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  • 1
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Contrary to the assumption of worldwide diffusion processes of internationally circulating reform ideas in education there are examples of regions that resist. In the present study, the phenomenon of incorporating international reform ideas into local education systems is examined using new institutionalism as a theory for its explanatory power of worldwide diffusion processes in education together with a set of cases that offer semi-lab-like conditions: Not all German federated states have adopted Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees for teacher training; some have maintained the state examination. Based on this empirical finding, the question of the dissertation is: Whether and how were the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in German teacher training implemented on the federated statelevel in the period between 1999 and 2013? It can be shown that the federal ministers of higher education specified three core characteristics of the Bologna Process, namely the introduction of Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees, a credit point system, and modularisation. A decision of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of Germany made in 2005 further ensured that the reformed degrees were recognised nationwide for teachers as well. The educational organisations’ demands were characterised by a large number of positive and only a few negative votes concerning the implementation of the Bologna Process in German teacher education. To provide specific insights into the reform process, this study focuses on teacher training for secondary school teachers, comparing the teacher training regulations as of 1999 with all subsequent changes until 2013 to obtain the degree of change for each federated state. As a result, it can be stated that eight states introduced reformed degrees into secondary school teacher education and eight states kept the state examination. Both groups are then compared as to whether a change of the degree towards Bachelor’s and Master’s is more likely to be accompanied by further reforms. The results suggest that while changes have occurred in all states, the percentage increase of courses in education and didactics, as well as the increased study duration, correlates positively with a change of the degree structure. Therefore one can interpret that the Bologna reforms, especially those concerning the degree structure, were used to implement other curricular and structural reforms that were not related to the Bologna Process itself. In the last step, plenary debates on the federated state level regarding the introduction of these Bologna reforms are analysed to examine the justifications for the introduction of a change in the degree structure, as well as for maintaining the state examination. Justifications or strategies for preserving the state examination are particularly relevant because they act against the political and public expectations analysed earlier. In a nutshell, it can be stated that the innovative strength of the partial reforms adopted in the hybrid model and the exclusion of a fundamental criticism of Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees are used as a strategy to reject the implementation of a new degree structure without being interpreted as non-innovative. Federated states that implemented the degree reform referenced decisions made in other states or regions, as well as possible negative consequences of not implementing the degrees, to support their decision while also presenting it within the discourse as a window of opportunity for more fundamental reforms in teacher training.
    Description: Entgegen der Annahme weltweiter Diffusionsprozesse international kursierender Reformideen in der Bildungspolitik gibt es Beispiele für Regionen, die sich widersetzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dieses Phänomen mithilfe eines Sets an Fällen untersucht, die in ihrer Gesamtheit quasi-laborartige Bedingungen bieten: Im Zuge des Bologna-Prozesses haben einige Bundesländer die Abschlüsse ‚Bachelor‘ und ‚Master‘ für die Lehrer*innenbildung übernommen, während andere die Staatsprüfung beibehalten haben. Ausgehend von diesem Befund wird in der Arbeit die Frage untersucht, mit welchen Strategien die Bologna-Reformen in der Lehrer*innenbildung der einzelnen Bundesländer in den Jahren von 1999 bis 2013 politisch umgesetzt bzw. wie deren Implementation verhindert wurde. Die Analyse der Erwartungen bildungspolitischer Akteure zeigt, dass die Hochschulminister*innen im Bologna-Prozess drei Kernmerkmale für die Organisation von Studiengängen festlegten, nämlich Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse, ein Leistungspunktesystem und die Modularisierung. Darüber hinaus wurde die Bologna-Reform durch die Kultusministerkonferenz im Jahr 2005 auch für die Lehrer*innenbildung deutschlandweit anerkannt. Der Diskurs weiterer wichtiger bildungspolitischer Akteure zeichnet sich darüber hinaus durch eine Vielzahl an positiven gegenüber nur wenigen negativen Stimmen zur Implementation des Bologna-Prozesses in der Lehrer*innenbildung aus. Um die tatsächlichen Reformen differenziert betrachten zu können, wird der Fokus der zweiten Untersuchung allein auf das gymnasiale Lehramt gelegt. Dabei wird für jedes Bundesland die Gestaltung der Studienphase im Jahr 1999 mit dem Stand im Jahr 2013 verglichen. Dabei kann festgestellt werden, dass in allen Bundesländern sowohl das Leistungspunktesystem als auch die Modularisierung eingeführt wurden. Eine Reform der Staatsprüfung hin zu einem Masterabschluss wurde im Untersuchungszeitraum jedoch nur in acht der 16 Bundesländer umgesetzt. Die Einführung der Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse ging zudem mit einer prozentualen Erhöhung des Anteils der Berufswissenschaften, definiert als Fachdidaktiken, Bildungswissenschaften und Schulpraktika, sowie einer Verlängerung der Studienzeit einher. Dies kann dahingehend interpretiert werden, dass die Bologna- Reformen insgesamt und die Einführung der Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse im Besonderen als window of opportunity genutzt wurden, um auch andere Reformen umzusetzen. In der dritten Untersuchung werden Plenardebatten in den Bundesländern im Rahmen der Einführung der Bologna-Reformen analysiert, um die Begründungen für eine Reform bzw. für die Beibehaltung der Staatsprüfung zu untersuchen. Insbesondere Begründungen bzw. Strategien der Nicht-Einführung sind dabei besonders relevant, weil sie gängigen theoretischen Annahmen der Diffusion von international kursierenden Reformideen widersprechen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass die Innovationskraft bzw. Passfähigkeit des eigenen Gesetzentwurfs unter Ausschluss einer Fundamentalkritik an den Bachelor- und Masterabschlüssen als Strategie verwendet wurden, um die Einführung dieser Abschlüsse zu umgehen, ohne gleichzeitig als rückständig im Vergleich zu den Ländern mit einer vollständigen Implementation zu gelten. Bei einer Implementation der Abschlüsse dient neben dem diskursiv hergestellten window of opportunity auch der Verweis auf an anderen Orten getroffene Entscheidungen und den daraus resultierenden negativen Konsequenzen für das eigene Bundesland bei einer etwaigen Nicht-Implementation als legitimitätsstiftend.
    Keywords: Lehrerbildung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Bologna-Prozess ; Hochschulpolitik ; Bachelor-Studiengang ; Master-Studiengang ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Hochschulreform ; Hochschule ; Entscheidung ; Strategie ; Studiengang ; Studienordnung ; Bildungspolitik ; Gymnasium ; Modularisierung ; Staatsprüfung ; Lehramtsprüfung ; Argumentation ; Debatte ; Politik ; Bundesland ; Nationaler Vergleich ; Baden-Württemberg ; Bayern ; Berlin ; Brandenburg ; Bremen ; Hamburg ; Hessen ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Niedersachsen ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Rheinland-Pfalz ; Saarland ; Sachsen ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Schleswig-Holstein ; Thüringen ; Deutschland ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Teacher training ; Higher education policy ; University policy ; Bachelor course ; Master course ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Higher education reform ; University reform ; Higher education institute ; Strategy ; Channel of academic studies ; Course of studies ; Course of study ; Study regulations ; Educational policy ; German academic secondary school ; Grammar School ; Secondary school ; Modularization ; First state examination for the teaching profession ; Politics ; Baden-Wurtemberg ; Baden-Wurttemberg ; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ; Lower Saxony ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Rhineland-Palatinate ; Saxony ; Saxony-Anhalt ; Thuringia ; Germany ; Teaching post ; Teaching profession ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMN Universities ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Within and outside Germany, practical phases in teacher education have been expanded in recent years. In contrast, empirical studies show that it is not primarily the duration of the internships but their qualitative design that is significant for the acquisition of competencies by the students. Against this background, the academic examination of concepts of learning support is gaining in importance. The authors in this volume take up this assumption and present ten context-bound learning support concepts and their empirical examination. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, theory-based hypotheses are tested and framework conditions are included in the discussion. In this respect, the results of the studies presented promise on the one hand in-depth insights into the opportunities and challenges of learning support services in the school internship, and on the other hand they point to desiderata for further studies in this field of research.
    Description: Innerhalb und außerhalb Deutschlands wurden in den vergangenen Jahren Praxisphasen in der Lehrerbildung ausgebaut. Empirische Studien zeigen demgegenüber, dass nicht vorrangig die Dauer der Praktika, sondern ihre qualitative Ausgestaltung bedeutsam für den Kompetenzerwerb der Studierenden ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnt die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Konzepten der Lernbegleitung an Bedeutung. Die Autorinnen und Autoren im vorliegenden Band knüpfen an dieser Annahme an und stellen zehn kontextgebundene Lernbegleitungskonzepte und deren empirische Überprüfung vor. Mittels qualitativer und quantitativer Forschungsmethoden werden dabei theoriegeleitete Hypothesen überprüft und Rahmenbedingungen in die Diskussion einbezogen. Insofern versprechen die Ergebnisse der vorgestellten Studien einerseits vertiefende Einblicke in Chancen und Herausforderungen lernbegleitender Angebote im Schulpraktikum, andererseits zeigen sie Desiderate für weiterführende Untersuchungen in diesem Forschungsfeld auf.
    Keywords: Lehrerbildung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lernbegleitung ; Praxissemester ; Schulpraxis ; Pädagogische Praxis ; Schulpraktikum ; Lehramtsstudent ; Kompetenzerwerb ; Pädagogische Kompetenz ; Lernkonzept ; Lehrerbildner ; Unterrichtsbeobachtung ; Unterrichtsanalyse ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Mentor ; Hochschule ; Schule ; Peer Group ; Lernwerkstatt ; Coaching ; Lehrberuf ; Hochschulbildung ; Professionalisierung ; Wohlbefinden ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Handlungskompetenz ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Dozent ; Lehrer ; Feed-back ; Interaktion ; Gespräch ; Besprechung ; Unterricht ; Audioaufzeichnung ; Diagnostik ; Kohärenz ; Mentoring ; Mentorprogramm ; Unterrichtsentwicklung ; Übergang Studium - Beruf ; Qualifizierung ; Hochschullehre ; Hochschulforschung ; Fortbildung ; Biologieunterricht ; Entwicklungsforschung ; Beziehung ; Peer-Beziehungen ; Kompetenzentwicklung ; Kompetenz ; Selbsteinschätzung ; Tandem-Methode ; Geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied ; Kollegiale Beratung ; Qualifikationsentwicklung ; Austausch ; Beratung ; Moderator ; Moderation ; Lernprozess ; Grundschule ; Außerschulischer Lernort ; Lernumgebung ; Primarbereich ; Ethnografie ; Beobachtung ; Forschendes Lernen ; Belastung ; Stressbewältigung ; Wirksamkeit ; Digitale Medien ; Beruflicher Stress ; Lehrer-Alltag ; Bildungsangebot ; Online-Kurs ; Auditives Medium ; Zufriedenheit ; Quantitative Forschung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Empirische Forschung ; Interview ; Leitfadeninterview ; Studie ; Fragebogenerhebung ; Explorative Studie ; Grounded Theory ; Evaluation ; Niedersachsen ; Thüringen ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Hessen ; Deutschland ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Teacher training ; Practical semester ; Semester practical training ; Practical training in school ; Practice period at school ; Student teachers ; Teacher educators ; Observation of teaching ; Analysis of teaching process ; Teaching analysis ; Higher education institute ; School ; Peer groups ; Learning workshop ; Apprenticeship trade ; Teaching profession ; Higher education ; University level of education ; Professionalization ; Well being ; Well-being ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Competence for action ; Competence to act ; Lecturer ; Teacher ; Interaction ; Conversation ; Teaching ; Diagnostic ; Learning and teaching development ; Teaching improvement ; Qualification ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Academic research ; Further education ; Further training ; Biology lessons ; Teaching of Biology ; Peer relationship ; Skill development ; Competency ; Self-rating ; Gender-specific difference ; Counselling ; Deliberation ; Guidance ; Learning process ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Educational Environment ; Learning environment ; Primary education ; Primary level ; Ethnography ; Observation ; Stress management ; Educational offer ; Educational offerings ; Educational opportunities ; Educational possibilities ; Educational provision ; Online courses ; Satisfaction ; Quantitative research ; Qualitative research ; Empirical study ; Empirical research ; Questionnaire survey ; Lower Saxony ; Thuringia ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ; Germany ; Practice ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Good inclusive teaching needs teachers who are able to plan and implement pedagogical offers in a heterogeneity-sensitive and adaptive way - however, in university teacher training there are only a few subject-didactically implementable contents for this so far. This book presents five flexibly applicable teaching-learning modules on central topics of inclusive teaching, which were developed by subject didacticians in cooperation with rehabilitation scientists and language educators for university teaching. Starting from the theoretical foundations, the structure, content and materials of the individual teaching-learning modules are presented and commented on didactically. Following on from this, the empirical results of the quantitative and qualitative accompanying evaluation of corresponding courses are analysed. In addition, the suitability of the teaching-learning modules for stabilisation in the university context as well as their possible use in the second and third phase of teacher training are discussed. This book aims to motivate lecturers to use the presented modules in their teaching. It is also aimed at students, researchers and teachers who want to develop their teaching in an inclusive way.
    Description: Guter inklusiver Unterricht braucht Lehrkräfte, die pädagogische Angebote heterogenitätssensibel und adaptiv planen und umsetzen können – in der universitären Lehrer*innenbildung existieren dafür bislang jedoch nur wenige fachdidaktisch implementierbare Inhalte. In diesem Buch werden fünf flexibel einsetzbare Lehr-Lern-Bausteine zu zentralen Themen inklusiven Unterrichtens vorgestellt, die von Fachdidaktiker*innen in Zusammenarbeit mit Rehabilitationswissenschaftler*innen und Sprachbildner*innen für die Hochschullehre entwickelt wurden. Ausgehend von den theoretischen Grundlagen werden der Aufbau, die Inhalte und die Materialien der einzelnen Lehr-Lern-Bausteine vorgestellt und didaktisch kommentiert. Daran anknüpfend werden die empirischen Ergebnisse der quantitativen und qualitativen Begleitevaluation entsprechender Lehrveranstaltungen analysiert. Außerdem werden die Eignung der Lehr-Lern-Bausteine für die Verstetigung im Hochschulkontext sowie deren Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der zweiten und dritten Phase der Lehrer*innenbildung diskutiert. Dieses Buch möchte Dozent*innen motivieren, die vorgestellten Bausteine selbst in ihrer Lehre einzusetzen. Es richtet sich außerdem an Student*innen, an Forscher*innen und an Lehrer*innen, die ihren Unterricht inklusionsorientiert weiterentwickeln möchten.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Unterricht ; Hochschule ; Hochschullehre ; Professionalisierung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lehr-Lern-Prozess ; Bildungskonzept ; Lehrerbildung ; Kompetenz ; Lehr-Lern-System ; Lehrevaluation ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Heterogenität ; Sensibilität ; Lehrkompetenz ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Professionalität ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Fachdidaktik ; Sonderpädagogik ; Klassenführung ; Adaptiver Unterricht ; Unterrichtskonzeption ; Sprachbildung ; Lehramtsstudent ; Baustein ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Selbstreflexion ; Pädagogische Diagnostik ; Diagnostik ; Begleituntersuchung ; Evaluation ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Quantitative Analyse ; Qualitative Analyse ; Forschungsprojekt ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Teaching ; Higher education institute ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Professionalization ; Teacher education ; Teacher training ; Teaching-learning process ; Educational conception ; Teachers' training ; Competency ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Heterogeneity ; Sensibility ; Teaching Skills ; Integrative education ; Professionalism ; Professionality ; Specialized didactics ; Subject didactics ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Classroom techniques ; Conception of teaching ; Linguistic input ; Student teachers ; Self-reflexion ; Pedagogical diagnostics ; Diagnostic ; Empirical study ; Germany ; Pedagogical thinking ; Teaching-learning research ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This book presents a selection of survey and evaluation instruments for recording relevant facets of institutional (written) language education. The seven methods focus on different aspects of language education as well as language and reading promotion in day-care centres and schools and address different target groups (educational professionals, teachers, children). The instruments, which were developed within the framework of the initiative "Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift" (BiSS), are primarily for research purposes, but can also be used in the training and further education of educational specialists and teachers. An online appendix provides the instruments as well as all necessary materials.
