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  • Springer  (177,357)
  • 1970-1974  (177,357)
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  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während des Jahres 1972 wurden Kolonien vonNasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) in der Nähe von Canberra, Australien, beobachtet. Dabei fanden sich in jedem untersuchten Hügel neben dem Geschlechtstierpaar, allen Stadien grosser und kleiner Arbeiter und den üblichen Nasuti-Soldaten stets auch einige Soldaten von nicht «normalem» Typ, wie sie zum ersten Mal vonHill 1946 erwähnt wurden. «Normale» Soldaten sind klein und leiten sich von kleinen Arbeitern ab; «abnormale» sind grösser, tragen verkürzte, nach unten gerichtete Rostren und stammen von grossen Arbeitern. Beobachtungen im Feld und im Labor zeigten bemerkenswert verschiedenes Verhalten der kleinen (SS) und der grossen (LS) Soldaten. Wenn im Feld Löcher in eine Nestoberfläche geschlagen wurden, fanden sich unter den zur Verteidigung zusammenlaufenden Soldaten nur selten LS. Dies galt sogar für ein aberrantes Nest, in dem die LS mehr als 80 % der Soldaten-Population ausmachten. Andrerseits fanden sich LS in weitaus grösserer Anzahl in nahrungssuchenden Gruppen (12.4 % der nahrungssuchenden Soldaten gegenüber weniger als 2 % der Soldaten der gesamten Kolonie). Die Funktion der LS bei der Nahrungssuche war jedoch nicht die aktiver Verteidigung. Wenn man nämlich Holzstücke, die solche Gruppen enthielten, aufnahm und abklopfte, waren nur weniger als 2 % der hervorkommenden (und Verteidigungsverhalten zeigenden) Soldaten LS; etwa 56 % der im Holz verborgenbleibenden Soldaten — die herausgeholt werden mussten — waren hingegen LS. Ihr Verhalten glich dem der nahrungssuchenden Arbeiter. Laborversuche brachten ähnliche Ergebnisse: Klopfen und andere Störungen am Ausgang einer kleinen Holzkammer, die die gleiche Anzahl Arbeiter, LS und SS enthielt, veranlassten nur SS zum Herauskommen in Verteidigungsstellung. Bei Störung der Nahrungssucher einer Laborkolonie zogen sich Arbeiter und LS eilig in den schützenden Behälter zurück, während die SS «auf Wache bleiben». Der Vorteil dieser grossen Soldaten für eine Kolonie ist nicht klar ersichtlich. Ihre erhöhte Anzahl bei nahrungssuchenden Gruppen lässt jedoch — jedenfalls für diese wichtige Tätigkeit — einen solchen möglich erscheinen.
    Notes: Summary Colonies ofNasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) near Canberra, Australia were studied during 1972. In addition to the reproductive pair, instars of the large and the small worker lines, and the typical nasutiform soldier, each mound examined also contained at least a few soldiers (first mentioned byHill in 1946) which were not of the usual type. They were larger, had shortened, downwardly deflected rostrums, and were derived from the large instead of from the small worker line. Although both the small soldiers (SS) and the large soldiers (LS) produced and expelled a terpenoid secretion from the cephalic gland, field and laboratory studies showed that they differed markedly in their behavior. In field tests when holes were punched in a mound surface the defending soldiers that congregated at the breach rarely included LS's. This was true even for an aberrant mound in which the LS's comprised over 80 % of the total soldier population. On the other hand, LS's were found in considerably larger numbers in foraging parties (12.4 % of the foraging soldiers, as compared with 〈2 % of the total soldiers composing a colony). The function of LS's in foraging, however, was not aggressively defensive. When pieces of wood containing foragers were isolated from the soil and tapped, less than 2 % of the soldiers that emerged (exhibiting defensive behavior) were LS's. About 56 % of the soldiers that secreted themselves within the wood and had to be extracted were LS's. Their behavior was like that of the foraging workers. Laboratory tests gave similar results. Tapping and other disturbances at an exit hole in a small wooden chamber containing equal numbers of workers, LS's, and SS's caused emergence (and in defensive stance) of SS's only. Disturbance of foragers in a laboratory colony caused workers and LS's to retreat precipitously into the sheltering container, while SS's remained «on guard». The advantage to the colony of the presence of these non-combative soldiers is not clear, but their enhanced numbers in foraging parties implies a usefulness, at least in this important activity.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An apparatus is described which measures the duration of traction byF. polyctena workers of a chain of twigs. Up to a certain point, traction is independent of nest situation, of light and of temperature, but is dependent, up to a point, on environmental cues; it is inhibited when the number of fellow ants is too large and their agitation too great. The concept of reinforcement in the behaviour of social insects is discussed; it appears almost without application in a number of activities of ants and bees.
