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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (57,118)
  • 1980-1984  (43,083)
  • 1955-1959  (14,035)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 213-222 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data were obtained in flat-plate continuous-flow thermogravitational columns to check the theory developed by Furry, Jones, and Onsaer and a modification of this theory proposed by the authors. Separations of ethyl alcohol-water and benzene-n-heptane mixtures were measured, flow rate, column length, temperature difference, spacing between plates, and inclination of the plates being varied in the experiments. Theory and data are in qualitative agreement for the range of variables studied. Quantitative agreement exists between theory and experiment in the region of practical design for liquid-thermal-diffusion plants.Equations to aid in the design of thermal-diffusion plants are developed, and a plant to treat 1,000 bbl./day of a liquid aromatic-aliphatic mixture is designed and costs are estimated.
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  • 2
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 198-207 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution to the Stefan-Maxwell diffusion equations for equimolal countercurrent diffusion in a three-component gas mixture is obtained which is similar in form to Gilliland's equation for diffusion of two gases through a third inert gas. The important features of both types of diffusion are investigated and the conditions under which the following phenomena occur are determined: (1) diffusion barrier (the rate of diffusion of a component is zero even though its concentration gradient is not zero); (2) osmotic diffusion (the rate of diffusion of a component is not zero even though its concentration gradient is zero); (3) reverse diffusion (a component diffuses against the gradient of its concentration).A generalized driving force which describes these phenomena is introduced, and approximate equations are developed which give the individual rates of diffusion directly.
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  • 3
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 208-212 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effective correlations of turbulent velocities and friction losses for tubes and parallel plates recently published have been analyzed further in order to simplify their use and to extend the range of Reynolds number.Working diagrams have been developed from which turbulent friction losses and local velocities for tubes and parallel plates can be calculated without interpolation or trial-and-error procedures. Tentative values of parallel-plate friction factors and average-to-maximum velocity ratios in the transition region are also included, and new experimental values of the velocity ratio in smooth tubes are reported. The working diagrams permit more rapid, accurate, and consistent calculations of fluid behavior to be made over a wider range of operating conditions than was previously possible.
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  • 4
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 230-235 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reaction kinetics for the catalytic dehydrogenation of sec-butyl alcohol to methyl ethyl ketone has been investigated at atmospheric pressure and temperatures ranging from 650° to 750°F. in the presence of solid brass spheres, 1/8 in. in diameter. The nature of this catalyst permitted a direct evaluation of the surface involved in this reaction and allowed the definition of a surface-feed ratio to be expressed as S/F in place of the conventional weightfeed ratio W/F commonly used in catalytic studies. Feed compositions ranged from secbutyl alcohol to mixtures containing high percentages of methyl ethyl ketone and hydrogen.In these studies mass transfer effects were found to be significant and, for a proper representation of conditiated at the catalyst surface, must be taken into account. The effect of feed compositions on the initial rates of reaction showed that the rate-controlling step was the desorption of hydrogen involving a single-site mechanism.In addition, the results of these studies have been used to produce values of height of reactor unit HRU which have been found to correlate with mass velocity and temperature. The HRU provides a simple means of calculating the depth of catalyst necessary to effect a designated conversion.
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  • 5
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 242-248 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and friction measurements were made for air flow through a smooth copper pipe and six other commercial pipes, with a ratio of diameter to equivalent sand roughness varying from 640 to 64. The Reynolds number range was 10,000 to 80,000. Though some increase in heat transfer coefficients with roughness was found, the heat transmission per unit power loss always decreased.The momentum-heat-transfer anlogies of Reynolds and Colburn are shown to be inadequate for handling the experimental data. Those of Prandtl and Taylor, von Kármán, and Pinkel fail to show a required Reynolds number dependence of jh when friction factor has become independent of Reynolds number for a rough pipe. Martinelli's equation shows such dependence and, even in approximate form, gives good prediction of the experimental results.
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  • 6
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 248-256 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 325-329 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The surface tensions against air of acetone-water solutions have been measured over the entire composition range from 20°C. to generally within 1° to 10°C. of the normal boiling points. The capillary-height method was employed and the results are thought to be accurate to better than ±0.5%.
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 329-330 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With stationary isotropic turbulence postulated, the rate of decrease in concentration fluctuations of a scalar contaminant is estimated in terms of the turbulence scale and the power input to the system.
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 331-335 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extension of the kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide on activated carbon and silica gel confirms the rate-controlling step postulated by previous workers. The effect of variables including water vapor on the reaction rate is expressed by an equation containing the constants a, b, c, and w, which have been evaluated for both catalysts at 30°, 45°, and 60°C. The effect of water vapor is to reduce the reaction by reversible adsorption on the active sites of the catalyst. The value of w is dependent on temperature but independent of water-vapor concentration up to a relative humidity of 20%. Above 20% the value of w for activated carbon increases greatly with relative humidity, in agreement with the effect of capillary adsorption at high water contents.
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Constant layer moisture at the hot surface is found to exist during the constant-rate period of drying of sand on a hot surface in still air. It accounts not only for the constantrate period of drying itself but also largely for the length of the period.Temperature of the air-surface interface usually has minor effects on the rate of vaporization because equilibrium between vapor and the bed is not established during periods of rapid vaporization.Numerical relationships have not been established.
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  • 11
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 336-342 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plate efficiencies measured on 18-in.-diam. sieve plates are reported for the acetic acid-water system and for the methyl isobutyl ketone-water system at atmospheric pressure. In the former system the major resistance to mass transfer is in the gas phase; liquid-phase resistance to mass transfer is controlling in the latter. Efficiencies are also reported for the aniline-nitrobenzene system (gas-phase resistance controlling) at 5 mm. Hg absolute on 6-in.-diam. sieve plates. Pure gas- and liquid-phase efficiencies for both plate designs were determined by the adiabatic humidification of air and the desorption of oxygen from water into air. Predicted values of plate efficiency for each of the binary systems studied were computed from the pure phase efficiencies according to the procedure outlined by Gerster et al. A comparison between measured and predicted efficiencies is presented as a guide for future research in this field.
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Linear partial-differential eqations are often encountered when thermal or material diffusion in flowing systems is considered. Analytic solutions of such equations are known for only the simplest situations. In two examples a graphical method of solution is presented and demonstrated which makes feasible, without excessive labor or special computing facilities, the use of available knowledge concerning turbulent flow in the prediction of thermal or material transfers in complex situations involving linear steady flow.
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 348-352 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of the film coefficient of heat transfer for the condensation of organic vapor mixtures was investigated experimentally to establish a satisfactory basis for applying the Nusselt equation to binary systems. Five ideal and nonideal pairs, all of which gave miscible condensates, were studied; the work was carried out under conditions of almost total condensation on a horizontal condensing surface designed to comply as rigidly as possible with the conditions for which Nusselt's equation is valid.The same behavior was observed for all systems and all concentrations studied: the experimental coefficients fell between those for the pure components and followed the behavior pattern for pure components when the temperature difference was taken as that between the bubble point of the condensate and the surface temperature, rather than between the dew point or the measured vapor temperature and the surface temperature, Correlation of the film coefficient showed it to vary approximately linearly with composition if the coefficients were compared at a constant value of the temperature difference, defined as above. This permits determination of the coefficient for a mixture by interpolation between the coefficients for the pure components, which are easily obtained, in preference to making the calculations with the properties of the mixture obtained by laborious and uncertain weighting of the corresponding properties of the pure components.When results are interpreted in the light of the theories of Colburn and Drew, the presence of a vapor-phase resistance to heat and mass transfer, as postulated by them, is indicated.
