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  • Springer  (5,557)
  • 1950-1954  (5,557)
  • 1950  (5,557)
  • 1
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les conditions géométriques de l'observation de fusées verticales ou horizontales sont examinées par rapport aux applications geodésiques et géophysiques. Les figures démontrent l'existance de quelques districts stationnaires, particulièrement destinés à l'observation par principes différents.
    Notes: Summary The most suitable geometrical conditions of observation of vertically or horizontally moved rockets are inquired, with respect to geodetical and geophysical applications. Some diagrams show, that there exist several regions of stationary state, apt for different principles of observation.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article contains the development of the theory of the adoption of the ellipsoid of revolution in the gravimetric method, for the determination of the earth's shape, presented by the author in a former work. The conclusion completly justifies the actual practical methods for the calculation of the ellipsoidic gravity.
    Notes: Résumé On Cherche le développement de la théorie de l'adoption de l'ellipsoöde de révolution dans la méthode gravimétrique pour la détermination de la figure de la Terre, exposée par l'auteur dans un ouvrage antérieur. La conclusion justifie complètement les actuels méthodes pratiques pour le calcul de la pésanteur ellipsoïdique.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 13-15 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measuring the deflections of the plumb-line the attainable precision is determined, in particular to investigations for geophysical prospecting.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird für die Bestimmung der Lotabweichungen der erreichbare Genauigkeitsgrad untersucht, besonders im Hinblick auf Messungen zur Erforschung des Untergrundes.
    Notes: Riassunto Si determinano le precisioni con le quali possono venire osservate le deviazioni della verticale e si richiama l'attenzione su ciò quando si debbono interpretare le misure predette per prospezioni del sottosuolo.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 16-18 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 38-46 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The research deals with the hydrographic observations of the East-Europe's plain. The monthly means of the water level have been elaborated after the method of Mr. and Mrs.Labrouste with the aim to determine the phase of the yearly component. The map of the phase distribution and the profiles along the streams shows that this distribution is governed by the physiography, as well as by the seasonal course of the temperatures, what can permit to explain the observed particularities.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude publiée intéresse l'ensemble des échelles hydrométriques de la plaine de l'Est européen. Les moyennes mensuelles des niveaux ont été élaborées par la méthode d'analyse par combinaisons linéaires d'ordonnées, due à M. et MmeLabrouste, afin de définir la phase de la composante annuelle. La carte de la répartition de la phase et les profils de celle-ci le long des cours d'eau, montrent que cette répartition est commandée par le relief, ainsi que par la marche saisonnière des températures, ce qui permet d'expliquer les particularités constatées par les causes naturelles: altitudes, forme et extension du bassin, etc.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 47-75 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A detailed description of an electrical method is given, developped by the author, concerning the application of two pairs of electrodes rectangular to each other, the one of which is creating an electrical field, whilst the other is measuring the disturbing function when turning the electrode arrangement. The disturbing function has been calculated for spherical and ellipsoidal bodies, taking into account the decrease of the current with increasing distance. It is shown, that it is possible to localize disturbing bodies when turning the electrode arrangement at one or a few places only and without any measuring equipotential lines and their distortions. It is proved that the determination of the direction of disturbing bodies is possible without the knowledge of their distance. It is emphasized that this theory is an other modification may also be applied on corresponding induction methods, based on the application of twe coils rectangular to each other and supplied by low frequency currents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die vom Verfasser entwickelte elektrische Drehkreuzmethode beschrieben. Die Messanordnung besteht aus zwei Elektrodenpaaren, von denen das eine zur Erzeugung eines elektrischen Feldes dient, während das andere zur Messung des elektrischen Störfeldes verwandt wird. Die Störfunktion beim Drehen der Elektrodenanordnung wird für elliptische Störkörper quantitativ berechnet, und es werden die Bedingungen für die Ortnung von Störkörpern quantitativ diskutiert
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 19-37 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper there is a description of a very strange kind of thunderstorm with fog and only one thunder-clap. It is analysed with regard to synoptic aerology and atmospheric electricity. It belonged to a cold-front-thunderstorm, but the characteristic frontal phenomenons occurred hours before. By a combination of the theories ofWilson andSimpson we try to explain the distribution of the charge and the single discharge. The quantity of the charge can grow enormously by ground fog and this fact stands for the intensity of the clap. The form of the discharge can be explained by the theory ofSchonland-Walter. We found gliding phenomenons in the fog and disruptige discharges from cloud to earth, but it is very difficult to say whether there is an uniform direction of the different branches of the single lightning. The different partial discharges of the single lightning are analogous to the discharge of a rapidly and strongly charged condenser, the plates of which are at a small distance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein eigenartiges Gewitter beschrieben und aerologischsynoptisch sowie luftelektrisch analysiert. Es trat nur ein einziger, allerdings sehr heftiger Donner auf. Während des Gewitters herrschte Nebel, es ergab sich, dass es sich um ein «maskiertes Kaltfrontgewitter» handelte, bei dem die Kaltfronterscheinungen aber bereits Stunden vorher aufgetreten waren. Die Erklärung der Ladungsverteilung und in ihrer Folge der einzigen kräftigen Entladung als gesamte wahrnehmbare elektrische Gewittererscheinung wird durch eine Kombination der scheinbar gegensätzlichen Gewittertheorien vonWilson undSimpson versucht. Die Ladungsmenge kann durch den herrschenden Bodennebel ungeheuer anwachsen und erklärt damit die Stärke des Schlages. Die Entladungsform wird nach derSchonland-Walterschen Theorie zu deuten versucht. Es ergeben sich Gleitvorgänge im Nebel und Funkenentladungen von der Wolke zur Erde, wobei eine endgültige Entscheidung über die einheitliche Richtung der Verästelung nicht getroffen werden kann. Die mehrfachen Teilentladungen des einzigen Blitzes werden erklärt als Analogie zu den Funkenentladungen zwischen den Platten eines Kondensators mit geringem Abstand, der plötzlich stark aufgeladen wird.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 76-80 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fussend auf theoretischen Ergebnissen vonR. M. Foster undS. S. Stefanescu wird ein neuartiges Verfahren zur elektrischen Tiefensondierung bei horizontaler Schichtung vorgeschlagen. Dieses Verfahren arbeitet im Gegensatz zum bekanntenWenner-Verfahren und zum «Zentralinduktions-Verfahren» nachKoenigsberger nicht mit der Veränderung eines Längenparameters (Elektrodenabstand, Schleifenradius), sondern mit veränderlicher Frequenz bei unveränderter Position der Elektroden und Sonden. Einige Vorzüge werden genannt, die diese Methode in praktischer Hinsicht haben dürfte.
    Notes: Summary Taking reference of theoretical results ofR. M. Foster andS. S. Stefanescu, a new method of electrical depth-sounding refering to horizontal strata is proposed. This new way works contrary to the wellknown princip ofWenner and also to the «Zentral-Induktions-Verfahren» afterKoenigsberger not with a change of a length-parameter (electrode-distance and coilradius), but with changeable frequency at unchanged position of electrodes and sondes. A few advantages are described, which this method may have in practice.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 98-99 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird untersucht, mit welcher Verzögerung und Verformung eine in einem Induktions-Seismometer erzeugte elektrische Spannungsschwankung die Registriervorrichtung erreicht, wenn die Uebertragung durch eine Leitung erfolgt. Es werden «Verformungszahlen» definiert, mittels deren sich Leitungen verschiedenen Typs hinsichtlich der Formtreue der Uebertragung vergleichen lassen. Einige Beispiele hierfür werden behandelt. Die erforderliche Selbstinduktivität (Pupinisierung) eine freischwebenden Doppelleitung für grösstmögliche Formtreue wird angegeben. Hierbei ergibt sich z.B. für 20 km Kabellänge eine Laufzeit von der Grössenordnung einer hundertstel Sekunde.
