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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (75,914)
  • 1990-1994  (66,038)
  • 1950-1954  (9,876)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary experiments of flow induced crystallization of HDPE (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow-induced crystallization experiments are made in a capillary apparatus modified with a downstream reservoir under pressure. Capillary length, diameter, and entrance angle are changed, as well as flow rate. The results show that the crystallization temperature is influenced both by the elongational flow at the capillary entrance and by the shear flow along the capillary. The independent effect of the pressure equals that obtained under static conditions. The effect of shear is correlated in terms of shearing work.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360104
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-liquid solid fluidization engineering. By L. S. Fan, Butterworths series in chemical engineering, Stoneham, MA, 1989, 763 pp., $85.00 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 158-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360124
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fluid dynamics of reverse roll coating (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 161-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow in the metering gap of a reverse roll coater is examined by experiments and finite element solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. At high speed ratios and capillary numbers, the metered film flow deviates strongly from predictions of lubrication theory: the wetting line moves through the gap center and the metered film thickness passes through a minimum. The two flow instabilities found are ribbing, a sinusoidal cross-web waviness extending smoothly down-web; and cascade, an irregular V-shaped cross-web wave, repeated quasiperiodically down-web. Experimental operability diagrams define parameter ranges where these instabilities and the steady two-dimensional flow are encountered. Ribbing behavior is understood by consideration of the pressure gradient at the free surface. The mechanism of cascade is the intrusion through the gap of the wetting line, which causes the metered film to thicken and eventually reattach to the metering roll in a cyclical manner.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360202
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrapurification of SiCl4 by photochlorination in a bubble column reactor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 216-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development and performance of a bubble column photoreactor for ultrapurification of SiCl4 is described. Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), the principle contaminant in SiCl4 commercially available for use in optical fiber manufacture, is converted to SiCl4 and HCl by UV-initiated photochlorination. Studies of the homogeneous photochlorination kinetics and of Cl2 gas absorption in a bubble column were undertaken. In addition, an extensive set of data was collected from continuous-flow bubble column reactor (BCR) runs. The rate of photochlorination in the BCR was found to be mass-transfer-limited. A simple model of BCR performance, incorporating the effect of Cl2 mass transfer rate enhancement by chemical reaction, was tested that agrees well with the experimental data. The BCR was found to be operable over a wide range of SiHCl3 concentrations and SiCl4 feed rates, and capable of lowering the concentration of SiHCl3 in product to below measurable levels (〈1 ppm).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360207
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of multivariable nonlinear controllers by input/output linearization (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 249-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work concerns the synthesis of nonlinear controllers for multivariable nonlinear processes that make the closed-loop system linear in an input/output sense. Necessary and sufficient conditions for input/output linearizability via static state feedback are derived as well as formulas for the feedback law. Once such a static state feedback is applied to the process, an external multivariable linear controller with integral action can control it to set point. The proposed control methodology is tested through simulations in a semibatch copolymerization reactor example.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360211
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpretation of the magnetic resonance imaging signal from a foam (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360215
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoflow multiplicity in a cooled tube (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 397-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coupling between the momentum and energy balances and the change of physical properties with temperature can give rise to situations in which the pressure drop vs. flow rate curve is nonmonotonic. This can lead to thermoflow multiplicity - the existence of different flow rates in a tube under the same overall pressure drop. A two-dimensional model is used to analyze the conditions leading to thermoflow multiplicity for an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid flowing in a cooled tube. First, the multiplicity features of various limiting models are determined. These results are later used to gain an understanding of the asymptotic multiplicity features of the general model. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of the viscosity necessary for thermoflow multiplicity to occur decreases with increasing Brinkman number or β (modified Stanton number), or with decreasing cooling temperature, Biot number, or power law parameter. Multiple flow rates for a prescribed pressure drop are unlikely to occur in heat exchangers in which the Brinkman numbers are usually low and Biot numbers are high but may be found in polymer processing applications.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360309
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microencapsulation in polyurea shell by interfacial polycondensation (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model and a simple measurement technique for time of encapsulation have been developed to study the microencapsulation of butachlor in polyurea shell by means of interfacial polymerization. The model is based on diffusion of the hydrophilic monomer through the polymeric shell with an interfacial reaction at the inner surface while the measurement technique is based on the indirect determination of the concentration of the hydrophilic monomer in the continuous phase by monitoring the pH. Measurements show that capsule sizes ranging from 1 to 20 μm can be produced, and the surface to volume mean size varies only from 2 to 6 μm for a large variation in rpm of the agitator. Time of encapsulation is found to be approximately proportional to the microcapsule size, and it varies from 150 to 300 s. Both the data and the model were used to discern that the process is kinetically-controlled by and large. It is also shown that time of encapsulation varies with the square of the capsule size in a diffusion-controlled regime.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360312
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature and saturation effects on diffusion of carbon dioxide through tuff (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 469-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360317
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ceramic processing: An overview (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 481-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Processing of ceramics is reviewed from a broad perspective, with emphasis on the predominant powder-based methods, but with considerable attention to other methods. Major stages of the powder process, from preparation, modification, and handling, to sintering or pressure densification (or postdensification) are discussed. Nonpowder-based methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, melt, and polymer pyrolysis processing, are also presented. Processing of ceramic composites is reviewed, noting the shifts in processing technology this entails. Practical aspects, such as part size, shape, volume, and the costs of various processes are also addressed.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360402
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging and modeling of flow in hollow-fiber bioreactors (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 547-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nuclear magnetic resonance flow imaging (MRFI) was used to measure fluid flow noninvasively in the extracapillary space (ECS) of a hollow-fiber bioreactor without cells. Agreement between these axial flow measurements in a single hollow-fiber module and predicted axial velocity contour plots at various image planes along the path length was good.Flow in a solid-wall tube (phantom) was first used to calibrate pixel intensities with axial velocities. Flow images at several locations along the permeable hollow fiber length were then obtained in order to observe the well-known leakage or Starling flow in the ECS. These quantitative spatially dependent velocity measurements were then compared to theoretically derived velocities obtained from a solution of Poisson's equation with a constant pressure gradient and no slip at the solid surfaces. A mathematical transformation was used to simplify the numerical methods. Leakage flow through the ECS of a multifiber bioreactor (40 fibers) was also measured by MRFI, illustrating the applicability of this method for optimizing operational procedures and design of membrane bioreactors and filtration devices.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360406
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastohydrodynamics of blade coating (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 587-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Blade coating is the most common method of coating paper, and it is applied in coating magnetic suspensions and adhesives. Typically, the blade's upstream edge is clamped into a rigid holder so that the blade and substrate form a converging wedge. The translating substrate drags liquid into the wedge, where liquid forces develop and deflect the elastic blade, but it is loaded externally to counteract the deflection. Liquid dragged past the blade and thus the coating thickness depend on the elastohydrodynamic interaction among blade, liquid, and loading. Shell theory and lubrication flow theory describe the interaction by means of differential equations that are shown to be equivalent to Saita and Scriven's (1985) earlier formulation but that lead to a computationally more efficient analysis. Predictions computed agree with those of the earlier formulation and with experiments. Moreover, the new predictions illustrate effects of normal force loading and broaden the theory of blade coating.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360410