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  • 14
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 361-365 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase critical flow of steam-water mixtures has been investigated over a pressure range from 4 to 43 1b./sq.in. abs. and a quality range from saturated vapor to 1% (weight) vapor. Discharges were measured from 1/4-,1/2-, 3/4-, and 1-in. pipes and from annuli of intermediate cross-sectional areas. The experimental mass flow rates are always grteater than the values calculated on the basis of a homogeneous flow model. Several empirical methods for correlating the data were determined, and comparisons are presented of the predictions of several analytical flow models.
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  • 15
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 366-372 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies were made in a differential flow reactor of the hydogenation of α-methyl-styrene with the liquid trickling over a bed of catalyst pellets countercurrent to a stream of hydrogen. The catalysts consisted of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and nickel supported on the external surfaces of aluminal pellets.With palladium at pressures above 3 atm. the apparent rate-controlling step was a surface reaction between dissociated hydrogen and α-methylstyrene both adsorbed on different type of active sites. Below 3 atm. pressure the reactants competed for similar active sites. With platinum the apparent rate-controlling step was a surface reaction between dissociated hydrogen and α-methylstyrene on similar active sites. Rhodium and nickel catalyzed the polymerization α-methylstyrene together with slow hydrogenation. Ruthenium had negligible activity for catalyzing the hydrogenation under the moderate conditions used in this work.In all cases mass transfer resistances were negligible.
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  • 16
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 373-381 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Applying both their own assumptions and the mechanism of lateral mixing proposed by Ranz (20), the authors obtained theoretical formulas for effective thermal conductivities ke in packed beds. Previously reported experimental data were analyzed with these equations, and the usable data for predicition of ke were shown.In order to see the influence of both packing characteristics and temperature on the effective thermal conductivities, experimental data were obtained with air for beds with various kinds of packing, i.e., iron spheres, porcelain packings, cement clinker, insulating fire brick, and Raschig rings. Correlation of these data with Equation (15) showed that this equation adequately expressed the heat transfer mechanisms in packed beds with motionless gases, especially at hight temperatures.
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  • 17
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and mass transfer and coagulation are considered as related to the mean-square relative velocity between particle and fluid uR2 and eddy diffusion as described by the mean-square particle displacement, Xp2. The mathematical methods used are similar to those employed in the early calculations of the Brownian motion.The mean-square relative velocity is obtained as a function of particle characteristics, intensity of turbulence, and a fluid correlation coefficient. In the limiting case of equal particle and fluid density uR2 = 0, and for very heavy particles uR2 → uF2.A general expression for the eddy diffusivity is obtained is obtained which reduces to the same form as that of the fluid for the stationary state. However, the correlation coefficient to be used in the calculations depends on uR2. As a first approximation, it can be assumed that at a sufficiently long time from the introduction of the particles, fluid and particle diffusivities are equal.For short times after injection, the particle spread may be much less than that of the fluid. An illustrative calculation for the initial spreading of a jet of suspended particles is offered. In all cases an effort is made to organize the available experimental data within the framework of the theory.
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 386-390 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bulk chemical properties of an impregnated chromia-alumina catalyst with respect to several gases, CO, CO2, C3H6, were determined as a function of the degree of oxidation of the surface of the catalyst. The importance of the results lies in the demonstration that a simple method described herein can be used to obtain significant data on catalytic surfaces. Briefly, the prior adsorption of oxygen by the catalyst tended to promote the adsorption of carbon monoxide and to prohibit the adsorption of carbon dioxide. Far more carbon monoxide was adsorbed by the highly oxidized surface than could be accounted for on the basis of adsorbed carbon dioxide. The quantity of propylene adsorbed also increased with an increase in the oxidation of the surface. The results are explained on the basis of two types of adsorbed oxygen atoms.
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 391-394 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous method is presented for the evaluation of the heat requirements in binary batch fractionations which involve negligible column hold up. The method, in which the additional variables of the discontinuous process are taken into account, is a modification of the methods of Ponchon and Savarit for continuous operation. Two examples, one for a fractionation in which the composition of the product is constant and the other in which the reflux ratio is constant, are given as illustrations of the method.The application of the method permits more accurate evaluation of reboiler and condenser heat loads and, in turn, better design.
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 395-404 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 411-417 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene by means of a suspended palladium-alumina catalyst in a stirred reactor the mass transfer of hydrogen through the liquid is the rate-controlling step and the resistance to chemical reaction at the catalyst surface is negligible except at extremely rapid rates of stirring. This system therefore provides an excellent means of establishing the effects of operating variables and mechanical construction on mass transfer coefficients in liquids in stirred reactors. It is convenient to consider the total resistance to mass transfer as consisting of two separate resistaces: in the liquid adjoining the bubbles and in the liquid adjoining the suspended solid particles; thus R = Rb + Rs.A general equation was evaluated from experimental data based upon unit volume of liquid.
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local convective thermal transfer is difficult to predict for nonuniform three-dimensional boundary flows. Direct measurements of local transfer from objects of practical interest are therefore useful in the prediction of thermal transfer and in an understanding of multidimensional boundary flows.Measurements of the gross and local transfer were made upon a silver sphere 0.5 in. in diameter and a ceramic porous sphere of the same size from which n-heptane was permitted to evaporate. The air stream had a level of turbulence of approximately 5.4% and only small variation in velocity with position. Temperature distributions in the boundary flows around these spheres were determined, and from these distributions local transfer coefficients were established for the forward hemisphere. The gross transfers were established from the electrical energy added to the silver sphere and from the quantity of n-heptane evaporated from the porous sphere.The local thermal transfers were in reasonable agreement with some of the theoretical analyses based upon a three-dimensional laminar-boundary layer. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between spatial integration of the local transfer and the simultaneously measured over-all values. These, in turn, were in fair agreement with correlated values of the gross thermal and material transfer from spheres.
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 418-427 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of the physical properties and volume flow rate of liquids on the surface area of sprays produced by a pressure type of atomizing nozzle were determined experimentally. the specific surface area of the sprays is correlated by an equation of two dimensionless groups in terms of the variables surface tension to the -1.0 power, kinematic viscosity to the -0.4 power, and volume flow rate to the 2.4 power. The volume flow rate is correlated by an equation of two dimensionless groups containing the variables viscosity to the 0.17 power, density to the -0.58 power, and spray pressure to the 0.42 power. The conversion of compression energy to surface-area energy appears to be constant at approximately 0.1%.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 12S 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 9S 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 428 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Following an approach similar to that presented for the aliphatic (6, 7) and naphthenic (8) hydrocarbons, methyl-group contributions have been developed that now make possible the calculation of van der Waals' constants for aromatic hydrocarbons of considerable size and complexity. These constants are then utilized to calculate the critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes for these aromatic hydrocarbons.In addition, simple relationships have been developed that permit the evaluation of both van der Waals' constants for the unsubstituted linearly fused aromatic hydrocarbons.Comparisons of calculated critical constants with values presented in the literature for over twenty aromatic hydrocarbons produced average absolute deviations of 0.70% for the critical temperature and 2.14% for the critical pressure.