    Notes: Summary It is beeing investigated, with which retarding and deforming one in an induction-seismometer generated electrical tension-oscillation the recorderapparatus arrives, presuming the transformation has been taken by means of wire. Numbers of deforming are given, which allowes the comparison by different types of wires, regarding the true shape of the transmission. A few examples will be described. The necessary selfinduction («Pupinisierung») of a freehanging doublewire for the greatest possible true shape is named. Thereby results for instance by a cablelength of 20 km a traveltime of about 1/100 of a second.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 54-63 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An induction pulse method is described, based upon the measurement of a dielectric dispersion phenomenon. This method opens the possibility of a direct and selective reaction of the petroleum at a depth of more than 6000 feet. Hereby the selective reaction is based upon the variation of the exciting conditions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Induktionsimpulsmethode beschrieben, welche sich auf die Messung dielektrischer Dispersionsphänomene gründet, und welche einen direkten Nachweis des Petroleums auf Tiefen von über 2000 m ermöglicht. Durch Variation der Anfachungsbedingungen kann man selektive Reaktionswirkungen erzielen.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 64-67 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 70-72 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 77-80 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 46-53 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. There are discussed individual proceedings which shall explain the characteristic behaviour of pressure, and temperature instability in their vertical distribution. When there exists equalization of pressure on a lower level near the ground, and again on a higher level, changes of temperature on one level will be compensated by such on another level. It is shown that the compensating influence of middle and upper troposphere is opposed by the compensating influence of cold, and heat waves from the ground layer, ultimately resulting in the removal of the level of pressure equalization from the ground to an altitude roughly corresponding to the height of ground layer. — 2. The influence of friction and convection on the formation of ground layer is discussed. While friction is acting slowly and by layers, convection is acting more rapidly, but only locally at first. In the long run however, also convection can produce homogeneity of the lower layers of the atmosphere, i. e. an atmospheric layer of uniform character. This process is being intensified when convection is associated with condensation. Then, another increase in height of the ground layer will be possible. However, as this process will not be of similar intensity over wide stages, the increase in height will vary locally. Therefore, generally the ground layer of the squally weather type will not possess a uniform surface extending over wide areas. — 3. Another important factor in the formation of ground layer is radiation. Since the share taken by each of the three factors (friction, convection, radiation) cannot be computed, one must be satisfied with qualitative valuation of the influence of the factors participating in the formation of ground layer. An appropriate scheme is submitted and discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es werden die einzelnen Vorgänge besprochen, die das eigentümliche Verhalten der Veränderlichkeit von Druck und Temperatur in ihrer vertikalen Verteilung erklären sollen. Wenn ein unteres an der Erdoberfläche vorhandenes Druckausgleichsniveau vorhanden ist und ein weiteres in grösserer Höhe, so müssen Temperaturänderungen in dem einen Niveau durch solche eines anderen ausgeglichen, kompensiert werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass dem kompensierenden Einfluss der mittleren und oberen Troposphäre ein kompensierender Einfluss der Kälte- und Wärmewellen aus dem Bereiche der Grundschicht entgegenwirkt, sodass letzten Endes das Druckausgleichsniveau nicht mehr am Erdboden liegt, sondern in eine Höhe verschoben wird, die der ungefähren Höhe der Grundschicht entspricht. — 2. Der Einfluss von Reibung und Konvektion auf die Bildung der Grundschicht wird besprochen. Die Reibung wirkt langsam und immer schichtweise. Die Konvektion wirkt rascher, aber zunächst immer nur lokal. Im Verlaufe längerer Zeit kann aber auch die Konvektion eine Homogenisierung der unteren Luftschichten bewirken, also eine Luftschicht von einem einheitlichen Charakter schaffen. Dieser Prozess wird noch verstärkt, wenn die Konvektion mit Kondensation verbunden ist. Jetzt ist eine weitere Ueberhöhung der Grundschicht möglich. Da dieser Prozess aber über weite Räume nicht von gleicher Grösse ist, wird diese Ueberhöhung vielfach gebietsweise verschieden sein. Die Grundschicht vom Böenwettertyp hat daher gewöhnlich keine einheitliche Oberfläche über weite Gebiete hinweg. — 3. Ein weiterer Faktor, der für die Bildung der Grundschicht von Bedeutung ist, ist die Strahlung. Da der Beitrag, den jeder der drei Faktoren (Reibung, Konvektion, Strahlung) zur Bildung der Grundschicht beisteuert, nicht errechnet werden kann, muss man sich zunächst mit einer qualititativen Abschätzung der Einflüsse der einzelnen an der Bildung der Grundschicht beteiligten Faktoren begnügen. Ein entsprechendes Schema wird vorgelegt und besprochen.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 88-93 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Laboratory-scale experiments on a small cylindrical barrier capable of being moved zonally with respect to a rotating hemispherical shell of liquid are described. When the cylinder is moved west relative to the shell at rates approximating 1/10 of the basic rotation a strong anticyclonic circulation developes around the cylinder and pronounced wave motions appear in the remainder of the liquid. When the cylinder is moved eastward at the same relative rates there is no net circulation around it and rapid motions toward the east occur in the latitude zone that it occupies. Velocity discontinuity surfaces on which occasional vortices develop divide this zone from the remainder of the liquid on both sides where much less developed motions occur. General implications of these and certain other types of experiments for problems of flow over large mountain masses are pointed out.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a procédé à des mesures simultanées de la radiation en deux stations d'altitude différente (400 et 1100 m/m) sur le versant sud des Alpes. On peut tirer de ces recherches les conclusions suivantes: Aux deux endroits l'intensité est la plus forte par situation de foehn. Les différences d'insolation sont minimum aux jours de foehn, maximum par temps brumeux; dans le rapport des deux radiations on remarque une courbe journalière prononcée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An zwei Stationen auf der Südseite der Alpen wurden in verschiedenen Meereshöhen (400 und 1100 m/M) zu gleicher Zeit Messungen der direkten Sonnenstrahlung vorgenommen. Aus diesen Untersuchungen geht folgendes hervor: Die grössten Intensitäten werden an beiden Orten bei Föhnlagen gefunden. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Strahlungen an beiden Stationen sind am kleinsten an Föhntagen, am grössten an dunstigen Tagen. Auch zeigt sich in dem Verhältnis beider Strahlungen ein ausgeprägter Tagesgang.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of direct sun radiation were taken contemporaneously by two stations on the south side of the Alps at two different altitudes above sea level, viz. 400 and 1100 meters. From these observations the following results were obtained: The greatest intensities are found in both places when Föhn prevails. The differences between the two stations are smallest on days of Föhn, largest on dusty and damp days. Furthermore, a marked daily march is found in the relation between both radiations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 130-135 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The position of the very important climatic limit, definited byBenevent, which separates the humid climate of north Alps and the dry climate of south Alps, is first described. The method used for synoptic study of alpine precipitations is then exposed: it consists in plotting for every day on a great scale chart the amounts of rain measured in the alpine rain-jauge stations and in comparing this result with the isohypses charts at the 700, 500 and 300 mb levels.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 167-182 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The heavy «Foehn» of the 18 th of December 1945 is described in detail and considered in connection with a theory about the «Foehn» formerly published. Based on this theorie the essential problems of the development of the «Foehn» can well be explained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Dimmerföhnlage vom 18. Dez. 1945 wird in ihrer Entwicklung eingehend beschrieben und im Zusammenhang mit einer früher veröffentlichten Föhntheorie betrachtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 210-213 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary Experiments to determine the thickness of glaciers by high frequency prospecting were carried out on the Austrian glacier Hintereisferner in 1938. After the war electrohydrographical measurements on glacier rivulets were carried out in the Kaprun Valley. The resistance of the glacier water fluctuates according to the time of season. It depends on the respective composition of these waters (Fig. 2). Therefore the geologic and mineralogic properties of the glacier-water may be deducted from the electric resistance. Especially the amount of surface water may be deducted (Fig. 3). An example is shown in Fig. 4.
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The articledeals with a preliminary evaluation of observations of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway during a period of ten years. The numerous observations show clearly the variation of the depth of a snow cover in between a small area in high mountains. The stations were located 100 meters and less apart from each other. 800 observation stations have been established extending 46 km along the highway. Observations were made once a week. Mean values obtained from 6 measurements in a 120 m broad profile rectangular to the road give a representative annual average of snow depth for different elevation and different orographic areas. Two types of annual variations can be distinguished according to the exposure of the considered area. The great variation of the mean snow depth at each of the six stations of one profile—there are variations of several meters-and variations of the same order of magnitude for stations of the same profile for different years show that the observations of a single station in high mountains are by no means representative. Therefore the evaluation of mean values over a certain small area must be recommended in order to obtain accurate results. In general a derivation of the amount of precipitation from the snow depth for a single station cannot be justified. The variation of snow depth can also be recognized from the average snow profile along the highway and from the difference of this quantity between the center and the border of the road. The results of frequent measurements of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway can be also used with success for considerations on the economy of glaciers and for an estimation of the water contents of a snow cover in winter which may be of particular interest for hydrology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine vorläufige Bearbeitung zehnjähriger Beobachtungen der Schneehöhen auf der Grossglockner-Hochalpenstrasse berichtet, die durch die Häufung von Beobachtungsstellen vor allem einen Einblick in die Veränderlichkeit der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke auf kleinem Raum im Hochgebirge gewähren. Die Messtellen lagen in Entfernungen von 100m und weniger. Aus je sechs Messungen in 120m breiten Profilen quer zur Strasse berechnete Mittelwerte erlauben, repräsentative durchschnittliche Jahresgänge der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke für verschiedene Höhen und orographische Lagen abzuleiten. Es lassen sich zwei Typen der Jahresgänge unterscheiden, die durch den Grad der Exposition des Messgebietes bestimmt werden. Die grossen Unterschiede der mittleren Schneehöhen an jeder der sechs Messtellen der einzelnen Profile, die mehrere Meter übersteigen können, und die ähnlich grossen Unterschiede in der Verteilung der Schneehöhen auf die einzelnen Messtellen der Profile in den verschiedenen Jahren lassen erkennen, wie wenig repräsentativ für ein weiteres Gebiet im allgemeinen eine einzelne Schneehöhenmesstelle im unebenen Gelände des Hochgebirges ist. Zur Gewinnung repräsentativer Werte der Schneehöhen ist im Hochgebirge die Bildung von Gebietsmittel aus mehreren über einen kleinen Raum verteilten Messtellen zweckmässig. Ein Rückschluss auf die Niederschlagsmengen aus den Schneehöhen einer Messtelle ist im allgemeinen im Hochgebirge nicht gerechtfertigt. Die grosse Veränderlichkeit der Schneehöhe im Hochgebirge wird auch aus durchschnittlichen Schneeprofilen entlang der Hochalpenstrasse und aus den Unterschieden der durchschnittlichen Schneehöhen zwischen Strassenmitte und Strassenrand ersichtlich. Die Ergebnisse der gehäuften Schneehöhenmessungen auf der Grossglocknerstrasse erscheinen für die Beurteilung der Nährgebiete der Gletscher und für die Abschätzung des Wasserwertes der winterlichen Schneedecke des Hochgebirges für die Zwecke der Wasserwirtschaft von grosser Bedeutung.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 128-131 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recent experiments on the radioactivity of potassium 40 give as result: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ λ K being the constant of decay byK-electron capture, λ=λβ+λ K the total decay constant. If we make following assumptions: 1st) the atmospheric argon is the decay product of potassium 40 in the earth, which has undergoneK-capture; 2nd) the potassium existing in the earth is practically all contained in the external crust, 10 miles thick; 3rd) the age of the solid crust does not exceed ∼3.109 years: we come to the conclusion that the earth as a whole must have remained in a fluid state for ∼ 109 years at least.