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of multiple specific growth rates in bioprocesses (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An on-line estimation technique for multiple specific growth rates is proposed. Time-varying tuning parameters are used to obtain constant estimation error dynamics in spite of strongly varying process dynamics commonly encountered in bioprocesses. This approach simplifies the tuning of the algorithm to a pole placement procedure. Application of the method is illustrated through the study of the baker's yeast fedbatch process. Guidelines for selection of measured state variables are given in relation to the performance of the estimation method.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360206
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A dynamic model for the interaction of caustic reagents with acidic oils (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the mechanisms and a quantative analysis of the interaction between a multicomponent acid mixture with a spectrum of caustic solutions. A physico-chemical model of the acidic oil/caustic system has been proposed which demonstrates the effect on dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) of variations in caustic concentration as well as changes in the initial composition and ionization properties of the constituent acids of the oleic phase. The model relies on the Langmuirian theory of interfacial sorption kinetics in addition to the Nernstian theory of convective diffusion. Pertinent kinetic and mass transfer parameters for all contributing surface-active species were determined from a recently proposed single-component dynamic model (Chiwetelu et al., 1988a). The validity of this multicomponent dynamic model was confirmed by the close agreement between predicted IFT and experimental data for a binary carboxylic acid system in contact with a broad range of caustic concentrations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360209
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of pressure on an enzymatic reaction in a supercritical fluid (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 299-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360218
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single effective diffusivities for dynamic adsorption in bidisperse adsorbents (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360219
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear thickening (dilatancy) in concentrated dispersions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 321-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new criterion is introduced for the onset of shear thickening in a concentrated dispersion. The criterion follows from the assumption that shear thickening occurs when the shear forces overrule the interparticle forces. A force balance at small interparticle distances is used to predict the dependence of this critical shear rate on the volume fraction. It is deduced that the critical shear rate is proportional to the interparticle distance, has a linear dependence on the magnitude of the stabilizing force, an inverse linear dependence on the dispersion medium viscosity, and an inverse linear dependence on the particle radius. The model is confirmed experimentally with viscosity measurements on various electrostatically stabilized dispersions. The validity of the model is also checked with data obtained from the literature. Experiments indicate that polydisperse dispersions exhibit pronounced shear thickening but with a less dramatic increase in viscosity than monodisperse dispersions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360302
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle generation in a chemical vapor deposition process with seed particles (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 409-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of aerosol particles by gas-phase chemical reaction in the presence of seed particles has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) vapor containing ultrafine TiO2 seed particles was introduced into a laminar flow aerosol reactor, and the properties of produced TiO2 aerosol were measured. By comparing the particle numbers and size distributions of the resulting aerosol with those of the seed particles and those of homogeneously nucleated particles in the absence of seed particles, the effects of initial concentrations of TTIP vapor, reaction temperatures, and properties of seed particles on the suppression of homogeneous nucleation were experimentally clarified. In the theoretical analysis, the population balance equation expressing simultaneous generation of TiO2 monomer, Brownian coagulation and diffusive deposition of TiO2 monomer and aerosols was solved. The observed suppression of homogeneous nucleation by the seed particles is explained qualitatively by the theoretical analysis.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360310
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Five-year effort accelerates publication process (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360102
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of finite jets on mass transfer in radial-flow, multijet CVD reactors (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 801-804 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360521
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A kinetic model for industrial gas-phase ethylene copolymerization (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 837-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic kinetic model describing gas-phase olefin copolymerization using a multiple active site Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. This model is capable of predicting production rate, molecular weight, and copolymer composition changes observed in an industrial reactor. The model also explains how broad molecular weight distributions and bimodal copolymer compositions can occur as has been observed for commercial linear polyethylenes.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360605
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Prediction of differential sorption kinetics near Tg for benzene in polystyrene (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 877-884 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A recent first principles theory for “anomalous” diffusion, which accounts for the effect of a protracted macromolecular response to a perturbation, is used to quantitatively predict the results from successive differential sorption experiments in the benzene/atactic polystyrene system. The physical constants in the theory are evaluated for the conditions of the experiment without reference to any non-Fickian diffusion data. The theoretical predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360609
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Electrokinetic dispersion in capillary electrophoresis (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 916-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A “Taylor” dispersion-type model is developed for the electrokinetic dispersion coefficient of a solute in capillary electrophoresis that accounts for the effects of Poiseuille and/or electro-osmotic flow of the elutant for the case of low ζ potential. The expression obtained for the height equivalent of a theoretical plate is compared with experimental results reported in the literature for the case of neutral, nonretained solutes propelled by electro-osmotic flow. The results further reveal some interesting and somewhat unexpected interactions of the electro-osmotic and Poiseuille components of the elutant flow. Superposition of Poiseuille flow on the natural electro-osmotic flow allows greater freedom in the choice of elutant velocity, without necessarily increasing the dispersion. In fact, it results in lower dispersion under some conditions. Optimum flow conditions are obtained for minimizing the plate height or, equivalently, for maximizing the Peclet number.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360613
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Initial condition for population balance in an MSMPR crystallizer (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 630-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360415
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  • 25
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    Letters to the editor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 633-638 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360416
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  • 26
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    Masthead (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360801
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Modeling of additive effects on the electroplating of a through-hole (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1145-1155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of copper plating of a through-hole is developed which relates uniformity of deposition to bulk electrolyte composition, applied potential difference, aspect ratio, through-hole diameter, and deposition kinetics. The electrochemical transport equations governing plating in a through-hole are solved assuming that the fluid within the through-hole is stagnant. Conditions for uniform plating are determined both for Butler-Volmer kinetics considering the effects of dissociation of bisulfate ions in the electrolytic solution and for kinetics limited by complexation of cupric ions with an adsorbed neutral additive species.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360804
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  • 28
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    Prediction of slug frequency in horizontal two-phase slug flow (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 701-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Available data on slug frequency in horizontal two-phase intermittent flow are predicted with adequate accuracy by assuming that the slug frequency is one half of the frequency of the unstable waves precursors of slugs, as determined according to published analyses of finite amplitude waves in conduits. The experimental effects of gas and liquid flow rates, pipe diameter, gas density and liquid viscosity on slug frequency are explained by modifications of the wave properties due to changes in the liquid level of the stratified flow existing in the pipe inlet region prior to slug formation. Simple generalized equations are provided to estimate the slug frequency for engineering calculations.
