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  • Articles  (207)
  • Arctic
  • Boundary currents
Collection
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: The Arctic region plays a central role in the global climate system. Modifications in the Arctic radiative budget may strongly influence large scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation. The evaluation of the surface energy balance sensitivity to variations in several parameters, such as surface temperature, water vapour content, surface albedo, and atmospheric aerosols, is one of the main issues in assessing how the Arctic will respond to future climate changes. The NDACC station at Thule Air Base (76.5°N, 68.8°W) is equipped with a variety of instruments for the measurement of the radiative fluxes at the surface, aerosol optical properties, water vapour atmospheric content, and meteorological parameters. A Yankee Environmental System Total Solar Pyranometer (YES-TSP) and an Eppley pyrgeometer (PIR) are installed at Thule for the measurement of the global shortwave and longwave downward irradiances at the surface. The TSP was installed in 2002, while the PIR in 2009. A Cimel Sunphotometer measures aerosol optical properties and water vapour columnar content; the Cimel is part of the Aerosol Robotic Network and was installed in 2007. In winter, the water vapour columnar content is also measured at Thule with a millimeter-wave spectrometer (GBMS) operating in the 230-280 GHz range. GBMS measurements have been carried out during several winters between 2002 and 2011. A meteorological station, which measures surface temperature and pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction is also continuously operational at Thule. Satellite observations of the surface shortwave albedo obtained from MODIS have been used together with ground-based measurements. Four years (2007 to 2010) of surface shortwave irradiance at the surface, aerosol optical properties, and water vapour have been combined with satellite observations of the surface albedo. Radiative transfer model calculations are used to reproduce the observed shortwave fluxes and to separate the effects of the different parameters in modulating the cloud-free downward shortwave radiation at the ground. Water vapour is the main factor affecting the cloud-free shortwave irradiance at the surface. Its column value varies between 0.1 and 1.4 cm during the period spring to early autumn. Water vapour produces a reduction of the surface shortwave flux by -(212%). The surface albedo varies between 0.05 and 0.66 in the period March to September, with values larger than 0.5 in spring and smaller than 0.1 in summer. In spring the surface albedo induces an increase by +(2-4.5%) in the downward shortwave radiation. The aerosol optical depth at 500 nm is generally lower than 0.2; atmospheric aerosols produce a reduction in the shortwave radiation down to -5%. On annual base, the mean effects of water vapour and surface albedo are estimated to be –(10-11) Wm-2 and +(2-3) Wm-2, respectively. The temperature and humidity profiles in the troposphere have the strongest influence on the cloud-free downwelling longwave irradiance. In wintertime, in absence of solar radiation, the longwave fluxes dominate the surface radiation budget. GBMS water vapour measurements from winters 2009 to 2011 have been used, together with surface humidity and temperature, to investigate the relative influence of these factors in affecting the downwelling longwave irradiance.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Réunion Island, Francia
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: open
    Keywords: shortwave infrared ; longwave infrared ; radiation budget ; aerosols ; water vapour ; Greenland ; Arctic ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.05. Radiation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A host of geophysical processes contribute to temporal variations in the low-degree zonal harmonics of the Earth’s gravity field. The present paper focuses on atmosphere-based mass redistributions using global surface pressure data from the NOAA Climate Diagnostics Center for the period 1980-2002. We computed atmosphere-triggered temporal variations of the Earth’s low-degree zonal gravitational coefficients Jl (l = 2 : 4). Such atmosphere-triggered ΔJl(t) are compared with the Arctic Oscillation Index (AOI) and with the observed ΔJl(t) computed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) so as to investigate a possible coupling. We show that there is a significant agreement between the AOI and atmosphere-triggered ΔJl(t), as well as a particularly interesting correlation between the winter ΔJl(t) series and the AOI active season series.
    Description: Published
    Description: 529-538
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Arctic ; gravitational ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work introduces a novel approach for the modelling and coupling of sea ice biology to sea ice physics. The central concept of the coupling is the definition of the Biologically Active Layer, which is the time-varying fraction of sea ice that is connected to the ocean via brine pockets and channels, and acts as a rich habitat for many microorganisms. A simple but comprehensive physical model of the sea ice thermohalodynamics is coupled to a novel sea ice microalgal model of growth in the framework of the Biogeochemical Flux Model. The physical model provides the key physical properties of the Biologically Active Layer and the biological model simulates the physiological and ecological response of the algal community to the physical environment. Numerical simulations of chl-a were compared with observations at two different ice stations, in the Baltic and off the coast of Greenland, showing that this new coupling structure is sufficiently generic to represent well the temporal and spatial distribution of sea ice algae during the whole ice season at both sites. This model implementation and coupling structure is viable as a new component of General Circulation Models, allowing for estimates of the role and importance of sea ice biology in the local and global carbon cycle.