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 7S 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 431-431 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 95-99 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general method has been devised for calculating gaseous-diffusion-stage requirements to separate gases of widely differing molecular weights. For such a mixture the actual separation factor is shown to be less than the ideal separation factor, depending on the undiffused-gas composition and the ratio of absolute pressures on each side of the barrier. The equilibrium relationship between the compositions of the diffused- and undiffused-gas streams leaving any stage is also derived by means of the Rayleigh concept. Application of the method is illustrated with a diagram, like that of McCabe and Thiele for distillation, on which are stepped off the required number of theoretical stages to separate a particular hydrogen-nitrogen mixture.
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analytical expressions are obtained for the calculation of the time required for batch rectification of binary feeds which may be treated by assuming constant relative volatility and no column holdup. The equations cover constant reflux operations and varying reflux constant product operations for the two cases involving either a large or a small number of theoretical stages. The latter type of calculation has hitherto been possible only by tedious graphical methods. This paper introduces novel pseudoequilibrium curves which lead to simple equations of considerable accuracy. The equations obtained may be rearranged or modified so that other factors such as sharpness of fractionation may be represented analytically.
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  • 32
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 129-129 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 157-164 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although coarse, uniformly sized particles are not amenable to fluidization, it has been found possible by use of either gases or liquids to impart a regular cycling motion to a bed of this type of material in which the solids are rapidly carried upward by the fluid in a central well-defined core within the bed. The particles move uniformly downward in the annular space surrounding the core, thus providing dense-phase countercurrent contact between the fluid and the solids. There is no wall separating the core from the annulus. This method is called the spouted-bed technique. The effect of column diameter, fluid inlet diameter, bed depth, and physical properties of solids and fluids on spouting behavior has been investigated. The minimum fluid velocity required for spouting has been correlated, and the flow pattern of the fluid and of the solids has been stuided. The technique has been applied to the drying of wheat.
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  • 34
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    Notes: Through the use of group contributions the van der Waals' constants, a and b, were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from a knowledge of the chemical structure of these compounds and were used to define the critical temperature and pressure of these substances.By the use of methane as the base group, both van der Waals' constants were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons of considerable size and complexity through the additive contribution of methyl groups in the seccessive substitution of hydrogen until the desired structure of the substance was obtained. For the normal saturated hydrocarbons these contributions were found to be additive for the evaluation of a0.626 and b0.76 up through n-octane, and these exponents have been assumed to apply in the scaling up of larger normal and isomeric hydrocarbon molecules for which experimental data are lacking.The volume van der Waals' constant b alone serves to define the critical volume of these compounds through the expression γc = 3 β b, where β represents a factor which has been found to depend on the size and arrangement of the molecule.By following this procedure the critical temperatures, pressures and volumes of the normal saturated hydrocarbons through eicosane (C20H42), inclusive, and all the isomeric hydrocarbons up to and through the nonanes were calculated and compared, whenever possible, with values already available in the literature with an agreement of 0.43% for the estimation of the critical temperature, 0.69% for the critical pressure, and 0.86% for the critical volume. A combined consideration of these average deviations points to the estimation of the critical constants of the aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons with an average error of 0.7%.
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 178-184 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On the basis of fluid dynamic and heat transfer studies on falling-film towers by various investigators, it has been commonly accepted by most workers that the liquid flow is essentially streamline in nature for liquid-film Reynolds numbers under 1,800 to 2,000; conseuquently it would be expected that the rate of physical gas absorption in such liquid films could be predicted directly from a knowledge of molecular diffusion rates.Measurements of the absorption of pure gases in falling liquid films at low Reynolds numbers substantiated the findings of other investigators that the mass transfer rates were manyfold greater than could have been predicted if molecular diffusion were the only transfer process. Increased interfacial area due to rippling of the liquid films could not account for the large increase in mass transfer rates found, and experiments with the addition of a dye stream to the liquid at the freer interface indicated turbulence.Dissolution rates of slightly soluble solids coated on the tube wall to liquid films were measured and showed that the liquid film was not in laminar flow even for Reynolds numbers as low as 300.An explanation is proposed which resolves these apparently conflicting results between momentum and heat and mass transfer, based on the fact that mass transfer measurements provide a more sensitive test for the presence of turbulence than do momentum or heat transfer measurements.
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 200-209 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 513-516 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new solution is presented of the differential equations describing unsteady state heat transfer in stationary beds of small granular solid particles through which a fluid is flowing. Arbitrary initial solid temperature distribution and arbitrary variation of inlet gas temperature are allowed. The solution presented appears easier to apply in practice than those previously published and affords an example of the versatility of Fourier integrals and series. An application of the solution to the regeneration of Dow type-B butylene dehydrogenation catalyst is described.
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 517-522 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vapor-liquid equilibria of the systems n-octane-Cellosolve, ethylbenzene-Cellosolve, and n-octane-ethylbenzene-Cellosolve were determined at 760 mm. Hg. The activity coefficient data of Yang and Van Winkle (23) for the system n-octane-ethylbenzene and the data of this work on other systems were expressed by Wohl's three-suffix Margules equations. The ternary data are predicted satisfactorily from the binary constants and no noticeable ternary effects seem to exist for this ternary system.
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 523-527 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By experimental means a relation is obtained between the thermal resistance of an eddy and its angular momentum. The eddy is stationary, and no extraneous motion is present. The secondary motion which may develop in the annulus between concentric rotating cylinders is used to obtain the eddies. The fluid motion is well defined at all times and at all points of space. Heat is passed through the eddies, and the Nusselt number is obtained, which varies linearly with the angular momentum. Both Nusselt number and angular momentum vary linearly with the peripheral velocity of the inner rotating cylinder, which can be interpreted in terms of a Reynolds number associated with fluid flow perpendicular to a cylinder.
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The splitting of globules is an important phenomenon during the final stages of disintegration processes. Three basic types of deformation of globules and six types of flow patterns causing them are distinguished.The forces controlling deformation and breakup comprise two dimensionless groups: a Weber group NWe and a viscosity group NVi. Breakup occurs when NWe exceeds a critical value (NWe)crit. Three cases are studied in greater detail: (a) Taylor's experiments on the breakup of a drop in simple types of viscous flow, (b) breakup of a drop in an air stream, (c) emulsification in a turbulent flow.It is shown that (NWe)crit depends on the type of deformation and on the flow pattern around the globule. For case (a) (NWe)crit shows a minimum value ∼ 0.5 at a certain value of (NVi) and seems to increase indefinitely with either decreasing or increasing ratio between the viscosites of the two phases. For case (b) (NWe)crit varies between 13 and ∞, depending on NVi and on the way in which the relative air velocity varies with time, the lowest value refers to the true shock case and Nvi→0. For case (c) (NWe)crit, which determines the maximum drop size in the emulsion, amounts to ∼1, and the corresponding values of NVi appear to be small. A formula is derived for the maximum drop size.