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    Steady laminar round jets of a viscous liquid falling vertically in the atmosphere (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 738-745 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The shape of a laminar, liquid jet emerging from a round vertical tube into the atmosphere and the total axial force exerted on the liquid filament at the tube exit were investigated experimentally over a wide range of flow conditions. An integral invariant of the exact solution was used to check consistency between the two kinds of data. A new equation to predict the jet shape agreed moderately well with the present experimental data as well as with various previous results. The key idea of the present work is that exact knowledge of the total axial force will be very useful to predict reasonably the jet shape at a given flow condition by means of a simplified approach or to check theoretical or empirical results on free falling jets.
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    Reactor analysis with diffusion-limited, concentration-dependent deactivation (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 779-783 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Selective catalytic reduction of NO over vanadia on pillared titanium phosphate (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 794-796 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Route selectivity for gas-liquid flow in horizontal T junctionsThis study has been carried out upon request of the NV Nederlandse Gasunie, Groningen, The Netherlands. (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 805-808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360522
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    Methanol synthesis in a trickle-bed reactor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1054-1060 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel approach to methanol production from coal-derived synthesis gas is cocurrent gas and mineral oil feed flowing over a packed bed of catalyst in the trickle flow regime. Production rates of 0.7 to 2 kg/h · kg cat were obtained for a H2/(CO + CO2) ratio of 1 and at space velocities of 2,000 to 25,000 L/h · kg cat. Slurry reactor and bubble column productivities were substantially less for H2/(CO + CO2) ratios of 0.55 to 2.3 at similar conditions as the trickle-bed reactor. Reaction temperature was 250°C in three types of reactors but 240°C in gas-liquid phase Berty reactor; the pressure in the slurry and bubble column reactors was 52-70 atm and in Berty Reactor 77.5-100 atm, whereas 70 atm pressure was used in the trickle bed. Differences in production rates and conversions can be explained by the extent of backmixing in trickle-bed and slurry reactors operating at the same conditions.
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    Adaptive-predictive control of kamyr digester chip level (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1075-1086 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kamyr digester chip level poses a difficult control problem, because the chip column dynamics are complex and it is difficult to measure the chip-liquor interface. Control of the chip level is required to smooth digester operation and to stabilize the residence time. Conventional methods rely largely on fixed parameter controllers which are unable to compensate for changes in the process dynamics. Manual controller returning is often required.An adaptive chip level controller based on Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) is presented. Closed-loop time series identification methods were used to develop the process model and to design the controller. A significant reduction in chip level and P-number variability has been observed since commissioning the controller on an industrial digester in September 1988. The adaptive controller has eliminated the need for manual returning, reduced the need for operator intervention, and demonstrated the potential to predict hang-ups.
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    Stress distribution in a packed bed above raceway cavities formed by an air jet (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 461-468 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vertical stress profile in a packed bed above the cavities formed by an upward, high-velocity air jet is estimated from a force balance analysis and static pressure measurements. The objective is to understand and determine the forces responsible for maintaining the cavity roof. Such cavities, formed in an iron blast furnace, adjacent to the hot air blast emanating from the tuyere pipes, are called raceways. A net upward force provided by the gas pressure drag and the support from the bed walls holds the raceway roof in its position. Abrupt changes in the stress and the gas velocity are observed near the roof. The zero vertical stress is also found close above the roof but fluctuates vertically with the raceway size, which varies irreversibly following a cyclic change in the blast rate.
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    Eratta (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 468-468 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Flue gas desulfurization by in-duct dry scrubbing using calcium hydroxide (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 473-477 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Absract.
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    Percolation theory of creation and mobilization of foams in porous media (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1176-1188 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A percolation model of foam mobilization in porous media is developed. This model indicates that there is a minimum pressure gradient or, equivalently, a minimum gas velocity required to initiate mobilization of foam. As a result, for most foam enhanced oil recovery processes, where the surface tension is not low, deep foam penetration depends on propagation of foam formed at a high pressure gradient near the well. Low surface tension makes mobilization of CO2 foams feasible, however, at pressure gradients found throughout much of the formation in a typical field application. The theory further predicts, and data confirm, that the minimum velocity for foam mobilization during steady flow of liquid and gas decreases as injected liquid volume fraction increases. The theory suggests a better strategy for foam generation: alternate injection of small slugs of liquid and gas.