    Description: Italian FISR project VECTOR
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-104
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: sea ice ; ecosystem modelling ; BFM ; Arctic ; Baltic ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.02. Cryobiology ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.07. Ocean/ice interaction ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.07. Physical and biogeochemical interactions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.01. Biogeochemical cycles ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.04. Ecosystems
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-01-05
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Blackwell Publishing for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Ecology 93 (2005): 770-782, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01006.x.
    Description: In the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska, moist non-acidic tundra dominates more recently deglaciated upland landscapes, whereas moist acidic tundra dominates older upland landscapes. In previous studies, experimental fertilization of moist acidic tussock tundra greatly increased the abundance and productivity of the deciduous dwarf shrub Betula nana. However, this species is largely absent from moist non-acidic tundra. These two common upland tundra community types exhibited markedly different responses to fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus. In moist acidic tundra, cover of deciduous shrubs (primarily B. nana) increased after only 2 years, and by 4 years vascular biomass and above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) had increased significantly, almost entirely because of Betula. In moist non-acidic tundra, both biomass and ANPP were again significantly greater, but no single species dominated the response to fertilization. Instead, the effect was due to a combination of several small, sometimes statistically non-significant responses by forbs, graminoids and prostrate deciduous shrubs. The different growth form and species' responses suggest that fertilization will cause carbon cycling through plant biomass to diverge in these two tundra ecosystems. Already, production of new stems by apical growth has increased relative to leaf production in acidic tundra, whereas the opposite has occurred in non-acidic tundra. Secondary stem growth has also increased as a component of primary production in acidic tundra, but is unchanged in non-acidic tundra. Thus, fertilization will probably increase carbon sequestration in woody biomass of B. nana in acidic tundra, while increasing carbon turnover (but not storage) of non-woody species in non-acidic tundra. These results indicate that nutrient enrichment can have very different consequences for plant communities that occur on different geological substrates, because of differences in composition, even though they share the same regional species pool. Although the specific edaphic factors that maintain compositional differences in this case are unknown, variation in soil pH and related variability in soil nutrient availability may well play a role.
    Description: This research was supported by a collaborative grant from the National Science Foundation (OPP-9902695 to S.E.H. and OPP-9902721 to L.G.) and by the Arctic LTER (DEB-9810222).
    Keywords: Alaska ; Arctic ; Betula nana ; Fertilization ; Moist acidic tundra ; Moist non-acidic tundra ; Net primary production ; Nitrogen ; pH ; Phosphorus
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 5
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    Project “Protection of the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem” | Dakar, Sénégal
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: La première réunion du Comité de Pilotage du projet CCLME qui s'est tenue à Dakar, au Sénégal, le 4 novembre 2010 s’était accordée sur l’établissement de six groupes de travail techniques afin d’aider le processus de développement d'une Analyse Diagnostique Transfrontalière (ADT) et l'élaboration d'un Plan d'Action Stratégique (PAS) pour le CCLME. La réunion a également adopté leurs termes de référence. En outre, il a été convenu que le projet CCLME et les pays participants contribueraient au soutien et au renforcement des deux groupes de travail du COPACE sur l'évaluation des stocks des ressources démersales et pélagiques. La première réunion du Groupe de Travail sur les changements climatiques s'est tenue à Saly, au Sénégal, du 11 au 13 mai 2011. Les membres du groupe de travail ont été nommés par les pays membres et les institutions partenaires du CCLME. L'objectif global de la réunion était pour le groupe de travail de se mettre d'accord sur les grandes lignes d'un document sur les impacts du changement climatique et les stratégies d'adaptation et d'atténuation pour le CCLME, d’ identifier des activités de projets potentiels pour traiter des questions de changement climatique identifiées, d'attribuer des responsabilités au sein du groupe et de s'entendre sur un plan de travail pour la