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 312-317 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data for use in the successful design and operation of mass transfer equipment at pressures down to approximately 5 mm. Hg may be advantageously obtained by the method of total pressures. In this method the desired equilibrium data are derived from pressure vs. temperature measurements on a convnient number of made-up solutions covering the entire composition range.With a modified Smith and Menzies isoteniscope, it is possible to measure accurately the data required for making the equilibrium calculations down to 2 mm. abs. pressure without the “bumping,” supercooling, and superheating encountered with equilibrium stills. The isoteniscope is simple to construct and operate from 1 atm. to 2 mm. abs.The use of the total pressure method and the isoteniscope is illustrated by the determination of the vapor-liquid equilibrium in the aniline-nitrobenzene system at 5 and 10 mm. abs. In nineteen out of twenty instances the vapor compositions for a given liquid composition are precise to within ± 0.9% and the relative volatility, which varied between 2.54 and 1.85 over the composition and temperature ranges, is precise within ± 1.5%.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local rates of convective heat transfer from air at high temperature to a cold wall were measured in the inlet region of a circular tube. Air entered the tube with a flat velocity and temperature profile at temperatures from 480° to 2,000°F. and flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 4,500 to 22,500. The inner surface of the 1.0-in. I.D. tube was maintained at approximately 100°F. by water cooling. Local rates of heat transfer were determined at 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 tube diameters from the entrance by measuring the radial temperature profile in thermally isolated, annular sections of the tube wall.The local rate data for all gas temperatures are well represented by previous correlations for small temperature differences if the gas properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature rather than at the film temperature. The data agree well with the data of previous investigators wherever the experimental ranges overlap.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for condensing Freon-114 (tetrafluorodichloroethane) and steam at several pressures. The condition of the vapors ranged from saturation to 180°F. of superheat. The condensing tube containing embedded thermocouples was 3/4 in. in diameter and 3 ft. long. Visual observation showed that steam condensed by dropwise condensation in part. Increase of superheat in the vapor at constant pressure caused a lowering of the tube-wall temperature, which was indicative of a lowering of the surface temperature of the condensate. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature below the saturation temperature was computed from the experimental tube-wall temperatures, the heat flux, and Nusselt's equation for the condensate-film resistance. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature is correlated with degree of superheat. An interfacial coefficient of heat transfer between the superheated vapor and the condensate surface is reported based on the computed surface temperatures. Schrage's analysis and equations for relating mass and heat transfer with conditions at an interface were simplified and used to correlated the experimental condensing load with the degree of superheat.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 49-52 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new, simple electric analogue model is demonstrated which gives solutions, accurate within ten %, to problems in nonsteady state flow of heat, diffusion, and flow of liquids in porous media. The analogue consists essentially of a sandwich of electrical conducting paper, polyethylene or polyester sheeting, and metal foil. One- or two-dimensional problems can be treated. This analogue provides a medium with distributed resistance and capacitance rather than the finite steps of conventional analogues; therefore two-dimensional problems of complex shape can easily be modeled. The analogue is pulsed by a square wave generator and the transient potential response is displayed on a cathode-ray oscilloscope.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 53-57 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Problems in heat conduction involving a moving boundary are encountered in the freezing of liquids and in other situations. Such problems are difficult to solve, and exact solutions are almost unknown. A graphical method for obtaining numerical solutions to problems of this type which can be described in terms of one space coordinate is derived and is demonstrated in two examples involving the freezing of liquids. The method, which does not require specialized knowledge or equipment, takes into account both sensible heats and latent heat.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 58-62 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer measurements were made with vertical stainless steel bayonet tubes, 3/8 to 3/4 in. O.D., with lengths from 2.6 to 6.5 in. The heat source was steam. The boiling film ΔT ranged from 154° to 314°F. for three organic liquids and from 547° to 788°F. for nitrogen, all at 1 atm. No forced convection was used. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and nitrogen on the longer tubes had h values two or three times greater than predicted by the Bromley equation; however, the Reynolds numbers were found to exceed 2,000. Nitrogen on the 2.6-in. length obeyed the equation; the Reynolds numbers were less than 2,000, the flow was proved by photography to be turbulent and the h values were much higher than predicted for viscous flow. A correlation is given which fits all the data except for methanol. It shows that a vertical orientation is superior to the horizontal for liquids boiling outside tubes.
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  • 47
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady state heat transfer experiments were carried out in a 4-in. I.D. transite tube packed with 3/8-, 1/4-, and 5/32-in. steel spheres. Heat was generated in the pellets by means of a high-frequency induction coil surrounding the test section. Average heat transfer coefficients between the bed of spheres and a stream of air passing through the bed were calculated for Reynolds numbers of from 200 to 10,400. To ensure the reproducibility of the data, the bed was repacked six times for each pellet size.A study of the effect of the tube-to-pellet-diameter ratio indicates that this effect is large for low values of the ratio, but much smaller for higher ratios. The results are presented both graphically and in terms of empirical equations. The analogies among heat, mass, and momentum transfer are discussed, and it was found that no simple relation between the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor exists for packed beds with a gas as the fluid.An attempt is made to predict the heat transfer rates for packed beds from heat transfer data for single spheres and from pressure-drop measurements for the packed bed; however, the rates predicted from the pressure-drop measurements are somewhat lower than the experimental results.
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  • 48
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and momentum transfer studies have been made for the flow of gases through fixed beds consisting of randomly packed, solid metallic particles. The experimental technique employed in these studies made possible for the first time the procurement of gas-film heat transfer data under steady state conditions and in the absence of mass transfer effects. Electric current passed through the metallic particles of the bed created within the particles a steady generation of heat, which was continuously removed by gases flowing through the bed. Several direct temperature measurements of both gases and solids within the bed made possible the direct calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for the gas film to produce the Colburn heat transfer factor jh, which has been found to correlate with the modified Reynolds number, Reh = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)ϕ]. The shape factor ϕ was established in these studies for cubes and cylinders and was found to be identical to their respective sphericities.Pressure-drop measurements produced a friction factor fk of the Blake type, which yielded separate curves for each shape when correlated with the modified Reynolds number Rem. No simple relationship was found to exist between the heat transfer and friction factors. A single correlation of the pressure-drop data was obtained for the modulus fkoϕn when correlated with a Reynolds number of the type Rem = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)]. The exponent n varies with the particle shape.Experimental runs have been carried out for 3/16, 1/4, 5/16-in. spheres, 1/4 and 3/8-in. cubes, and regular cylinders using hydrogen and carbon dioxide to extend the range of molecular weights beyond that of air, used for the majority of these runs. A particle-size, column-diameter effect was found to exist for both heat and momentum transfer. This effect becomes significant in the low Reynolds region.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local boiling heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined for nucleate boiling around the outer circumference of horizontal copper tubing. The tubes used were of 16 B.W.G. hard-temper copper with outside diameters of 1 1/4 and 2 in; the liquids boiled were methanol and n-hexane. The maximum peripheral variation occurred with the 1 1/4-in. tube in methanol where an over-all ΔT of 30.2°F. gave local outside coefficients varying between 249 and 548 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.). The minimum variation was found to occur in the same system, in which an over-all ΔT of 72.3°F. gave coefficients varying between 856 and 910 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(F.°). The results, plotted in polar coordinates, showed a cardioid configuration for methanol with the maximum coefficients occurring at the bottom of the tube. The n-hexane results had the general shape of horizontal ellipses with maximum coefficients occurring at the sides of the tube.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the rate of heat transfer by natural convection is the temperature-density relationship of the convecting fluid. The importance of this factor is amplified when the heat is being transferred to a medium which has a maximum density.This investigation consisted of measuring the heat transfer rates, velocity gradients, and temperature profiles when heat is transferred from a flat vertical plate to water in the region of 4°C. In some experiments the flow in the boundary layer was observed to be downward while at other conditions of plate and fluid temperature a dual motion (both up and down) was noted, thus establishing a basic difference in the heat transfer mechanism and precluding a unified theory. Theoretical consideration is given to each mechanism and a criterion is derived to predict the flow regime which will prevail at fixed conditions of plate and bulk temperatures.An analogue computer was used to establish theoretical velocity and temperature profiles. The theoretical values agree reasonably well with the measured values; however, the experimental temperrature gradients near the wall were not sufficiently accurate to be extrapolated to determine a point heat transfer coefficent.