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    Rigorous dynamics and feedforward control design for distillation processes (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 576-586 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Feedforward control has the theoretical potential for perfect control; therefore, research to simplify and improve the use of such a control strategy for possible industrial applications has potential value. A general model for simulation of controlled distillation columns is used to reproduce operating trends of some monitored variables for an industrial column. Comparisons between simulated and operating data show a general good agreement.When a rigorous model is available and can be proved reliable for practical purposes, the design of feedforward control schemes becomes viable and can be incorporated in the more conventional approach. A specific industrial example shows the practical implementation problems and the real economic value of a feedforward control strategy to optimize the process behavior. In particular, the feedforward control action can reduce the inherent error from changes in feed composition when a basic feedback control structure is used to infer composition.
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    Dynamics of pulsing flow in trickle beds (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 605-621 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A macroscopic model of two-phase flow in packed beds, based on the volume-averaged equations of motion for the gas and liquid phases, was analyzed in an attempt to understand the onset and evolution of fully-developed pulsing flow in trickle beds. By assuming that solutions take the form of waves travelling at constant speed, periodic solutions to these equations are found which can be associated with long-time, asymptotic behavior of pulses in a very long bed. Families of one-dimensional waves which exist at a particular set of mass fluxes can be characterized by infinite period bifurcations in the travelling wave frame. We numerically follow these bifurcations as the fluxes are changed, generating bifurcation diagrams for the original model. The results predict that properties of one-dimensional pulses should correlate with the total superficial velocity through the bed. A hysteresis in the trickling-pulsing transition is also predicted.
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    Genetic engineering fundamentals: An introduction to principles and applications. by Carl Kammermeyer and Virginia L. Clark, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989, 261 pp., $45.00 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 639-640 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Growth and dissolution of succinic acid crystals in a batch stirred crystallizer (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 665-676 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth and dissolution of succinic acid crystals have been studied in an isothermal stirred tank crystallizer. Seeded desupersaturation and deundersaturation experiments have been performed. Parameters of a desired growth rate equation are estimated by fitting the supersaturation balance equation directly to the supersaturation measurements. The procedure is based on nonlinear optimization techniques. Thus, uncertainties in the traditional approximation of the concentration vs. time curve are circumvented. The growth process for succinic acid crystals in an aqueous solution is found to be controlled by a significant resistance in both the volume diffusion step and in the surface integration step. An implicit equation is given to accurately represent the crystal growth rate as a function of the supersaturation. When extrapolating outside the range of experiments, this equation is shown to predict growth rates that are significantly different from those predicted by a corresponding power law expression. The dissolution rate exhibits a nonlinear dependence on undersaturation which is interpreted as changes in the crystal shape. Initial dissolution rate coefficients are in good agreement with volume diffusion coefficients obtained from growth experiments.
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    Homogeneous nucleation in supercritical fluids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1289-1298 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a supercritical solution is rapidly expanded, large solute supersaturations can be attained, and small particles are formed. The evolution of the homogeneous nucleation rate, work of nucleus formation, and critical nucleus size along different expansion paths is investigated here for the model system phenanthrene-carbon dioxide. Nucleation rates are the result of the competition among solvent expansion, cooling due to depressurization, and high supersaturation. Although supersaturations can reach very high values (〉 106), relatively flat nucleation rate profiles result due to cooling and expansion. For an interfacial tension of 0.02 N/m, computed nucleation rates never exceed 104 s-1 · cm-3. A substantial fraction of the maximum nucleation rate is attained with partial decompression to pressures above 1 bar.
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    Kinetics of absorption of hydrogen sulfide into aqueous ferric sulfate solutions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1331-1338 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Absorption experiments of H2S into aqueous Fe2(SO4)3 solutions, concerned with a unique process capable of regenerating by biological oxidation the reactant from the products, were performed at 20-40°C in an agitated vessel with a flat interface. The absorbents were aqueous solutions of Fe2(SO4)3 with and without the addition of K2SO4, KOH or H2SO4 of various concentrations, which was added to change the ionic strength or pH of the solutions. The experimental results revealed that the species which reacts with H2S is FeOH2+. While comparing the observed absorption rates with the theoretical predictions, it was found that the reaction is irreversible and first order with respect to H2S and FeOH2+. The reaction rate constants were measured and correlated.
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    Nucleation, growth, and aggregation rates from steady-state experimental data (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1748-1752 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Optimum design of a Tee mixer for fast reactions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1773-1776 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Masthead (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361201
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    Dynamic structural transformations for distillation control configurations (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1391-1402 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A control structure transformation is presented that includes the effects of inventory control system dynamics and internal flow dynamics on flows and compositions. This new transformation can be used to predict column dynamic operation for any alternative control structure from the open-loop model (inventory control only) obtained for a particular control structure (LV). New types of inverse responses are predicted using this technique and verified both by rigorous dynamic simulation and by experimental studies on a pilot-scale distillation column. These features also can be shown theoretically using a simplified transfer function model.
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    Errata (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1451-1451 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360921
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    Thermodynamics of Lewis acid-base mixtures (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1851-1864 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The associated perturbed-anisotropic-chain theory (APACT) has been applied to treat multicomponent mixtures, in which components exhibit Lewis acid-base interactions. Mixtures of amphoteric molecules (such as alcohols), acidic molecules (such as chloroform), and basic molecules (such as ketones) as well as nonassociating components (diluents) are treated. The acid-base version of the perturbed-anisotropic-chain theory (ABPACT) is a closed form equation of state that takes into account explicitly dispersion interactions, polar interactions, and hydrogen bonding interactions between components that self-associate or solvate. The equation fits binary VLE mixtures quite accurately. Calculated results also are compared with those obtained from the Peng-Robinson equation of state, UNIFAC and the original APACT. In all cases where there are mixtures of associating components, the ABPACT gives a better fit of experimental data than these other equations.
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    The reaction-independence of mixing coefficients in fixed-bed reactors (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1449-1451 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361001
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    Influence of molecular shape on probing mass transfer resistances on zeolites (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1500-1504 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer resistances in zeolite NaCaA after different hydrothermal pretreatment are probed by NMR tracer desorption studies with the short-chain-length hydrocarbons from methane to n-butane and with xenon. In all cases, the measurements lead to the coinciding result of forming surface barriers, which differ only slightly depending on the pretreatment modes, but lead to a retardation of molecular mass transfer more dramatically than the starting material. The dramatic retardation of mass transfer after hydrothermal pretreatment is confirmed by supplementary uptake measurements with n-decane.