période 2011-2012 en tenant compte de la date prévue pour l’adoption de l’ADT (novembre 2012). Mme Isabelle Niang, coordonnatrice régionale du projet « Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques et Côtiers en Afrique de l’Ouest (ACCC), a été élue Présidente du groupe de travail. Les représentants des pays participants et des partenaires du CCLME ont présenté les principales questions liées au changement climatique, les principales activités entreprises pour y répondre, les questions qui restent à traiter et les stratégies proposées pour minimiser les effets négatifs du changement climatique sur les ressources et les écosystèmes marins en fonction de l'avis de leur pays ou de leur organisation. Deux groupes de travail ont été formés afin d'identifier les questions prioritaires et leurs causes et de recommander des domaines d'intervention relatifs aux impacts du changement climatique sur les ressources marines vivantes et sur la biodiversité, les habitats et la qualité de l'eau dans la zone du CCLME. Les groupes de travail ont défini un certain nombre de domaines prioritaires d'intervention nécessitant des fonds supplémentaires. Il s’agit des besoins de systèmes d'observation améliorés; d’une analyse et de la modélisation des données existantes; de la cartographie de la vulnérabilité des zones prioritaires pour le CCLME; de l’examen et du renforcement des Plans d'Action Nationaux pour l’Adaptation (PANA) en ce qui concerne la pêche ; de la restauration de la mangrove/des sources d'énergie alternatives. La réunion a également convenu d'un projet de plan pour le document sur les impacts du changement climatique et les stratégies d'adaptation et d'atténuation pour le CCLME ainsi que d'un plan de travail 2011-2012 pour le groupe de travail, avec des responsabilités définies.
    Description: The First CCLME Project Steering Committee Meeting that was held in Dakar, Senegal, the 4th of November 2010, agreed on the establishment of six CCLME technical working groups to assist the development process of a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and the elaboration of a Strategic Action Plan (SAP) for the CCLME. The meeting also adopted their terms of references. In addition, it was agreed that the CCLME project and the participating countries would contribute to the maintenance and strengthening of two CECAF working groups on stock assessment of demersal and pelagic resources. The First Meeting of the Climate Change Working Group was held in Saly, Senegal from 11th to 13th of May 2011. The members of the working group had been nominated by the CCLME participating countries and partner institutions. The overall aim of the meeting was for the working group to agree on the outline of a document on climate change impacts and adaptation and mitigation strategies for the CCLME, to identify suitable potential project activities to address identified climate change issues, to assign responsibilities within the group and to agree on a work plan for the period 2011-2012 taking into consideration the expected date for the adoption of the TDA (November 2012). Ms Isabelle Niang, Regional coordinator of the project “Adaptation to Climate and Coastal Change in West Africa” (ACCC), was elected Chairperson of the working group. The CCLME participating countries and the partner representatives presented the main climate change issues, the main activities undertaken to address them, issues that remain to be addressed and suggested strategies to minimize negative effects of climate change on marine resources and ecosystems according to the view of their country or organization. Two groups were formed in order to identify priority issues and their causes and recommended domains of intervention regarding climate change impacts on marine living resources; and on biodiversity, habitat and water quality in the CCLME area. The working groups defined a number of priority areas of intervention in need of additional funds. These focused on the need for improved observation systems; further analysis and modelling of existing data; vulnerability mapping in priority areas for the CCLME; review and strengthening of National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs) with regards to fisheries; and mangrove restoration / alternative energy sources. The meeting also agreed on a draft outline for the document on climate change impacts and adaptation and mitigation strategies for the CCLME as well as a 2011-2012 work plan for the working group with responsibilities assigned.
    Description: Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM); co-financement despays participants et d’autres partenaires. Les partenaires actuels sont: l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD), la Commission Sous-Régionale des Pêches (CSRP), le projet EAF-Nansen, l’Administration Nationale des Océans et de l’Atmosphère (NOAA) des États-Unis d’Amérique, le Programme Régional de Conservation de la Zone Côtière et Marine en Afrique de l’Ouest (PRCM), l’Agence Suédoise de Coopération Internationale au Développement (SIDA) et WageningenInternational.