    Notes: Riassunto Da esperienze recenti risultano per le costanti radioattive del potassio 40 i valori seguenti: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ dove λ=λβ+λ K è la costante di disintegrazione totale λ K la costante di catturaK. Se si ammette che: 1°) l'argon atmosferico abbia origine dal potassio 40 contenuto nella terra, che ha subìto la catturaK; 2°) la massa di potassio disponibile nella terra sia praticamente quella contenuta nella crosta, di 16 km di spessore; 3°) la crosta si sia solidificata da non più di ∼ 3.109 a: si conclude che la terra deve essere rimasta allo stato fluido per un tempo dell'ordine di 109 anni almeno.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Geodesy is at present faced with tremendous tasks of world-wide scope. Main triangulations constituting the basis for a reliable determination of the earth's figure, the establishment of absolute coordinates and consistent large-scale mapping have, in the course of the past 150 years, been completed only to a very limited extent. In order to speed up efforts the customary methods and instruments of observation should be revised on the grounds of recent experiences made in the field of physics. Numerous nations have already made valuable contributions and an appreciable increase of results has been reached by means of the optical micrometer, theodolites with photographic registration, steel towers etc. In order to overcome obstacles due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions, the electric eye has been designed, replacing visual observation by photo-electric indication. The present note is in particular a report on the present stage of experiments made by the Institut für angewandte Geodäsie. These experiments have proved that generally speaking the new device is well suited for the purpose on hand. However, further efforts will be required for creating an apparatus thoroughly reliable also in the field.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die internationale Geodäsie steht noch heute vor gewaltigen Aufgaben. Das Hauptdreiecksnetz, das die Grundlage der sicheren Bestimmung der Erdfigur, der Schaffung absoluter Koordinaten für die gesamte Erdoberfläche und klaffungsfreier grossmasstäblicher Karten dient, ist in den letzten 150 Jahren nur zu einem geringen Bruchteil fertiggestellt. Moderne physikalische Erkenntnisse müssen die klassischen Beobachtungsmethoden und-instrumente reformieren, um die Leistungen zu beschleunigen. Viele Nationen haben hier wertvolle Beiträge geliefert. Optisches Mikrometer, photographisch registrierende. Theodolitc, stählerne Beobachtungstürme usw. haben schon bedeutende Leistungssteigerungen erzielt. Zur Ueberwindung der Hindernisse, die durch ungünstige atmosphärische Verhältnisse erzeugt werden, ist das elektrische Auge konstruiert worden, das die visuelle Beobachtung durch elektrische Anzeigegeräte ersetzt. Es wird über den neuesten Stand der im Institut für angewandte Geodäsie durchgeführten Versuche berichtet, die bereits die grundsätzliche Eignung des Gerätes im erstrebten Sinne beweisen liessen. Fernere Versuche und Vervollkommnungen werden notwendig sein, um das Gerät zu einem nie versagenden, feldmässig einsatzfähigen Gerät zu gestalten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 120-127 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The oscillation of the sight point picture in telescope and simultaneously the difference of the air temperatures between the hights of 0.5 and 2.5 meters have been observed every two hours through two clear days and nights. Hereby the following results have been obtained. Short after the sunrise the sight point picture is quite immovable. Soon after it beginns to vibrate, at first slightly and slowly (one time in second) and then more violently and quickly (five times in second). The vibration attains its maximum short after the noon, then it decreases and becomes zero not long before the sunset. From now till the sunrise the sight point picture is swaying very slowly (in periods of several minutes). The vibration is proportional to the 1.68-power of the sight length. It correlates the vertical temperature gradient, and the vibration is e. g. for the sight of 75 m:F 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, where ϱ means the temperature increase from 0.5 to 2.5 m (here negative). The swaying is proportional to the 2.05-power of the sight length. It correlates the gradient, and the swaying is e. g. for the sight of 125 m:S 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, where ϱ has the same meaning as above. Between the sight errorZ and the vibrationF a relation:Z=0.11+0.029F mm is to be seen. Thus the accuracy of the sighting is not very sensitive to the vibration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In zwei Beobachtungsserien von 24 Stunden ist jede zweite Stunde die Schwankung des Zielbildes beobachtet und gleichzeitig die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m gemessen worden. Aus diesen Beobachtungen gehen folgende Resultate hervor. Kurz nach Sonnenaufgang ist das Zielbild unbeweglich. Bald beginnt es zu flimmern, zuerst schwach und langsam (einmal in der Sek.) später stärker und schneller (5 mal in der Sek.). Das Flimmern erreicht sein Maximum etwas nach Mittag, vermindert sich dann und wird Null kurz vor Sonnenuntergang. Von hier an beginnt das Zielbild sehr langsam (in Perioden von Minuten) zu schweben. Der Betrag des Flimmerns ist proportional der 1.68-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 75 m beträgtF 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m bezeichnet. Der Betrag des Schwebens ist proportional der 2.05-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 125 m beträgtS 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die obenangegebene Bedeutung hat. Zwischen dem ZielungsfehlerZ und dem FlimmernF besteht die BeziehungZ=0.11++0.029F mm. Das Schweben wirkt sehr stark auf die Zielungsgenauigkeit ein, obgleich beim Vorkommen des Schwebens das Zielbild nach dem Augenmass unbeweglich erscheint.
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1950), S. 155-177 
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1950), S. 178-256 
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1950), S. 278-300 
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1950), S. 301-321 
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1950), S. 410-447 
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1950), S. 381-409 
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1950), S. 358-363 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein einsömmeriger Karpfen wird beschrieben, bei dem an der linken Körperseite etwa vom vorderen Drittel der Rückenflosse bis in die Gegend des Beckengürtels eine Narbe herunterläuft. Sie ist wulstartig verdickt, schwarz pigmentiert und mit Schuppen bedeckt. Im vorderen Abschnitt ist infolge des „Narbenzuges“ die Rückenflosse verdoppelt. Es finden sich an der Körperseite 2 überzählige Bauchflossen, von denen die obere normale Länge, aber geringere Breite aufweist und die untere bei halber Länge nur zipfelförmig ausgebildet ist. Der Beckengürtel ist offenbar durch die Schnittwunde in 2 Abschnitte zerlegt. Die griffelartigen Teile sind bei den normalen Bauchflossen verblieben, die schaufelartigen Teile sind nach der Körperseite verlagert und dienen, von Muskelwülsten höckerartig umgeben, als Beckengürtel für die überzähligen Bauchflossen. Es wird die Vermutung ausgesprochen, daß die nach der Körperseite verlagerten Teile des Beckengürtels als Organisator gewirkt haben und die Ausbildung der überzähligen Bauchflossen induziert haben. Bei dem Karpfen sind auch 2 Gallenblasen und 2 etwas erweiterte vordere Darmabschnitte ausgebildet. Diese Erscheinung wird so erklärt, daß die Schnittwunde auch den Anfangsteil des Darmes betraf, der die Erweiterung dieses Abschnittes und die Gallenblase doppelt angelegt hat und dann nachträglich wieder zu einem arbeitsfähigen Darmrohr verwachsen ist Dieser eigenartige Fund reizt sehr dazu, planmäßige Versuche mit Karpfen auf frühem Jugendzustand anzustellen.
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1950), S. 476-490 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 133-135 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The fundamental objection, opposed bySimpson against the hypothesis ofKöhler concerning the prevalency of oceanic saline condensation nuclei is discussed. Attention is attracted upon experiments proving that the bubbling, also limited, in sea water produce great number of nuclei. The efficacy of water spraying is likewise discussed.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene discussa l'obiezione fondamentale fatta daSimpson contro l'ipotesi diKöhler sulla prevalenza dei nuclei salini di origine marina. Si richiama l'attenzione sul numero molto grande di nuclei che si formano nel gorgoglìo di aria in acqua di mare e si ricordano i numeri ottenuti sperimentalmente dagli AA. in altra epoca. L'efficacia del fenomeno di spruzamento in atto nelle burrasche viene pure illustrata.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 136-140 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After previously stating some general accounts about the calculation and determination of the air-dampness, the Autor, using the least square method, gets to a formula, according to which, by reading the two thermometers, dry and damp the relative dampness and the saturation-deficit can be directly drawn up without the help of any table. Afterwards he gets on constructing two nomograms that make remarkably easy such determinations. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A2919023 00003
    Notes: Riassunto Premessi alcuni cenni generali sul calcolo e sulla determinazione del-l'umidità, l'A., col metodo dei minimi quadrati, perviene ad una formula in base alla quale, dalla lettura dei due termometri, asciutto e bagnato, si può ricavare direttamente l'umiditá relativa ed il deficit di saturazione senza l'aiuto di alcuna tabella. Procede quindi alla costruzione di due nomogrammi che facilitano notevolmente tali determinazioni.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 159-162 
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    Notes: Summary The persistence and strength of the katabatic winds of Adélie Land and King George V Land of the Antarctic are caused by the big temperature difference between the air over the ice cap and the neighbouring open sea. On days with strong insolation over the ice cap the temperature difference becomes during the afternoon hours small. The marked lulls in the gales from the ice cap occur generally at these times, particularly in December when insolation and heating of the surface air over the ice cap are at a maximum.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 188-196 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 181-187 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After having showed a new way by which the process for making the selective combinations used for periodical analysis is hastened, an harmonic analysing device which traducts with photoelectric means the schemes ofLabrouste andVercelli is illustrated. Further, a change in the construction ofLovera's electric analyser is proposed.
    Notes: Riassunto Dopo aver indicato un nuovo artificio per rendere più rapida la formazione di combinazioni selettive nella analisi periodale, si illustra un modello di analizzatore armonico che traduce con mezzi fotoelettrici gli schemi diLabrouste e diVercelli. Infine, si propone una variante costruttiva dell'analizzatore elettrico progettato dalLovera.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 197-201 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 163-180 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper researches have been carried out about the tendency of persistence of the weather at Genova. The probable frequency of dry and rainy periods have been calculated for the period 1841–1930. The same researches were made for the stations Chiavari, Savona, Milano and Alessandria. It has been found an increasing stability for dry weather which is caused by an increasing meridional circulation in the Mediterranean, as it is demonstrated by the variations of the mean surface-winds at Genova.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Anhand 90-jähriger Beobachtungen (1841–1930) von Genova wird die Erhaltungstendenz des Wetters für diesen Ort untersucht und die wahrscheinliche Häufigkeit der Trocken-und Regenperioden berechnet. Eine gleiche Untersuchung für kürzere Perioden wurde auch für die Stationen Chiavari, Savona, Milano und Alessandria durchgeführt. Es zeigt sich eine fortschreitende, zunehmende Stabilität des trockenen Wetters, welche von einer gleichzeitig zunehmenden meridionalen Zirkulation im Mittelmeerbecken abhängt. Diese letzte wird durch den Gang des mittleren Bodenwindes in Genova bestätigt.
    Notes: Riassunto Valorizzando le osservazioni del novantennio 1841–1930, viene precisata la persistenza del tempo a Genova e calcolata la frequenza probabile dei periodi di giorni piovosi od asciutti consecutivi; per la primavera e l'autunno tali caratteristiche sono anche illustrate graficamente. Segue l'esame dei risultati analoghi ottenuti per Chiavari, Savona, Milano ed Alessandria, relativi però a periodi più brevi. Dal punto di vista delle variazioni climatiche recenti, l'analisi compiuta rivela un progressivo aumento della stabilità del tempo asciutto dipendente da un corrispondente incremento della circolazione meridionale nel bacino del Mediterraneo, incremento confermato dalle variazioni del vento medio al suolo a Genova.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 201-204 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 204-208 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 40-45 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A photoelectric device is illustrated which, being fit for computation of double integrals, and for squaring a great number of functions of function, is suitable to determine the correlation coefficient.