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    Development of circulating fluidized bed adsorber (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1003-1010 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new fludized bed which is divided in a looplike shape by a partition wall has been developed for recovering trace elements from a large quantity of industrial water. The bed, a circulating fluidized bed applicable to a liquid-solid two-phase flow, is called a circulating fluidized bed absorber (CFBA). Adsorbent particles are mixed and carried along with water in the CFBA. At the upper part of the bed, the absorbent particles are separated from the water flow and recycled in the bed; the depleted water flows out of a water outlet. The CFBA is operated at two to three times higher velocity than conventional liquid-solid contacting systems. The pressure drop in the CFBA is in proportion to the amount of adsorbent suspended in the contacting section. Characteristics of the CFBA, including design considerations, are described.
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    Analysis of liquid chromatography with nonuniform crystallite particles (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1569-1576 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical analysis for the pulse responses of a liquid chromatographic column packed with crystal powders having a particle size distribution and a nonlinear adsorption isotherm is presented. The mathematical model is solved numerically by the orthogonal collocation method. Based on the parametric analysis of the model, the effects of a symmetrical and moderately asymmetric PSD on the LC responses are shown to be negligible in comparison with the effects of other parameters, such as isotherm nonlinearity, whose effects are much more profound. The simulated responses are compared with the experimental response data for an LC column packed with silicalite crystals, and a good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results. Using the nonlinear LC model, the simultaneous determination of nonlinear adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities from LC pulse responses is demonstrated for liquids in porous adsorbents.
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    Gas-liquid two-phase flow in symmetrically dividing horizontal tubes (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 111-122 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The time-averaged void fraction, pressure drop and flow regime transition behavior of horizontal air-water two-phase flows is studied experimentally and numerically for 2-cm-inner-diameter tubes with various flow dividing junctions at its end. The time-average void and pressure drop behavior along the channel is simulated using a two fluid separated flow model. The results show that two-phase behavior (flow regime, void fraction, and pressure drop) is affected strongly by the presence of a flow division in the system. These effects extend far upstream of the junction for low-momentum flows and far downstream for high-momentum flows. Both numerical and experimental results show that there occurs a large increase in void just downstream of the junction owing to the halving of the fluid volume flow rates and the liquid deceleration.
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    Nonrandom factor model for electrolyte solutions (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 147-149 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Influence of chemical and electrostatic gradients on diffusion in microemulsions (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 169-181 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonequilibrium diffusion behavior in nonionic and ionic surfactant microemulsion systems has been studied experimentally using the open-ended capillary method. Experimental results for these systems have been compared with a drop theory of diffusion for microemulsions under conditions where large concentration and electrostatic gradients exist. The results show good agreement in concentration profiles between theory and experiment for the microemulsion components - water, benzene, and phenol. Furthermore, under certain conditions the theory predicts that over a limited time interval phenol will diffuse from low-concentration regions to regions of higher concentration. This phenomenon has been observed.
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    Optimizing the throughput of hazardous waste incinerators (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1707-1714 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work presents a linear, steady-state model of a rotary kiln hazardous waste incinerator. Mass balance constraints, energy balance constraints, constraints typically imposed by incinerator permits, and constraints imposed by design limitations are all included in the model. The model is used to perform optimization studies, which maximize a measure of the incinerator's throughput. The sensitivity of the model to uncertainties in the chemical property values of the waste streams is also examined. For the spectrum of case studies examined, the optimal operating conditions are most sensitive to halogen content and water content of the wastes and are less sensitive to variations in heating value and nitrogen content.
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    Adsorption equilibria of nonideal multicomponent systems at saturation (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1736-1742 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Hydrodynamics of a semibatch slurry bubble column with a foaming liquid (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1758-1762 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Errata (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1776-1776 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361123
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    Diffusion-controlled surfactant adsorption studied by pendant drop digitization (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1785-1795 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pendant drop tensiometry enhanced by video-image digitization is shown to be a useful tool for the experimental measurement of the relaxation in interfacial tension due to the adsorption of surfactant at a fluid interface. Using this method, profiles of the relaxation in surface tension of a diffusion-controlled, nonionic polyethoxy surfactant were measured. A diffusion coefficient was computed by comparing these profiles with numerical solutions of the bulk surfactant diffusion equation and a Frumkin equilibrium adsorption isotherm. This comparison was made for the entire relaxation period. This method establishes a more reproducible diffusion coefficient than current techniques that utilize only the short- or long-time parts of the relaxation spectrum. In addition, lower bounds on the kinetic constants for the sorption process are inferred for the polyethoxy surfactant used by comparing numerical solutions of mixed diffusion and surface kinetic transfer with the diffusion-limited result.
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    Microcomputer-automated reactor for synthesis of 13C-labeled Monosaccharides (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1822-1828 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For less labor-intensive, larger-scale, and more efficient production of D-[1-13C] glucose and other labeled monosaccharides using the cyanohydrin reduction reaction, an automated reactor was designed, constructed, and tested. A suitable vessel and all ancillary and control equipment were fabricated, or otherwise obtained, and the apparatus was controlled with a microcomputer program written in BASIC. Running without manual intervention, the yields for the condensation reaction of D-arabinose with KCN and the recovery of the excess cyanide were high (〉90%), and the resultant aldononitriles were reduced to product aldoses with little reduction of the intermediate imines to amines. The reduction rate could be improved by controlling pH between 2-4 and by agitation speeds 〉250 rpm, while no improvement resulted from the use of high hydrogen pressures [〉 129 kPa (4 psig)]. Reduction reactions conducted in the presence of formic acid (to regulate pH) suggest that formic acid acted as a coreducing agent.
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    Modeling the SO2-slurry droplet reaction (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1865-1872 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of the reaction between SO2 and calcium-based slurries is presented. The model is coupled with an extensive model of the evaporation process and considers external SO2 mass transfer and liquid-phase mass transfer of dissolved sulfur and calcium species in both the film surrounding the calcium particles and the bulk liquid phase. The model assumes that particles do not circulate within slurry droplets and that evaporation results in an accumulation of particles at the droplet surface that causes a shift in the controlling mechanisms. Agreement between the model and data available in the literature is excellent.