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of flow of pure gases, both those with no adsorption and those with appreciable adsorption, were studied as a function of pressure level, pressure drop, and temperature for flow through 1/2-in.-diameter cylindrical plugs of activated carbon and of unsintered Vycor glass. Adsorption isotherms for the pure gases on Vycor glass were measured over the range of variables covered in the flow studies. A few measurements were made for bulk liquid flowing through a Vycor plug.Permeabilities, which are proportional to the rate of flow per unit of pressure drop, were satisfactorily correlated for hydrogen, helium, argon, and nitrogen by employing existing gas-phase flow theory. Permeabilities considerably larger than the values predicted from the nonadsorbed gas correlation, sometimes more than seventeen times as large, were observed for ethylene, propylene, and isobutane flowing through a Vycor plug. For the hydrocarbon-Vycor systems, permeabilities for vapor flow are as much as sixty times larger than for bulk liquid flow.The unusual flow phenomena for the hydrocarbon-Vycor systems are attributed to a rapid transport in the adsorbed layer. The total transport is treated as being the sum of gas-phase and adsorbed-layer flow. An equation describing adsorbed-layer movement is derived by utilizing a force balance together with thermodynamic principles. The resulting equation has just one empirical constant, and its use requires adsorption-isotherm data. It correlates very well the surface flow rates for the major range of the variables covered in this investigation. Rate measurements were made for adsorbed-layer concentrations ranging from about one tenth of a monolayer up through the capillary condensation region. Deviations in the one constant form of the equation are observed below one tenth of a monolayer. The available literature data on flow in adsorbed layers are reasonably well correlated by the same equation.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chemical engineer frequently has to correlate kinetic data for heterogeneous reactions simply and accurately in order to make useful predictions of reaction rates over a range of conditions. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood approach, which is frequently used for this purpose, does not have the theoretical validity commonly attributed to it, and its use leads to unnecessary mathematical complexity. A simpler method of analysis is suggested which is based on power dependencies of the rate on concetrations, the powers being restricted to integral of half-integral values. The data for several reactions are shown to be adquately correlated by the suggested procedure, which is simple and convenient.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 13M 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 114-124 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer from 3/8- and 1/2-in.-diameter spheres of adipic acid and from 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8- and 3/4-in.-diameter spheres of benzoic acid into a controlled stream of water passing in laminar flow through a 3-in.-diameter pipe is found to be correlated by the single equaton NSh = 2 + 0.95 NRe0.5 NSc0.33 for sphere Reynolds numbers between 100 and 700. The limitations on the application of this equation, due to mass transfer by natural convection, are discussed. Correlations are also obtained for transfer from separate regions of the sphere surface.Skin-friction-drag coefficients for single fixed spheres have been calculated from reported pressure distributions for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 1,000.Good agreement is obtained between the mass transfer j factor and other reported values for heat transfer, but comparison with the calculated frictional forces indicates that the equality proposed by Colburn (3) does not hold, because the distributions of the mass transfer and the skin friction over the surface differ.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 127-131 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Nearly 900 values of local heat transfer coefficients were correlated for water flowing through long annuli 1/8, 1/4, and 3/8 in. wide, electrically heated at their inner surfaces and containing three spacer ribs. Both cosine and uniform lengthwise heat-flux distributions were employed. All heat transfer coefficients were computed for positions corresponding to (L/De) ratios larger than 150. Several methods of correlation were attempted and compared, especially with respect to the method of evaluating physical properties. The proportionality of the Colburn j factor to the Prandtl and Reynolds numbers with their usual exponents was verified, and the dependence of j upon D2/D1 was analyzed. There was no significant effect of cosine heat-flux distribution on the heat transfer coefficients. Evaluating physical properties at the usual film temperature gave the best correlation. A simplified dimensional equation for water at moderate temperatures and pressures was also developed.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 139-140 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 59
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent advances in purity control in sodium systems are covered. Emphasis is placed on results from the prototype S.I.R. system as well as other unpublished data. Included are chemical and nuclear activation analyses of sodium, filtration data, and details and operation of cold traps and plugging indicators.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plutonium and the fission products can be removed from irradiated uranium by liquidmetal extraction by use of another metal immiscible with uranium. Metals studied have been silver, cerium, and lanthanum. Plutonium removal by silver is high, by the rare-earth metals moderate. In all cases volatile elements, including cesium, strontium, and barium, are removed. Rare earths are efficiently removed. Ruthenium and molybdenum are largely unaffected. Experiments with synthetic fuels corresponding to long burn-up periods show improved removal of most elements. Repeated batch extractions indicate that a continuous process separating the fuel into uranium, plutonium, and fission-product fractions could be developed.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 202-207 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of calcuation is presented by which estmates may be made of the stage efficiency of continuously operated, agitated, baffled vessels used in mixer-settler extractors. The calculations are limited to cases where the agitatiing impeller is a flat-blade turbine, and do not include estimates of the entrance and exit effects. The method has been tested with all the available experimental data, which include three different sizes of vessels, systems, and impeller sizes, and a variety of operating conditions including speeds of agitation, rates of flow, and ratios of contacted liquids. Because of limitations of the author's knowledge, the calculations are necessarily approximate, but they nevertheless correctly indicate the nature of the variations in stage efficiency to be expected with all of the design and operating variables for which tests could be applied.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical treatment is developed on the basis that two concentric spheres can serve as the model for a random assemblage of spheres moving relative to a fluid. The inner sphere comprises one of the particles in the assemblage and the outer sphere consists of a fluid envelope with a “free surface.” The appropriate boundary conditions resulting from these assumptions enable a closed solution to be obtained satisfying the Stokes-Navier equations omitting inertia terms. This solution enables rate of sedimentation or alternatively pressure drop to be predicted as a function of fractional void volume.Comparison of the theory is made with other relationships and data reported in the literature. Of special interest is its close agreement with the well known Carman-Kozeny equation which has been widely used to correlate data on packed beds as well as sedimenting and fluidized systems of particles. This is remarkable in view of the fact that the force on each particle in a packed bed can be up to several hundred times that exerted on a single particle in an undistrubed medium.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 207-210 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental flow rate data are presented for saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and two-phase liquid-vapor carbon dioxide through a convergent nozzle and a square-edged orifice. The data cover the range from the triple-point pressure to the critical pressure. Charts have been prepared for this complete range at critical flow. Results are also presented for subcritical flow.The tests at various back pressures indicate that the saturated liquid behaved as a cold liquid without evaporation ahead of the throat.Saturated vapor became supersaturated in the nozzle, and the vapor behaved as if no condensation occurred.Equations are presented for the flow rates of saturated vapor, and two-phase mixtures in the critical flow region.A Mollier (pressure-enthalpy) diagram is used to determine the flow rates of saturated vapor and two-phase mixtures where supersaturtation takes place. In these cases, the lines of constant specific volume or density are extrapolated from the superheated region into the normal two-phase region to obtain values corrected for supersaturation.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating enthalpies of mixtures of light hydrocarbons is presented. Enthalpes so obtained are consistent with equilibrium-vaporization constants that have been correlated with the composition characterization factor, the molal average boiling point (M.A.B.P.).Values of the isothermal-pressure corrections to the enthalpy of ideal gas mixtures (H° — H) are presented on three plots with parameters of temperature, pressure, and molal-average boiling point. Pressures range from zero to 1,500 lb./sq. in. abs., temperatures from -200° to 500°F., and M.A.B.P. from -200° to 150°F.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Visual observations by Fage and Townend of the behavior of a turbulent-flow strean near a boundary and experimental data by Lin, Moulton, and Putnam of concentratiol profiles near a boundary contradict the commonly held concept of the “laminar sublayer.” A model developed by Higbie and Danckwerts which is consistent with the visual obser vations of Page and Townend is used to describe the exchange of mass and heat between a turbulent fluid and a solid surface. It is postulated that masses of fluid are contiuously moving to and from the wall. The exchange process then depends on the average contact time of these fluid masses with the wall.The agreement of the concentration profile predicted on the basis of the proposed model with experimental mass transfer data where the exchange process is rate controlling lends support to the usefulness of the model. No equivalent data are available for velocity profiles. Velocity data represent a condition where the transport process within the fluid is playing an important role; however, in the immediate vicinity of the wall the proposed model might serve as a rough approximation of the profile. Such an approximation is made in this paper, and the agreement obtained is much better than should be expected.