    Notes: Riassunto Si illustra un apparecchio fotoelettrico che, essendo atto al calcolo degli integrali doppi e degli integrali di numerose funzioni di funzione, si presta per determinare il coefficiente di correlazione.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 1-12 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Supposing that: A) radioactive heat generation is constant in a superficial layer of thicknessH and no radioactive heat is generated in deeper layers, or B) radioactive heat generation in the depthz is const. e−αz ,Jeffreys has computed thatH and 1/α are nearly 13 km. This figure is rather small.Jeffreys has taken a temperature of commencement that tends to infinity likez and has neglected the diminution of radioactive substances by disintegration. If one takes a temperature of commencement that, with increasingz, approaches a fixed value and considers the half-lives of radioactive elements, one gets the valuesH=23 and 1/α=20 km. New results ofBullard indicate, that radioactive heat generation in rocks is less than was accepted till now. Taking his values one estimates that values of 45 to 50 km forH and 1/α are possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Annahme, dass: A) die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in der obersten Erdschicht von der DickeH konstant ist und in tieferen Schichten keine radioaktive Wärme erzeugt wird, oder B) die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in der Tiefez gleich const. e−αz ist, hatJeffreys berechnet, dassH und 1/α ungefähr 13 km betragen. Diese Zahl ist recht niedrig.Jeffreys hat eine mitz lineare Anfangstemperatur angenommen und die Abnahme der radioaktiven Substanzen vernachlässigt. Nimmt man eine Anfangstemperatur an, die bei wachsendemz einem festen Wert zustrebt, und berücksichtigt man die Halbwertszeiten der radioaktiven Elemente, so kommt man aufH=23 und 1/α=20 km. Neue Ergebnisse vonBullard zeigen an, dass die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in den Gesteinen geringer ist, als man bisher annahm. Mit seinen Zahlen schätzt man ab, dass Werte von 45 bis 50 km fürH und 1/α möglich sind.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 37-39 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An influence of the velocity of gravitation on the tides could not be detected. Phase differences between observed and theoretical tides (κ) may only be related to the local elastic behavior of the earth crust and the tidal friction. Peculiarly big values of κ are often observed, but greater accuracy of measurement and a more thorough elimination of disturbing influences will be required to account for them. Under certain circumstances it would seem possible to reduce the average phase deviations to ±0.7 minutes with regard to the half-day termsM 2 andS 2.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation macht sich auf die Erscheinung der Gezeiten nicht bemerkbar. Unterschiede in der Phase zwischen beobachteten und theoretischen Tiden lassen nur Schlüsse auf das örtliche elastische Verhalten der Erdrinde und auf die Gezeitenreibung zu. Zur Klärung von vielfach beobachteten ungewöhnlich grossen κ-Werten (Differenzen von theoretischen und gemessenen Tidenphasen) ist eine höhere Genauigkeit und eine gründlichere Elimination störender Einflüsse als bisher bei der Ermittlung der Tidenphasen anzustreben. Unter entsprechenden Voraussetzungen erscheint eine Reduktion der mittleren Streuung bei der Phase auf ± 0.7 Zeitminuten hinsichtlich der halbtägigen GliederM 2 undS 2 durchaus möglich.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 13-36 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown in the diagrams Figg. 1–5, that the temporal sequences of terrestrial magnetic storms and earthquakes are largely dependent from a period of 34.19 days. The harmonic analyse demonstrates, that there are two waves of this period with a difference of 180° between them. The comparison of the amplitudes of waves with the expectance as defined byA. Schuster shows, that the period should be a reality. This period is identical with the period of 34.19 days for the rotation of an hypothetical sun-core, discovered earlier by the author. It is illustrated only at the example of the planet Mercury (Fig. 7), that there exist also periods of the form: $$\frac{{\tau _p \cdot 34^d .19}}{{\tau _p - 34.19}}$$ (τ p =period of the revolution of the single planet).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die starke Abhängigkeit der zeitlichen Folge erdmagnetischer Störungen und Erdbehen von einer Periode 34 d .19 wird an den Diagrammen der Figg. 1–5 veranschaulicht. Nach der harmonischen Analyse tritt die Periodenwelle in zwei bestimmten, um 180° gegeneinander versetzten Phasenlagen auf. Ein Vergleich der Amplituden mit derSchusterschen Expektanz lässt erkennen, dass ein Walten des Zufalls hierbei praktisch ausgeschlossen sein sollte. Die Periode ist identisch mit der vom Verfasser früher abgeleiteten Rotationsdauer 34 d .19 eines hypothetischen Sonnenkerns. Auch Perioden der Form $$\frac{{\tau _p \cdot 34^d .19}}{{\tau _p - 34.19}}$$ treten auf (τ p =Umlaufszeit der einzelnen Planeten), wie hier nur an einem Beispiel für den Merkur (Fig. 7) gezeigt wird.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 67-69 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 94-103 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die gewöhnlichen klimatologischen Betrachtungen insbesondere diejenigen mit Hilfe von Klimakarten beziehen sich auf das Makroklima der Erde. Als Extrem steht das Mikroklima in der üblichen Definition gegenüber. Die von beiden Betrachtungen behandelten Räume sind grössenordnungsmässig so verschieden, dass es zweckmässig ist, zwischen die genannten Klimabereiche noch das Mesoklima einzuschalten. Der Gültigkeitsbereich für die vorgenennten Begriffe wird für das Klima der Hochgebirge besprochen. Die Gebirgsatmosphäre wird als Gegenstand des Makroklimas anzusehen sein. Die Atmosphären der Berghänge und der Täler sind dagegen als Gegenstand des Mesoklimas anzusehen. 1) Die Schneedecke in den Hochgebirgen ist von besonderer Empfindlichkeit gegenüber der vertikalen Verteilung der Temperatur, daher ist die durchschnittliche Lage der Peplopause von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Andauer der Schneedecke in Hochgebirgen. 2) Die Peplopause ist entscheidend für die Vertikalgliederung der unteren Schichten der freien Atmosphäre, sie ist in ähnlicher Weise entscheidend für die Verteikalgliederung im Makroklima der Hochgebirge. Dies lässt sich durch die vertikale Verteilung der relativen Feuchtigkeit besonders deutlich zeigen. 3) Der Charakter der Grundschicht im Bereich der Gebirgsatmosphäre ist beispielsweise entscheidend für die Ausbildung der Gewitter in Hochgebirgen. 4) Die tiefsten Minimatemperaturen in Mitteleuropa wurden auf der Gestettneralm bei Lunz in Niederösterreich beobachtet. Neben den besonderen lokalen Verhältnissen war die Lage der Station oberhalb der Peplopause massgebend. 5) Der Temperaturgegensatz zwischen freier Atmosphäre und Berggipfeln ist verschieden für die Grundschicht einerseits und für die Peplopause und die darüberliegenden Schichten andrerseit. 6) Der Einfluss der Massenerhebungen auf die Gebirgsatmosphäre ist nach neueren Untersuchungen nicht mehr in einer thermischen Begünstigung zu sehen. Dass im Innern des Alpenmassivs Waldgrenze und alpine Schneegrenze höher liegen als in den Randzonen muss auf besondere Verhältnisse im Makroklima des Gebirges zurückgeführt werden und hier wird wiederum die durchschnittliche Lage der Peplopause von Einfluss sein.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 112-120 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Windbeobachtungen aus der Stratosphäre über den Britischen Inseln sind statistisch bearbeitet worden, wobei das Hauptgewicht darauf gelegt wurde, das Verhalten der zonalen und meridionalen Windkomponente im Jahresgang und als Funktion der Höhe zu beschreiben und diskutieren.
    Notes: Abstract Wind observations in the stratosphere above the British isles are treated statistically, with special regard to the variations of zonal and meridional wind components with height and during the year.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 127-129 
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    Notes: Résumé Certains orages à caractère local sévissant en Valais provoquent dans la vallée du Rhône un refroidissement des basses couches et un excès local de pression. Ces conditions sont à l'origine d'un fort vent régional, appelé vaudaire, dirigé du Valais vers le Lac-Léman.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 104-111 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is known to us since a rather long time, that the foehn causes typical diseases on many people. These show so many differences such as apathy with some and quarelling mind with others. Other symptoms are muscolar convulsions, violent heart-palpitation, headaches, increased cardialogical diseases. The foehn-sickness occurs mainly during the pre-foehn-period, i. e. when the foehn is blowing already in full strength in the height, whilst cold air is still stagnating in the valleys. The diseases are in closed rooms as affective as in the open. This is to be considered in an explication. The effects of the foehn on the human organism are generally supposed to be transferred through the vegetative nervous system. We do not know yet definitely the real factor causing these diseases. Presumably they are caused by oscillations of pressure, resulting out of the lapping cold air in the foehn-valleys, or by high-frequency radiation arising the frontier between the cold air and the above streaming foehn air. Oscillations of the atmospheric electric field of certain frequencies can be also effective in closed rooms. The physiological foehn effects are reported rather exclusively from the northern Alpes concerning the south foehn. There is still to find out, if the north foehn on the south side of the Alpes also causes similar foehn diseases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es ist seit langem bekannt, dass der Föhn bei sehr vielen Menschen typische Beschwerden auslöst, die von völliger Apathie und Lustlosigkeit einerseits bis zu Neigung zu Streit und Jähzornsdelikten andererseits reichen. Dazu kommen Erscheinungen wie Muskelzucken, Herzklopfen, Kopfschmerzen, Zunahme der Kreislaufbeschwerden. Die «Föhnkrankheit» tritt vor allem in der Vorföhnperiode auf, d. h. dann, wenn in der Höhe bereits der Föhn in voller Stärke weht, in den Tälern aber noch eine stagnierende Kaltluftschicht liegt. Die Beschwerden sind im geschlossenen Raum ebenso stark wie im Freien. Das muss bei einer Erklärung berücksichtigt werden. Man nimmt allgemein an, dass die Wirkung des Föhns auf den menschlichen Organismus über das vegetative Nervensystem geht. Ueber den eigentlichen Faktor der die Beschwerden auslöst, besteht noch keine völlige Klarheit. Vermutlich sind es entweder Druckschwankungen, die durch das Schwingen der Kaltluft in den Föhntälern entsteht, oder aber Hochfrequenzstrahlung, die von der Grenzfläche zwischen der Kaltluft und der darüber wehenden Föhnluft ausgeht. Schwankungen des luft-elektrischen Feldes bestimmter Frequenz können auch im geschlossenen Raum bemerkbar werden. Die Berichte über die physiologische Föhnwirkung stammen ziemlich ausschliesslich aus den Nordalpen und betreffen den Südföhn. Es bleibt noch zu klären, ob auch der Nordföhn auf der Südseite der Alpen zu Föhnbeschwerden führt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 142-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Tests made on the frequency of the Föhn at Turin, Moncalieri and Milan (observation period 1929–44) confirm the fact that same manifests most frequently and most strongly in Piedmont. Some typical cases from Piedmont and from Lombardy are analysed on the strenght of ground observations. The following are the most important results: The Föhn manifests most frequently on the southern side of the Alps when Europe is dominated by a pressure distribution of theHW type, less frequently in aNW situation (according to Fr.Baur). A secondary low on the plain of the Po or on part of it, is necessary for the springing up of the Föhn. The prevailing direction is NW. Every Föhn of not too short a duration is connected in its initial phase with an anti-cyclonical Föhn of more or less pronounced character. In case the Föhn is accompanied by a warm front, the thermic effect will manifest chiefly in the beginning, but when accompanied by a cold front, a decrease in humidity will prevail. The temperature distribution high up is always dry adiabatic or is very little different from it. The progression of a warm front from North, combined with Föhn, often causes stationary waves in the high atmosphere; they can be determined on the southern side of the Alps by means of a micro-barograph several hours before the setting in of the Föhn.
