1991), J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 33:97-98] may be one of the possible sources of such terminals. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 310-318 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Dendrites ; 3-D imaging ; Pyramidal cell ; Neurophysiology ; Confocal microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Studies were undertaken to develop microscopic methods and imaging procedures that would permit identification of sites of intradendritic microelectrode recordings from pyramidal cells in hippocampal slice preparations. Intradendritic recording were obtained with sharp microelectrodes filled with the dye lucifer yellow. Following a recording session a neuron was iontophoretically injected with the dye and imaged by fluorescence videomicroscopy. Images were stored on videotape for later analysis. They provided a record of the location of the microelectrode recording site. After withdrawal of the microelectrode, slices were processed histologically and imaged a second time with a Bio-Rad 600 confocal attachment on an Olympus BH-2 microscope. Confocal images provided detailed anatomical information in three dimensions. In most instances, a clear identification of the recording site was achieved by comparing video images containing the recording electrode and confocal images.Neurophysiological recordings obtained from proximal and distal apical dendrites were markedly different. Proximal dendritic recordings were similar to those obtained from pyramidal cell soma. However, distal dendrites were not electroresponsive when depolarized by intracellular current injection. The techniques described here, or variations that employ patch electrodes, could provide valuable information that should further an understanding of the properties of dendrites in the central nervous system. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 329-343 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Sensory map ; Neural map ; Mechanosensory afferents ; Database ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We describe the development and analysis of a quantitative database representing the global structural and functional organization of an entire sensory map. The database was derived from measurements of anatomical characteristics of a statistical sample of typical mechanosensory afferents in the cricket cercal sensory system. Anatomical characteristics of the neurons were measured quantitatively in three dimensions using a computer reconstruction system. The reconstructions of all neurons were aligned and scaled to a common standard set of dimensions, according to a highly reproducible set of intrinsic fiducial marks. The database therefore preserves accurate information about spatial relationships between the neurons within the ensemble.Algorithms were implemented to allow the integration of electrophysiological data about the stimulus/response characteristics of the reconstructed neurons into the database. The algorithms essentially map a physiological function onto a “field” representing the continuous distribution of synaptic terminals throughout the neural structure. Subsequent analysis allowed quantitative predictions of several important functional characteristics of the sensory map that emerge from its global organization. First, quantitative and testable predictions were made about ensemble response patterns within the map. The predicted patterns are presented as graphical images, similar to images that might be observed with activity-dependent dyes in the real neural system. Second, the synaptic innervation patterns from the sensory afferent map onto the dendrites of a postsynaptic target interneuron were predicted by calculating the overlap between the interneuron's dendrites with the afferent map. By doing so, several aspects of the stimulus/response properties of the interneuron were accurately predicted. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 344-349 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Epithelium ; Eye ; Hyaluronate ; Microscopy ; Rabbit ; Regeneration ; Retina ; Sodium iodate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The distribution of hyaluronate (HA) in regenerating retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the rabbit was examined using immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The goal was to determine if there is a correlation between differentiation and HA expression, like that seen in developing tissues, where HA accumulates and then disappears as the tissue matures. In normal RPE cells HA is associated mainly with the apical surface. In regenerating RPE (produced by i.v. injection of sodium iodate to damage the epithelium, regeneration arising from spared cells), HA exhibits a patchy distribution among the more immature cells and is especially prominent where they overlap or pile up on each other. Where cells are more mature and form a compact monolayer of cells, HA is expressed mainly on the apical surface, as in normal RPE. The accumulation of HA among the more immature cells in the regenerating epithelial sheet supports the hypothesis that HA influences differentiation by suppressing cell-cell associations until the proper time for their formation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. C1 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 31 (1995), S. 106-117 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Acinar cells ; Duct cells ; Differentiation ; Immunogold ; Amylase ; Proline-rich proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Chronic treatment of mice and rats with isoproterenol (IPR) causes marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the salivary glands, and alters the expression of several secretory proteins. We used quantitative postembedding immunogold labeling to study the cellular responses in the rat parotid gland during daily (up to 10 days) injections of IPR and during recovery (up to 14 days) after cessation of IPR treatment. Labeling densities of acinar cell secretory granules with antibodies to amylase and protein SMG-B1 (cross-reactive with the rat homologue of Parotid Secretory Protein, PSP) fell to 10% of control levels after 8-10 IPR injections, then increased during recovery, paralleling previous biochemical determinations of changes in protein and mRNA levels. With antibodies to proline-rich proteins (PRP), labeling densities initially fell, then subsequently showed considerable variability, but never exceeded control levels. These results contrast with biochemical determinations showing a marked induction of PRP synthesis, and may have both immunological and structural explanations.Occasional intercalated duct cells located close to the acini underwent differentiation toward an acinar-like phenotype as a result of IPR treatment. After 1-2 IPR injections, the secretory granules of these cells labeled with antibodies to amylase and PRP. Subsequently, the granules appeared electron-lucent and were increased in size and number. These observations support earlier work, suggesting that intercalated duct cells may differentiate into other gland cell types.
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