    Description: In diesem Buch wird eine Auswahl von Erhebungs- und Auswertungsinstrumenten zur Erfassung relevanter Facetten institutioneller (schrift-)sprachlicher Bildung vorgestellt. Die sieben Verfahren fokussieren unterschiedliche Aspekte der Sprachbildung sowie Sprach- und Leseförderung in Kindertageseinrichtungen und Schulen und adressieren unterschiedliche Zielgruppen (pädagogische Fachkräfte, Lehrkräfte, Kinder). Die Instrumente, die im Rahmen der Initiative „Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift“ (BiSS) entwickelt wurden, sind primär für Forschungszwecke, aber auch in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von pädagogischen Fach- und Lehrkräften einsetzbar. Ein Online-Anhang stellt die Instrumente sowie alle notwendigen Materialien zur Verfügung.
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Forschung ; Schriftsprache ; Sprachbildung ; Sprachförderung ; Leseförderung ; Diagnostik ; Förderungsmaßnahme ; Sprachentwicklung ; Schriftspracherwerb ; Förderdiagnostik ; Förderung ; Sprachstandsforschung ; Lesekompetenz ; Sprachkompetenz ; Sprachdiagnostik ; Fachdidaktik ; Sprachgebrauch ; Kompetenzmessung ; Handlungskompetenz ; Fachwissen ; Wissen ; Professionalisierung ; Profession ; Kompetenz ; Wissenstest ; Mathematikunterricht ; Deutschunterricht ; Fachunterricht ; Fachsprache ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Feed-back ; Videoaufzeichnung ; Videoanalyse ; Unterricht ; Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktion ; Schülermitarbeit ; Transfer ; Kindertagesstätte ; Schule ; Grundschule ; Primarbereich ; Pädagogische Fachkraft ; Lehrer ; Lehramtsstudent ; Erzieher ; Erzieherin ; Berufliche Kompetenz ; Psychometrie ; Kind ; Schüler ; Bewertung ; Anwendung ; Software ; Bildungspraxis ; Sprachpraktische Übung ; Spracherwerb ; Kindergarten ; Kindergartenalltag ; Kindergartenpädagogik ; Korrektur ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Sekundarstufe I ; Aktivierung ; Erhebungsinstrument ; Auswertung ; Instrument ; Messinstrument ; Methode ; Forschungsmethode ; Vignette 〈Methode〉 ; Interview ; Leitfadeninterview ; Fragebogen ; Beobachtung ; Beobachtungsmethode ; Test ; Testvalidität ; Testverfahren ; Testkonstruktion ; Quantitative Forschung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Längsschnittuntersuchung ; Dokumentation ; Protokoll ; Empirische Forschung ; Datenerfassung ; Bayern ; Baden-Württemberg ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Deutschland ; Educational research ; Research ; Linguistic input ; Promotion of reading ; Support for reading improvement ; Diagnostic ; Promotional measure ; Language development ; Reading competence ; Language skill ; Linguistic Competence ; Specialized didactics ; Subject didactics ; Language usage ; Competency measurement ; Skills measurement ; Skills measurements ; Competence for action ; Competence to act ; Specialized knowledge ; Knowledge ; Professionalization ; Competency ; Mathematics lessons ; Teaching of mathematics ; German language teaching ; Teaching of German ; Teaching of a special subject ; Language for special purposes ; Technical language ; Teaching ; Pupil Participation ; Day nursery ; School ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Primary education ; Primary level ; Teacher ; Student teachers ; Caregiver ; Carer ; Educational childcare staff ; Educator ; Kindergarten teacher ; Nursery school teachers ; Nursery teacher ; Pre-primary school teacher ; Female Educator ; Governess ; Psychometry ; Child ; Pupil ; Pupils ; Assessment ; Judgement ; Judgment ; Educational practices ; Language acquisition ; Nursery school ; Revision (Written Composition) ; Lower level secondary education ; Lower secondary ; Lower secondary education ; Secondary education lower level ; Mail surveys ; Data analysis ; Interpretation of literature ; Measurement instrument ; Method ; Research method ; Questionnaire ; Observation ; Test validity ; Test coaching ; Quantitative research ; Qualitative research ; Longitudinal analysis ; Longitudinal study ; Documentation ; Empirical research ; Data acquisition ; Data capture ; Baden-Wurtemberg ; Baden-Wurttemberg ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Saxony-Anhalt ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFD Literacy strategies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: nklusion steht als normatives Konzept in einem Spannungsverhältnis zum bisher selektiv verfassten Schulsystem. Lehrkräfte an sich inklusiv entwickelnden Schulen sind daher mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert, zwischen ihrer eigenen Praxis, einer inklusiven schulischen Programmatik, dem gesellschaftlichen Leistungsverständnis und der schulischen Selektionsfunktion vermitteln zu müssen. Die vorliegende Studie wirft zunächst einen systematischen Blick auf den Inklusionsdiskurs und untersucht hieran anschließend den Umgang mit diesem Spannungsverhältnis anhand von Gruppendiskussionen mit Lehrkräften an sich als inklusiv verstehenden Grundschulen. Mithilfe der Dokumentarischen Methode werden fallübergreifende Orientierungen rekonstruiert, die sich vor allem in der Verortung der Problemlösekompetenz unterscheiden. So sieht ein Teil Lehrkräfte die Verantwortung zur Lösung von Problemen, die bei der Realisierung von Inklusion entstehen, bei Externen, wie der Bildungsadministration. Andere sehen sich hingegen selbst in der Lage, die bei der Realisierung von Inklusion entstehenden Herausforderungen erfolgreich zu lösen. Bei Letzteren wird eine Parallele zu einem Teil des Inklusionsdiskurses deutlich, da Inklusion auch dort als pädagogisch lösbare Herausforderung angenommen wird. Die Arbeit zeigt diesbezüglich Anknüpfungspunkte für die weitere Entwicklung inklusiver Schulen auf. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Schule ; Grundschule ; Integrative Schule ; Lehrer ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Problemlösen ; Sonderpädagogik ; Gruppendiskussion ; Typisierung ; Dokumentarische Methode ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; School ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Teacher ; Problem solving ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Group discussion ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: With the development of inclusive schools comes a broad range of new challenges within the whole German education system. According to the different responsibilities in the educational governance of the German system, not only the state level but also the district level has an important role in the reorganization process towards an inclusive school system. This doctoral thesis thus aims at developing a set of educational indicators at district and individual school level that provides information about the inputs, processes and outputs of inclusive schooling, i.e. conditions and school organizational aspects such as experience in dealing with heterogeneity (special educational needs, migration, gender, etc.). Thereby it can also provide a foundation for continuous, largely data-based observation and analysis of the implementation process of school inclusion. This kind of monitoring can inform both German educational policy and the public regarding contexts, process characteristics, outcomes and benefits of inclusive schooling. The main question of the thesis thus is: What indicators can be identified to describe and reflect developments in the implementation of an inclusive school system at the district level? This is addressed by a three-step analysis, exemplified by a typical German municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia. (1) Starting with an analysis of available school statistics in the period from 2007 to 2015 (2), the results are supplemented by a quantitative school-leadership survey in 2016 (3). A synthesis of the given results marks the last step with a characterization of the transformation process at school and district level. The framework of indicators is meant to identify general problems and offer an empirical foundation for the information on inclusive schooling in German municipalities, thus providing valid governance knowledge for a holistic, coherent educational management as well as contributing to improve the quality of inclusive education at district level. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Description: Die Umsetzung des Inklusionsgedankens konfrontiert das gesamte Bildungssystem mit neuen Herausforderungen. Entsprechend der föderalen Zuständigkeiten sind dafür neben dem Land auch Kreise und Schulträger in der Pflicht, die Entwicklung mitzugestalten. Derzeit gibt es nur wenig systematisierte Informationen über den Stand der inklusiven Bildung im Schulsystem auf kommunaler Ebene. Dies hängt auch mit einer weitgehenden Unklarheit zusammen, welche Bemessungsgrundlagen für eine Einschätzung der Qualität inklusiv arbeitender Schulen zur Verfügung stehen, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der lokal höchst unterschiedlichen Formen der Unterrichtsorganisation sowie ungleichen Voraussetzungen im Hinblick auf Ressourcenverteilung (personell, räumlich und sächlich) und Schülerklientel (sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf, soziale Herkunft, Migrationshintergrund, etc.). Untersucht werden am Beispiel des Flächenkreises Paderborn die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, die Entwicklung des Gemeinsamen Lernens im Bereich Schule indikatorengestützt abzubilden und Schlussfolgerungen für inklusive Schulorganisation und -planung auf kleinräumiger Ebene abzuleiten. Die Hauptfrage der Arbeit lautet: Welche Indikatoren lassen sich auf kommunaler Ebene identifizieren, um Entwicklungen in den Dimensionen Input, Prozess und Output bei der Umsetzung eines inklusiven Schulsystems zu beschreiben? Die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage folgt einem dreistufigen Vorgehen. In einem ersten Schritt werden auf Basis kleinräumiger und einzelschulischer Daten der amtlichen Schulstatistik indikatorengestützte Analysen im Zeitraum von 2007 bis 2015 durchgeführt. Im Anschluss werden diese datengestützten Befunde durch Ergebnisse einer quantitativen Schulleiterbefragung im Kreis Paderborn 2016 ergänzt. In einem letzten Schritt erfolgt drittens eine Charakterisierung des nachgezeichneten Transformationsprozesses auf Einzelschulebene sowie auf kommunaler Ebene. Die Synthese der gewonnenen Forschungsergebnisse bildet den Ausgangspunkt für die Ableitung von aussagekräftigen Indikatoren und Desideraten einer Dauerbeobachtung des Gemeinsamen Lernens von Schülerinnen und Schülern mit und ohne sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf. Wenngleich bestimmte Qualitätsaspekte schulischer Inklusion mit den verfügbaren amtlichen und den ergänzenden Schulleiterdaten nur näherungsweise indikatorisiert werden können, wird sowohl kommunalen Entscheidungsträgerinnen und -trägern aus Politik und Verwaltung, als auch Akteurinnen und Akteuren in den Bildungseinrichtungen ein breites Spektrum an Operationalisierungen zur Verfügung gestellt, um Ansatzpunkte zur organisationalen und systemischen Weiterentwicklung von Inklusion im Schulbereich auszumachen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Bildungsentwicklung ; Bildungsbeteiligung ; Bildungserfolg ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Schulqualität ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Beschulung ; Schulorganisation ; Schulplanung ; Gemeinde 〈Kommune〉 ; Schulleiter ; Schulentwicklung ; Transformation ; Sozialraum ; Indikator ; Amtliche Statistik ; Umfrage ; Statistische Analyse ; Quantitative Forschung ; Paderborn ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Development of education ; Educational development ; Participation in education ; Participation Rate ; Educational Success ; Success at school ; Success in Education ; Special Educational Needs ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; School organisation ; School organization ; Headteacher ; Headteachers ; School head teacher ; School development ; Indicator ; Official statistics ; Statistical analysis ; Quantitative research ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The way schools deal with "heterogeneity" of pupils has been the subject of a heated debate for a number of years. The present volume shows how the observation of differences between pupils - such as those in aptitude, behaviour and interest - has increasingly come into focus in schools since the last third of the 19th century. Disputes about how "suitable" learning groups should be put together against this background increasingly determined the picture of educational and school-political debates. Selection mechanisms in the school system between 1880 and 1980 are reconstructed that distinguished between the normal and the non-normal, between the gifted and the less gifted, between those who adapted and those who did not. The contributions examine practices of observing, testing and assessing pupils, the procedures and tests used for this purpose, and the individual, pedagogical and political conditions and consequences associated with them.
    Description: Über den schulischen Umgang mit einer „Heterogenität“ der Schüler*innen wird seit einer Reihe von Jahren heftig debattiert. Der vorliegende Band zeigt, wie seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts die Beobachtung von Unterschieden – solchen der Begabung, des Verhaltens und des Interesses – zwischen Schüler*innen in den Schulen mehr und mehr in das Blickfeld rückte. Auseinandersetzungen darüber, wie vor diesem Hintergrund „passende“ Lerngruppen zusammengestellt werden sollten, bestimmten zunehmend das Bild der pädagogischen und schulpolitischen Debatten. Rekonstruiert werden Selektionsmechanismen im Schulsystem zwischen 1880 und 1980, mit denen zwischen Normalen und Nicht-Normalen, zwischen Begabten und Minderbegabten, zwischen solchen, die sich anpassten, und solchen, die das nicht taten, unterschieden wurde. Die Beiträge untersuchen Praktiken des Beobachtens, Prüfens und Beurteilens von Schüler*innen, die dafür eingesetzten Verfahren und Tests sowie die damit verbundenen individuellen, pädagogischen und politischen Bedingungen und Folgen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Schüler ; Auslese ; Ausleseverfahren ; Schülerbeurteilung ; Historische Bildungsforschung ; Bildungsgeschichte ; Schulgeschichte ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Heterogenität ; Inklusion ; Exklusion ; Hilfsschule ; Kategorisierung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Abitur ; Aufsatz ; Begabung ; Hochbegabung ; Differenzierung ; Selektion ; Übergang Primarstufe - Sekundarstufe I ; Schulische Integration ; Beobachtung ; Lernbehinderung ; Sonderpädagogische Einrichtung ; Förderklasse ; Diagnostik ; Pädagogische Diagnostik ; Leistungsmessung ; Intelligenztest ; Schulsystem ; Intelligenzschwäche ; Lernschwäche ; Sonderschulpädagogik ; Psychiatrie ; Pädagogik ; Handschrift ; Diagnose ; Gehirn ; Schrift ; Experiment ; Geistige Behinderung ; Bildungsfähigkeit ; Primarbereich ; Sonderschule ; Schuleignung ; Gutachten ; Pädagogische Psychologie ; Differenzielle Psychologie ; Reform ; Abiturprüfung ; Leistungsbeurteilung ; Prüfungswesen ; psychometrische Tests ; Lehrergutachten ; Praktiken des Beobachtens ; Soldat ; Kriegsbeschädigter ; Gehirnschädigung ; Übungsschule ; Berufspsychologie ; Berufseignung ; Berufsberatung ; Migrant ; Migrationshintergrund ; Schulpsychologie ; Maßnahme ; Vergleich ; Stern ; William Louis ; 19. Jahrhundert ; 20. Jahrhundert ; Kaiserreich ; Weimarer Republik ; Fallbeispiel ; Test ; Historische Quelle ; Deutschland ; Schweiz ; Deutschland-BRD ; Deutschland-DDR ; Preußen ; New York ; N.Y. ; USA ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools
    Language: German
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  • 8
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The historical and theoretical relationship between education and the body is the focus of this discourse-analytical study. It is situated at the interface of systematic educational science and historical educational research and looks at both the current debate on educational theory and the pedagogical discussions at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The starting point of the analyses is a theoretical phenomenon called disembodiment. This term refers to different dynamics that in their totality aim at the discursive exclusion and marginalisation of corporeality in the discourse on education. Three works from different currents of pedagogy are examined more closely for this purpose: Campe's 'Allgemeine Revision des gesammten Schul- und Erziehungswesens' (1785-1792), Niemeyer's 'Grundsätze der Erziehung und des Unterrichts' (1796-1824/5) and two writings by Schwarz, the 'Erziehungslehre' (1802-1813) and the 'Lehrbuch der Erziehung und Unterrichtslehre' (1805-1835). In addition to a presentation of the spectrum of perspectives on physical education, a reconstruction of the historical discourse of so-called physical education and case analyses of the anthropological contexts, the study is able to show that disembodiment tendencies can be traced not only in the current discourse, but already at the turn of the 19th century.