    Notes: Riassunto Dapprima vengono esposti e discussi i risultati ottenuti sulla frequenza del Föhn a Torino, Moncalieri e Milano, in base soprattutto alle osservazioni del periodo 1929–44, risultati che confermano come in Piemonte il fenomeno sia più frequente ed intenso che altrove.—Utilizzando le sole osservazioni al suolo, segue quindi l'analisi di alcuni casi tipici interessanti prevalentemente il Piemonte, poi altri relativi soprattutto alla Lombardia. Le deduzioni principali sono: Il Föhn del versante meridionale delle Alpi si presenta di regola quando sull'Europa domina una situazione barica tipoHW oppure, meno frequentemente, unaNW (secondo Fr.Baur); Determinante per l'inizio del Föhn è la presenza di una depressione secondaria sulla pianura padana od interessante parte di essa; La direzione nettamente prevalente, anche in Lombardia, è quella da NW; Ogni Föhn di non breve durata si manifesta sempre, nel suo primo periodo, con un'aliquota più o meno marcata di Föhn libero od anticiclonale. A parità di condizioni preesistenti, l'azione termica iniziale è massima per i Föhn associati ad un fronte caldo, mentre quelli con fronte freddo si manifestano soprattutto con una diminuzione dell'umidità; La distribuzione termica verticale in una massa favonica è sempre adiabatica secce o poco scostantesi da questa; L'avanzamento di un fronte caldo da Nord, associato al Föhn, determina spesso onde stazionarie nell'alta troposfera rilevabili (mediante microbarografo) a Sud delle Alpi parecchie ore prima dell'inizio del Föhn.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 221-223 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the precipitation-runoff system they are distinguished the 3 cases according to it goes from the precipitation to the runoff directly or by the snow or by ice. Particular consideration is given to this last case. Then is brought in evidence the inertial property of the ice. Applying these considerations to the present conditions, it is forecast for the next years a nearly normal runoff.
    Notes: Riassunto Nel sistema precipitazione-deflusso si distinguono i 3 casi secondo che si passa dalla prima al secondo direttamente, o mediante la neve, oppure mediante il ghiaccio. Si considera in particolare questo ultimo caso mettendo in evidenza le proprietà inerziali dell'elemento intermedio. Facendo applicazione alle condizioni glacioclimatiche attuali si prevede per i prossimi anni un deflusso d'ablazione normale.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 230-233 
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    Notes: Summary The writer deals with the relations of the variations of the Italian glaciers and the state of the climate in its two elements of the precipitations and temperature in these twenty-five years. From the study of eighty glaciers, it appears that the considerable regress which has characterized the Italian glaciers is caused by a deficiency in winter falls rather than by the increase of summer temperature. Only after 1946 the average summer temperature seems to increase too; that should explain the more frequent phenomenon of the regress, in the years from 1947 to 1950.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 224-229 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After some general considerations, there are described some particular phenomena noticed about the glacier of Mandrone (Adamello). They are due to the swift retirement of the front and to the diminution of the thickness of the glacier as following: the strangling of the icetongue, glacier rigenerated, glacier dead, lake at the glacier-mouth, round ice-crevices, valley like U. They are done some suppositions on the future alpine-climatical proceeding.
    Notes: Riassunto Premesse alcune considerazioni generali si descrivono alcuni particolari fenomeni osservati al ghiacciaio del Mandrone e dovuti al rapido arretramento della fronte e assottigliamento del ghiaccio come: strozzatura della lingua ghiacciaio di rimpasto, ghiacciaio morto, lago alla bocca, crepacci circolari, valle ad U. Si fanno alcune considerazioni sul futuro andamento climatico alpino.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 107-112 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article contains the numerical computation of the Earth's flattening and the equatorial gravity on the basis of the definition of the reference ellipsoid, given by the author in a former work, and the mean isostatic anomalies computed byL. Tanni. The results, γ e =978.055, α=1/296.3, show that the method of least squares is accurate enough under the present conditions; the flattening computed is bounded by the values derived byA. Véronnet from the terrestrial precession.
    Notes: Résumé Il s'agit de la détermination de l'aplatissement de la Terre et de la pesanteur équatoriale en utilisant la définition de l'ellipsoïde de référence donnée par l'auteur dans une publication antérieure et les anomalies isostatiques moyennes calculées parL. Tanni. Les résultats obtenus, γ e =978.055, α=1/296.3, sont sensiblement égaux à ceux qui proviennent de la méthode habituelle des moindres carrés; l'aplatissement calculé est compris entre les limites déduites parA. Véronnet de la précession terrestre.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 143-147 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown how is possible to give pratical applications toEötvös' formulas on relations between gravitational and magnetic anomalies, in such a way as to obtain informations on magnetic properties of rocks that cause the anomaly. It follows the opportunity of executing together with torsion balance measures, in as much as possible, also magnetic measurements.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene mostrato come sia possibile dare pratiche applicazioni alle formule diEötvös sulle relazioni fra anomalie gravimetriche e magnetiche, in modo da ricavare le proprietà magnetiche delle rocce che causano l'anomalia. Da ciò l'opportunità di eseguire sempre unitamente a misurazioni con la bilancia di torsione anche misure magnetiche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 155-157 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El método del equilibrio de irradiación utilízase en 2 series de observaciones.
    Notes: Summary The method of the equilibrium of radiation is demonstrated on two observed series of observations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 148-154 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A comparative study of the geomagnetic bays at the Observatories of Cuajimalpa and Teoloyucan (Mexico) and Tortosa, shows: 1) that the grouping of the bays into a certain number of fundamental types, and that the tendency of their frequency maxima to recur in a cyclical order during the day, are general features of geomagnetic bays, at least for all middle geomagnetic latitudes; 2) that the relative importance of the different types and the hour of their maxima varies according to the geomagnetic latitude of the Observatory where the bays are recorded.
    Notes: Résumé En comparant les baies géomagnétiques enregistrées aux Observatoires de Cuajimalpa et Teoloyucan (Mexique) avec celles observées à Tortosa, on examine la validité générale de la classification des baies établie à l'Observatoire de l'Ebre et de la loi de succession des différents types le long du jour. L'on arrive aux conclusions suivantes: 1o La classification des baies géomagnétiques en un certain nombre de types fondamentaux, de même que la tendence à l'apparition de leurs maxima de fréquence dans un ordre cyclique pendant la journée, a un caractère général, tout au moins pour les latitudes géomagnétiques moyennes; 2o L'importance relative des différents types et l'heure d'apparition de leurs maxima varie d'un Observatoire à l'autre, d'après leur latitude géomagnétique.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 132-142 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il campo geomagnetico si può formalmente scomporre in due parti: quella simmetrica di rotazione e la parte da questa residua. E' probabile che tale scomposizione abbia un fondamento reale: la parte simmetrica di rotazione, ossia il cosìdetto «campo del nucleo», dipende verosimilmente dallo stato molecolare della materia nel nucleo terrestre e viene generato con la rotazione della Terra; la parte residua, ovvero il «campo della crosta«, ha la sua sede nella corteccia rocciosa della Terra e risulta generato dai processi che ivi hanno luogo. Alle molte possibilità di spiegazione del campo del nucleo ne viene aggiunta una nuova, dimostrando teoricamente che una massa cosmica ad alta temperatura, rotante attorno a se stessa, quando è fortemente ionizzata, a causa dei moti termo-cinetici degli elettroni liberi, deve originare un campo magnetico, il cui senso corrisponde a quelli che si osservano per la Terra e per il Sole. La discussione dei risultati quantitativi dimostra che è possibile ascrivere a questo effetto il campo magnetico del nucleo. — II campo magnetico della crosta, nella sua parte sostanziale, viene spiegato come azione magnetica di correnti stazionarie spostantesi nelle parti inferiori della medesima crosta, nonchè con quella della magnetizzazione degli strati rocciosi esterni. La distribuzione delle componenti del campo della crosta permette di dedurre due sistemi di correnti nell'interno della crosta medesima: 1) il vortice di correnti americano con verso orario, e 2) il vortice di correnti africo-australiano con senso antiorario. La rappresentazione cartografica dei sistemi di correnti elettriche che ne derivano rivela una stretta relazione con le tettonica in grande della crosta terrestre: i sistemi di correnti coincidono globalmente con le grandi zone geosinclinali, circumpacifica e mediterranea. Ciò consente di dedurre che in queste zone vi è la sede delle cause delle correnti telluriche, ovvero anche che le correnti elettrotelluriche della crosta sono generate dai processi geotettonici che si verificano in queste zone geosinclinali. — La variazione secolare viene spiegata come una proprietà del campo della crosta e ricondotta alle lenti variazioni delle correnti elettriche che accompagnano i grandi processi geotettonici. Effettivamente, secondo quanto conferma il materiale empirico sinora disponibile, la variazione secolare rivela grandi differenze regionali e le regioni ove tali variazioni sono massime coincidono con quelle nelle quali l'azione elettromagnetica delle correnti elettro-telluriche è massima.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird theoretisch nachgewiesen, dass eine um sich selbst rotierende kosmische Masse von hoher Temperatur, welche stark ionisiert ist, infolge der thermisch-Brown'schen Bewegungen der freien Elektronen ein magnetisches Feld besitzt, dessen Richtungssinn den an Erde und Sonne beobachteten allgemeinen Feldern entspricht. Daserdmagnetische Kernfeld wird ursächlich auf diesen Effekt zurückgeführt. Daserdmagnetische Rindenfeld wird in seinem wesentlichsten Teil erklärt als magnetische Wirkung stationärer, innerhalb der Erdkruste fliessender Ströme, in zweiter Linie durch die Gesamtheit des Gesteinsmagnetismus. Das Bild der Verteilung der Kraftkomponenten des erdmagnetischen Rindenfeldes lässt auf zwei ausgeprägte Stromsysteme innerhalb der Erdkruste schliessen: 1. deramerikanische Stromwirbel mit einer Stromrichtung im Uhrzeigersinne, und 2. derafrikanisch-australische Stromwirbel mit einer dem Uhrzeigersinne entgegengesetzten Stromrichtung. Trägt man den Verlauf der sich ergebenden erdelektrischen Stromsysteme kartenmässig ein, so werden Beziehungen zu der grosstektonischen Gliederung der Erdkruste deutlich erkennbar: Die Stromsysteme fallen in ihrem wesentlichen Teil mit den grossen geosynklinalen Zonen der Erde — der zirkumpazifischen und der mediterranen Zone — zusammen. Das lässt darauf schliessen, dass in diesen Zonen der Sitz der Ursachen des Erdstromes ist, d. h. also, dass der innerhalb der Erdkruste fliessende elektrische Strom erzeugt wird durch die in diesen geosynklinalen Zonen im Ablauf begriffenen geotektonischen Vorgänge. — DieSäkularvariation wird auf allmähliche Veränderungen der Erdströme zurückgeführt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 158-159 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the conservation equation of potential vorticity in the barotropic atmosphere $$\frac{d}{{dt}}\left( {\frac{{f + \zeta }}{{\Delta p}}} \right) = 0$$ holds good, even in the baroclinic atmosphere, if it is permissible to introduce the isentropic and mass-conservation approximations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 160-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Use is made of a differentiation's formula for surface integrals in showing aV. Bjerknes' meteorological theorem.