    Description: L’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) et le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE) sont les agences FEM pour la réalisation du projet CCLME. CCLME ou Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem
    Description: Published
    Description: changement climatique
    Description: frontière
    Description: ressource pélagique
    Description: ressource demersale
    Description: mangrove
    Description: dégradation
    Description: sédimentation
    Description: eau
    Keywords: Changement climatique ; Climatic changes ; Boundary currents ; Pelagic fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Water resources ; Salinity ; Sedimentation ; Reefs (coral) ; Habitat degradation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Not Known
    Format: 60pp.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Based upon the 1987-88 Arctic Environmental Drifting Buoy (AEDB), the Ice-Ocean Environmental Buoy (IOEB) was developed to acquire and telemeter in near real-time inter-relatable time-series data on atmospheric, oceanographic and ice physics in ice-covered oceans during all seasons. Two IOEBs were successfully deployed in two Arctic Sea Basin Stations in April, 1992. Since then, although some sensors malfunctioned, for 18 continuous months, they have been sending massive amounts of information. In this report we describe the technology which was developed for the 1991 IOEB. Mechanically, the IOEB consists of an extremely durable surface flotation package and an underwater mooring line of instruments and sensors. The apex contains data loggers for air, ice and engineering measurements, microcontroller modules for accumulating the data from all the instruments, and ARGOS platform transmit terminals (PTTs) for broadcasting the data. Extending above the surface float, a mast supports a wind monitor and air temperature probe, which along with a barometer provides meteorological data. Thermistor strings, vibrating wire stress sensors, and a thickness gauge are installed in the ice surrounding the buoy, and are interrogated by the modules inside the apex. In the ocean, 110m of conducting strength cable passes the data from conductivity/temperature recorders, an Acoustic Doppler Current Profier and data compression module, a dissolved oxygen sensor, a transmissometer and fluorometers to the PTT microcontrollers. Furthermore, a suspended particle collector and sediment trap transmit status information along the two-wire multidrop network cable. Because the IOEB differs from the AEDB by telemetering the majority of the scientific data, a complicated compression scheme is incorporated to broadcast the data from the 103 variables within the allowable 256-bit ARGOS data stream. Via Service ARGOS, this data currently becomes available to scientists in several countries within eight hours of transmission. In April 1992, two IOEBs were deployed at separate ice camps in the Arctic Ocean with battery power adequate to sustain the systems for over two years. One was deployed 115 miles from the North Pole in the center of the Transpolar Drift sea-ice current, and the other off of the coast of Alaska along the edge of the Beaufort Gyre. Airplanes capable of landing on ice were used for the transportation of the systems to their final destination. Simultaneously, a third, reduced version of the IOEB was deployed in the Weddell Sea by the Scott Polar Research Institute.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia, USA and Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan.
    Keywords: Arctic ; Telemetry ; Underwater mooring
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Pollution Bulletin 59 (2009): 193-206, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.02.022.
    Description: Identifying patterns and drivers of natural variability in populations is necessary to gauge potential effects of climatic change and the expected increases in commercial activities in the Arctic on communities and ecosystems. We analyzed growth rates and shell geochemistry of the circumpolar Greenland smooth cockle, Serripes groenlandicus, from the southern Barents Sea over almost 70 years between 1882 and 1968. The datasets were calibrated via annually-deposited growth lines, and growth, stable isotope (δ18O, δ13C), and trace elemental (Mg, Sr, Ba, Mn) patterns were linked to environmental variations on weekly to decadal scales. Standardized growth indices revealed an oscillatory growth pattern with a multi-year periodicity, which was inversely related to the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO), and positively related to local river discharge. Up to 60% of the annual variability in the Ba/Ca could be explained by variations in river discharge at the site closest to the rivers, but the relationship disappeared at a more distant location. Patterns of δ18O, δ13C, and Sr/Ca together provide evidence that bivalve growth ceases at elevated temperatures during the fall and recommences at the coldest temperatures in the early spring, with the implication that food, rather than temperature, is the primary driver of bivalve growth. The multi-proxy approach of combining the annually integrated information from the growth results and higher resolution geochemical results yielded a robust interpretation of biophysical coupling in the region over temporal and spatial scales. We thus demonstrate that sclerochronological proxies can be useful retrospective analytical tools for establishing a baseline of ecosystem variability in assessing potential combined impacts of climatic change and increasing commercial activities on Arctic communities.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge past financial support from Norsk Hydro, and continuing financial support from StatoilHydro, the Norwegian Research Council, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute through Bates College. This publication was made possible, in part, by NIH Grant Number P20 RR-016463 from the INBRE Program of the National Center for Research Resources.