    Notes: Résumé On décrit un appareil permettant de mesurer la durée de la traction sur une chaînette de brindilles chezF. polyctena. La traction est indépendante, dans une certaine mesure, de la présence du nid, indépendante des stimuli lumineux ou calorifiques, dépendante dans une certaine mesure des repères environnants; elle est inhibée par un trop grand nombre de congénères. On discute à ce propos la notion de renforcement et son peu d'utilité en ce qui concerne beaucoup de traits du comportement des insectes sociaux.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study of the occurrence of arboreal ants of the genusCrematogaster in the African Umbrella Tree (Musanga cecropioides) in the Lower Ivory Coast shows that the rate of colonisation increases with the tree's age. The only structures which the ants build on, or in, the trees are shelters for mealybugs (whose numbers determine the number of the ants) and gallery nests dug in the extensive pith of the trunk, branches and petioles. Tentative evaluation of the total population ofCrematogaster on a single Umbrella Tree gave estimates of from 125,000 to 197,000 individuals. The pith of the Umbrella Tree seems to provide a substitute habitat for ants which, in dense primary forest, inhabit dead wood. The Umbrella Tree is abundant in young secondary forest and the structure of its pith allows lignicolousCrematogaster to maintain themselves where their normal habitat has disappeared.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude des modes de colonisation du parasolier africain (Musanga cecropioïdes) par des fourmis arboricoles du genreCrematogaster en basse Côte-d'Ivoire forestière met en évidence l'influence prépondérante de l'âge des arbres, d'autant plus colonisés qu'ils sont plus vieux. Le comportement constructeur des fourmis est limité à la construction d'étables pour les cochenilles dont le nombre détermine l'abondance des fourmis sur l'organe infesté, et au creusement de galeries abritant les calies dans l'importante moelle des troncs, branches et pétioles foliaires de l'arbre. Un essai d'évaluation de la population totale deCrematogaster sur un Parasolier adulte montre que l'effectif varie entre 125000 et 197000 individus. Le parasolier semble jouer le rôle d'une niche écologique de remplacement pour ces fourmis habitant les bois morts lors de la destruction de la forêt dense: l'abondance des parasoliers dans le jeune recru forestier et la structure particulière de leur moelle permet auxCrematogaster lignicoles de se maintenir alors que leur habitat normal a disparu.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les ouvrières d'une société deMyrmica rubra sont réparties en catégories d'âge sur la base de leur pigmentation cuticulaire (Cammaerts-Tricot, 1974c, fig. 1). Le présent travail analyse la production de phéromone de piste par des fourmis de teintes différentes ainsi que leur tendance à y répondre. Les dimensions du réservoir de la glande à poison augmentent avec l'âge des fourmis. L'activité des extraits de ces glandes croit quand les ouvrières vieillissent. Chez les plus jeunes individus, nous ne détectons guère de phéromone de piste. Les fourmis peuvent répondre à leur phéromone de piste dès après leur mue imaginale. Cette réaction est d'autant plus nette que lesM. rubra sont plus âgées. Les plus vieilles ouvrières, c'est-à-dire les fourrageuses, peuvent donc émettre de grandes quantités de phéromone de piste et suivre aisément les traces de leurs congénères. Ces deux aptitudes sont certes avantageuses quand un recrutement d'ouvrières vers une proie ou un ennemi survient sur l'aire de récolte d'une société.