    Description: Das geschichtliche sowie theoretische Verhältnis von Erziehung und Körper steht im Zentrum dieser diskursanalytisch angelegten Studie. Diese ist an der Schnittstelle von systematischer Erziehungswissenschaft und historischer Bildungsforschung angesiedelt und betrachtet sowohl die aktuelle erziehungstheoretische Debatte als auch die pädagogischen Diskussionen am Ende des 18. und zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Ausgangspunkt der Analysen ist ein theoretisches Phänomen, das als Entkörperung bezeichnet wird. Mit diesem Begriff sind unterschiedliche Dynamiken gemeint, die in ihrer Gesamtheit auf die diskursive Ausgrenzung und Marginalisierung von Körperlichkeit in der Rede über Erziehung zielen. Drei Werke aus unterschiedlichen Strömungen der Pädagogik sind hierfür näher untersucht: Die von Campe herausgegebene ‚Allgemeine Revision des gesammten Schul- und Erziehungswesens‘ (1785–1792), die ‚Grundsätze der Erziehung und des Unterrichts‘ (1796–1824/5) von Niemeyer und zwei Schriften von Schwarz, die ‚Erziehungslehre‘ (1802–1813) sowie das ‚Lehrbuch der Erziehung und Unterrichtslehre‘ (1805–1835). Neben einer Darstellung des Spektrums der körperpädagogischen Perspektiven, einer Rekonstruktion des historischen Diskurses der sogenannten physischen Erziehung und Fallanalysen zu den anthropologischen Kontexten, kann die Untersuchung im Ergebnis zeigen, dass nicht nur im aktuellen Diskurs, sondern bereits an der Wende zum 19. Jahrhundert Entkörperungstendenzen nachzuweisen sind. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Historische Bildungsforschung ; Erziehungswissenschaft ; Körper 〈Biol〉 ; Körperlichkeit ; Leiblichkeit ; Menschlicher Körper ; Pädagogische Theorie ; Bildungstheorie ; Erziehung ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Diskursanalyse ; Historische Analyse ; Campe, Joachim Heinrich ; Niemeyer, August Hermann ; Schwarz, Friedrich Heinrich Christian ; 18. Jahrhundert ; 19. Jahrhundert ; Dissertationsschrift ; Deutschland ; Sciences of education ; Corporeality ; Corporealtity ; Human body ; Pedagogical theory ; Educational theory ; Theory of education ; Education ; History ; Discourse Analysis ; Historical analysis ; Doctoral Theses ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: "1918" signifies more than the end of the First World War. The reference to the year often also justifies narratives in the history of education. On the other hand, this volume explores the simultaneities of caesurae and traditions, ruptures and continuities in regional, national, European and global perspectives. It examines diverse paradoxes of supposedly old and new pedagogical cultures and practices as well as ambivalences of youth between rebellion and attachment to educational ideals. It also focuses on the questioning of schools and pedagogy, their relegitimisation and the intertwining of social democracy and socialism with educational reforms and traditions. In this way, the volume aims at the often described "clash of ideologies" in the interwar period and at the circulation of competing knowledge, so that it discusses the complex openness of 1918 in terms of educational history.
    Description: „1918“ bezeichnet mehr als das Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs. Der Jahresbezug begründet häufig auch bildungsgeschichtliche Narrative. Hingegen fragt der Band nach Gleichzeitigkeiten von Zäsuren und Tradierungen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten in regionalen, nationalen, europäischen und globalen Perspektiven. Er untersucht vielfältige Paradoxien vermeintlich alter und neuer pädagogischer Kulturen und Praktiken ebenso wie Ambivalenzen der Jugend zwischen Aufbegehren und Anknüpfung an Bildungsideale. Auch die Infragestellung von Schule und Pädagogik, ihre Relegitimierung sowie die Verflechtung von Sozialdemokratie und Sozialismus mit Bildungsreformen und -traditionen werden fokussiert. Damit zielt der Band auf den vielfach beschriebenen «Kampf der Ideologien» in der Zwischenkriegszeit und auf die Zirkulation konkurrierender Wissen, sodass er bildungshistorisch die komplexe Offenheit von 1918 diskutiert.
    Keywords: Historische Bildungsforschung ; Bildungsgeschichte ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Schule ; Jugend ; Schülermitwirkung ; Lehrerseminar ; Mitbestimmung ; Reformpädagogik ; Jugendbewegung ; Kritik ; Schülerbewegung ; Aufstand ; Elternmitwirkung ; Nachkriegsgeschichte ; Zwischenkriegszeit ; Weltkrieg I ; Schülerorganisation ; Kollektives Gedächtnis ; Turnverein ; Körpererziehung ; Männlichkeit ; Patriotismus ; Persönlichkeitsbildung ; Körperkultur ; Leitbild ; Körperbild ; Geschlecht ; Geschlechtsspezifische Sozialisation ; Geschlechtergeschichte ; Turnen ; Jugendkultur ; Orientalistik ; Interesse ; Indienbild ; Rezeption ; Lehrerfortbildung ; Organisation ; Politische Kultur ; Volksschule ; Selbstwahrnehmung ; Bildungspolitik ; Praxeologie ; Lehrer ; Neuorientierung ; Pädagogik ; Reform ; Gesellschaft ; Positivismus ; Evolutionismus ; Experimentelle Pädagogik ; Kinderpsychologie ; Steuerung ; Schulbuch ; Analyse ; Vergleich ; Evangelischer Religionsunterricht ; Religionsunterricht ; Schulbuchforschung ; Lebenskunde ; Mittelschule ; Lehrmittel ; Erziehung ; Lehrplan ; Lehrplanvergleich ; Curriculum ; Kirche-Staat-Beziehung ; Schulsystem ; Sozialdemokrat ; Schriftsteller ; Sozialist ; Pädagoge ; Historische Persönlichkeit ; Pädagogisierung ; Biografie ; Autobiografie ; Linke 〈Pol〉 ; Bildung ; Arbeiterbildung ; Arbeiterbewegung ; Arbeiterklasse ; Sozialistische Bildung ; Außerschulischer Lernort ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Politisches Programm ; Erziehungsprogramm ; Sozialdemokratie ; Schulreform ; Bildungsreform ; Sozialismus ; Sozialgeschichte ; Kulturgeschichte ; Bildungszugang ; Schulgemeinde ; Quellenkritik ; Historische Quelle ; Tagore ; Rabindranath ; Thorndike ; Edward L. ; Dewey ; John ; Traber ; Alfred ; Glöckel ; Otto ; Bernfeld ; Siegfried ; 20. Jahrhundert ; Zürich ; Schweiz ; Deutschland ; Indien ; Deutschland 〈bis 1945〉 ; Tschechische Republik ; Tschechoslowakei ; USA ; Weimarer Republik ; Preußen ; Preußische Reform ; Deutsches Reich ; Wien ; Österreich ; History of education ; History of educational activities ; History ; School ; Adolescence ; Youth ; Pupil Participation ; Teachers' training college ; Codetermination ; Progressive Education ; Progressive education ; Reform pedagogics ; Youth movement ; Criticism ; Revolt ; Parent participation ; Post-war period ; Peace time ; World War I ; Student organizations ; Physical education ; Masculinity ; Patriotism ; Personality development ; Ideal (model) ; Body image ; Sex ; Gender-specific socialization ; Gymnastics ; Youth culture ; Reception ; Further education for teachers ; Further education of teachers ; Further training for teachers ; Organization ; Political culture ; Elementary School ; General compulsory school ; Primary school ; Self-perception ; Educational policy ; Teacher ; Pedagogics ; Sciences of education ; Society ; Positivism ; Experimental education ; Experimental pedagogics ; Experimental teaching ; Child psychology ; Children's hospital ; Text book ; Textbook ; Religious instruction ; Teaching of religion ; Textbook research ; Intermediate school ; Educational Materials ; Teaching aids ; Training aid ; Education ; State church separation ; School system ; Pedagogue ; Biographies ; Autobiographies ; Education of workers ; Workers' education ; Labor movement ; Working Class ; Adult education ; Adult training ; Political program ; Social democracy ; School reform ; Educational reform ; Socialism ; Social history ; Cultural history ; Access to Education ; School community ; Zurich ; Switzerland ; Germany ; India ; Czech Republic ; Czechoslovakia ; Weimar Republic ; Weimar Republic (Germany ; 1918-33) ; German Reich ; Vienna ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education
    Language: German
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  • 10
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Befürwortende ebenso wie skeptische Stimmen zum Thema Inklusion klingen häufig so, als sei ein Gelingen oder Scheitern inklusiver Prozesse kaum beeinflussbar. Entsprechend wenig ist untersucht, wie sich Gruppenprozesse in inklusiven Gruppen gestalten. Die vorliegende Studie schließt diese Lücke, indem sie die Zusammenarbeit in Kleingruppen im Kontext inklusiver Hochschulbildung untersucht. Gegenstand sind vier rekonstruktive Fallstudien aus Seminaren, an denen Studierende und behinderte Menschen – zumeist ohne Hochschulzugangsberechtigung – teilnehmen. Unter Anwendung der dokumentarischen Methode werden Arbeitsprozesse von Projektgruppen im Rahmen inklusionsorientierter Seminare analysiert. Die leitende Fragestellung besteht darin, wie die Mitglieder einer Gruppe Gemeinsamkeit herstellen, Differenz bearbeiten und Verantwortung verteilen. Somit ist die Ambivalenz von Gemeinsamkeit und Differenz und ihre ‚Herstellung’ in inklusiven Kleingruppen Gegenstand der Dissertation. Sie leistet für die Förder-/Sonder-/Rehabilitations- und Inklusionspädagogik einen Beitrag zur kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit Differenz und den damit verbundenen Zuschreibungen. Zugleich wird aber auch die Entstehung von gemeinsamen Erfahrungsräumen in Gruppenprozessen analysiert. Obwohl im Hochschulbereich angesiedelt, sind die Ergebnisse auch für außerschulische Jugendbildung und den Sekundarbereich als relevant anzusehen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Hochschule ; Hochschulseminar ; Gruppe 〈Soz〉 ; Heterogene Lerngruppe ; Gruppendynamik ; Kleingruppe ; Gruppenpsychologie ; Heterogenität ; Sozialer Prozess ; Soziale Interaktion ; Soziale Integration ; Gemeinsamkeit ; Differenz ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Sonderpädagogik ; Dokumentarische Methode ; Fallbeispiel ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Higher education institute ; Group dynamics ; Small goup ; Small group ; Group psychology ; Heterogeneity ; Social process ; Social interaction ; Social integration ; Integrative education ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Exemplary model ; Germany ; Document ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMN Universities ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: German
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Vor zehn Jahren regte die Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention und die damit einhergehende rechtliche Verankerung inklusiver Prozesse eine Vielzahl von strukturellen Veränderungen im Bildungssystem an. Daher liegt der inhaltliche Fokus auf Lehren und Lernen in inklusiven Settings. Thematisiert werden damit sowohl inklusives Lehren und Lernen im Bildungsverlauf durch Kindertagesstätten und Schulen als auch in den Hochschulen.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Integration ; Sonderpädagogik ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Integrative Beschulung ; Kindertagesstätte ; Grundschule ; Schule ; Hochschule ; Lehr-Lern-Prozess ; Lernforschung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lehrerfortbildung ; Professionalisierung ; Weiterbildung ; Lehrerbildung ; Qualifizierung ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Lernwerkstatt ; Hochschulbildung ; Interview ; Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ; Kooperation ; Hochschullehre ; Differenzierung ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Heterogenität ; Lehrer ; Lehramtsstudent ; Normalisierung ; Diagnostik ; Übergang Schule - Beruf ; Schüler-Lehrer-Beziehung ; Lernprozess ; Frühförderung ; Erlebnispädagogik ; Normalität ; Vielfalt ; Unterrichtsqualität ; Schulorganisation ; Volksschule ; Lernumgebung ; Nachteilsausgleich ; Chancengleichheit ; Österreich ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Integrative education ; Day nursery ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; School ; Higher education institute ; Teaching-learning process ; Research on learning ; Teacher education ; Teacher training ; Further education for teachers ; Further education of teachers ; Further training for teachers ; Professionalization ; Continuing education ; Further education ; Teachers' training ; Qualification ; Learning workshop ; Higher education ; University level of education ; Cooperation ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Heterogeneity ; Teacher ; Student teachers ; Normalization (Disabilities) ; Diagnostic ; Pupil-teacher relation ; Pupil-teacher relationship ; Learning process ; Early remedial education ; Adventure pedagogics ; Experience pedagogics ; Teaching quality ; School organisation ; School organization ; General compulsory school ; Educational Environment ; Learning environment ; Equal opportunities ; Equal opportunity ; Austria ; Germany ; Type of school ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This volume is dedicated to the professional re-entry of teachers with a refugee background into the teaching profession. The book presents the certificate course "Educational Science Basics for Teachers with a Refugee Background" at the University of Vienna and research results on it in detail. Furthermore, the teachers and participants reflect on their experiences with this measure. Challenges and synergies in connection with the implementation of such a course are discussed as well as international perspectives on the requalification of refugee teachers.
    Description: Der Band widmet sich dem beruflichen Wiedereinstieg von Lehrkräften mit Fluchthintergrund in den Schuldienst. Das Buch stellt den Zertifikatskurs "Bildungswissenschaftliche Grundlagen für Lehrkräfte mit Fluchthintergrund" an der Universität Wien und Forschungsergebnisse dazu eingehend dar. Weiterhin reflektieren die Lehrenden und die Teilnehmenden ihre Erfahrungen mit dieser Maßnahme. Herausforderungen und Synergien im Zusammenhang mit der Implementierung eines solchen Kurses werden ebenso diskutiert wie internationale Perspektiven auf die Requalifizierung geflüchteter Lehrkräfte.
    Keywords: Lehrer ; Beruflicher Wiedereinstieg ; Flüchtling ; Zertifikatskurs ; Zertifizierung ; Berufliche Integration ; Berufspädagogik ; Flucht ; Migration ; Migrationshintergrund ; Qualifizierung ; Qualifizierungsmaßnahme ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Anerkennung ; Lehrerbildung ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Theorie-Praxis-Beziehung ; Unterrichtspraxis ; Heterogenität ; Weiterbildung ; Hochschule ; Hochschullehre ; Deutschland ; Schweden ; Österreich ; Teacher ; Re-entry ; Refugee ; Certification ; Occupational integration ; Vocational pedagogics ; Flight ; Running away ; Immigrant background ; Migration background ; Qualification ; National Vocational Qualification ; Occupational qualification ; Vocational qualification ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Theory Practice Relationship ; Teaching practice ; Heterogeneity ; Continuing education ; Further education ; Higher education institute ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Germany ; Sweden ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNP Adult education, continuous learning ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNP Adult education, continuous learning
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The dissertation is located in the context of research on adolescence and transitions with a focus on special education. Disadvantaged adolescents are the target group of this study. Adolescents were interviewed at two points in time using biographical narrative interviews. In addition, parent interviews took place once, which serve as an addition or contrast, but primarily in order to stress the intergenerational contouring of the life phase of adolescence. The focus of the study is on how adolescents experience and handle the transition from school to post-school life. By using biographical case reconstructions, biographical coping strategies and vocational self-presentations were reconstructed from the narratives in order to illuminate the complexity that such transitions pose. The theoretical framework used in this dissertation understands adolescence as embedded in generational relations, which is also viewed in terms of inequality theory. As a result, the perspective on the adolescent life stage is not only focused on adolescent developmental tasks, but is characterized by an intergenerational view that forms the background for complex and dynamic readjustment processes. Thus, persistent familial significance in this phase of life is emphasized. By reconstructing biographical coping strategies, it becomes visible how young people deal with vocational orientation processes against their familial background and what efforts they partly expend to fulfill familial missions or to distance themselves from them. The research design of the study responds to a desideratum that exists with regard to qualitative or biographical long-term studies in the area of adolescence in school and vocational contexts. The life stories of the adolescents clearly point to the necessity of embedding transitions in an overall biographical context and of reacting to the associated ways of looking at the life phase of adolescence. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Description: Die vorliegende Studie beleuchtet mit Hilfe eines biographischen Forschungszugangs die Komplexität des Übergangsprozesses von benachteiligten Jugendlichen am Übergang von der Schule ins nachschulische Leben. Entgegen der gängigen Betonung der Ablösung vom Elternhaus wird im Rahmen der Arbeit die anhaltende familiale Bedeutung in der Lebensphase herausgearbeitet. Das Konzept der Entwicklungsaufgaben wird daher intergenerational konturiert und ungleichheitstheoretisch ausgeleuchtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Eltern und ihre (Berufs-)Biographien eine hohe Bedeutung für die eigene Übergangsgestaltung der Adoleszenten haben. Die biographischen Texte illustrieren die jeweiligen Bewältigungs- und Gestaltungsstrategien der Jugendlichen, die Konsequenzen für eine biographieorientierte Beratung am Übergang zulassen. Weiterhin lassen die Erkenntnisse Implikationen für Hochschullehre zu, indem biographieanalytische und ungleichheitstheoretische Aspekte in der Adoleszenzphase im Lehrplan verankert werden. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Transition ; Übergang Schule - Beruf ; Benachteiligter Jugendlicher ; Familie ; Einflussfaktor ; Berufsbiografie ; Eltern ; Adoleszenz ; Sonderpädagogik ; Sozialer Raum ; Übergang ; Wahrnehmung ; Entscheidung ; Bewältigung ; Selbstdarstellung ; Handlungsfähigkeit ; Sozialpädagogik ; Entwicklungsaufgabe ; Benachteiligung ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Förderschule ; Sozialer Hintergrund ; Forscher ; Soziale Herkunft ; Generationenverhältnis ; Bildungsaspiration ; Bourdieu, Pierre ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Biografische Methode ; Biografisches Interview ; Fallbeispiel ; Deutschland ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNC Educational psychology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNC Educational psychology
    Language: German
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  • 14
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Seit der Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention befindet sich Inklusion im Spannungsfeld von Normalität und Diversität. Soll sie auf mehr als die Anwesenheit von Menschen mit Behinderung in Erziehungs- und Bildungsinstitutionen verweisen, so müssen diese Institutionen und die darin befindlichen Akteur*innen und Praktiken weiterhin auf ihre Verstrickungen in die Reproduktion von Ausgrenzung und sozialer Ungleichheit hin thematisiert werden. So finden sich in diesem Band Beiträge zu folgenden Schwerpunkten: Grundfragen der Inklusion, Subjekttheoretische Perspektiven im Rahmen der Inklusion, Pädagogik und Bildung aus menschenrechtlicher und demokratischer Perspektive, Mechanismen der Exklusion und Inklusion sowie Inklusive Schulentwicklung.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Integration ; Normalität ; Vielfalt ; Differenzierung ; Normalisierung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Erziehungsphilosophie ; Menschenrechte ; Exklusion ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Integrative Beschulung ; Partizipation ; Benachteiligung ; Ungleichheit ; Gerechtigkeit ; Differenzierender Unterricht ; Schule ; Bildungspolitik ; Fremdheit ; Subjektorientierung ; Bildungsprozess ; Subjekt 〈Phil〉 ; Demokratische Bildung ; Lernprozess ; Schüler-Lehrer-Beziehung ; Bildungsbegriff ; Reziprozität ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Verhaltensauffälligkeit ; Schulsport ; Körperkultur ; Körperbehinderung ; Geistige Behinderung ; Emotionale Entwicklung ; Soziale Entwicklung ; Autonomie ; Flüchtling ; Leistungsorientierung ; Systemtheorie ; Kindertagesstätte ; Schulreform ; Schulentwicklung ; Deutschland ; Österreich ; Thailand ; Inclusion ; Normalization (Disabilities) ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Philosophy of education ; Human rights ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Integrative education ; Disadvantage ; Justice ; Differentiated teaching ; School ; Educational policy ; Strangeness ; Educational process ; Learning process ; Pupil-teacher relation ; Pupil-teacher relationship ; Concept of education ; Special Educational Needs ; School sports ; Physical handicap ; Oligophrenia ; Social change ; Social development ; Autonomy ; Refugee ; Achievement orientation ; System theory ; Day nursery ; School reform ; School development ; Germany ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 15
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The impetus and aim of this publication is to shed light on different perspectives on diversity in early childhood and to explore possibilities for researching this together with children. Reference is made to bodies of knowledge and knowledge references that have developed and become established in the context of early childhood and diversity, and attention is paid to explaining different methods and concrete experiences of using them to explore perspectives on diversity. One focus is on the description and reflection of research with children. The book is aimed at students and researchers in educational science and its neighbouring disciplines. It gives them an insight into basic theoretical frameworks with regard to the thematic horizons of childhood, childhood research and diversity and presents methods of research that enable the active inclusion of children in a concentrated manner. Furthermore, it gives professionals in elementary education and heads of organisations an impression of methods (reflections) and procedures of research with children and can be a support for them in the context of decision-making processes about participation in research projects.