    Notes: Riassunto Si fa uso di una formula di derivazione di un integrale di superficie per dimostrare un teorema meteorologico diV. Bjerknes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 162-169 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während dem 13. und 14. Juni 1949 wurde in Nord-Amerika weitauseinanderliegende abnormaleE-Region Aktivität beobachtet bei oblique einfallenden Ionosphären-Beobachtungsstellen. Die Information wurde von einer kooperierenten Gruppe Radio-Amateuren erhalten. Auf diesem Wege war es möglich eine Schätzung der Breite und Bewegung des sporadischenE′s zu erhalten. DreiE S Wolken wurden festgestellt, jede deren einen Geschwindigkeitskomponenten vom Osten her besass. Die Geschwindigkeiten waren ungefähr SO 90 km/Stunde, NO 140 km/Stunde und SSO 190 km/Stunde (im meteorologischem Sinn, d. h. vom SO, NO, und SSO).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 170-174 
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    Notes: Summary Thirty years ago, when no easy and efficient process of sounding could reveal them the true depth of a glacier,C. Somigliana tried to help the glaciologist with a formula giving them the maximal thickness of any transverse section. Requisites were: breadth, maximal velocity, slope and coefficient of internal friction to be known. Commanding condition: no gliding of the ice on the glacier-bed. Numerous recent soundings of Swiss ice-streams did afford the opportunity of verifying the pertinency of the formula. Therefore the writer selected sixteen of the most reliable soundings and reckoned the values of the coefficient of viscosity μ. The results have been deceptive: if however the mean value of μ differs not much from 1014 CGS usually accepted (afterLagally), the divergencies are very great, extending from less than the half to almost the double (The same is been shown for the recent formulae ofHaefeli andKoechlin). Therefore no secure number can be derived for the required depth. The condition of no gliding is mostly not realized and the μ are therefore lessened. If however the real value of μ for the ice can ever be ascertained it will be possible to reckon the velocity of the up to now unmeasured gliding of the ice on the bed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 175-178 
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    Notes: Summary A review is given of the investigations on variations in the general circulation in middle latitudes made byWillett andPetterssen. According toWillett a «high-index» type of circulation pattern with a strong zonal flow has probably caused the recent climatic improvement in the northern latitudes while the «low-index» type with meridional flow would create a cooling off in the same areas. According toPetterssen an other type of «low-index» pattern with a weak zonal flow and strong meridional exchange of air has been the essential cause of the warming up of the northern latitudes in Europe. This implies that the definition of the «low-index» type is not clear and gives rise to misunderstanding. Making use of our experience on glacier retreat in northern Scandinavia it is concluded that thePetterssen type of circulation more probably than the «high-index» type has caused the warming-up in the North Atlantic area from which the retreat of the glaciers has followed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 179-191 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A survey is given on various methods of measuring strength and hardness of snow. Besides older well known instruments newer ones are described. A suggestion is made for a rough hardness scale whos application does not require any particular instruments. Measurements taken in a snow profile with different instruments show a good agreement in the general course of hardness and strength. A more elaborate investigation on the subject will be published later.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Uebersicht wird gegeben über verschiedene Methoden der Härte- und Festigkeitsmessung an Schnee. Neben älteren, bekannten Instrumenten werden auch neuere beschrieben. Eine Anregung für eine rohe Härteskala wird gegeben, deren Anwendung keiner besonderer Hilfsmittel bedarf. Vergleichende Messungen an einem Schneeprofil zeigen, dass alle Methoden den groben Verlauf der Verbandsfestigkeit übereinstimmend wiedergeben. Ueber eine genauere Untersuchung wird später berichtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 192-197 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Observations, made in August 1950, on the distribution and the characteristic features of ice-cones on Lys-glacier, are described.
    Notes: Riassunto Si dà conto delle osservazioni compiute, durante l'agosto 1950 sul plateau del ghiacciaio del Lys, circa la distribuzione e le caratteristiche dei coni di ghiaccio.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 198-208 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 1949 and 1950 four earthquakes were felt on the Lower Rhine. Out of these the earthquake of March 3, 1950, was the strongest one. Near Euskirchen the intensity VII of the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg-Scale was atteined. The evaluation of the seismograms resulted the epicentre 50° 47′ N, 6° 50′ E (4 km E of Euskirchen). The microseismic and macroseismic data resulted a depth of the hypocentre of nearly 6 km. Curves of the arrival times ofP- andS-waves are given. Acustic phenomena are discussed and there is pointed out, that the microclimatic conditions may have a decisive signification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1949 und 1950 sind am Niederrhein 4 Erdbeben gespürt worden. Von diesen war das Beben vom 8. März 1950 das stärkste. Im Herdgebiet, in der Nähe der Stadt Euskirchen, wurde die Stärke VII der Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg-Skala erreicht. Die Auswertung der Seismogramme ergab als Epizentrum 50° 47′, 6° 50′ E (4 km östlich von Euskirchen). Die Herdtiefe ergab sich makroseismisch und mikroseismisch zu rund 6 km. Es werden Laufzeitkurven der Vorläuferwellen mitgeteilt. Die Schall-wahrnehmungen werden eingehend diskutiert und darauf hingewiesen, dass den mikroseismischen Verhältnissen dabei möglicherweise eine entscheidende Bedeutung zukommt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 209-214 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Numerous observations of the dip of the horizon which have been carried out at the Institute for Geophysics and Geodesy of the University of Genoa (55.334 m), are discussed by using the monthly means. Using simultaneous measurements of the temperatures of the air and of the sea water at the coast, the formula ofFreiesleben was applied. Furthermore it was possible to show that the empirical formula set up by the Japanese admiralty is quite in agreement with the observations of Genoa.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es werden anhand von Monatsmitteln die zahlreichen Beobachtungen der Kimmtiefe diskutiert, die am Geophysikalischen und Geodätischen Institut der Universität von Genua (55.334 m) gemacht worden sind. Unter Benützung von gleichzeitigen Messungen der Lufttemperatur und der Temperatur der Meeresoberfläche an der Küste, wurden die Formeln vonFreiesleben angewandt. Es zeigte sich auch, dass die von der japanischen Admiralität aufgestellte empirische Formel gut mit den Beobachtungen von Genua übereinstimmt.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono discussi i risultati, espressi con le medie mensili corrispondenti, delle numerose osservazioni dell'angolo di depressione dell'orizzonte marino eseguite all'Istituto Geofisico e Geodetico dell'Università di Genova (m 55.334), ricorrendo alla formola diFreiesleben e valorizzando le contemporanee misure della temperatura dell'aria e di quella superficiale del mare, eseguite sulla costa. Si dimostra inoltre che la formola empirica dell'Ammiragliato Giapponese fornisce un buon accordo con le osservazioni di Genova.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 97-98 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 87-96 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 100-104 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 117-122 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The virtual heights of the ionospheric F2-layer depends on the solar activity characteristically with a double-period for one sunspots-cycle. Only at the Peruvian station Huancayo appears a single period with great heights at small solar activity and with deep-seated boundary of F2-layer at strong solar activity. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A2919023 00002
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die scheinbaren Minimalhöhen der F2-Schicht (h′ F2) zeigen eine charakteristische Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen Sonnentätigkeit mit einer Doppelperiode innerhalb eines Sonnenfleckenzyklus. Nur für die peruanische Station Huancayo ergeben die statistischen Berechnungen eine einfache Periode mit grossen Höhen für die untere Grenze der F2-Schicht zur Zeit geringer Sonnentätigkeit und mit einer tiefliegenden unteren Begrenzung zum Sonnenfleckenmaximum.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 113-116 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary These notes serve to complete the previous article; we find now that the inverse of the flattening and the equatorial gravity are affected with errors, owing to the utilisation of the mean gravity anomalies in the computation of the ellipsoidic gravity, that don't exceed 0.3 and 1.3 mgal. It is still necessary to appreciate the rest of the development in series of spherical functions of the regulated gravity anomaly and two small corrections, coming from the transition of the reference sphere to the Earth's surface, in order to compute the total errors. The theory of the ellipsoid is indispensable for the reduction of the bases and the angles in the geodetic nets and is as simple as the theory of the spheroid.