    Notes: Summary Trail pheromone production and trail following behaviour of workers ofMyrmica rubra of different age groups, categorized by their cuticular pigmentation, were analysed. The dimensions of the poison gland reservoir increase as workers grow older. No trail pheromone could be detected in callows. Its activity, as measured by the reactions of ants to it, appears and increases as ants grow older, the workers responding to their trail pheromone throughout adult life, although their response becomes increasingly obvious as the ants become older. The oldest ants, the foragers, are thus able to emit the largest amount of trail pheromone and follow more readily their own and congeners' trails. These capabilities help the colony when recruitment to repel an enemy or to exploit a source of food occurs in its foraging area.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Oogenesis was studied in bumblebee workers aged 1–5 days in order to discover which processes are suppressed in queenright colonies and promoted in queenless colonies. Queenless groups were started from 4 newly emerged workers. On the second day of life workers in queenless colonies have larger nuclei in their trophocytes than workers of the same age in queenright colonies; on the third day the first accessoric nuclei appear in the terminate oocytes and the length of the oocytes begins to increase rapidly. The RNA metabolism in trophocytes was studied by autoradiography. After the first day workers without a queen have a higher rate of synthesis and transport. The rate of RNA synthesis is five times higher than in workers in queenright colonies; in the latter RNA synthesis begins to decrease on the first day. Beginning on the third day, a higher protein synthesis was detected in the terminate oocytes autoradiographically. In contrast, separation of ovarian soluble proteins by disc electrophoresis indicated that, already on the first day, workers in queenless colonies have a greater protein content in their ovary than workers in queenright colonies. Already on the first day the yolk proteins are present in a higher concentration in the hemolymph of workers in queenless groups than in queenright groups. The results show that in queenright colonies the processes of oogenesis are not suppressed completely but are continuing on a lower level. During the first five days no yolk is deposited in the oocytes. Immediately after their emergence, the workers perceive the presence or absence of the queen and correspondingly, already on the first day, regulation of the synthetic processes of oogenesis takes place. These results are discussed in view of the endocrine control of oocyte development.
    Abstract: Résumé L'ovogenèse d'ouvrières de BourdonsB. terrestris âgées de 1 à 5 jours a été étudiée pour découvrir les processus qui sont inhibés en présence de la reine et ceux qui sont provoqués par son absence. Le second jour de vie imaginale, les ouvrières orphelines possèdent dans les trophocytes des nucléoles plus grands que les ouvrières en présence d'une reine. Le troisième jour, des nucléoles accessoires apparaissent dans leurs ovocytes, dont la taille commence à augmenter rapidement. Le métabolisme de l'ARN a été étudié par autoradiographie. Les ouvrières orphelines ont, dès le deuxième jour, une synthèse et un transport d'ARN plus élevés dans leurs cellules nourricières. La synthèse d'ARN est cinq fois plus élevée que chez les ouvrières des sociétés avec une reine. Chez celles-ci, la synthèse d'ARN décroît dès le premier jour. C'est à partir du troisième jour que, par autoradiographie, on met en évidence une augmentation de la synthèse des protéines dans les ovocytes distaux des ouvrières orphelines. En revanche, la séparation des protéines ovariennes solubles par disc-électrophorèse montre que, dès le premier jour, ces ouvrières ont un taux de protéines plus élevé dans leurs ovaires que celles des colonies avec reine. Dans l'hémolymphe des ouvrières orphelines, la concentration des protéines destinées à la construction des ovocytes est déjà plus élevée au premier jour de la vie imaginale. Ces résultats montrent que, dans les colonies avec reine, l'ovogenèse n'est pas complètement inhibée par celle-ci, mais elle est très réduite. Le vitellus n'apparaît pas dans les ovocytes pendant les cinq premiers jours. Aussitôt après l'éclosion imaginale, les ouvrières perçoivent la présence ou l'absence de la reine et, dès le premier jour, régulent en conséquence les synthèses nécessaires au développement des ovocytes, dans leur corps gras et leurs ovaires. Le contrôle endocrinien de l'ovogenèse est discuté à la lumière de ces résultats.