    Description: Unterschiedliche Perspektiven auf Vielfalt in der frühen Kindheit zu beleuchten und Möglichkeiten auszuloten, wie mit Kindern gemeinsam dazu geforscht werden kann, sind Anstoß und Ziel dieser Publikation. Es wird auf Wissensbestände und Wissensbezüge Bezug genommen, die sich im Kontext von früher Kindheit und Diversität entwickelt und etabliert haben und der Erläuterung unterschiedlicher Methoden und konkreter Erfahrungen Beachtung geschenkt, mit ihnen Perspektiven auf Diversität zu erforschen. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Beschreibung und Reflexion des Forschens mit Kindern. Das Buch richtet sich zum einen an Studierende und Forschende der Erziehungswissenschaft und ihrer Nachbardisziplinen. Ihnen gibt es einen Einblick in grundlegende theoretische Rahmungen hinsichtlich der Themenhorizonte Kindheit, Kindheitsforschung und Diversität und stellt Methoden des Forschens, die den aktiven Einbezug von Kindern ermöglichen, in konzentrierter Weise vor. Darüber hinaus vermittelt es Fachkräften der Elementarpädagogik und Organsisationsleitungen einen Eindruck von Methoden(-reflexionen) und Vorgehensweisen des Forschens mit Kindern und kann ihnen Unterstützung im Rahmen von Entscheidungsprozessen über die Beteiligung an Forschungsprojekten sein. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Empirische Forschung ; Selbstbestimmung ; Frühpädagogik ; Inklusion ; Teilnahme ; Behinderung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Heterogenität ; Frühe Kindheit ; Forschung ; Kind ; Kindheitsforschung ; Kindheit ; Elementarbereich ; Elementarpädagogik ; Forschendes Lernen ; Differenz ; Philosophie ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Kindertagesbetreuung ; Vielfalt ; Partizipation ; Integration ; Erziehungswissenschaft ; Interviewtechnik ; Ethnologie ; Exklusion ; Lebenswelt ; Handpuppe ; Flucht ; Ethik ; Vulnerabilität ; Pflegekind ; Raumplanung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Sozialplanung ; Grenze ; Gleichheit ; Normativität ; Kleinkindalter ; Vorschulalter ; Kinderarbeit ; Kindergarten ; Kindergartenalltag ; Kindergartenalter ; Fotografieren ; Heimkind ; Datenerhebung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Teilnehmende Beobachtung ; Forschungsmethode ; Forschungsprojekt ; Methode ; Interview ; Schweiz ; Deutschland ; Argentinien ; Nepal ; Empirical research ; Self-determination ; Early childhood education ; Inclusion ; Participation ; Handicap ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Heterogeneity ; Early childhood ; Research ; Child ; Childhood ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools::JNLA Pre-school & kindergarten ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools::JNLA Pre-school and kindergarten
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  • 16
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: In social debates about inclusion, the humane, the individual person, runs the risk of being lost from view, as the discussions are often only conducted on a systemic-structural level. However, aspects of concrete pedagogical and conceptual work and educational encounters are also affected. This volume is dedicated to the diversity of individuals in their respective contexts in the spectrum between inclusions and exclusions from different theoretical and practical perspectives. From everyday situations in German and American classrooms to school inclusion models and the Federal Participation Act to humane exclusions in the internationally networked digital age; from discourses on vulnerability, ethics and exclusion to the topos of the stranger in the educational inclusion debate, multiple perspectives open up.
    Description: In gesellschaftlichen Debatten um Inklusion läuft das Humane, der einzelne Mensch, Gefahr, aus dem Blick zu geraten, da die Diskussionen oftmals nur auf systemisch-struktureller Ebene geführt werden. Betroffen sind dabei jedoch auch Aspekte der konkreten pädagogischen und konzeptionellen Arbeit und der erzieherischen Begegnung. Dieser Band widmet sich der Vielfalt von Individuen in ihren jeweiligen Kontexten im Spektrum zwischen Inklusionen und Exklusionen aus unterschiedlichen theoretischen und praktischen Perspektiven. Von alltäglichen Situationen in deutschen und amerikanischen Klassenzimmern über schulische Inklusionsmodelle und das Bundesteilhabegesetz hin zu humanen Exklusionen im international vernetzten Digitalzeitalter; von Diskursen über Vulnerabilität, Ethik und Exklusion bis hin zum Topos des Fremden in der pädagogischen Inklusionsdebatte eröffnen sich multiperspektivische Betrachtungsweisen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Exklusion ; Humanistische Pädagogik ; Vielfalt ; Sonderpädagogik ; Interdisziplinarität ; Schule ; Unterricht ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Integrative Schule ; Partizipation ; Diagnostik ; Gesetzgebung ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Vulnerabilität ; Fremdes ; Digitalisierung ; Butler, Judith ; Deutschland ; USA ; Inclusion ; Humanistic pedagogics ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Interdisciplinarity ; School ; Teaching ; Cross-national comparison ; International comparison ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Diagnostic ; Special Educational Needs ; Foreign culture ; Digitalization ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 17
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 377-386 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Apoptosis in cells of different lineages is restrained by survival signals which depend upon cell-to-cell communication. The aim of this study was to determine whether colonic cells deprived of crypt ambient are doomed to die prior to their normal chronological demise. Apoptosis was studied in rat whole colonic tissue, in isolated intact crypts, and in colonic cell populations collected from the crypt axis at different stages of proliferation and differentiation. In a number of experiments, cell harvest was performed in the presence of either a tetrapeptide (YVAD-CMK) inhibitor of interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE), or tyrphostin A25, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or sodium-orthovanadate, a phosphatase inhibitor. DNA fragmentation was assessed by electrophoretic and nonisotopic-labeling procedures. The ultrastructure of colonic tissue specimens and isolated cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis in whole colonic tissue and in isolated crypts was confined predominantly to cells resident in the upper crypt regions. In contrast, extensive apoptotic death was observed in isolated colonic cells, irrespective of their developmental stage and positional hierarchy within the crypt continuum at harvest time. An apoptotic gradient, however, was evident. Exposure to YVAD-CMK resulted in a marked decrease in the number of apoptotic cells. Treatment with tyrphostin A25 caused a sharp rise in the apoptotic index; conversely, vanadate significantly impeded apoptosis. Cumulatively, these results indicate that disordered intercellular communication provokes unscheduled ICE-mediated apoptosis of colonocytes, and that local signals along the crypt continuum control both the reprieve from death and the timely demise of distinct colonic cell populations. Attenuation of tyrosine phosphorylation may be a contributory event in the acquisition of the apoptotic phenotype. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:377-386, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 518-524 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 525-534 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 575-584 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of hsp27 as an inhibitor of actin polymerization was considered in the context of the actin cytoskeleton and its relationship with focal adhesion formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of hsp27 on focal adhesion formation as a relevant biological consequence of actin stress fiber formation. When hsp27 was overexpressed in stably transfected cells, cell attachment was delayed and recovery of disrupted stress fibers and focal adhesions was limited. In ROS 17/2.8 cells, heat shock caused the reversible disruption of stress fibers and focal adhesions. The loss of stress fibers and focal adhesions was associated with reduced phosphotyrosine on the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Microinjection of recombinant 6-His hsp27 and phosphorylated 6-His hsp27 was used to demonstrate that nonphosphorylated hsp27 prevented the recovery of stress fibers and focal adhesions. These results provide in vivo evidence that hsp27 acts as an inhibitor of actin polymerization that can alter cellular interactions with extracellular environments by perturbation of stress fibers, and subsequently focal adhesions. J Cell Physiol 177:575-584, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hepatocytes entrapped in collagen gel and cultured in serum-free conditions survived longer than cells cultured on plastic (5 days vs. 3 weeks), showed fewer signs of early cell senescence (no increase in c-fos oncoprotein expression), and maintained the expression of differentiated hepatic metabolic functions over a longer period of time. Cells cultured in collagen gels retained their ability to respond to hormones. The insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis rate remained fairly constant during 18 days in culture (between 5.4 ± 0.37 and 9 ± 2.7 nmol glucose/h/μg DNA). Collagen-cultured hepatocytes recovered glycogen stores to levels similar to those found in liver, or in hepatocytes isolated from fed rats. Urea synthesis from ammonia remained stable for more than 2 weeks (average value, 23 ± 4 nmol urea/h/μg DNA). The rate of albumin synthesis in collagen-entrapped cells was maintained above the day-1 level during 18 days in culture. Cells showed high levels of glutathione (GSH) (1,278 ± 152 pmol/μg DNA). Biotransformation activities CYP4501A1, CYP4502A2, CYP4502B1, and CYP4503A1 remained fairly stable in collagen-cultured hepatocytes. CYP4502E1 and CYP4502C11 decreased but were still measurable after 18 days. After 4 days in culture, GST activity returned to levels observed in isolated hepatocytes. In contrast with plastic cultures, cells responded to CYP450 inducers (methylcholanthrene for CYP4501A1, CYP4501A2, and gluthatione-transferase, and ethanol for CYP4502E1) for more than 2 weeks. CYP4501A1, CYP4501A2, and glutathione-transferase A2 (GST A2) induction was preceded by an increase in specific mRNA, while the effects on CYP4502E1 seemed to be at a posttranslational level. Analysis of the expression of relevant hepatic genes by reverse Northern and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that culturing hepatocytes in collagen gels results in a sustained higher expression of key liver transcription factor genes DBP, C/EBP-α and -β, and HNF-1 and -4, as well as specific liver enzyme genes (phosphoenol pyryvate carboxykinase, and carbamoylphosphate-synthetase I). J Cell Physiol 177:553-562, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 535-552 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The viral Crk oncogene (v-Crk) is known to induce sarcomas in chicken and its cellular homologs c-Crk I, c-Crk II, and Crk-like (CRKL) have been implicated in many signal transduction events. These include cell differentiation, cell migration, and the induced nonresponsiveness of T-cells to stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR), a state known as anergy. CRKL is also the most prominent substrate of the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein which causes human chronic myelogenous leukemias (CML). The modular composition of the Crk family adapters which largely consist of Src homology (SH2 and SH3) domains has prompted an intensive search for physiological and pathological upstream and downstream signalling partners which selectively bind to these adapters. Upstream proteins include various receptors and large multisite docking proteins, while several protein kinases and guanine nucleotide release proteins (GNRPs) have been suggested to function downstream of c-Crk and CRKL. Most Crk/CRKL SH2- and SH3-binding proteins contain several docking sites with considerable sequence similarity. Thus the binding requirements of Crk/CRKL SH2 and SH3 domains are now well defined, providing a basis for the design of small inhibitory molecules to block the function of these adapter proteins. The enzymatic cascades activated through Crk family adapters are only partially known, but stress kinases (SAPKs/JNKs) and the GTPase Rap1, as well as the B-Raf isoform of the Raf protein kinases, are affected in some systems. Several yet unidentified, highly selective Crk interacting proteins detectable in specific cell types remain to be studied. More detailed analyses of the enzymatic activities triggered through Crk-type adapters will also be crucial to fully define the signalling pathways controlled by this protein family. J Cell Physiol 177:535-552, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have previously described a specific, saturable receptor for rat collagenase-3 in the rat osteosarcoma cell line, UMR 106-01. Binding of rat collagenase-3 to this receptor is coupled to the internalization and eventual degradation of the enzyme and correlates with observed extracellular levels of the enzyme. In this study we have shown that decreased binding, internalization, and degradation of 125I-rat collagenase-3 were observed in cells after 24 h of parathyroid hormone treatment; these activities returned to control values after 48 h and were increased substantially (twice control levels) after 96 h of treatment with the hormone. Subcellular fractionation studies to identify the route of uptake and degradation of collagenase-3 localized intracellular accumulation of 125I-rat collagenase-3 initially in Golgi-associated lysosomes and later in secondary lysosomes. Maximal lysosomal accumulation of the radiolabel and stimulation of general lysosomal activity occurred after 72 h of parathyroid hormone treatment. Preventing fusion of endosomes with lysosomes (by temperature shift, colchicine, or monensin) resulted in no internalized 125I-collagenase-3 in either lysosomal fraction. Treatment of UMR cells with the above agents or ammonium chloride decreased excretion of 125I-labeled degradation products of collagenase-3. These experiments demonstrated that degradation of collagenase-3 required receptor-mediated endocytosis and sequential processing by endosomes and lysosomes. Thus, parathyroid hormone regulates the expression and synthesis of collagenase-3 as well as the abundance and functioning of the collagenase-3 receptor and the intracellular degradation of its ligand. The coordinate changes in the secretion of collagenase-3 and expression of the receptor determine the net abundance of the enzyme in the extracellular space. J Cell Physiol 177:563-574, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 585-592 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of metabolic inhibitors on nontransferrin bound iron transport by K562 cells was investigated. Incubation with 1 μM rotenone, 10 μM antimycin, or 0.5 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol effectively reduced ATP levels by ∼50%. Both the rate and extent of Fe+3 uptake were impaired in ATP-depleted cells, which display a reduced Vmax for uptake. K562 cell ferrireductase activity was also lowered by metabolic inhibitors, suggesting that the apparent energy requirements for transport reside in the reduction of Fe+3 to Fe+2. However, ATP depletion was found to inhibit the rate and extent of Fe+2 uptake as well. Thus, the transbilayer passage of Fe+2 and/or Fe+3 appears to be an energy-requiring process. These features possibly reflect properties of the transport mechanism associated with a recently identified K562 cell transport protein, called SFT for “Stimulator of Fe Transport,” since exogenous expression of its activity is also affected by ATP depletion. J Cell Physiol 177:585-592, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 593-605 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Clusterin (ApoJ) is an extracellular glycoprotein expressed during processes of tissue differentiation and regression that involve programmed cell death (apoptosis). Increased clusterin expression has also been found in tumors, however, the mechanism underlying this induction is not known. Apoptotic processes in tumors could be responsible for clusterin gene activation. Alternatively, oncogenic mutations could modulate signal transduction, thereby inducing the gene. We examined the response of the rat clusterin gene to two oncogenes, Ha-ras and c-myc, in transfected Rat1 fibroblasts. While c-myc overexpression did not modify clusterin gene activity, the Ha-ras oncogene produced a seven to tenfold repression of clusterin mRNA; this down-regulation was also observed in the presence of c-myc. Since no induction of the clusterin gene was observed by the two oncogenes, we tested the alternative mechanism involving apoptosis. Growth factor withdrawal induced apoptosis, as shown by DNA degradation and micronuclei formation in the floating cells. Concomittantly we observed a three to tenfold increase in the amount of clusterin mRNA in the adhering cells of Rat1 and the c-myc transformed cell lines, and a weaker induction in the Ha-ras transformed cell line. On the basis of our results, we suggest that clusterin gene induction in the vital cells is produced by signaling molecules that are generated by the apoptotic cells. We conclude that apoptotic processes, not oncogenic mutations, are responsible for increased clusterin expression in tumors. J Cell Physiol 177:593-605, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 26
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 618-627 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We previously reported that the enterocytic differentiation of human colonic Caco-2 cells correlated with down-regulation of fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LN), two extracellular matrix components interacting with cell surface integrin receptors. We now investigated whether Caco-2 cell differentiation was associated with alterations in integrin signaling with special interest in the expression and activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. The differentiation of Caco-2 cells was associated with: (1) down-regulation of β1 integrin expression at the mRNA and protein levels; (2) increased FAK expression together with decreased FAK autophosphorylation; (3) decreased FAK's ability to associate with PI3-kinase and pp60c-src; and (4) increased MAP kinase expression along with decreased MAP activity. In addition, we show that FAK and MAP kinase belong to distinct integrin signaling pathways and that both pathways remain functional during Caco-2 cell differentiation since the coating of differentiating cells on FN and LN but not on polylysine increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and of its endogenous substrate paxillin, and stimulated MAP kinase activity. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that FAK and MAP kinase, two signaling molecules activated independently by β1 integrins in Caco-2 cells, undergo alterations of both expression and activity during the enterocytic differentiation of this cell line. J Cell Physiol 177:618-627, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Salivary glands contain two major epithelial cell types: acinar cells which produce the primary salivary secretion, including amylase, and ductal cells which reabsorb electrolytes but also secrete kallikrein. Here we investigated salivary acinar cell differentiation in vitro using the activity of the salivary amylase and tissue kallikrein promoters as markers of acinar cell and ductal cell differentiation, respectively. Each of the promoter sequences was cloned into a replication-deficient adenoviral vector containing the luciferase reporter gene. Previous studies showed that a human submandibular gland cell line (HSG) differentiated into acinar cells when cultured on a reconstituted basement membrane matrix (Matrigel). The luciferase activity of the amylase promoter vector (AdAMY-luc) was low in HSG cells cultured on plastic, where they grow as an epithelial monolayer. The promoter activity increased approximately tenfold when HSG cells were cultured on Matrigel and developed an acinar phenotype. Under the same conditions, the luciferase activity of the kallikrein promoter (AdKALL-luc) was not induced. Because HSG cells demonstrate acinar cell morphology, but not amylase gene expression, when cultured on laminin-1, certain soluble components of Matrigel were tested for their ability to induce the amylase promoter during in vitro differentiation of acinar cells. We find that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), which are present in the basement membrane, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increase activity of the amylase promoter. Other basement membrane-derived growth factors such as TGF-β, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PGDF), as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), keratinocyte growth factor (KGH), nerve growth factor (NGF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were inactive. This system will be further exploited to study the mechanisms by which extracellular matrix molecules and growth factors regulate salivary acinar cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol 177:628-635, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of HSP27 in cell growth and resistance to stress was investigated using murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells (normally devoid of constitutively expressed small HSPs) and human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells stably transfected with a human hsp27 expression vector. Our data showed that our L929 cells were more resistant to oxidative stress than generally observed for this line. Production of HSP27 in these cells led to a marked decrease in growth rate associated with a series of phenotypical changes, including cell spreading, cellular and nuclear hypertrophy, development of an irregular outline, and a tremendous accumulation of actin stress fibers. By contrast, none of these changes was observable in SaOS-2/hsp27 transfectants overexpressing the protein product. Together, these observations are consistent with a cause-to-effect cascade relationship between increased (or induced) HSP27 expression, changes in cytoskeletal organization, and decreased growth. On the other hand, whereas the transfection of the hsp27 gene increased the cell resistance to heat in both cell lines, only in SaOS-2 cells was this associated with protection to the cytotoxic action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and etoposide. Unexpectedly, L929/hsp27 transfectants exhibited an increased sensitivity to both agents and also to H2O2. These data thus imply that different mechanisms are involved in the cell resistance to heat shock and to the cytotoxic action of TNF-α, etoposide, and H2O2. They also plead against the simple view that overexpression of a phosphorylatable HSP27 would necessarily be beneficial in terms of increased cell resistance to any type of stress. Our data further indicate that the role of HSP27 in cellular resistance to stress and in cell proliferation involves different targets and that the ultimate result of its interference with these processes depends on the intracellular context in which the protein is expressed. J Cell Physiol 177:606-617, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using an expression cloning approach, we identified and cloned a novel intracellular protein produced by osteoclasts that indirectly induces osteoclast formation and bone resorption, termed OSF. Conditioned media from 293 cells transiently transfected with the 0.9 kb OSF cDNA clone stimulated osteoclast-like cell formation in both human and murine marrow cultures in the presence or absence 10-9 M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In addition, conditioned media from 293 cells transfected with the OSF cDNA clone enhanced the stimulatory effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on bone resorption in the fetal rat long bone assay. In situ hybridization studies using antisense oligomers showed expression of OSF mRNA in highly purified osteoclast-like cells from human giant cell tumors of the bone. Northern blot analysis demonstrated ubiquitous expression of a 1.3 kb mRNA that encodes OSF in multiple human tissues. Sequence analysis showed the OSF cDNA encoded a 28 kD peptide that contains a c-Src homology 3 domain (SH3) and ankyrin repeats, suggesting that it was not a secreted protein, but that it was potentially involved in cell signaling. Consistent with these data, immunoblot analysis using rabbit antisera against recombinant OSF demonstrated OSF expression in cell lysates but not in the culture media. Furthermore, recombinant OSF had a high affinity for c-Src, an important regulator of osteoclast activity. Taken together, these data suggest that OSF is a novel intracellular protein that indirectly enhances osteoclast formation and osteoclastic bone resorption through the cellular signal transduction cascade, possibly through its interactions with c-Src or other Src-related proteins. J Cell Physiol 177:636-645, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The addition of dexamethasone (dex) to human fibroblast cultures has been found to elicit enhanced proliferation. This enhancement is manifested by an increase in the initial growth rate, saturation density, and proliferative life span of WI-38 fibroblast cultures grown in the presence of dex. We examined the acute effects of dex on a number of growth-related genes in WI-38 cells. Our results show a decrease in the level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 in response to dex. In addition, the level of the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is increased in dex-treated cells. These changes are correlated with changes in the activity of the p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 and IGF-1R promoters. The results presented in this report suggest that dex may delay growth arrest in response to contact inhibition, as well as during cellular senescence. Thus, dex may act at multiple levels to enhance cellular proliferation in WI-38 cells: first, to decrease the level of an inhibitor of cell-cycle progression, and second, to increase the sensitivity of WI-38 cells to the proliferative effects of IGF-1. These acute effects may cooperate with other, as yet uncharacterized effects, to result in the enhanced proliferation seen in the presence of dex. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:396-401, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 402-410 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Potassium (K+) conductances are known to be involved in cell proliferation of a number of nonexcitable cell types. The nature of the mechanism by which K+ channel inhibition reduces cell proliferation has remained elusive despite intensive search. We investigated whether such a phenomenon could be demonstrated in excitable cells, using the GH3 pituitary cell line as a cell model. Our aims were: (1) to study the effect of K+ channel inhibition on the proliferation of GH3 cells; and (2) to investigate the putative intracellular signals involved in this inhibition. Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), a blocker of the calcium (Ca2+)-dependent K+ conductances of GH3, was found to reversibly inhibit cell proliferation, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Cell cycle block specifically occurred at the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. This inhibition of proliferation was observed for 1-4 mM TEA, which suppressed most of the Ca2+-activated K+ current and part of the inward rectifying K+ current, as shown by electrophysiological experiments. Increasing extracellular K+ concentrations with KCl also inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Both TEA and KCl depolarized the cells and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i), showing that, in this type of excitable cell, inhibition of cell proliferation can be associated with elevated Ca2+ levels. Ca2+ and membrane resting potential (MRP) were considered as possible messengers of this inhibition. Our results suggest that cell cycle arrest of GH3 cells by K+ channel block probably involves an additional pathway, distinct from those of Ca2+ and MRP. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:402-410, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 387-395 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previously, we reported that unaggressive, growth factor-dependent FET human colon carcinoma cells downregulated their transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) expression in a quiescent state (G0/G1) induced by growth factor and nutrient deprivation (Mulder, 1991, Cancer Res., 51:2256-2262). In contrast, highly aggressive, growth factor-independent HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells aberrantly upregulated this autocrine activity in the quiescent state (Mulder, 1991, Cancer Res., 51:2256-2262; Howell et al., 1998, Mol. Cell. Biol., 18:303-313). In this report, the role of autocrine TGFα and the mechanism of its regulation of expression during reentry into the cell cycle from a noncycling growth state were determined in FET cells. Optimal induction of DNA synthesis from a quiescent state in FET cells is dependent upon autocrine TGFα as well as exogenous transferrin and insulin. Reentry into the cell cycle resulting from treatment with exogenous transferrin and insulin resulted in ∼3-fold induction of TGFα expression within 1 hr. TGFα induction was controlled at the transcription level, and the cis-controlling element was localized to the region between bp -370--201 relative to the translation start codon within the TGFα promoter. Thus neutralization of autocrine TGFα protein revealed that the induced TGFα autocrine activity was necessary for DNA synthesis and acted only in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. Blockade of autocrine TGFα expression early in the cell cycle resulted in the reduction of DNA synthesis, whereas treatment with neutralization antibody at later times had no effect. This suggested that autocrine TGFα functions to initiate cell growth from noncycling states. This was further confirmed by the dependence of FET cells upon autocrine TGFα for colony formation in experiments where the plating density was sufficiently low to generate a lag phase in tissue culture. In contrast, TGFα autocrine activity was not required for exponential phase cells, as evidenced by the failure of TGFα neutralizing antibody to inhibit proliferation in this growth state. Taken together, these results suggest that autocrine TGFα acts primarily in the process of growth initiation by moving cells from a noncycling state back into the cell cycle, rather than supporting cell growth already initiated. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:387-395, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) is progressively lost from mammary epithelial cells as they become malignant. To investigate the effects of restoring the expression of bFGF in breast cancer cells, we constructed MCF-7 cells that permanently overexpress 18-kD cytoplasm-localizing bFGF (MCF-7/ΔAFGF(18) cells) and cells that express both the 18-kD along with the 22- and 24-kD nucleus-localizing bFGF peptides (MCF-7/NCFFGF(18,22,24) cells), using retroviral transduction. These stable cell constructs grew more slowly and had a larger fraction of their populations in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle than control cells. All forms of bFGF were eluted from MCF-7/NCFFGF(18,22,24) cell monolayers with 2 M NaCl, in contrast to fibroblasts that were demonstrated to secrete only the 18-kD bFGF isoform. High-affinity binding of 18-kD 125I-bFGF to these cells was significantly decreased, probably because of competitive binding by the autocrine-secreted bFGF. Recombinant 18-kD bFGF that was previously demonstrated in our laboratory to inhibit proliferation, activate MAP kinase, and induce the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 in MCF-7 cells, further inhibited MCF-7/ΔAFGF(18) cells but had no effect on MCF-7/NCFFGF(18,22,24) cells. The total cellular content of the high-affinity FGF receptors 1-3 was unchanged, but FGF receptor 4 was decreased in MCF-7/NCFFGF(18,22,24) cells. Both cell types overexpressing bFGF isoforms had elevated levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 but not that of p21WAF1/CIP1. In MCF-7/ΔAFGF(18) cells, FGFR1 and MAP kinase were constitutively phosphorylated. Exogenous recombinant 18-kD bFGF did not accentuate these effects but did induce an increase in the levels of p21WAF1/CIP1 corresponding to the further inhibition induced by exogenous bFGF in these cells. In MCF-7/NCFFGF(18,22,24) cells, FGFR1 and MAP kinase were not phosphorylated at baseline nor upon stimulation with recombinant bFGF, and exogenous bFGF only had a minimal effect on low steady-state p21WAF1/CIP1 levels. However, stimulation of these cells with phorbol ester or insulin did result in MAP kinase phosphorylation. While growth-inhibited in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, MCF-7/NCFFGF(18,22,24) cells retained active isoforms of cdk2 and the hyperphosphorylated form of Rb. These data suggest that high molecular weight forms of bFGF overexpressed in MCF-7 cells do not activate the receptor-mediated MAP kinase pathway, and do not induce p21WAF1/CIP1 in an autocrine manner, but inhibit proliferation through other, possibly direct nuclear signalling mechanisms. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:411-425, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells derived from colony-forming units-fibroblastic (CFU-Fs). These cells reside in the bone marrow cavity and are capable of differentiating into several cell phenotypes including osteoblasts, chondroblasts, hematopoiesis-supporting stromal cells, and adipocytes. However, the factors that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of the BMSC population are for the most part unknown. Since many members of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family have been shown to participate in growth control of various mesenchymal cell populations, in this study we examined the expression and function of RTKs in the BMSC population. Degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to two conserved catalytic domains of the RTK family and RT-PCR were used initially to determine which RTKs are expressed in the human BMSC (hBMSC) system. After subcloning the amplification product generated from mRNA of a multicolony-derived hBMSC strain, PDGF receptor (β), EGF receptor, FGF receptor 1, and Axl were identified by DNA sequencing of 26 bacterial colonies. Furthermore, PDGF and EGF were found to enhance BMSC growth in a dose-dependent manner and to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular molecules, including the PDGF and EGF receptors themselves, demonstrating the functionality of these receptors. On the other hand, bFGF was found to have little effect on proliferation or tyrosine phosphorylation. Since single colony-derived hBMSC strains are known to vary from one colony to another in colony habit (growth rate and colony structure) and the ability to form bone in vivo, the expression levels of these RTKs were determined in 18 hBMSC clonal strains by semiquantitative RT-PCR and were found to vary from one clonal strain to another. While not absolutely predictive of the osteogenic capacity of individual clonal strains, on average, relatively high levels of PDGF-receptor were found in bone-forming strains, while on average, nonbone-forming strains had relatively high levels of EGF-receptor. Taken together, these results indicate that RTKs play a role in the control of hBMSC proliferation, and that the differential pattern of RTK expression may be useful in correlating the biochemical properties of individual clonal strains with their ability to produce bone in vivo. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:426-438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is a recently characterized member of the VEGF family of angiogenic polypeptides. We demonstrate here that VEGF-C is angiogenic in vitro when added to bovine aortic or lymphatic endothelial (BAE and BLE) cells but has little or no effect on bovine microvascular endothelial (BME) cells. As reported previously for VEGF, VEGF-C and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induced a synergistic in vitro angiogenic response in all three cells lines. Unexpectedly, VEGF and VEGF-C also synergized in the in vitro angiogenic response when assessed on BAE cells. Characterization of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) expression revealed that BME, BAE, and BLE cell lines express VEGFR-1 and -2, whereas of the three cell lines assessed, only BAE cells express VEGFR-3. We also demonstrate that VEGF-C increases plasminogen activator (PA) activity in the three bovine endothelial cell lines and that this is accompanied by a concomitant increase in PA inhibitor-1. Addition of α2-antiplasmin to BME cells co-treated with bFGF and VEGF-C partially inhibited collagen gel invasion. These results demonstrate, first, that by acting in concert with bFGF or VEGF, VEGF-C has a potent synergistic effect on the induction of angiogenesis in vitro and, second, that like VEGF and bFGF, VEGF-C is capable of altering endothelial cell extracellular proteolytic activity. These observations also highlight the notion of context, i.e., that the activity of an angiogenesis-regulating cytokine depends on the presence and concentration of other cytokines in the pericellular environment of the responding endothelial cell. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:439-452, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell cycle control of histone H4 gene transcription is mediated by the multipartite promoter domain H4-Site II, which supports transcriptional activation at the G1/S phase transition and modulates basal H4 gene transcription. Proliferation-specific transcription is determined by the integrated activities of three distinct promoter factors interacting with H4-Site II: the interferon regulatory factor IRF-2 (synonymous with HiNF-M), HiNF-D (a complex between the homeodomain protein CDP-cut and the cell cycle mediators CDC2, cyclin A and pRB), as well as HiNF-P/H4TF-2. However, the contribution of HiNF-D to the enhancement and/or suppression of H4 gene transcription at specific cell cycle stages remains to be established. We used a panel of synchronized HeLa S3 cell lines containing stably integrated H4 promoter/CAT reporter gene constructs with mutations in H4-Site II. The temporal regulation of CAT mRNA accumulation under the control of the H4 promoter was analyzed by RNase protection analysis. Our main finding is that mutation of the HiNF-D/CDP-cut binding site alters the timing of histone gene activation during the cell cycle. Furthermore, our data indicate that HiNF-P/H4TF-2 may functionally compensate for HiNF-M/IRF-2 at Site II to regulate histone H4 gene transcription in HeLa S3 cervical carcinoma cells during early S phase. We postulate that HiNF-D (CDP-cut/cyclin A/CDC2/pRB containing complex) promotes HiNF-M/IRF-2 (and/or HiNF-P/H4TF-2) dependent histone H4 gene activation at the G1/S phase transition and attenuates H4 gene transcription at later cell cycle stages. The mechanistic division in the gene regulatory functions of the three H4-Site II binding proteins may ensure that histone H4 gene expression is stringently coupled with the onset of S phase in response to growth factor/cytokine-induced cell cycle progression. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:453-464, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 465-473 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human dermal fibroblasts suspended in a collagen matrix exhibit a 4-day delay in cell division, while the same cells in monolayer divided by day 1. The initial rates of 3H-thymidine incorporation by cells in monolayer or suspended in collagen were not significantly different. When suspended in collagen, there was a threefold increase in the proportion of cells in a tetraploidal (4N) DNA state compared to the same cells in monolayer. Flow cytometry analysis and 3H-thymidine incorporation studies identified the delay of cell division as a consequence of a block in the G2/M of the cell cycle and not an inhibition of DNA synthesis. The inclusion of 150 μ/ml of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the manufacture of fibroblast populated collagen lattices (FPCL) caused a stimulation of cell division, as determined by cell counting; increased the expression of tubulin, as determined by Western blot analysis; and reduced the proportion of cells in a 4N state, as determined by flow cytometry. HA added to the same cells growing in monolayer produced a minimal increase in the rate of cell division or DNA synthesis. HA supplementation of FPCLs stimulated cell division as well as tubulin concentrations, but it did not enhance lattice contraction. The introduction of tubulin isolated from pig brain or purchased tubulin into fibroblasts by electroporation prior to their transfer into collagen lattices promoted cell division in the first 24 hours and enhanced FPCL contraction. It is proposed that tubulin protein, the building blocks of microtubules, is limited in human fibroblasts residing within a collagen matrix. When human fibroblasts are suspended in collagen, one effect of added HA may be to stimulate the synthesis of tubulin which assists cells through the cell cycle. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:465-473, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 474-482 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study we examined the regulation of cdk1 expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and neoplastic keratinocytes. Keratinocytes were growth-arrested by allowing the cells to grow to confluence or by treating them with interferon-gamma (IFNγ) or 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that cdk1 was profoundly reduced in growth-arrested HEKs when compared with dividing HEKs. In contrast, a squamous carcinoma cell line, SCC25, did not growth-arrest in response to growth inhibitors and did not downregulate cdk1 expression. Transfection of HEKs with a reporter gene driven off a 2.5-kb fragment of the human cdk1 promoter indicated that the downregulation of cdk1 upon growth arrest was transcriptional. Deletion mapping of the cdk1 promoter indicated that a repressor region was located between -949--722 bp. This repressor region was not operative in the SCC25 cells. Examination of DNA:protein binding complexes by gel-shift analysis indicated that nuclear factors from both proliferative and growth-arrested cells bound to the DNA fragment spanning -949--722 bp. Further analysis revealed that this binding could be resolved into a constitutive and growth arrest-specific complex that bound in a similar fashion to regions spanning -892--831 bp and -831--774 bp, respectively. The putative growth arrest-specific complex was not found in contact-inhibited fibroblasts and was found at very low levels in SCC25 cells, indicating that the putative repressor binding was growth arrest-specific and possibly keratinocyte-specific. The binding complexes bound to these two fragments were localized, by competition analysis, to regions -874--853 bp and -830--800 bp. This is the first report of a transcriptional repressor being operative during keratinocyte growth arrest. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:474-482, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Treatment with the sulfhydryl oxidant diamide denatures and aggregates cellular proteins, which prior studies have implicated as an oxidative damage that activates the heat shock transcription factor and induces thermotolerance. This study was initiated to further characterize cellular response to diamide-denatured proteins, including their involvement in diamide cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic diamide exposures at 37.0°C denatured and aggregated cellular proteins in a manner that was proportional to cell killing, but this correlation was different than that established for heated cells. Diamide exposures at 24.0°C were orders of magnitude less cytotoxic, with little additional killing occurring after diamide was removed and cells were returned to 37.0°C. Thus, protein denaturation that occurred at 37.0°C, after proteins were chemically destabilized by diamide at 24.0°C [Freeman et al., J. Cell. Physiol., 164:356-366 (1995) Senisterra et al., Biochemistry 36: 11002-11011 (1997)], had little effect on cell killing. Thermotolerance protected cells against diamide cytotoxicity but did not reduce the amount of denatured and aggregated protein observed immediately following diamide exposure. However, denatured/aggregated proteins in thermotolerant cells were disaggregated within 17 h following diamide exposure, while no disaggregation was observed in nontolerant cells. This more rapid disaggregation of proteins may be one mechanism by which thermotolerance protects cells against diamide toxicity, as it has been postulated to do against heat killing. As with heat shock, nontoxic diamide exposures induced maximal tolerance against heat killing; however, there was no detectable, increased synthesis of heat shock proteins. Thus, diamide treatment proved to be a reproducible procedure for inducing a phase of thermotolerance that does not require new heat shock protein (HSP) synthesis, without having to use transcription or translation inhibitors to suppress HSP gene expression.These results complement those from studies with other stresses to establish the importance of protein denaturation/aggregation as a cytotoxic consequence of stress and a trigger for thermotolerance induction. The data also illustrate that differences in how proteins are denatured and aggregated can affect their cytotoxicity and the manner in which thermotolerance is expressed. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:483-492, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 499-499 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 501-506 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: CDK9 is a cdc2-related kinase protein. Previously named PITALRE, this protein is a serine-threonine kinase involved in many physiological processes. Unlike most of the cdc2-like kinases, its activity is not cell cycle-regulated. CDK9 acts preferentially in processes different from cell-cycle regulation, such as differentiation. Its cyclin partners, cyclins of T family, recently have been isolated. CDK9 immunoprecipitates with several unidentified polypeptides that may regulate its kinase activity. CDK9 has been shown to associate with the HIV-Tat protein, suggesting a possible involvement in AIDS. CDK9 recently was shown to be responsible for the kinase activity associated with the TAK complex and with the P-TEFb complex, suggesting activity also in the transcription process. J Cell Physiol 177:501-506, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 493-498 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultraviolet light A (UVA) is shown to play an augmentative or synergistic role with UVB in pathophysiological conditions induced by solar radiation. Thus, UVA would contribute significantly to the development of skin malignancies. It remains unclear, however, how UVA contributes to solar radiation-induced immune suppression. Keratinocytes (KC) produce cytokines which are a significant mediator of inflammatory and immunologic reactions in skin exposed to solar radiation and are a potent mediator in the induction of immune suppression. To examine if UVA alters the expression and production of cytokines from KC, normal human keratinocytes (HuSK) were cultured and exposed to UVA at doses ranging between 2.5 and 20 kJ/m2. Constitutive expression of the p35 subunit of interleukin (IL)-12 was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the p40 subunit was induced by UVA irradiation dose dependently. IL-12 protein was also detected in the supernatants from UVA-irradiated HuSK by enzyme-linked imuunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by a bioassay. On the other hand, the same doses of UVA did not induce IL-10 mRNA or IL-10 protein which has been shown to be one of the cytokines responsible for the induction of UVB-induced immunosuppression. Considering that IL-12 promotes activation of Th1 cells and prevents the activation of Th2 cells and that administration of IL-12 has been shown to block the induction of immune suppression in UV-irradiated animals, our results suggest that UVA modulates skin immune function distinctively from UVB by affecting the balance between IL-10 and IL-12 produced from KC. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:493-498, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 (1998), S. 507-517 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neuropeptides, including mammalian bombesin-like peptides, act as potent cellular growth factors and have been implicated in a variety of normal and abnormal processes, including development, inflammation, and malignant transformation. These signaling peptides exert their characteristic effects on cellular processes by binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) on the surface of their target cells. Typically, the binding of a neuropeptide to its cognate GPCR triggers the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways that act in a synergistic and combinatorial fashion to relay the mitogenic signal to the nucleus and promote cell proliferation. A rapid increase in the synthesis of lipid-derived second messengers with subsequent activation of protein phosphorylation cascades is an important early response to neuropeptides. An emerging theme in signal transduction is that these agonists also induce rapid and coordinate tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins including the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase p125fak and the adaptor proteins p130cas and paxillin. This tyrosine phosphorylation pathway depends on the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and requires functional Rho. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in unraveling the pathways that play a role in transducing mitogenic and migratory responses induced by G protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor agonists. J Cell Physiol 177:507-517, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pentameric B subunit of verotoxin (VT) mediates the attachment to cell surface globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) to facilitate receptor-mediated endocytosis of the toxin. In highly toxin-sensitive tumor cells, the holotoxin and VT1 B subunit is targeted intracellularly to elements of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/nuclear membrane. In less sensitive cells, the toxin is targeted to components of the Golgi apparatus. We have studied two cell systems: the induced VT hypersensitivity of human astrocytoma cell lines cultured in the presence of sodium butyrate (compared to sodium propionate and capronate) and the increased VT sensitivity of multiple drug-resistant mutants as compared to parental human ovarian carcinoma cells. In both cases, a difference in the intracellular retrograde transport of the receptor-bound internalized toxin to the ER/nuclear envelope, as opposed to the Golgi, correlated with a 〉1,000-fold increase in cell sensitivity to VT. This change in intracellular routing may be due to sorting of Gb3 fatty acid isoforms, since nuclear targeting was found in turn to correlate with the preferential synthesis of Gb3 containing shorter chain (primarily C16) fatty acid species. We propose that the isoform-dependent traffic of Gb3 from the cell surface to the ER/nuclear membrane provides a new signal transduction pathway for Gb3 binding proteins. J Cell Physiol 177:646-660, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent guidelines released by the U.S. EPA define a worst-case scenario as a release under stable atmospheric conditions defined as Pasquil-Gifford stability class F. Unfortunately, very few tests at F stability have been available heretofore to provide a basis for models. Recent test data with propane releases by the German research organization TUV provide a set of 60 experiments conducted specifically to define the effects of atmospheric stability class on dispersion. Of these, 25 tests were at F stability. A comparable number were at each other stability class A through E. In addition 23 tests were at wind speeds under 1.5 m/s in stable atmospheres. This paper reports on adjustments made to our models based on these new data by reducing the originally-postulated sensitivity to stability class. In spite of considerable scatter in the TUV data, particularly between two different types of propane analyzers, the model allows us to extract information by averaging over the tests.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and deflagration pressure relief vents is based on correlations developed for various types of combustible materials and for enclosures of different strengths. The primary guideline for deflagration vent design in the US is NFPA 68 Guide for Venting of Deflagrations [5]. That document gives guidance for the design of vents for enclosures containing flammable gases, specifically hydrogen, coke oven gas, propane, and methane. Application of the guide to other gases is achieved using the KG value. Values of KG are published for a relatively small number of gases, as seen in Table D-1 of NFPA 68. This work present KG data on several additional gases obtained in a laboratory scale test vessel along with analysis of the results with respect to published values of fundamental burning velocity.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most audits try to look at a representative selection of the plant procedures and equipment. An alternative is a survey, a look in depth at selected procedures (such as those for testing alarms and trips, issuing permits-to-work, controlling modifications, taking samples or testing relief devices) or selected equipment (such as level glasses or equipment for handling LPG). If the procedure or equipment is well-chosen, surveys may make a bigger contribution to safety, per person-hour, than a conventional audit.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 16-19 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multi-disciplinary team developed a guideline for determining access restriction zones around vented solids handling equipment. The guideline provides a method for ensuring the discharge from a vented explosion will not cause injury to personnel. The steps in this method include: calculating the extent of external hazards from vented explosions; identifying potential areas where personnel could be exposed to a hazard; identifying ways to eliminate or reduce the hazard area; and establishing and documenting any access restrictions needed. Hazard zone calculations use the latest knowledge from research into fireball size, flame length and external pressure equations in VDI 3673. The guideline provides guidance for using this information. Options for mitigating or reducing external hazards from vented explosions are also described. As part of the project, the team audited several solids handling systems to look for potential oversights in existing restricted access areas. Some of the team's learnings from these audits are reviewed.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion and flash fire in a fixed bed reactor occurred at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Two employees were injured in the accident. The accident occurred in an ozone treatment building where ozone was used to treat odors from the offgas of the sludge concentration units. Excess ozone manually was routed to the fixed bed reactor (ozone destruct unit) where the ozone is catalytically transformed into oxygen before being discharged to the atmosphere.An investigation of the accident was conducted to determine the root cause of the explosion and flash fire and identify corrective actions which the WWTP management could undertake to prevent a recurrence. This investigation included site inspections, interview with the injured employees, sampling and analysis of various materials, an explosion dynamics analysis, and a root cause analysis.It was concluded that cooling oil from one of the ozone generation units entered the main ozone gas line due to a crack in one of the reactor's dielectric tubes. The cooling oil was vented into the ozone destruct unit when an employee opened a ball valve on the main ozone gas line. The cooling oil, essentially a saturated hydrocarbon mixture, reacted exothermically when it contacted the manganese dioxide catalyst. The exothermic reaction resulted in an explosion which propelled the access panel outwards and dispersed the catalyst pellets. A flash fire followed the explosion. The flash fire burned two employees and caused thermal damage to a nearby control panel.Although this accident was the first of its kind at this facility, this was not the first time that the ozone generator had experienced a failure of a dielectric tube. Thus, there was a significant probability that a dielectric tube failure could leak cooling oil into the main ozone gas line. This failure event could, in turn, result in another explosion and flash fire. The WWTP staff neither designed nor fabricated the ozone generator-destructor system. Therefore, it did not seem appropriate for the WWTP staff to modify the ozone system. Instead, it was recommended that the ozone destruct unit be taken out of service. The WWTP management acted on this recommendation.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 138-148 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A large and potentially hazardous decrease in aldehyde autoignition temperature (AIT) occurs with increased pressure. The AIT-pressure curve determined in a 5 L stainless steel sphere was similar for propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde in air, falling from about 185°C at atmospheric pressure to 90°C at 140 psia. Reduction of oxygen concentration had little effect on propionaldehyde AIT. At 100°C and 140 psia, autoignitions accompanied by at least a doubling of pressure were observed above 4% oxygen. In the presence of a few grams of free liquid, propionaldehyde vapor ignited in air at initial conditions significantly below the AIT. The mechanism appears to involve rapid Fe-catalyzed exothermic liquid-phase oxidation leading to autoignition of the adjacent heated gas layer. An acetaldehyde vapor-air mixture in the presence of free liquid and rust exploded at room temperature when air pressure was increased to 95 psia; this result is discussed with reference to a cylinder overpressurization that occurred while making up an ostensibly sub-LFL calibration mixture with compressed air. Propionaldehyde's limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was investigated in the near-autoignition region using the same 5L apparatus; the findings are discussed with reference to an overpressurization incident in an air-liquid partial oxidation reactor. The general results are used to illustrate the application of LOC in partial oxidation processes subject to autoignition and to discuss elements of the current ASTM draft test method for LOC, which does not address test difficulties associated with condensable and/or reactive gas systems.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with fire protection for water miscible flammable liquids stored in plastic containers packaged in boxes located on pallets. A series of fire tests was conducted with palletized rack storage arrangements using in-rack sprinkler protection at various levels. The intent of the paper is to present data from this test series for these types of commodities. The paper will identify various existing water miscible flammable liquid products stored in this fashion and provide background information for protecting this type of storage as it relates to NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. The test data indicates that further research work is needed in the area of plastic containers for use with the storage of combustible and flammable liquids. Included in the paper are discussions concerning possible protection strategies and suggestions for future research which would benefit those involved in risk management of this type of commodity.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. F3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. W3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is described to enhance the management of process safety risks such that the number and type of safety systems protecting against any hazard are consistently predicated upon risk. Further, that such an assignment of safety systems can be made consistent throughout an organization. This consistency is gained through standardization of qualitative risk ranking and by setting company guidelines.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Case histories of 65 incidents in runaway reactions and emergency relief in Taiwan were analyzed and classified into several categories according to their causes, materials involved, equipment types, reaction types, and ignition sources. The cases in reactors and storage tanks were examined in more detail owing to the higher probability or larger potential hazard in these two types of equipments. The most common consequence of the incidents are explosions, fires, and atmospheric release of toxic chemicals. The most severe case was a thermal explosion from an organic peroxide storage area which caused the death of 33 persons. Popping and direct releasing of process chemicals to the atmosphere from relieving devices cause the greatest environmental concerns to the community close to the plants. Runaway reactions in batch type reactors occur frequently due to various operational mistakes. Heat of reaction is the most frequent ignition source of runaway reactions and emergency relief.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk assessments have been performed to determine the risk associated with the transportation of hazardous wastes through a city. In the course of these assessments, a number of modeling issues arose relating to transportation accident rates, the characterization of incidents, the effect of thermal radiation, the impact of exposure to toxic chemicals, and the threshold for acceptable risk. This paper discusses these issues.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion occurred in a petroleum product storage tank at a refinery. The liquid petroleum product was a heavy oil used as an asphalt extender. There were no injuries, but the cleanup was costly. The storage tank was one of several which received the product stream from a dehydration unit. The accident occurred shortly after the refinery was brought back on-line following a shutdown for schduled maintenance.This was the first incident of this kind to occur at this facility. Analysis of the process data and eyewitness observations indicated that the dehydration tower, which was supposed to be maintained at a minimum of 100°C during the shutdown, was allowed to drift below 100°C for an unknown period of time. This deviation enabled liquid water to enter the storage tank. Three operational factors contributed to the accident. Corrective actions were recommended to prevent a recurrence of a similar incident.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 107-123 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the risk assessment parlance, especially with reference to chemical process industries, the term “domino effect” is used to denote “chain of accidents,” or situations when a fire/explosion/missile/toxic load generated by an accident in one unit in an industry causes secondary and higher order accidents in other units. The multi-accident catastrophe which occurred in a refinery at Vishakhapatnam, India, on September 14, 1997, claiming 60 lives and causing damages to property worth over Rs 600 million, is the most recent example of the damage potential of domino effect.But, even as the domino effect has been documented since 1947, very little attention has been paid towards modeling this phenomena. In this paper we have provided a conceptual framework based on sets of appropriate models to forecast domino effects, and assess their likely magnitudes and adverse impacts, while conducting risk assessment in a chemical process industry. The utilizability of the framework has been illustrated with a case study.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple analytical method is presented for estimating the hybrid minimum ignition energy (HMIE) of dust-gas mixtures, based on the assumed generality of Bartknecht's well-known test data for mixtures of propane with a series of dusts in air. Since the HMIE equation requires input data which might be unavailable, the use of conservative default methods is discussed.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: National Advisory Committee's Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for ammonia are critically evaluated. The technical bases for concern about AEGL-2 and AEGL-3 values derived by the committee are summarized recommendations made.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper defines situation awareness (SA) and discusses its importance to operator-machine system safety and functioning in the context of process control activities. Specifically, identified are relationships of human detection of critical process cues converying the status of automated control systems and operator interpretation of the meaning and relevance of such information to the potential for negative incidents in chemical processing. Beyond individual operator SA in interacting with control systems, intra- and inter- work team SA are discussed for supporting individual attainment of process control responsibilities. Factors critical to team SA are discussed. “Road blocks” to team SA are also analytically examined. Lastly, methods for assessing individual and team SA are reviewed and vehicles for relating outcomes of these methods to changes in process control operator and team behavior to improve human-machine system safety and performance are relayed.