    Notes: Résumé Ces remarques ont le but de compléter l'article antérieur; on trouve ici que les erreurs de l'inverse de l'aplatissement et de la pesanteur équatoriale, provenant de l'utilisation de moyennes des anomalies de la pesanteur dans le calcul de la pesanteur ellipsoïdique, n'excèdent pas 0.3 et 1.3 mgal respectivement. Il faut évaluer encore le reste du développement en série de fonctions sphériques de l'anomalie de la pesanteur régularisée et deux petites corrections qui résultent de la transition de la sphère de référence à la surface terrestre, pour obtenir les erreurs totales. La théorie du sphéroïde normal n'est pas plus simple que la théorie de l'ellipsoïde, et celle-ci est indispensable.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 123-127 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La distinction entre la hauteur virtuelle minimum de la couche F2 et la hauteur vituelle où se trouve le maximum de la concentration 'eléctronique est nécessaire. On Montre que ces deux régions sont tré différentes pour les stations situées près de l'équateur. Etant donné que la base de la couche F2 s'abaisse pendant la période de croissance du cycle solaire, tandis que la hauteur de la concentraion éléctronique du maximmum augmente, on en conclu que l'épaisseur est soumis à des variations en relation étroite avec l'activité solaire.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es muss unterschieden werden zwischen den (scheinbaren) Minimalhöhen der F2-Schicht und jenen Höhen, in denen sich das Miximum der Elektronenkonzentration befindt. Es wird gezeist, dass sich für Statinen in Aequatornähe diese beiden Gebiete der F2-Schicht ganz verschieden verhalten; aus der Tatsache, dass die untere Begrenzung mit zunehmender Sonnentätigkeit abw→ts sinkt, während gleichzeitig die Höhe für die maximale Elektronenkonzentration anwächst, wird auf eine Veränderung der Schichtdicke geschlossen, die von der wechselnden Sonnenaktivität étroite avec l'activité solaire.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Le osservazioni delle variazioni luni-solari della gravità in diversi punti della Terra non dànno valori concordanti per il fattore δ legato al modulo di rigidità del Globo. Si dimostra che la ripartizione crescente della densità verso il centro della Terra ha per conseguenza di amplificare ancora gli effetti dell'elasticità; adottando la legge diBullen, abbiamo δ=1+0.244h〉1, (h essendo il primo numero diLove). Inoltre, una semplice relazione lega i fattori δ e γ (deviazioni della verticale). Il valore dih dedotto da tali osservazioni non può condurre ad un valore significativo del modulo di rigidità del Globo poiché bisogna considerare anche le variazioni del periodo e dell'ampiezza del moto polare diChandler.
    Abstract: Summary Observations of luni-solar variations of gravity at various points of the Earth do not give values in agreement for the factor δ bound to the Earth's modulus of rigidity. It is shown here that the law of increasing of density toward the center of the Earth emphasizes the effect of elasticity: following the law ofBullen, we should have δ=1+0.244h〉1, (h is the firstLove's number). Further, there is a simple relation between the factors δ and γ (deviations of the vertical). The value ofh deduced from such observations could not give directly a significative value of the modulus of rigidity because we must take into account the variations of period and amplitude of the chandlerian motion of the pole.
    Notes: Résumé Les observations des variations luni-solaires de la gravité en divers points du globe ne donnent pas des valuers très concordantes pour le facteur δ lié au module de rigidité de la Terre. On démontre ici que la répartition croissante des densités vers le centre de la Terre a pour conséquence d'amplifier encore les effets dus à l'élasticité. En adoptant la répartition deBullen, on aurait δ=1+0.244h〉1, (h étant le premier nombre deLove). En outre une relation simple lie les facteurs δ et γ (déviations de la verticale). La valuer deh déduite de telles observations ne peut conduire directement à une valeur significative du module de rigidité du globe car il faut encore tenir compte des variations de la période et de l'amplitude du mouvement chandlérien du pôle.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 128-132 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zunächst werden die Forschungsergebnisse über Perlmutterwolken zusammengefasst. Im zweiten Teil werden geeignete Methoden zur weiteren Forschung vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary At first the results of the investigations on mother-of-pearl clounds are summarized. In the second section fit methods are suggested in order to further research.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 141-158 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On déduit tout d'abord l'équation des tendances au niveau de la mer de l'équation de continuité et de la condition classique d'équilibre vertical quasi-statique. On montre ensuite que cette équation est insuffisante pour l'analyse et la prévision des variations de pression. En conséquence, on associe l'équation du mouvement à l'équation des tendances et le résultat de cette opération est une équation aux derivées partielles pour le champ de pression au niveau de la mer. L'analyse des coefficients de cette équation montre qu'elle peut être réduite à une équation aux dérivées partielles pour l'intégrale de la pression suivant la verticale, ou encore à une équation intégrodifférentielle linéaire. La solution de cette dernière équation est une série de champs en rotation dont les vitesses angulaires sont constantes et positives, leurs axes de rotation se confondant avec l'axe des pôles et le spectre des vitesses angulaires étant déterminé par les valeurs propres d'un noyau symétrique associé à la fonction deGreen de la surface du géoide. Finalement, la solution de l'équation intégro-différentielle conduit à la détermination de la pression au niveau de la mer par léquation des tendances.
    Notes: Summary First of all the tendency equation at sea-level is deduced from the equation of continuity and the classical condition of quasi-static equilibrium along the verticals. This equation is then shown to be insufficient for the analysis and forecast of pressure variations. Accordingly, the equation of motion is combine with the tendency equation and the result of this operation is a partial differential equation for the field of pressure at sea-level. The analysis of its coefficients shows that it can be reduced to a partial differential equation for the height-integral of pressure which can also be written as a linear integro-differential equation. The solution of this last equation can be expanded in a series of rotating fields with positive constant angular velocities, the axis of rotation being the earth's polar axis and the spectrum of angular velocities being given by the eigenvalues of a symmetric kernel associated with theGreen's function of the geoid surface. Finally, the solution of the integro-differential equation leads to the determination of the sea-level pressure by the tendency equation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 136-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the strength of former chiefly proper studies the lecture has given a picture about the meteorological arrangement of the Alps in the horizontal and in the vertical direction. The conceptions were demonstrated by graphical and cartographical representations. The scheme of the stratification of the mountains atmosphere is as follows: 1) Theslope-atmosphere as the zone nearest the ground, a few hectometers thick, with the temperature conditions the most influenced by the ground and with the different forms of the thermical slope-winds. 2) Thevalley-atmosphere as the part of the air beded in the deepenings of the mountain where the convection generally is relatively strong and where is the scene of the system of valley-winds. 3) Themountain-atmosphere as the part of the atmosphere superposed over the montains massive and influenced by him either thermically (particular diurnal variation of the temperature, deformation of the tropopause) or dynamically (anti-valley-winds, current of obstacles). 4) Thefree atmosphere as the rest part of the atmosphere undisturbed by the mountain. The boundaries of the different parts vary with the time and the locality. In regard of the fields of the different meteorological elements there exist the following division inlongitudinal zones of the Alps: 1) central zone; 2) northerly and southerly border zone; 3) northerly and southerly foreland zone. Their caracteristics relative to the most important meteorological elements are shown in the table at the end of this paper.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Vortrag gab auf Grund früherer, vorwiegend eigener-Arbeiten eine Zusammenschau der meteorologischen Gliederung der Alpen in vertikaler-und horizontaler Hinsicht und belegte die entwickelten Vorstellungen durch figürliche und Kartendarstellungen. Folgendes Schema des Schichtenbaus der Gebirgsatmosphäre hat sich ergeben: 1)Hangatmosphäre als unterste, wenige Hektometer dicke zone mit den am stärksten bodenbeeinflussten Temperaturverhältnissen und den verschiedenen Formen der thermisch bedingten Hangwinde; 2)Talatmosphäre als die in die konkaven Gebirgsformen eingebettete Luftmasse mit einer im allgemeinen kräftigen konvektiven Durchmischung und dem System der eigentlichen Talwinde; 3)Gebirgsatmosphäre als der dem Gebirgsmassiv überlagerte und von ihm noch irgendwie-thermisch (selbständiger Tagesgang der Temperatur, Deformation der Tropopause) oder dynamisch (Antitalwind, Hindernisströmung)—beeinflusste Teil der Luft; 4)freie Atmosphäre als das vom Gebirge ungestörte Luftmeer. Die Grenzen zwischen den einzelnen Gliedern sind örtlich und zeitlich variabel und meist unscharf. Hinsichtlich der Felder der verschiedenen meteorologischen Elemente trifft man in den Alpen vorwiegend folgendelängszonale Gliederung: 1) Zentralzone; 2) nördliche und südliche Randzone; 3) nördliche und südliche Vorlandzone. Ihre Charakteristika hinsichtlich des Verhaltens der wichtigsten meteorologischen Elemente sind in der Tafel am Schlusse der Arbeit zusammengestellt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 199-203 
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    Notes: Summary Numerous investigations have shown that the frequency of lightning strokes also depends on the geological conditions of the ground. In Saxonia most damages caused by lightning did not occur in the higher parts of this country. Damage in areas of primeval rocks was twice as high as in areas of younger formations (Fig. 1 and Table A). It has been observed that some areas were especially frequently struck by lightning (lightning centres). In most cases these are situated above geologic discontinuities (Fig. 2). In Austria lightning statistics were explored. The «danger factor» («Gefährdungszahl») was deducted with the formula $$\ll danger factor \gg = \frac{{damages from lightning \times 1000}}{{area of district in 100 km^2 \times mean number of thunderstorms}}.$$ These figures are registered in a map (Fig. 3). They are small in the Central Alps but in areas of old geologic formations and in some parts of the border of the Alps they reach rather high values.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 204-209 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 214-217 
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    Notes: Summary This paper deals with some results of the observations on the ablation done on the Sarenne Glacier (Grandes Rousses) in the last two seasons. In June and August's 1950 the effects of the «warmth's share» has been greater than during the same months of 1949.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 218-220 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some regularities in the yearly variation of the air-pressure, as related with the height above the sea level, have been reported byConrad. These regularities are confirmed by the air-pressure data from the meteorological Observatories of the Monte Rosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene esteso agli Osservatori del Monte Rosa lo studio di alcune regolarità quantitative segnalate daConrad nell'andamento annuo della pressione atmosferica in funzione dell'altezza sul mare, con risultati probativi.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 234-237 
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    Notes: Summary The writer wants to emphasize the necessity of reorganizing rationally the system of the meteorologic observatories in the Western Alps, especially of the ones on the highest mountains which are the most important for the study of the variations of glaciers. For that reorganization it is necessary to remember the variety of the climatic regions into which the Western Alps may be divided. The writer proposes the institution of other observatories employing the new important aerial-ropeways of Breauil and of Mount Blanc, and the new big and high-situated hotels and shelters which are opened all year round. The author insists particularly, on the necessity of doing up the observatories of “Col d'Olen” and “Margherita” on Mount Rosa which have not worked any more since ten years.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 4-5 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 55-63 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After having recalled the extension to a spatial potential field ofLegender's formulae solving the first fundamental problem in Geodesy, the author applies such formulae toSomigliana's field, which admits the ellipsoid as one of the equipotential surfaces of the family. Such application represents the most natural extension to a three-dimensional field of the classical ellipsoidal surface formulae, and agrees with the international adoption ofSomigliana's field in dynamic Geodesy.