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 1 bis 5 Tage alten Arbeiterinnen der HummelartB. terrestris wurde die Oogenese untersucht, um zu klären, welche Vorgänge bei der Eibildung im weiselrichtigen Zustand des Volkes gedrosselt sind und im weisellosen Zustand gefördert werden. Weisellose Gruppen wurden aus je 4 frischgeschlüpften Arbeiterinnen gebildet. Am 2. Lebenstag besitzen weisellose Arbeiterinnen größere Nährzellkerne als gleichaltrige weiselrichtige Arbeiterinnen, am. 3. Tag treten bei ihnen in den Oocyten akzessorische Kerne auf und es setzt starkes Längenwachstum ein. Der RNS-Stoffwechsel in den Nährzellen wurde autoradiographisch untersucht. Weisellose Arbeiterinnen besitzen vom 2. Tag an einen erhöhten RNS-Umsatz. Die RNS-Synthese ist ca. 5mal höher als bei weiselrichtigen Arbeiterinnen, bei denen die RNS-Synthese vom 1. Tage an abnimmt. Erst am 3. Tag ließ sich in den endständigen Oocyten weiselloser Arbeiterinnen autoradiographisch eine verstärkte Eiweißsynthese nachweisen. Dagegen zeigte die diskelektrophoretische Auftrennung der löslichen Ovarproteine, daß weisellose Arbeiterinnen bereits am 1. Lebenstag einen höheren Proteingehalt im Ovar besitzen als weiselrichtige Arbeiterinnen. In der Haemolymphe weiselloser Arbeiterinnen sind die dotterpflichtigen Protein-fraktionen bereits am 1. Lebenstag in höherer Konzentration vorhanden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Synthesen für die Eibildung im weiselrichtigen Zustand nicht völlig unterdrückt sind, sondern auf einem niedrigen Niveau ablaufen, wobei es aber in den ersten 5 Lebenstagen nicht zur Dotterbildung kommt. Gleich nach dem Schlüpfen registrieren die Arbeiterinnen den weiselrichtigen oder weisellosen Zustand des Volkes und regulieren dementsprechend die Synthesen für die Eibildung im Fettkörper und im Ovar bereits am 1. Tag. Diese Befunde werden im Hinblick auf die hormonelle Steuerung der Eireifung diskutiert.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. In field populations ofHarpagoxenus sublaevis, about 10% of all colonies are young colonies in the 1st and 10% in the 2nd year after mating of the queen. Thus the average lifetime of aHarpagoxenus society can be estimated to be approximately 10 years. 2. Fertilized young ♀♀ try to penetrate into a host nest 2 to 10 days after mating. They use their mandibles to dismember the host . Some evidence exists that theHarpagoxenus ♀ simultaneously uses a pheromone from its Dufour's gland as an offensive weapon. Very young host are not always killed, but often serve as first slaves. 3. Harpagoxenus ♀♀ show certain elements of brood care for the host larvae and pupae they have appropriated as well as for their own eggs. From the host larvae on the other hand they get a lot of food. Some of the host larvae develop into workers in the same year, while others become ♀♀, and ♂♂ in the following year. 4. Monogyny ofHarpagoxenus societies is strongly secured during colony foundation by aggressive interactions between young queens even when they are sisters. In older coloniesHarpagoxenus drive out young queens. 5. Egg laying byHarpagoxenus queens begins 8 to 47 days (19.7 days in the average) after mating. The first brood consists of about 20 eggs. Differences between dealated and ergatoid females could not be observed. 6. Field colony foundations after their first hibernation yielded 3.5Harpagoxenus- in the average. Yet more than a half of the colonies produced the first only after a second hibernation. Colonies founded in the laboratory brought up in the first brood 8.3Harpagoxenus on the average and a maximum of 24. No differences could be found between dealated and ergatoid queens in this respect. 