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 196-199 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From the 1960s onwards, the chemical and oil industries developed and used a number of new safety techniques which, in time, became second nature to those who applied them. They included the use of QRA for deciding priorities, Hazop and audits for identifying problems, inherently safer design for avoiding hazards, and more thorough investigation of incidents for identifying underlying causes. However, it has not yet become second nature to remember the accidents of the past and the actions needed to prevent them happening again.I joined industry in 1944 and moved to production in 1952. Then, and for at least 15 years afterwards, safety was a non-technical subject that could be left to arts graduates and elderly foremen. There was concern that people should not be hurt - great attention was paid to the lost-time accident rate - but there was no realization, that it was a subject worthy of systematic study by experienced technologists.This view changed at the end of the 1960s. A new generation of plants had been built, operating at higher temperatures and pressures and containing larger inventories of hazardous chemicals; the result was a series of fires and explosions and a worsening fatal accident rate. Figure 1 shows the situation in ICI, at the time the UK, s largest chemical company. Other companies experienced a similar state of affairs.As a result in 1968, I was appointed one of the company's first technical safety advisers, an unusual appointment at the time for someone with my experience, and if the reason for my appointment had not been so obvious I would have wondered what I had done wrong. I and my colleagues tried to apply the same sort of systematic thinking to safety that we applied in our other professional work. We developed some new concepts and techniques and adopted others. A common feature of our ides, realized only in restrospect, was that they consisted of more than mere problem-solving techniques. Once people had got used to these new concepts and used them a few times, they began to look at a whole range of problems in a different way.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3;1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-heptafluoropropane) is an effective replacement for Halon 1301 in fire suppression systems, providing rapid extinguishment of flames through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. The vast majority of applications for HFC-227ea involve the protection of Class A hazards, which are characterized by low fuel loadings and low energy output, with fire sizes often in the range of 5-10 kW. Mid- and large-scale testing has demonstrated that HFC-227ea, at its minimum design concentration of 7.0% v/v, is effective at extinguishing fires typical of those expected to occur in electronic data processing (EDP) facilities, telecommunication facilities and anechoic chambers. The levels of HF produced following extinguishment of typical Class a fires with HFC-227ea were well below the estimated mammalian LC50 and the human Dangerous Toxic Load (DTL), and do not appear to present a threat to electronic equipment.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On October 31, 1987 a crane lifting a heat exchanger convection section failed and severed a 4″ loading line and a 2″ pressure relief line to an HF alkylation reactor settler drum at a petroleum refinery in Texas City, Texas. Vapors were emitted under pressure for about two hours and the vessel was plugged and drained aproximately 44 hours later. A plume from this accidental release passed through residential areas, damaging some vegetation (brown lawns), and spawning a class action law suit. An extensive analysis was conducted to determine the total inventory loss and to model the blowdown process and the concentrations of HF in the plume. Since the discharge rate was decreasing with time, a peak concentration of HF in the emitted vapors occurred just before the water spray mitigation system became fully operative. Consequently, the mitigation efforts were more effective late in the response when concentrations were already low. The predicted plume concentrations are consistent with observed vegetation damage effects, with concentrations below Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 3 past 3/4 mile from the source. These results support a policy of sheltering in place during such an event.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) has refined a process for developing inherently safer system designs based on methods used by Sandia to design detonation safety into nuclear weapons. The process was created when Sandia realized that standard engineering practices did not provide the level of safety assurance necessary for nuclear weapon operations, with their potential for catastrophic accidents. A systematic approach, which relies on mutually supportive design principles integrated through fundamental physical principles, was developed to ensure a predictably safe system response under a variety of operational and accident-based stesses. Robust, safe system designs result from this thematic approach to safety, minimizing the number of safety critical features. This safety assurance process has two profound benefits: the process avoids the need to understand or limit the ultimate intensity of off-normal environments and it avoids the requirement to analyze and test a large array of accident environment scenarios (e.g., directional threats, sequencing of environments, time races, etc) to demonstrate conformance to all safety requirements.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fifty-five gallon steel drum of a liquid organic peroxide pressurized and ruptured in the mix room of a manufacturing plant. The head of the drum blew off and the ejected material ignited. The resulting fire was extinguished by the building sprinkler system and operating personnel. Although there were no injuries, the fire caused significant damage in the mix room. The investigation of this incident, its likely cause, and the corrective actions will be discussed.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two major accidents in the 80's: the summit Tunnel Fire, England and Piper Alpha disaster, an offshore platform in the North Sea; and very recently, possible explosion of the Boeing, TWA flight 800 at New York, makes it imperative that further research into the mechonisms of the ignition of flammable vapor/air mixture in contact with hot surfaces needs to be done. There have been a number of studies of ignition by hot surfaces, but in all these studies the ignition sources were wire, sphere or strip, i.e., most of them were flat surfaces. But to the authors' knowledge, other variables which affect the ignition mechanism such as irregular geometrical shapes have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the degree of confinement (or, configuration), size and orientation, of the heated surface affects the ignition temperature of the flammable vapors. The results were obtained by experimentnal and by computational fluid dynamics.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 74-81 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of the ingition behavior of dust-air mixtures due to electrical sparks (MIE, Minimum Ignition Energy) and hot surfaces (MIT, Minimum Ignition Temperature) is important for risk assessments in chemical production plants. The ignition behavior determines the extent and hence the cost of preventive protection measures.This paper describes the use of the minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature as very important safety indexes in practice.Based on the latest results from large scale experiments on pneumatic filling of silos with polymeric materials and new results of full scale filling tests using Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) manufactured from a variety of materials, guidance can be given to ensure safe operation in different situations such as filling, emptying operations, type of powder handled.The aim of this paper is to assist people dealing with product. It reflects the present state of the art and current knowledge of the assessment and measures associated with powder handling.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 83-85 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Safety, health and loss prevention are major areas of interst for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). There has been an evolution of these concerns over the years in the Institute just as it has in industry. This article chronicles this evolution.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 86-97 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Regulatory issues related to material safety have made the accurate measurement and/or prediction of flash points essential. The flash point is one of the major physical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of a liquid. Flash points are used by virtually all governmental entities worldwide to define “flammable” and “combustible” materials for shipping and safety regulations.A model is described here for the calculation of closed cup flash points for multicomponent, single liquid phase, mixtures. The model is based upon rigorous vapor/liquid equilibrium calculations supplemented with information about the lower flammable limits (LFL's) and heats of combustion (ΔHc's) for the mixture's constituent components. The closed cup flash points predicted with this model are typically within ± 5°C of the experimentally reported values. Such a model is useful as a means of verifying experimental data and as a tool for screening product formulations prior to experimental flash point determination. The model should considerably enhance the safety evaluation portion of the product development cycle, thus leading to shortened product time-to-market cycles. While flash points calculated with this model are in excellent agreement with experiment, experimental determination is still encouraged for critìcal safety applications.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 98-103 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the design of ribbon wound pressure vessels useful for Ammonia, Urea and Methanol plants. The design is to create a thin shell of 1/5 the total wall thickness required, weld it to the end pieces, and wind 4 to 8 mm thick ribbons of 80 mm width at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees on the inner shell, using a prestress. The ribbons are welded at the ends and an even number of layers are wound cross-helically on to the shell. With more than 7000 vessels over the pressure range of 50 to 350 atmospheres in use in the various chemical industries in China over the past 30 years, their safety record has been excellent. Of particular interest has been the application of this technology in the Ammonia and Urea plants, where the design allows fabrication of these vessels at substantial reduction in cost, and early delivery, when compared to the mono wall technology.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 104-106 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In mid-1997, an Advanced Process Control (APC) scheme was implemented at a resins manufacturing complex with the goal of minimizing flare fuel gas usage while maintaining sufficient energy (BTU/SCF flare gas) to be in environmental regulatory compliance. Prior to APC implementation, the flare system was manually controlled by plant operators with minor attention paid to the minimization of fuel gas usage. Since implementation, APC has saved the plant thousands of dollars in fuel gas costs and reduced unnecessary combusted fuel gas emissions.Hazard analysis techniques were used in the development of the control scheme. An overview of the APC used, the economic evaluation, and the hazard analysis techniques used in the project are presented here.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 176-183 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The safest method to prevent fires and explosions of flammable mixtures in the first place. This method requires detailed knowledge of the flammability region as a function of the fuel, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations. A triangular flammability diagram is the most useful tool to display the flammability region, and to determine if a flammable mixture is present during plant operations.This paper describes how to draw and use a flammability diagram. A procedure to estimate the flammability region using the available and sometimes limited data is discussed. The paper also shows how to use the flammability diagram with plant operations involving inerting and purging, and from bringing vessels into and out of service. A compilation of flammability diagrams for 30 materials, based on previously published data is provided.An automated apparatus for acquiring data for a flammability diagram is described. The apparatus consists of a 20-L sphere with an automated gas mixing system, a fuse-wire ignition system, and a high speed pressure measurement and data acquisition system. Data derived from the apparatus includes flammability limits, maximum pressure during combustion, and the maximum pressure rate. The effect of fuse-wire ignitor dynamics on the results is studied. A flammability diagram for methane drawn from data obtained from the apparatus, is presented.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 184-189 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dust explosions have been with us for a long time. The first record of a dust explosion occurred in Turin, Italy, on December 14, 1785 [1]. The detailed record of this event is left to us by Count Morozzo. The event took place in Mr. Giacomelli's bakery. We know from his account that the weather was unseasonably dry, that a boy who worked in the bakery was using a shovel to stir and transfer the flour to a chute from a store room to the bakery and he had a lighted lamp to work by. The rest, as the saying goes, is history. No one was killed, and the building was saved by the sagacious fact of having plenty of windows. Since that first record, of course, there have been many explosions with much loss of life and significant economic consequences.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 190-195 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The RSST DIERS vent sizing methodology is revised to provide realistic design equations for reactive systems consistent with available large-scale experience. Using easy to obtain RSST data such as rate of temperature rise and rate of pressure rise excellent agreement is illustrated for hybrid, vapor and gassy reactive systems.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 200-208 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Brazoria County Petrochemical Council, 13 companies that are working together to enhance relations between industry and the community, united in a joint effort at complying with the EPA's Risk Management Program. One of the significant issues the group had to address was the need to develop meaningful hazard assessment for presentation to the public. The EPA's “Table Look-Up Approach” found in the Offsite Consequence Analysis Guidance document is certainly a good tool; however, the built-in conservatism results in over-estimates of potential hazard areas. Much more meaningful results are shown to be obtained using one of the hazard release models.The value of using a credible scenario with realistic meteorological data is demonstrated through the consistently smaller areas predicted by the PHAST Model for planning purposes. Realistic scenarios/failure modes and realistic model parameters are important so that the risk to the public is not overstated. Proprietary models such as PHAST are invaluable in providing more meaningful consequences for planning purposes.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Research was carried out to develop improved protection guidelines for silane handling systems through enhanced understanding of the behavior of releases of this pyrophoric gas. The approach involved addressing three aspects of the problem: the prompt ignition behavior of silane; the reactivity characteristics of quiescent silane/air mixtures; and the rates of reaction of silane leaked into enclosures with and without explosion venting, in the presence of ventilation air flow. A first conclusion, reached from tests in a ventilated cabinet, was that, contrary to prevailing belief, the ventilation flow has no measurable effect on the prompt ignition of the release. From experiments in a 5.1-liter (311-in.3) sphere it was found that silane/air mixtures of concentrations between 1.4 and 4.1% (by volume) are explosive but stable. In this case, piloted ignition tests yielded laminar burning velocities up to 5 m/s (1000 ft/min). Mixtures between 4.5 and 38% (the maximum reached in the tests) were found to be metastable, and would undergo spontaneous ignition after a delay ranging from 15 to 120 seconds, with the shorter values corresponding to higher silane concentrations. Experiments were also performed in a 0.645-m3 (22.8-ft3) vessel both with and without explosion venting, to measure the rates of energy release associated with impulsively-started silane leaks from 1/8 and 1/4-in. (3.2 and 6.4-mm) lines. A method for the prediction of the venting requirements of partial-volume deflagrations (PVD) was evolved into a tool to quantify the pressure rise from ignition of silane leaks in enclosures. These results represent a significant step toward updating existing design recommendations which prescribe ventilation requirements that are based on outdated and, in some instances, misinterpreted data.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under OSHA 1910.119, all Process Safety Management (PSM) facilities are required to keep their pressure relief system design information current. This article demonstrates why a pressure relief system design verification effort must be based on an equipment list, rather than a relief device list, in order to ensure that every piece of equipment is adequately protected. The formerly common practice of simply checking the design bases of all existing relief devices is deficient is deficient since this technique does not systematically ensure that every piece of equipment is protected.The “Berwanger Method” is a step by step process for designing or analyzing a pressure relief system to meet OSHA 1910.119 Process Safety Information (PSI) and Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) mandates. The method uses a relational database which tracks the relationships between protected equipment, potential overpressure scenarios, and protective devices.The challenge facing an operating company does not end once the design basis has been “verified” - the design basis information must also be maintained and be readily accessible to avoid costly reinvention of the wheel down the road. The “Berwanger Method” also addresses these maintenance issues.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a risk ranked Inspection Recommendation procedure that is used by one of Exxon's chemical plants to prioritize repairs that have been identified during equipment inspection.As part of the Company's Safety Management Practices initiative in the late 1980's a procedure was put into place to ensure that an Inspector's repair recommendations were properly addressed by the organization. The initial procedures were successful at “systematizing” the documentation and stewardship-to-completion of the Inspector's recommendation, however, there were complications with the original process: (1)The Inspector made a simple High, Medium or Low assessment of the priority/criticality of the recommendation. Frequently, this resulted in disagreements with Operations about the true priority of the recommendation.(2)If there was agreement on the priority of the recommendation, there was still disagreement on the relative rank within the priority-which high priority was the highest priority?(3)With limited funds to spend on repairs, it was (and is) important to make sure that the money was being spent on the highest risk items that had the greatest risk reduction/cost benefit ratio.To address these concerns, the procedure was modified to incorporate a risk assessment of the recommendation by both the Inspector and Operations. In the new procedure, the Inspector describes the deficiency that he/she finds and assesses the probability of failure within a certain time-frame. Operations must assess the consequences, from an environmental, safety and economics standpoint, were the failure to occur. These assessments are combined in the typical risk equation (risk = probability × consequences) to arrive at a severity index which serves to rank the recommendation relative to the other recommendations. Because Operations participates in the assessment there is very little disagreement about the priority of the recommendation. The severity index puts the recommendations in order so it is quite clear which are the highest priority recommendations. This process has helped to focus the entire organization on those deficiencies that represent the greatest risk with the result that less time and money is spent correcting items that have a low risk/cost benefit ratio, allowing these savings to be used to reduce the higher risks in the plant.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 49-60 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on a comprehensive literature search and small scale experimental work on the reaction characteristics of phosphorous trichloride and water. More than 30 tests were conducted, including both closed and open test cells. The water to phosphorus trichloride molar ratio was varied from 1 to 25. When in contact, water and phosphorus trichloride will form two liquid layers with a reaction starting at the interface. The impact of variables on reaction rates including the interface surface area, layer depth, and stirring were investigated experimentally. A reaction rate model that fits all the measured data is presented. Case studies illustrating the use of this data for emergency relief systems and vent containment design are presented in reference. [1].