    Notes: Sommario Dopo aver richiamato l'ampliamento ad un campo potenziale spaziale delle formule diLegendre che risolvono il primo problema fondamentale della Geodesia, l'A. applica tali formule al caso del campo diSomigliana, che ammette l'ellissoide come una delle superfici equipotenziali della famiglia; tale applicazione rappresenta la più naturale estensione ad un campo tridimensionale delle classiche formule ellissoidiche superficiali, e si accorda con l'adozione internazionale del campo diSomigliana per tutte le speculazioni della Geodesia dinamica.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 238-245 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author explains how it is necessary to the urbanistic science expecially in a mountainous district the study of the microclimatology for the choice of the places to be appointed for building. Therefore it is necessary to create a system of little meteorologic stations all around towns. The Author explains how for a good planning is necessary to get meteorologic data and how those data must be considered for the 24 hours. The above mentioned stations, even if commited by private people, should be supervised by technicians. The Author explains how we must choice the places for building according to the insolation, putting in evidence the lack of idoneous means and wishes the creation in every country of a laboratory, of experiences of polisclimatology that should be a center of studies and a source of this new discipline.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. fa presente come all'urbanistica sia necessario, specialmente in montagna, lo studio microclimatologico per la scelta dei luoghi da destinarsi all'edificazione, e perciò occorra creare una rete di stazioncine moteorologiche all'intorno degliabitati. L'A. fa presente i peculiari bisogni dell'urbanistica di dati meteorologici, e come i rilevamenti debbano riguardare tutte le 24 ore. Le dette stazioncine, pur affidandole ai privati, dovrebbero essere sorvegliate nella strumentazione da personale tecnico. L'A. fa presente come si proceda alla scelta dei luoghi da destinare all'edificazione sotto l'aspetto dell'insolazione, mettendo in rilievo l'inesistenza di mezzi idonei, ed auspica la creazione in ogni nazione, di un laboratorio di ricerche ed esperienze di polisclimatologia che sia centro di studi e seminario di questa nuova disciplina.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 9-17 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Starting from the general comprehensive conception that exists for us human beings, a deduction of fundamental intuition is produced. The knowledge resulting from it may be designated as short of any hypothesis, as absolute. A continuation of the specialisation is supposed to lead to branches of knowledge existing already, e. g. mathematics or physics.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von dem allgemeinsten, umfassendsten Begriff, den es für uns Menschen geben kann, wird eine Deduktion fundamentaler Erkenntnisse erbracht. Das sich dabei ergebende Wissen ist als Voraussetzungslos, als absolut zu bezeichnen. Eine Fortsetzung der Spezialisierung kann auf bestehende Disziplinen wie z. B. Mathematik oder Physik hinauslaufen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 18-37 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Where the interaction between the magnetic field of the Sun, due to the Solar spots and the phenomena of the corona, and the magnetic field of the Earth is considered; the influence on the motion of rotation of the Earth is examined, and the formulae which give the variation of its angular velocity of rotation and of the angles of nutation and of precession are fixed.
    Notes: Riassunto Si considera l'interazione fra il campo magnetico del Sole, dovuto alle macchie e ai fenomeni della corona solare, e il campo magnetico terrestre. Se ne studia l'influenza sul moto di rotazione della Terra e si stabiliscono le formule che dànno la variazione della sua velocità angolare di rotazione e degli angoli di nutazione e di precessione.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 38-44 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theoretical solvings bySchweydar are resumed, with some variations, considering general formulas for rigidity and internal density, to reach the differential equation of sixth degree with polynomial coefficients, for the tides.Prey's studies on this subject, and of the Author, are mentioned.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene riportata in forma riassuntiva e con alcune varianti lo svolgimento teorico seguito dalloSchweydar, considerando per la rigidità e per la densità interne, funzioni della profondità affatto generali, per giungere alla equazione differenziale del sesto ordine a coefficienti polinomiali per la marea. Vengono inoltre ricordati gli studi diprey e dell'A. su questo argomento.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au sujet de la connection géodésique du continent Européen au continent Américain par rapport à l'intérêt géophysique, la triangulation avec des lumières mouvantes a de bonnes chances de succès. Pour aider la réalisation il faut expliquer un sujet jusque là omis. Pour la jonction des deux parts de la figure principale au lieu des lumières d'une exactitude plus grande, la condition deLaplace a été spécialisée à trois points successives de la figure, résultant ainsi la formule pour la «correction de torsion». En outre la technique des observations a été traitée, jointe aux conclusions générales.
    Notes: Summary To connect the continents, especially the European with the American one by geodetic measurements with regard to geophysical interest, the triangulation with movable high lights seems to be of a good prospect. In this method a single matter hitherto has not yet been sufficiently treated. To bring together the two parts of the principle figure on the place of the flares with higher accuracy, theLaplace' condition for three following points of the figure is specialized here, furnishing so a formula for the «bowing correction». Furthermore the technical observation methods are explained and some conclusions are added.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 64-77 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Given a random variable X following the normal probability law, with expectation a and standard error p, the author considers another random variable $$\overline X $$ , that takes the entire value r when r−1/2〈X〈r+1/2 and the value r+1/2 when X=r+1/2. He calculates the expectation $$\bar a$$ and the standard error $$\bar \mu $$ of $$\overline X $$ , which are found to be periodical functions of i, the period of both being = 1 (Obiously $$\bar a$$ and $$\bar \mu $$ are also functions of μ). From the comparison of these two random variables the author draws out some consequences concerning the errors of observation, and particularly determines a boundary-zone between the effective and the illusory precision obtainable in a set of observations. At last he gives an experinlental verification of the theoretical results.
    Notes: Riassunto Data una variabile casuale X che segue la legge normale di probabilitl con valor medio a ed error medio y 1'A. considera un'altra variabile casuale $$\overline X $$ che prende il valore intero r quando r−1/2〈X〈r+1/2 e il valore r+1/2 quando X=r+1/2. Calcola il valor medio $$\bar a$$ e l'error medio $$\bar \mu $$ di $$\overline X $$ , che risultano funzioni periodiche di α, entrambe con periodo = 1 (ovviamente $$\bar a$$ e $$\bar \mu $$ sono anche funzioni di μ). Dal paragone delle due variabili casuali l'A. trae alcune conseguenze riguardanti gli errori d'osservazione, e in particolare determina una zona di confine tra la precisione effettiva ottenibile in una serie di osservazioni e quella illusoria. Infine dB una verifica sperimentale dei risultati teorici.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary By means of the increased gravity measurements it is possible to compute gravimetrically the undulationsN of the geoid with regard to the used reference ellipsoid as well as the «absolute» deflection of the vertical components ξ g and η g . The quantities ξ g and η g enable us to transfer the astronomically observed coordinates of any points from the geoid to the reference ellipsoid and in this way compute without any triangulations the distances along the reference ellipsoid. And still more. With the aid ofN, ξ g and η g we can obtain a general Geodetic World System and convert the existing many systems to it.—The geoid study is no more any academical pastime, it can solve the most important problems of the practical geodesy.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 78-98 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Having briefly set forth the theoretical principles of the displacement of the istantaneous axis of rotation of the Earth in the interior of the same, and made reference to the experimental tests that have shown the reality of the phenomenon, the variations of the terrestrial latitudes, which include apolar and anon polar variation, are analyzed. The non polar variation seems to have its origin mainly in refractional anomalies, that have their place in the atmosphere and local characteristics. The polar variation includes two fundamental oscillations: one having mechanical origin (Eulerian nutation), modified by the elasticity of the Earth, and another having geophysical origin and depending on annual displacements of the axis of the maximum momentum of inertia of the Earth (axis of figure). The analysis of the polar motion shows perturbations hightly connected with the constitution of the Earth and with geophysical phenomena. In all its appearances the problem of the variation of the terrestrial latitudes implies the consideration of geophysical phenomena occurring in the atmosphere, at the surface, and in the interior of the Earth.
    Notes: Riassunto Esposti brevemente i fondamenti teorici dello spostamento dell'asse istantaneo di rotazione terrestre nella massa della Terra, ed accennato alle prove sperimentali che hanno condotto a stabilire la realtà del fenomeno, sono analizzate le variazioni delle latitudini terrestri, che comprendono una variazionepolare ed una variazionenon polare. La variazione non polare appare dovuta principalmente ad anomalie rifrazionali, aventi sede nell'atmosfera terrestre e caratteristiche locali. La variazione polare comprende due oscillazioni essenziali: una avente origine meccanica (nutazione culeriana), modificata dall'elasticità terrestre; l'altra avente origine geofisica, e dipendente da spostamenti annuali dell'asse di massimo momento d'inerzia della Terra (asse di figura). L'analisi della variazione polare mostra perturbazioni strettamente connesse con la costituzione della Terra e con fenomeni geofisici. In tutti i suoi aspetti il problema della variazione delle latitudini terrestri implica la considerazione di fenomeni geofisici aventi sede nell'atmosfera, alla superficie e all'interno della Terra.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The recording of the contact times of a solar eclipse on two stations provides a geodetic measurement of the arc between the stations. The applications of this idea hitherto undertaken and the relevant apparature are briefly summarized. Some experiences obtained at the measuring of the records and at the computing of the results are described.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 12-14 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frequency curves of many cellulose samples contain common maxima for DP-values of 70–100 and 200. After a strong degradation most of the cellulose accumulates at a DP of about 100. This tendency is shown to be caused by the crystallinity of the cellulose walls. The crystalline areas, the micelles, have been isolated as an aqueous colloidal solution, and in the electron microscope they are found to be rod-like particles with a length of 500–600 Å and a width of 50–100 Å. These results are in agreement with earlier X-ray investigations. Electron and X-ray diffraction studies have proved that the crystalline structure and the lattice dimensions of the isolated micelles are exactly the same as those of the fibre cellulose. After treatment with ultrasonic waves, an electron microscope investigation has demonstrated that the whole cellulose fibre is built up of elementary fibrils (micellar strings) of the same thickness as the micelles.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 14-16 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of desoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease on suspended mitochondria is examined phase-microscopically, making use of secondary mitochondrial swelling in distilled water. The ribonucleoprotein is localized only in the mitochondrial body. The latter disappears completely under the effect of ribonuclease. The membrane possibly contains very small amounts of desoxyribonucleoprotein next to lipoid substances. The mitochondrial body on the other hand appears to be free of these substances.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 24-25 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Fluoraufnahme durch die intakte Oberfläche der Zähnein vivo geprüft. Beseitigung des weichen Zahnbelages erhöht die Aufnahme um beinahe 100%. Die Zähne von Personen über 20 Jahren hatten eine beträchtlich geringere Aufnahmekapazität als jene unter 20 Jahren.
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