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    Limiting vs. apparent critical behavior of Henry's constants and K factors (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1901-1904 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Viscosity effects in cocurrent three-phase fluidization (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1613-1616 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A critique of two models for cyclone performance (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 285-289 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Letters to the editor (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 307-309 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Mean field calculations of thermodynamic properties of supercritical fluids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1920-1925 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Masthead (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Kinetics and fixed-bed reactor modeling of butane oxidation to maleic anhydride (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 39-47 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air were studied over a commercial, fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide catalyst. The temperature range was 573-653 K with butane concentrations up to 3 mol % in the feed, which is within flammability limits but below ignition temperatures.The rate data were modeled using power law kinetics with product inhibition and included total oxidation and decomposition reactions. Kinetic parameters were estimated using a multiresponse, nonlinear regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects. The kinetics were combined with independent measurements of catalyst diffusivity and reactor heat transfer using a one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model. Model predictions and observed temperatures and concentrations from non-isothermal pilot plants were compared up to 115 days on stream. Agreement was acceptable with inlet butane concentrations up to 2.7 mol %. For example, runaway was predicted at a salt temperature 3 K higher than observed. Effectiveness factors around the hot spot were estimated at 0.6 with the catalyst surface temperature 2-3 K higher than the average gas temperature.
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    Chromatography theory: Application to supercritical fluid extraction (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1715-1721 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption equilibrium constants for naphthalene on alumina have been measured in the presence of subscritical and supercritical carbon dioxide by the dynamic tracer response technique. The equilibrium constants decrease with increases in density, and the isochroic temperature dependency is very small at supercritical conditions. Through chromatography theory, an expression has been developed for the density dependency of the capacity factor, a quantity related to the adsorption equilibrium constant by the porosity and density of the particle and the porosity of the bed, in terms of the partial molar volume of the solute at infinite dilution in the fluid phase. The partial molar volumes extracted from the data agree well with the published data. Investigation of the dynamics of the bed shows that a model, including axial dispersion and effective diffusion into the pores, successfully represents the data. The effective diffusivities and the axial dispersion coefficients were also extracted from the second central moments of the response curves at each condition.
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    Prediction of the three-dimensional turbulent flow in stirred tanks (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 448-460 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Efforts to model the turbulent flow in stirred tanks require accurate boundary conditions at the tip of the impeller, not just of velocities, but of the turbulence quantities k and ε. Kolar's (1982) phenomenological, swirling radial jet model of the impeller region is extended by using a two-equation k - ε turbulence model to obtain direct estimates of k and ε on the impeller periphery. The model is extended and clarified, so that the number of parameters required for its application is reduced to two: the rotational speed and the diameter of the impeller. Three-dimensional simulations allow a realistic treatment of the baffles. Agreement of the modeling results with recently published experimental data is excellent. This is particularly true in the important impeller discharge zone, where details of the predicted behavior of the turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate are in quantitative agreement with the available data. Based on these results, average values of ε are calculated, along with the zones over which the apply. For the impeller discharge zone, the dimensionless, volume-averaged ε is 0.19.
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    Applicability of Cullinan's equation for liquid binary diffusivities (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 470-474 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Solid-liquid separation. Edited by Ladislav Svarovski, 3rd ed., Butterworths, Stoneham, MA, 1990, 716pp., $95 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1780-1781 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361125
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    CO oxidation on Pt: Variable phasing of inputs during forced composition cycling (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1796-1806 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect of forced feed composition cycling for CO oxidation on platinum has been performed. A novel approach to forced composition cycling was examined, in which the phase angle between the two input streams was varied. Reaction rate enhancement is shown to occur, and by varying the phasing of the feed streams it is possible to achieve a global maximum in the time-average reaction rate. This phenomenon can be explained quantitatively by a model based on an adsorbate-induced phase change of the Pt surface combined with CO adsorption self-exclusion. This mathematical model can also quantitatively describe the complex steady-state behavior (uniqueness-multiplicity transitions) observed for this reaction. The predictions of the model have been validated further through a detailed experimental study of the effects of feed flow rate, temperature, size of catalyst charge, and cycling frequency on the instantaneous and time-average conversions during forced cycling of the feed composition.
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    Growth and transformation of TiO2 crystallites in aerosol reactor (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 347-359 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rate process concerning the formation of TiO2 fine crystalline particles by the gas-phase reaction of TiCl4 and O2 are studied using aerosol reactors. Chemical reaction of TiCl4, sintering of particles, mixing of reactants, and transformation from anatase to rutile are evaluated as the system parameters of the simulation model proposed. The crystallite size in the range of 55-65 nm at 1,273 K is predicted well by a model that assumes the maximum fusible particle size, 15 nm in this case.The defect concentration in the TiO2 crystallites strongly affects the transformation rate, and anatase particles produced at 1,173 K are transformed to rutile more rapidly than those produced at 1,373 K. The transformation is simulated quantitatively by the model with the coordinates for elapsed time, particle size and rutile fraction. The model can be applied to such particle production processes as collision, sintering and crystal transformation occurring simultaneously.
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    Hollow fiber contained liquid membrane separation of citric acid (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 383-393 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Citric acid was successfully separated from an aqueous solution using the hollow fiber contained liquid membrane (HFCLM) technique. In this technique, the organic liquid membrane is contained in the shell side between two sets of hollow fibers; feed solution flows through one set of fibers and the strip solution flows through the other set. Tri-n-octylamine diluted in various organic solvents was used as a complexing agent for facilitated transport of citric acid from an aqueous solution. Pure water and aqueous sodium hydroxide were used as stripping agents. Membrane life and stability problems encountered in supported liquid membranes are eliminated. A mathematical model of facilitated solute transport through HFCLM that accounts for the interfacial reversible reaction kinetics and diffusion process inherent in carrier-facilitated transport is presented. Experimental data agreed well with the theoretical predictions for permeators achieving almost complete solute recovery.