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 372-380 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measuring the spreading of a tracer dye from a point source yields information on diffusion in glass-sphere beds fluidized in water. Particulately fluidized beds, which are here formed, are well described by the statistical turbulence equations of Taylor. Mixing parameters - eddy diffusivity, scale, and intensity of turbulence - are established. Transition of these variables is traced from fixed beds through fluidized beds in different degrees of bed expansion.Mixing characteristics of these “ideal” types of fluidization may provide a frame of reference for consideration of more complex systems.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 393-403 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 240-245 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A consistent method is presented for predicting local velocities in smooth tubes, concentric annuli, and parallel plates. Consideration is limited to the steady, isothermal, fully turbulent flow of constant-density fluids. Experimental data show the proposed correlation to be indepdent of Reynolds number and radius ratio. Intermediate quantities, calculated from friction data, permit local velocities to be determined over a wide range of operating conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 246 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 412-419 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study of rates of dissolution of organic solid from a flat surface into turbulent liquid in a mixing tank of 6 in. I.D. is reported for five systems - benzoic acid-n-water, salicylic acid-water, salicylic acid-benzene, succinic acid-n-butanol, and succinic acid-acetone. Previous theories for the rates of mass transfer are reviewed and compared, and experimental results analyzed and correlated by an equation in terms of dimensionless groups similar to that of Hixson and Baum, Sherwood and Gilliland, and Rushton and Oldshue. The close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the exponent of the Schmidt number in this equation may provide new and significant evidence for the applicability of the surface-renewal theory to mass transfer from a flat solid surface into a turbulent liquid.For free rotational agitation, a local mass transfer coefficient with respect to the position of a cast solid was detected quantitatively. However, the insertion of four baffles into the tank gave a uniform mass transfer coefficient regardless of the position of the cast solid. A decrease in the mass transfer coefficient was observed when baffles were used.The advantages of the constant and stationary interface, the stability and simplicity of the apparatus, the possibility of duplicating experimental results, and the success of the detection of a local mass transfer coefficient suggest that the present apparatus and procedures could be used for the study of the theory of mass transfer rates from flat surfaces.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 420-425 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The terminal velocity of air bubbles rising through distilled water, 61% glycerine, diethylene glycol, and a solution of a surface-active agent was measured in vertical cylindrical tubes of 2.09, 3.64, 4.91, 6.90, 9.50, and 15.25 cm. avg. I.D. An equation was developed to express a velocity-correction factor in terms of the ratio of bubble diameter to tube diameter and an empirical constant. The constant was a function of tube diameter and of the surface tension of the liquid. It seemed to be independent of liquid viscosity.
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 20-27 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the mutual solubility of ethylene with various polar and nonpolar relatively high-molecular-weight organic compounds at temperatures 1° and 10° C. respectively above the critical temperature of ethylene and at pressures up to 1,500 Ib./sq.in.abs. For many compounds Henry's law was found to be applicable for the liquid phase up to approximately two thirds of the critical pressure of ethylene. In the critical region the solubility of ethylene was extremely sensitive to small changes in both temperature and pressure. The various types of phase behavior encountered were classified according to the nonideality involved. The results of this investigation indicate that a gas near its critical conditions is often capable of dissolving relatively nonvolatile materials in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration of a separation process using such a gas as the extracting medium, namely fluid-liquid extraction.
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    Notes: Data were obtained on the solubility of ethylene oxide gas in a number of aqueous and nonaqueous solvents at various temperatures and gas concentrations. Its absorption from high concentrations in air was studied in a packed column with a cooling jacket for removal of the heat evolved. The results can be correlated with adequate accuracy in terms of the conditions at the top or dilute end of the column. The values of (H.T.U.)G and (H.T.U.)L agree approximately with known values for other systems. For the solvents tested, the liquid-film resistance is controlling at room temperatures.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 463-467 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for estimating adsorption equilibria based on a modification of the Polanyi adsorption-potential theory was developed for use in the investigation described in Part I of this article. In addition, the recently published correlation method of Lewis, Gilliland, Chertow, and Cadogan, suitably modified for the present application, was successfully employed in the correlation and extrapolation of the ternary equilibrium data.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 468-470 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of both the liquid-phase mass transfer and the internal-diffusion steps in ion exchange were studied by means of shallow-bed experiments. The mass transfer coeffcients obtained fitted the general correlations for other packed-bed operations when the Schmidt group was evaluated with experimentally determined ionic counterdiffusivities. An incremental calculation of the diffusion rates within the particles yielded a value of the counterdiffusivity in the resin phase. A general design procedure based on these findings is proposed.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 477-481 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theoretical-plate concept in chromatography has been treated on the basis of continuous flow of eluent through the plates of the column. A treatment more precise in principle than the previous treatments is presented. General elution and deposition equations have been derived and applied to special cases of practical interest. The derived formulas have the advantage of precision, generality, and simplicity.The theory was found adaptable to the treatment of gradient elution and also to the calculation of the fraction of solute which has been eluted or still-adsorbed on the column during the elution process.A method for the determination of the number of theoretical plates in a chromatographic column is also described.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect on point and integral average conversion of chemical reaction, coupled with radial diffusion and radial distribution of reaction times in viscous-flow tubular reactors, is reported. Solutions are given for first-order reaction over an extensive range of dimensionless rate and time variables. An expression is given for a criterion of the conditions when the contribution of diffusion is so small that it may safely be disregarded as a variable. Another criterion also is given for the situation when diffusivity is so large, in comparison with other system constants, that the simple plug flow solution may be used without incurring more than a specified error.The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride was studied in 1/4- and 1/2-in.-diam. reactors in 10- and 15-ft. lengths. Reynolds numbers were between 40 and 400 and temperatures between 25° and 35 °C. It was found that the derived equations form a proper description of experiments in the smaller tube. Deviations from theory in the larger tube are explained in terms of free convection arising from nonisothermal conditions and from concentration gradients in the tube. Grashof criteria for initiation of convection in the system are discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 518-524 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports a direct experimental comparison of the cracking of cumene in a fluidized bed of silica-alumina catalyst with the same reaction in a fixed bed. The effects of fluidization on the kinetics of this reaction are interpreted in terms of an empirical approach using effectiveness factors and by a simplified mathematical model.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 525-528 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical method is suggested which permits the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data for binary hydrocarbon mixtures at various total pressures on the basis of equilibrium data at one constant pressure. This method has been tested with the vapor-liquid equilibrium data of six nonideal systems measured at twenty-one different experimental conditions. The total pressure range varies from 50 mm. of mercury to 4 atm. In all cases the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 539-544 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Notes: The absorption and subsequent liquid-phase reaction of oxygen was studied with two types of dispersion apparatus, the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser. The systems studied in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric oxygen by catalyzed sodium sulfite solutions and the simultaneous absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen dioxide and with sulfur dioxide by water.Very large values of the liquid-film mass transfer coefficient for oxygen absorption were measured in the atomization zone of the Venturi atomizer. Over-all recovery efficiencies were less than 2.3% for nitrogen dioxide but reached as much as 22% for sulfur dioxide. Oxidation efficiencies for sodium sulfite solutions ranged up to 80%, depending on the operating conditions.The fritted-glass disperser gave recovery efficiencies of nitrogen dioxide as high as 90% from air containing 10% of the gas. The recovery efficiency decreased at low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide for both the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser.