    Keywords: Arctic ; Barents Sea ; Benthic community ; Bivalve growth ; Climate oscillation ; Environmental forcing ; North Atlantic Oscillation ; White Sea ; Sclerochronology ; Serripes groenlandicus ; Shell geochemistry ; Stable isotopes ; Trace element ratios
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 35 (2008): L03402, doi:10.1029/2007GL032837.
    Description: Arctic rivers transport huge quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the Arctic Ocean. The prevailing paradigm is that DOC in arctic rivers is refractory and therefore of little significance for the biogeochemistry of the Arctic Ocean. We show that there is substantial seasonal variability in the lability of DOC transported by Alaskan rivers to the Arctic Ocean: little DOC is lost during incubations of samples collected during summer, but substantial losses (20–40%) occur during incubations of samples collected during the spring freshet when the majority of the annual DOC flux occurs. We speculate that restricting sampling to summer may have biased past studies. If so, then fluvial inputs of DOC to the Arctic Ocean may have a much larger influence on coastal ocean biogeochemistry than previously realized, and reconsideration of the role of terrigenous DOC on carbon, microbial, and food-web dynamics on the arctic shelf will be warranted.
    Description: This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers OPP-0436106, OPP- 0519840, and EAR-0403962, and is a contribution to the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH).
    Keywords: DOC ; Arctic ; Rivers
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 35 (2008): L08606, doi:10.1029/2008GL033532.
    Description: Turbulent-scale temperature and conductivity were measured during the pan-arctic Beringia 2005 Expedition. The rates of dissipation of thermal variance and diapycnal diffusivities are calculated along a section from Alaska to the North Pole, across deep flat basins (Canada and Makarov Basins) and steep ridges (Alpha-Mendeleev and Lomonosov Ridges). The mixing rates are observed to be small relative to lower latitudes but also remarkably non-uniform. Relatively elevated turbulence is found over deep topography, confirming the dominant role of bottom-generated internal waves. Measured patterns of mixing in the Arctic are also associated with other mechanisms, such as double-diffusive structures and deep overflows. A better knowledge of the distribution of mixing is essential to understand the dynamics of the changing Arctic environment.
    Description: This work was funded by the National Science Foundation through a Small Grant for Exploratory Research (ARC-0527874) and grant ARC-0612342 with additional support from the Doherty Foundation and internal WHOI Funds.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Arctic ; Topography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C05011, doi:10.1029/2006JC003899.
    Description: In September 2004 a detailed physical and chemical survey was conducted on an anticyclonic, cold-core eddy located seaward of the Chukchi Shelf in the western Arctic Ocean. The eddy had a diameter of ∼16 km and was centered at a depth of ∼160 m between the 1000 and 1500 m isobaths over the continental slope. The water in the core of the eddy (total volume of 25 km3) was of Pacific origin, and contained elevated concentrations of nutrients, organic carbon, and suspended particles. The feature, which likely formed from the boundary current along the edge of the Chukchi Shelf, provides a mechanism for transport of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients directly into the upper halocline of the Canada Basin. Nutrient concentrations in the eddy core were elevated compared to waters of similar density in the deep Canada Basin: silicate (+20 μmol L−1), nitrate (+5 μmol L−1), and phosphate (+0.4 μmol L−1). Organic carbon in the eddy core was also elevated: POC (+3.8 μmol L−1) and DOC (+11 μmol L−1). From these observations, the eddy contained 1.25 × 109 moles Si, 4.5 × 108 moles NO3 −, 5.5 × 107 moles PO3 −, 1.2 × 108 moles POC, and 1.9 × 109 moles DOC, all available for transport to the interior of the Canada Basin. This suggests that such eddies likely play a significant role in maintaining the nutrient maxima observed in the upper halocline. Assuming that shelf-to-basin eddy transport is the dominant renewal mechanism for waters of the upper halocline, remineralization of the excess organic carbon transported into the interior would consume 6.70 × 1010 moles of O2, or one half the total oxygen consumption anticipated arising from all export processes impacting the upper halocline.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, and office of Naval Research; DH OPP-0124900, NB OPP-0124868, DK OPP 0124872, RP N00014-02-1-0317.
    Keywords: Arctic ; Eddy ; Carbon ; Nutrients ; Shelf-basin exchange ; Chukchi Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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