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    Curvature and parametric sensitivity in models for adsorption in micropores (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 429-436 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sensitivity of the calculated micropore size of zeolite Y in a fluidized cracking catalyst based on empirical models for argon adsorption has been tested by examining the effect of curvature and by systematically verifying the magnitude of physical constants in the model equations. With a consistent set of physical parameters the slit model provided a pore size value of 0.45 nm, while the new cylindrical models provided values of 0.69 and 0.74 nm. The latter values are found to correspond well with the known aperture size of zeolite Y, 0.74 nm. By separately varying the magnitudes of five of the physical constants in the model over a range of ±30%, it was concluded that the diameter of the oxide ion at the surface had a large effect on the calculated pore size, while the other parameters had only moderate to small effects. Preliminary application of the cylindrical pore model to isotherms of argon on other zeolites and molecular sieves leads to promising results, especially for medium to large pore zeolites. These results suggest that the cylindrical pore model is a useful means for the transformation of argon adsorption data on a zeolite into a micropore size distribution.
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    New developments in biotechnology: Patenting life. Compiled by the Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990, 208 pp., $69.95 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1934-1934 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Flow in a converging channel at moderate reynolds numbers (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An analytical solution is found for flow in a converging channel for Reynolds numbers in the range of 102 to 103. The solution applies to an axisymmetric channel, for which the shape is given by R2z=constant, where R is the channel radius at the axial distance z. This shape produces a center-line or core velocity that increases linearly with z, thus making the extensional rate constant. The analytical solution is a pseudosimilarity solution of the axial momentum equation, and its accuracy was gauged by comparison to other results. Comparisons of velocity and pressure distributions to experimental data and to finite-element results indicate that the analytical solution is accurate to about 5%.
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    Simulation of methane partial oxidation over silica-supported MoO3 and V2O5 (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 87-97 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microkinetic simulations have been carried out to describe the partial oxidation of methane over silica-supported molybdena and vanadia. The objective of this study was to formulate a physically reasonable reaction network to capture the basic aspects of the surface catalytic chemistry and to use this network to link methane oxidation kinetics with the kinetics observed for the oxidation of subsequent gaseous products, i.e., methanol, formaldehyde, and carbon monoxide. The most abundant reactive intermediates on the catalyst surface are suggested to be oxygen and hydroxyl groups. This reaction network successfully predicts the catalytic activities, selectivities, activation energies, and reaction orders observed over silica-supported molybdena and vanadia; and the microkinetic model also semiquantitatively explains the kinetic trends for related catalyst systems and is consistent with surface bonding energetics reported in the literature over various oxide catalysts. The microkinetic reaction network properly reduces to the more simple macrokinetic model reported previously for methane partial oxidation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370108
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    High-pressure diffusion measurements by Mach-Zehnder interferometry (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 142-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370113
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    Bubble size prediction for rigid and flexible spargers (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There exists a narrow operating window in bubble columns where the motion is so gentle that the normally dominating forces of coalescence and breakup no longer define the bubble size, hence formation dynamics must control. Elementary force balances are presented to predict bubble size, which compares favorably with experimental data and is shown to be applicable to both rigid and flexible spargers. The main focus is on the prediction and performance of a small-holed flexisparger, for which it is proved that the gas momentum term is highly significant. Also, it is shown that the intermediate drag law is more appropriate than Stokes for forming bubbles.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370202
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    Experimental study of reaction in a partially wetted catalytic pellet (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 202-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A single-pellet reactor has been used to investigate the impact of partial external wetting on catalyst performance in a multiphase reaction system. The novel design simulates the local environment within a trickle-bed reactor, and permits the direct measurement of the degree of wetting under reaction conditions. Experimental data of the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene (AMS) over a Pd/Al2O3 pellet provide unequivocal evidence of effectiveness enhancement by partial wetting, a predicted single-pellet phenomenon (e.g., Harold and Ng, 1987; Funk et al., 1988, 1989). The overall reaction rate is an increasing (decreasing) function of the degree of wetting if the overall limiting reactant is more effectively supplied through the wetted (nonwetted) part of the surface. A maximum in the reaction rate can occur at an intermediate degree of wetting, signaling a transition from an overall AMS-limited to hydrogen-limited reaction. The dependence of the degree of wetting on the liquid flow rate for low reaction rates is consistent with a simple rivulet flow model. At higher reaction rates the degree of wetting decreases, with all other conditions fixed. Possible mechanisms for this interesting link between the degree of wetting and reaction are discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370206
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    An improved finite difference method for fixed-bed multicomponent sorption (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 244-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new computational procedure based on the finite difference methods is developed to solve the coupled partial differential equations describing nonisothermal and nonequilibrium sorption of multiple adsorbate systems on a fixed bed that contains bidispersed pellets. In this numerical method, a solution-adaptive gridding technique (SAG) is applied in combination with a four-point quadratic upstream differencing scheme to satisfactorily resolve very sharp concentration and temperature variations occurring in the case of small dispersing effects. Furthermore, the method resorts to a noniterative implicit procedure for solving the coupling between the column transport equations and the adsorption kinetics inside the pellets, which may be particularly efficient when the particle kinetics equations are highly stiff.The numerical model will be tested for one-, two- and three-transition systems. The results are compared to available analytical and equilibrium theory solutions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370210
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    Closure equations for single and multiple reactions in a CSTR (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370215
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    Energy-efficient ethanol-water fractionation by a carrier-gas method (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370216
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    Enthalpies of combustion, formation, vaporization and sublimation of organics (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 290-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370218
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    Shape selective catalysis in industrial applications By N. Y. Chen, William E. Garwood, and Francis G. Dwyer, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989, 320 pp. $99.75 (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 310-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370223