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eddy mass diffusivities, effective thermal conductivities, and wall heat transfer coefficients were measured in an 8-in. tube packed with 1/2- and 3/4-in. glass spheres. Superficial mass velocities ranged from 110 to 1,640 Ib./(hr.) (sq. ft.), corresponding to modified Reynolds numbers of 100 to 2,000. Air was the main stream fluid in all cases.The modified Peclet group (DpV/E*td) was found to be constant at a value of about 12 in the region of fully developed turbulence. At lower Reynolds numbers this group varied with the flow rate. Effective thermal conductivities were correlated by an equation. Modified Peclet numbers for heat transfer were about 25% less than those for mass transfer. The wall heat transfer coefficient varied with the superficial mass velocity as hw = 0.090 (Go0.75).An explanation is suggested for the similarity in velocity dependence between these values and those for turbulent flow in an empty tube, based on channeling at the wall.
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    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 317-318 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The experimental freezing-point data of the methane-n-hexane and the methane-n-octane binaries are presented and compared with the methane-carbon dioxide system investigated by Donnelly and Katz. A step-by-step variation of the freezing point in the paraffin homologous series is exploited to provide reasonably accurate extrapolation of the experimental data on the two binaries and scattered freezing-point data on the methane-n-butane mixture to other paraffin hydrocarbon mixtures of methane in which the heavier constituent ranges from ethane to n-nonane, inclusive.A composite graph of the freezing points of the various binaries with methane, from ethane to n-nonane, is presented.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 319-323 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution to the problem of heat transfer with simultaneous heat generation in viscous tubular flow is presented. The temperature profiles and heat transfer coefficients which are obtained apply to compressible as well as incompressible Newtonian and power-law non-Newtonian fluids with constant physical properties and to systems in which the heat generation is an arbitrary function of radius. An example of heat transfer with frictional heat generation in a non-Newtonian fluid is also presented, and the solution to the problem in which a fluid enters a tube in laminar flow with an arbitrary temperature profile is given, with a consideration of a first approximation to the case of heat transfer in a turbulent fluid in which heat is being generated.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 324-329 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments in which a liquid film runs over a vertical string of spheres surrounded by a concentric tube through which air is blown upward have shown that loading in a packed tower is due to the formation of standing waves on the liquid film. In the ball-and-tube system a wave is formed just below the equator of each ball, owing to the pressure gradient within the air stream as it accelerates through the narrowing gap between the ball and the tube. Interfacial shear and surface tension are of secondary importance. The similarity between the characteristics of the ball-and-tube system and those of the randomly packed tower suggests that loading in the latter system is also due to wave formation. With this concept of loading, a correlation has been dérived.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 330-331 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Application of shape factors to problems of conductive heat flow eliminates the need for lengthy calculations by numerical approximation methods. Shape factors for several systems, determined bvy electrical analogues, are given in the accompanying article.
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 332-337 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of local heat transfer coefficients in a baffled tubular heat exchanger for five baffle spacings and two tube spacings (23/16-in.-pitch, four-tube bundle, and 11/4-in.-pitch, fourteen-tube bundle) is reported. Shell-side air-flow rate was constant for all runs. The variation of the local heat transfer coefficient around the tubes and along the length of the tubes for each tube spacing and baffle spacing was investigated. Average shell-side heat transfer coefficients were evaluated from local values and were found to agree with average values reported in the literature. These average values varied with the six-tenths power of the mass velocity in the heat exchanger. The average Nusselt number and the pressure drop across the exchanger each increased at about the same rate as the number of baffles was increased from two to ten. The average heat transfer rate decreased with decreased tube spacing. This effect was evident from the local heat transfer coefficients, and it is explained on the basis of the mechanism of flow around tubes. An eddy flow zone was detected between the baffles. Average heat transfer rates in the eddy and crossflow zones were almost equal and were about 15% below the average rate in the longitudinal-flow zone. The variation of the average heat transfer coefficient along a tube definitely showed the effects of baffles. High coefficients occurred in the baffle holes and in the baffle windows.
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  • 90
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 338-342 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A convection-controlled mass transfer process in which the rate of mass transfer results in an electrical signal should have certain advantages as the working principle for a velocity-and turbulence-measuring device. The velocity can be read at a remote place as a calibrated electrical signal. Compensation for phase shift and amplitude attenuation of a fluctuating signal should be small because the measuring probe would have no capacity for the transferred quantity. In water, such processes are possible whenever electrolysis occurs under conditions of concentration polarization, and they exist in relatively uncomplicated from as the limiting currents of polarographic analysis. The investigation reported here was intended as a survey and evaluation of electrolytic methods for measuring water velocities.The series of experiments that was performed showed that a working instrument could be designed on the principle of convection-controlled electrolysis, but that the chemical reactions involved were unreliable for consistent trouble-free results. Practical instruments appear to be possible only after long development and considerable study of chemical mechanisms.