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In May 1996, the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Committee of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) proposed for adoption by the Association a new edition of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. This new edition was the culmination of two and one-half years' work by the Committee and included one of the most significant changes to that document in some twenty years: the incorporation of mandatory fire protection criteria for warehouses and other inside areas that store flammable and combustible liquids in containers and portable tanks.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Baker-Strehlow methodology was developed to provide an objective approach to prediction of blast pressures from vapor cloud explosions. The complete methodology was first published in 1994 [1]. Since then, it has evolved through ongoing research and use in VCE hazard analyses, facility siting studies and accident investigations. This article gives a brief overview of a paper on recent developments in the Baker-Strehlow methodology presented at the 31st Loss Prevention Symposium in Houston on March 9-13, 1997. Because the entire paper is too lengthy to be presented here, the following discussions may be lacking in some details. A copy of the complete paper can be obtained from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Since the Baker-Strehlow method was first published, it has been used extensively in VCE hazard assessments in refineries and chemical plants. As expected, many practical lessons have been learned during the course of the hazard assessments, and the Baker-Strehlow method has evolved as a result. The changes have been evolutionary, not revolutionary. In keeping with the goals of the original study in which the methodology was developed, all changes have been incorporated with the intent of achieving an objective methodology to provide consistent prediction of VCE blast effects.The revisions to the Baker-Strehlow method resulting from experience gained during plant walk-downs and hazard assessments include: Systematic identification of “potential explosion sites” or “PESs,”Selection of the level of confinement for mixed zones of 2D and 3D confinement,Deciding on flame expansion when confinement is elevated above the vapor cloud,Selecting the reactivity for a fuel that is a mixture of fuels with differing reactivities,Predicting blast loads when there are multiple PES's within a vapor cloud considering different ignition source locations.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 157-170 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk analysis in chemical process industries is an elaborate exercise involving several steps from preliminary hazard identification to development of credible accident scenarios, to preparation of strategies for prevention or control of damage.All this requires substantial inputs of time and money. In order to get an approximate yet workable assessment of risk at much lesser costs, indices have been developed which link typical findings of elaborate risk analysis to scales of risk. The scales, in turn, provide workable measures of hazards/risks/safety.In the past, indices have been reported for swift risk assessment - the noteworthy among them include Dow fire and explosion index, Mond fire, explosion and toxicity index, IFAL index, and mortality index. A few rapid ranking techniques have also been proposed.This paper presents a new system of methodologies for Hazard Identification and Ranking (HIRA). The system consists of two indices: one for fire and explosion hazards and another for the hazard due to likely release of toxic chemical. The magnitudes of these indices indicate the severity of the likely accident; in terms of the size of the impacted area.HIRA has been applied to a typical chemical process industry - a sulfolane plant - and its performance has been compared with that of the Dow's and the Mond's indices. The study reveals that HIRA is more sensitive and accurate than the other indices.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some of the hazards encountered by process plant operators involve the operation of in-line valves to control, start, and to stop flow. Torque required to operate valves may vary according to valve wheel size, in-line pressure, and valve flange position (open/closed). This study determined how valve wheel size, in-line pressure and valve position (open/closed) affect torque required to actuate a valve. Data were gathered with each combination of size, pressure and position for 336 valves in an operating petrochemical process facility. The results indicate that the main effects of valve wheel size, the in-line pressure, and open/closed valve position significantly affect operational torque requirements. In addition, the interaction between position and pressure was significant for operational torque. The implication of these results is that operators are exposed to operational torque requirements that exceed maximum acceptable capabilities that have been determined in previous studies.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: EPA's Risk Management Program regulation, promulgated in June 1996 as 40 CFR Part 68 requires subject industries to submit Risk Management Plans by June 1999. This plan requires hazard assessment of the operations of a facility using worst case scenarios and alternative releases. EPA has provided an Off-site Consequence Analysis (OCA) guidance to help facilities in their hazard assessment.OxyChem will be significantly impacted by the RMP rule. This paper outlines OxyChem's general experience and its strategy in planning to comply with this rule. OxyChem's approach in the development of the scenarios required by the rule is described in this paper. Limitations involved in the use of EPA's look-up tables or a single modeling solution for conducting all of the OCA are discussed. A three tiered OCA approach is presented as a possible alternative.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 278-287 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas explosion simulators are often used as tools in process plant design. This article presents some properties of gas explosions found using the EXSIM simulation software on three offshore modules with a total of nearly 10,000 simulations. The selected results are chosen for their supposed applicability to structural design in the process industries.Generalized data are presented for the effect of gas cloud size, explosion impulse vs. explosion pressure, pressure and impulse vs. duration, the probability of a “short” explosion, loading rate, pressure-time “shape” function, and the effect of introducing louvers.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 288-296 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An ammonia storage tank was built at the BASF Antwerp site in 1969 on land reclaimed from the sea. After several years of operation uneven foundation settlement, of up 2, occurred. In order to assure stability of this area for the next operation period (at least 10 years) measures were taken to ensure continued safe operation. One key measure was strain gauge monitoring at the location of maximum stress.
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    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 71 (1998), S. 313-327 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: articular cartilage repair ; tissue engineering ; collagen type II ; collagen type IX ; collagen network ; pyridinium crosslinks ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The function of articular cartilage as a weight-bearing tissue depends on the specific arrangement of collagen types II and IX into a three-dimensional organized collagen network that can balance the swelling pressure of the proteoglycan/ water gel. To determine whether cartilage engineered in vitro contains a functional collagen network, chondrocyte-polymer constructs were cultured for up to 6 weeks and analyzed with respect to the composition and ultrastructure of collagen by using biochemical and immunochemical methods and scanning electron microscopy. Total collagen content and the concentration of pyridinium crosslinks were significantly (57% and 70%, respectively) lower in tissue-engineered cartilage that in bovine calf articular cartilage. However, the fractions of collagen types II, IX, and X and the collagen network organization, density, and fibril diameter in engineered cartilage were not significantly different from those in natural articular cartilage. The implications of these findings for the field of tissue engineering are that differentiated chondrocytes are capable of forming a complex structure of collagen matrix in vitro, producing a tissue similar to natural articular cartilage on an ultrastructural scale. J. Cell. Biochem. 71:313-327, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 71 (1998), S. 328-339 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: insulin ; heart ; development ; PI 3-kinase ; protein kinase B ; S6 kinase ; casein kinase 2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The control of glucose uptake and glycogen metabolism by insulin in target organs is in part mediated through the regulation of protein-serine/ threonine kinases. In this study, the expression and phosphotransferase activity levels of some of these kinases in rat heart ventricle were measured to investigate whether they might mediate the shift in the energy dependency of the developing heart from glycogen to fatty acids. Following tail-vein injection of overnight fasted adult rats with 2 U of insulin per kg body weight, protein kinase B (PKB), the 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K), and casein kinase 2 (CK2) were activated (30-600%), whereas the MAP/ extracellular regulated kinases (ERK)1 and ERK2 were not stimulated under these conditions. When the expression levels of the insulin-activated kinases were probed with specific antibodies in ventricular extracts from 1-, 10-, 20-, 50-, and 365-day-old rats, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), PKB, S6K, and CK2 were downregulated (40-60%) with age. By contrast, ventricular glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) protein levels were maintained during postnatal development. Similar findings were obtained when the expression of these kinases was investigated in freshly isolated ventricular myocytes, where they were detected predominantly in the cytosolic fraction of the myocytes. Compared to other adult rat tissues such as brain and liver, the levels of PI3K, PKB, S6K, and GSK3β were relatively low in the heart. Even though CK2 protein and activity levels were reduced by ∼60% in 365 day as compared to 1-day-old rats, expression of CK2 in the adult heart was as high as detected in any of the other rat tissues. The high basal activities of CK2 in early neonatal heart may be associated with the proliferating state of myocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 71:328-339, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: vitamin D analogues ; vitamin D receptor ; ligand binding ; limited protease digestion ; ligand-dependent gel shift assay ; gene regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The nuclear hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD) has important cell-regulatory functions but also a strong calcemic effect. Therefore, various VD analogues have been synthesized and screened for their biological profile. In order to gain more insight into the molecular basis of the high antiproliferative but low calcemic action of the VD analogue EB1089, we characterized this compound in comparison to five structurally related VD analogues. The activities of the six VD analogues in in vitro assays (limited protease digestion assays for determining interaction with monomeric vitamin D receptor (VDR), ligand-dependent gel shift assays for showing the increase of DNA binding of VDR-retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers, and reporter gene assays on different types of VD response elements for demonstrating the efficacy in nuclear VD signalling) were found to represent their biological potency (antiproliferative effect on different malignant cell lines). In this series, EB1089 proved to be the most potent VD analogue; that is, every structural modification (20-epi configuration, cis-configuration at position C24, or changes at the ethyl groups at position C25) appeared to reduce the determined activities mediated through the VDR of these analogues. Moreover, the modifications of EB1089 resulted in a loss of VD response element selectivity, suggesting that this parameter is very critical for the biological profile of this VD analogue. J. Cell. Biochem. 71:340-350, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 71 (1998), S. 363-374 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: nuclear matrix proteins ; preparation method ; two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins ; vanadyl ribonucleoside complexes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparative analysis of nuclear matrix proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis may be greatly impaired by copurifying cytoskeletal proteins. The present data show that the bulk of adhering cytofilaments may mechanically be removed by shearing of nuclei pretreated with vanadyl ribonucleoside complexes. Potential mechanisms of action not based on ribonuclease inhibition are discussed. To individually preserve the integrity of nuclear structures, we developed protocols for the preparation of nuclear matrices from three categories of cells, namely leukocytes, cultured cells, and tissue cells. As exemplified with material from human lymphocytes, cultured amniotic cells, and liver tissue cells, the resulting patterns of nuclear matrix proteins appeared quite similar. Approximately 300 spots were shared among the cell types. Forty-nine of these were identified, 21 comprising heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins L and nuclear lamin B2 isoforms were identified by amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry. However, individually expressed proteins, such as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, also pertained following application of the protocols. Thus, enhanced resolution and comparability of proteins improve systematic analyses of nuclear matrix proteins from various cellular sources. J. Cell. Biochem. 71:363-374, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 71 (1998), S. 375-381 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: insulin-like growth factor-I ; insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 ; smooth muscle cells ; atherosclerosis ; substratum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) is synthesized and secreted by smooth muscle cells (SMC). IGFBP-5 synthesis is stimulated five- to sixfold by IGF-I, and IGFBP-5 has been shown to augment IGF-I-stimulated DNA synthesis in this cell type. The ability of IGFBP-5 to augment the SMC response to IGF-I is dependent upon its binding to extracellular matrix. A highly charged region of IGFBP-5 that contains amino acids in positions 201-218 has been shown to mediate binding of IGFBP-5 to human fibroblast extracellular matrix (ECM), and a synthetic peptide containing this sequence inhibits IGFBP-5 binding to fibroblast ECM. In this study we show that exposure of SMC cultures that are constituitively synthesizing IGFBP-5 to a synthetic peptide (termed peptide A) containing this sequence has no effect on its synthesis but reduces its abundance within the ECM. The addition of increasing concentrations of the peptide to SMC cultures resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in ECM-associated IGFBP-5. In contrast, a control peptide (peptide B), which contained the region of amino acids in positions 131-141 and had a similar charge-to-mass ratio, caused a minimal decrease in ECM binding. This effect was functionally significant since the addition of 10 μg/ ml of peptide A inhibited the cellular replication response to 10 ng/ ml IGF-I by 51%, and peptide B had no effect. The effects of peptide A were not due to nonspecific cytotoxicity since it had no inhibitory effect on the response of these cells to human serum and was associated with only minimal inhibition of the cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor. The findings suggest that inhibiting IGFBP-5 binding to porcine SMC ECM results in reduced cellular responses to IGF-I. J. Cell. Biochem. 71:375-381, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 71 (1998), S. 382-391 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: dexamethasone ; bone marrow cell cultures ; IGF-I ; vertebrae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Osteoblast-like cell cultures have been established from the marrow of adult rat vertebrae. We have simultaneously examined the response to dexamethasone (dex) treatment in cultures of young adult female vertebral and femoral marrow cells. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was analyzed as well as the expression of mRNAs for osteocalcin (OC) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The vertebral and femoral marrow cells were maintained for 7 days in primary culture with or without 10-8 M dex and then 6 days in secondary culture without dex or with 10-8 M or 10-7 M dex. All cells were examined on day 6 of secondary culture. Vertebral and femoral cultures each expressed the highest AP enzyme levels when grown with dex in primary culture (10-8 M) and secondary culture (10-7 M). Under all experimental conditions, vertebral cultures had lower AP enzyme activity than femoral cultures. When dex was omitted from secondary culture, OC gene expression was not detected in either vertebral or femoral passaged cells even if dex was present in primary culture. For dex conditions where OC was expressed, vertebral cultures had higher OC mRNA steady-state levels than femoral cultures. IGF-I gene expression was detected by Northern analysis in both vertebral and femoral secondary cultures. However, vertebral marrow cultures had much higher IGF-I mRNA levels compared to femoral cultures whether or not dex was present in primary culture. These findings demonstrate that dex supports the differentiation of both vertebral and femoral adult marrow osteogenic cells into osteoblasts. Our results support the hypothesis that osteoblastic marrow cultures differ depending upon which location in the skeleton they are from and that there are skeletal site-dependent differences in the insulin-like growth factor system components. J. Cell. Biochem. 71:382-391, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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