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    Trickle-bed reactor flow simulation (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A steady-state, two-dimensional model for cocurrent gas and liquid flow in a trickle-bed reactor is described. The model includes gas-liquid interaction and isothermal, incompressible flow without phase change or chemical reaction. The momentum equation proposed by Saez and Carbonell is used, along with their expressions for relative permeabilities of gas and liquid phases. Capillary pressure equations determine the difference in the pressures of flowing phases. The results of the model simulation agree with experimental data on flow distribution, liquid spreading, and phase segregation in a two-dimensional trickle bed with air-water flow in both low- and high-interaction flow regimes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Airlift bioreactors: Analysis of local two-phase hydrodynamics (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 403-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local two-phase flow measurements were obtained in a pilot-scale, external-loop airlift bioreactor using hot-film anemometry and resistivity probe techniques. The radial dependence of both gas and liquid velocities and of the void fraction was substantial. Developing flow effects were pronounced, as evidenced by distinct changes in the radial profiles of fluid flow properties with axial position. For high gas flow rates, liquid acceleration effects near the sparger resulted in greatly reduced slip velocities in a substantial portion of the riser. A significant reduction in mass transfer may occur under such conditions.The point equations of continuity and motion were used to develop a differential, two-fluid model for two-phase flow in airlift risers. The only empirical parameters in the model represent frictional effects. The developing two-phase flow characteristic of airlift risers was observed to create significantly higher frictional effects at the wall than is routinely observed for fully-developed flow. Model predictions were compared to our own experimental results as well as those of Merchuk and Stein (1981). Agreement between the predicted and measured values was typically within 10% for both cases.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370311
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    Masthead (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370401
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    Enhanced dispersion resulting from solute exchange between phases (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 512-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enhanced dispersion resulting from solute exchange between phases was investigated experimentally for the case of a long, cylindrical capillary tube, in which a stationary absorbing phase formed a thin annular film around a flowing fluid. Solute diffusion into the stationary phase was analyzed in detail to accurately determine the coupling of film diffusion and hydrodynamic effects. The experimental results and analyses showed an increase in dispersion relative to the usual Taylor effect. The increased dispersion was a function of the relative partitioning of solute between phases and was in quantitative agreement with predictions from previously published theoretical studies.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370405
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    Pressure buildup and internal stresses during binder burnout: Numerical analysis (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 547-554 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The interstitial pressure buildup and the internal stresses on the skeleton of a cylindrical green body during burnout are analyzed numerically. The intrinsic kinetics of pyrolysis is coupled with the Carman-Kozeny equation or the slip-flow model of Wakao and Smith to evaluate the pressure distribution. The stress distributions before failure are estimated from elasticity theory. The stresses are tensile, and their maxima are located at the center of the cylinder. The tangential stress is larger than the radial stress. The effects of green body size, specific surface area, and pressurized atmosphere are discussed. The approximate solution is accurate for small green bodies. The pressurized atmosphere reduces the interstitial pressure and the internal stresses effectively.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370408
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    Effects of protein aggregation in isocratic nonlinear chromatography (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 555-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A versatile reaction-separation (VERSE) model was developed to quantitatively simulate the behavior of chromatographic separations coupled with reactions. Detailed mass transfer and reaction mechanisms are considered. Aggregation data of myoglobin and β-lactoglobulin A verified the model. The effects of concentration, equilibrium distribution, reaction rate, convection rate, particle radius, and relative affinity are shown for a dimerizing system. When the aggregation rate is relatively slow compared with convection and mass transfer rates, the individual forms behave as separate species in frontal, elution, and displacement chromatography. For rapid aggregation rates, the individual forms behave as a single component with an average affinity. The wave asymmetry and increased spreading due to aggregation depend on relative affinity differences. Serious error may result if aggregation is overlooked in parameter estimation using frontal or pulse analysis. The dimensionless group principles developed here are useful in scaling and predicting when peak or wave splitting or merging will occur in reaction chromatography systems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370409
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    Separation of azeotropic organic liquid mixtures by pervaporation (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 581-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have shown that ionomeric membranes of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer allow selective pervaporation of polar organic compounds from their azeotropic mixtures with less polar compounds. A composite membrane of a thin PFSA polymer film, cast on a porous Teflon support, provided desirable permeant fluxes with good selectivity. Model binary azeotropes, composed of alcohols and hydrocarbons, were separated with total pervaporation fluxes of up to 9.5 kg/h·m2 using a stirred membrane permeation cell, the product side of which was exposed to vacuum. Fluxes increased with increasing alcohol content of the feed and with temperature. But the selectivity of the more permeating component remained reasonably constant around the azeotropic point and also over the range of temperature used in the study (25-55°C). Total pervaporation fluxes depended little on downstream pressure up to 6.66 kPa (50 torr). These separation data were explained by a mathematical model based on a solution-diffusion mechanism.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370411
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    Managing qualitative simulation in knowledge-based chemical diagnosis (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 569-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deep knowledge about process behaviors plays an important role in the diagnosis of chemical processes. Cause-and-effect reasoning using deep knowledge is useful especially for interacting malfunctions. This work explores the integration of deep knowledge into task-specific, knowledge-based architectures for resolving interacting multiple malfunctions and presents a novel methodology called diagnostically focused simulation (DFS). Invoked in an auxiliary manner, DFS uses deep knowledge and performs qualitative simulation in a highly constrained manner. The close integration with other problem solvers is an evolutionary approach to using qualitative simulation in diagnosis and manages a normally computationally-explosive procedure. Diagnostic results from the compiled problem solver provide a situation-specific assessment of the chemical process, identify possible malfunction scenarios, and focus on appropriate levels of process detail. DFS effectively demonstrates a balance between run-time simulation and compiled problem solving in diagnosis.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370410
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    Eddy diffusivity for distillation sieve trays (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 589-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An understanding of the eddy diffusivity on a distillation tray is important to accurately predict the distillation tray efficiency from the point efficiency. This article presents a new correlation to predict liquid-phase eddy diffusivity (De) on sieve trays. This correlation has been developed by modeling backmixing as the trajectory motion of liquid droplet elements through the two-phase layer height on the tray. The trajectory model indicates that De is a strong function of the two-phase layer height. An expression for froth height is derived.The new De correlation offers two main improvements over existing literature correlations. First, this model is phenomenologically-based and, therefore, not limited to air/water. Second, the new De correlation gives significantly lower average actual and relative errors and a lower standard deviation of the actual error than do other available correlations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370412
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