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  • 91
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 343-345 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ratio of the effective to the normal diffusivity of a material diffusing within porous solids is less than unity. In the simple theory the porosity and tortuosity, or labyrinth, factors are used to explain the magnitude of this ratio and to account respectively for the reduced cross-sectional area and the increased diffusion distance. However, abnormally large values of the tortuosity factor are obtained from experimentally measured effective diffusivities within pelleted or extruded porous solids. This work is concerned with the quantitative effect of periodic pore constrictions on the effective diffusivity. The pore model assumed for this study is a hyperbola of revolution giving a pore constriction at the vertex of the hyperbola. Solutions to the steady state diffusion equation in a pore of this shape were obtained at various values of β, the ratio of the maximum to the minimum cross-section in the pore. Comparison of the rate of diffusive transport in this pore and an equivalent cylindrical pore indicates that δ, the ratio of the effective to the normal diffusivity, is about 0.33 at β = 25 for large pores. At the same value of β, δ would be smaller for diffusion in the Knudsen region.
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  • 92
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental studies of the mixing of coaxial streams of a natural gas and air at atmospheric pressure were made at Reynolds numbers of 44,000 and 79,000 under conditions where the turbulent-velocity profile of nearly uniform flow was altered as little as feasible by the blending of the two streams.Total diffusivities of natural gas in air for the region near the center of the conduit were computed from the data for turbulent, steady, nonuniform flow. The total diffusivities were found to be rather complicated functions of the conditions of flow. Limitations in the configuration of the apparatus did not permit a study of the behavior of the total diffusivities to be made over as wide a range of flow rates as would be necessary to investigate the large-scale trends indicated by this study.
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 29-32 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A phase-behavior approach to the prediction of the performance characteristics of a dissolved-gas-drive reservoir is unique in that the problem of choosing flash, differential, or composite-solution gas-oil ratios and formation-volume factors has been circumvented. Data required are a compositional analysis of the reservoir fluid, the bubble point of this fluid, and the relative-permeability curves for the reservoir rock.Gas-oil ratios and formation-volume factors were calculated under conditions duplicating the performance of the reservoir. A comparison was then made between these results and those obtained by calculations involving a differential, a flash, and a composite process. A vital factor in the solution of the problem is the accuracy of the calculated equilibrium constant. Agreement within 3% was obtained when a calculated differential formation-volume curve was compared with an experimentally determined curve.
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  • 94
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 16-28 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the efficiency of vapor-liquid contacting operations is the relationship between available interfacial area and contact time.Because of the difficulties in measuring these quantities, little information has heretofore been made available on them. Previous studies have been confined to extreme over-simplifications of the turbulent type of contacting taking place in fractionation devices. The present investigation consisted of the determination of interfacial area and contact time for the formation of air bubbles submerged in water and aqueous solutions. The bubbles were produced at single vertical slots and rose through a flowing liquid. In order to complete the study on physical contacting, a companion study is concerned with vapor-liquid behavior in the forth and entrainment zones. The experimental technique in this study involved taking high-speed motion pictures of the bubbling action. Measurements of the area and volume of bubbles were made at intervals during the course of their growth, and values of total contact time and average interfacial area per unit volume of vapor are presented.It was found that both the average interfacial area per unit volume of vapor a and the total contact time tm were primarily affected by the head of flowing liquid on the slot. Below slot submergence of approximately 2.5 in. of liquid, interfacial area was shown to decrease with increasing slot submergence and increasing slot area. Above 2.5 in. of liquid, interfacial area was a function of skirt clearance, liquid viscosity, and surface tension.Total contact time was found to increase with increasing slot submergence and to decrease with increasing vapor rate and skirt clearance.Through the use of an integrated mass transfer-rate equation, the terms a and tm can be used in conjunction with the appropriate mass transfer coefficient for predicting the point efficiencies on bubble-cap plates.
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  • 95
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental equilibrium vapor and liquid compositions are reported for the hydrogen-methane system at -150°, -200°, and -250°F. and at pressures of 500 to 4,000 lb./sq. in. The ternary system hydrogen-methane-propane was studied at 0°, -100°, and -200°F. at 500 and 1,000 lb./sq. in. Phase compositions were determined for a limited number of similar conditions for the hydrogen-methane-propylene and hydrogen-methane-ethylene-ethane-propylene-propane systems.
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data are reported for the evaporation of spheres of naphthalene into air, helium, carbon dioxide, and Freon-12, and of liquid diethyl adipate into air at pressures from 0.1 to 3,000μ Hg and at Reynolds numbers from 0 to 1.37. By use of suitable values of the surface-evaporation coefficient and the assumption of additivity of surface evaporation and diffusional resistances, the data are well correlated. The results lend semiquantitative support to the theory of sublimation of crystals developed by Stranski.
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  • 97
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers are predicted from boundary-layer theory. The velocity distributions which are assumed to exist are those derived from the linearized Navier-Stokes equations by Tomotika and Aoi.In the case of the sphere the Nusselt number is found to be a function only of the Peclet group when the Stokes streamline function is assumed to apply. Experimental data for mass and heat transfer to singel spheres fall 10 to 40% higher than predicted from the theory. Experimental data for heat and mass transfer to single cylinders at large NPe check the theory.Curves are also plotted for the efficiency of removal of colloidal particles by combined direct interception and diffusion for both spheres and cylinders.
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  • 98
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 56-62 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid extractions of benzoic acid-toluene solutions by means of water were studied under varying flow rates of both solvents in a 2-in. perforated-plate column to which pulsations of different frequencies and amplitudes were applied. Studies on reversal of the phase of the dispersion were made. With fixed flow rates of both solvents, the rate of extraction increased much more rapidly when the flow through the perforation became turbulent. The results are correlated by means of Reynolds number based on the flow through the perforations and are calculated from the product of the frequency and amplitude of the pulsations.
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 501-504 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A limited number of measurements were made of the heat transfer coefficient from an electrically heated rod to water flowing in an annulus. Tests were performed at Reynolds numbers ranging from 5,000 to 22,000 (based on equivalent diameter), water temperatures of 70° and 125°F., and relatively high heat fluxes of 52,000 to 208,000 B.t.u./(hr.) (sq. ft.). The annulus dimensions were 0.625 in. I.D. and 0.840 in. O.D. The coefficients varied as the 0.8 power of the velocity; they were 20% higher than predicted by use of Colburn's equation for flow inside pipes with the equivalent diameter. Over the range of conditions studied, it was found that the thermal boundary layer was fully developed in 1 1/8 in. (Lh/De=5).
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  • 100
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 513-521 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to consider the well agitated continuous reactor from the standpoint of stability of the steady state. It has been shown in the past that chemical-reaction systems may be unstable in the sense that on slight perturbation they tend to move to a more stable state or that they are stable in their steady states, small perturbations being self-correcting so that the system possesses autoregulation. In this paper methods of developing criteria for the quantitative determination of stability or instability or presented and applied to some simple problems. In order that the effect of large perturbations on the system may be determined, complete solutions of the rigorous equations are obtained on the analogue computer (R.E.A.C.). A complete plot of reaction paths in the concentration-temperature plane may be obtained in this manner. Because of the nonlinearity of the system one cannot predict with certainty what steady state will be approached after a given large perturbation, multiple steady states being assumed possible. From the phase plot of reaction paths the regions in the plane which lead to certain steady states are delineated. Also it is shown that the natural behavior of a reactor is not to approach an unstable state. So far as the reactor is concenrned, the unstable state does not exist. The stability of the system is important to the engineer, as control will be easy or difficult and product quality will be satisfactory or not depending upon the relative stability of the steady state. An unstable state would require more elaborate control than a stable state.
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