7. Further development of laboratory colonies is at least partially dependent on the supply of host pupae in each brood period. For the production of 2,642Harpagoxenus , ♀♀ and ♂♂ altogether 4,379 host pupae were needed, a ratio of 1.66 slaves per 1Harpagoxenus. 8. Alate females or sexually active ergatomorphs are regularly produced in the 2nd brood.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. In Freilandpopulationen vonHarpagoxenus sublaevis sind je rund 10% der V\:olker Koloniegr\:undungen im 1. bzw. 2. Jahr nach Begattung der K\:onigin. Die durch-schnittliche Lebensdauer einesHarpagoxenus- Volkes wird daher auf ca. 10 Jahre gesch\:atzt. 2. Begattete Jungweibchen versuchen 2 bis 10 Tage nach der Kopula in ein Wirtsnest einzudringen. Im Kampf gegen die des Nestes werden diesen die Extremit\:aten mittels der Mandibeln abgetrennt. Hinweise auf ein gleichzeitig vomHarpagoxenus-\pF als Offensivwaffe eingesetztes Pheromon aus der Dufourdr\:use sind gegeben. Sehr junge Wirts- werden nicht immer get\:otet, sondern h\:aufig als erste Sklaven benutzt. 3. Harpagoxenus-\pF\pF zeigen gewisse Elemente der Brutpflege gegen\:uber den \:ubernommenen Wirtslarven,-puppen und eigenen Eiern. Sie erhalten jedoch von den Wirtslarven auch erhebliche Mengen an Nahrung. Ein Teil der Wirtslarven entwickelt sich noch im gleichen, wenige andere im folgenden Jahr zu Wirts-♀♀,- und -♂♂. 4. Die Monogynie derHarpagoxenus-V\:olker wird schon in der Koloniegr\:undungsphase streng gesichert durch das Kampfverhalten junger Weibchen gegeneinander, das auch gegen Geschwister voll wirksam wird. In alten V\:olkern vertreiben auchHarpagoxenus- junge ♀♀. 3. Die Eiablage derHarpagoxenus-K\:onigin beginnt zwischen 8 und 47 Tage, im Mittel 19,7 Tage, nach der Begattung. Das erste Gelege umfaßt ca. 20 Eier. Unterschiede zwischen Vollweibchen und ergatoiden ♀♀ konnten dabei nicht beobachtet werden. 6. Freilandkoloniegr\:undungen zogen nach der 1. Ueberwinterung im Mittel 3,5Harpagoxenus- auf, \:uber die H\:alfte der V\:olker brachte erst nach einer zweiten Ueberwinterung die ersten auf. Laborkoloniegr\:undungen produzierten in der ersten Brut im Mittel 8,3Harpagoxenus- , im Maximum bis 24. Vollweibchen und ergatoide \pF\pF unterschieden sich darin nicht. 7. Die weitere Entwicklung der Laborv\:olker ist ziemlich abh\:angig von der Zufuhr von Wirtspuppen in jeder Brutperiode. Insgesamt wurden f\:ur die Produktion von 2 642Harpagoxenus- 4379 Wirtspuppen aufgewendet oder 1,66 Sklaven/1Harpagoxenus. 8. Schon in der 2. Brut werden regelm\:a\sBig gefl\:ugelte \pF\pF bzw. sexuell aktive Ergatomorphe erzeugt.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Juvenilhormon-Analogon, Aethyl-3,7,11-Trimethyl-Dodeca-2,4-Dienoat (ZR 512) kann alle Schritte der Kastenbildung bei der TermiteZootermopsis nevadensis beeinlussen. Die Bildung von Ersatzgeschlechtstieren in verwaisten Gruppen von Larven und Nymphen und die Entwicklung von Geflügelten in Gruppen von Nymphen des letzten Stadiums wurden durch niedrige Dosen von ZR 512-Gas gehemmt. Bei Behandlung von Gruppen von Nymphen des letzten Stadiums mit mittleren Dosen des Juvenilhormon-Analogons entstanden hauptsächlich Nymphen-Imago-Zwischenformen oder nach stationären Häutungen wieder Nymphen. Hohe Dosen von ZR 512 bewirkten regressive Häutungen und Vorsoldatenentwicklung in Gruppen von Nymphen des letzten Stadiums und in einem sehr hohen Prozentsatz Vorsoldatenbildung in Gruppen von Larven. Es konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass ZR 512 die Prothorakaldrüsen der behandelten Larven beeinflusst und auch ihre Degeneration herbeiführen kann. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ableiten, dass die Differenzierung der Kasten beiZootermopsis nevadensis vom Juvenilhormon-Titer während des Häutungsintervalls der Larven und Nymphen abhängt.
    Notes: Summary The juvenile hormone analogue, ethyl 3,7,11-trimethyl-dodeca-2,4-dienoate (ZR 512), can affect all the steps of caste development in the termite,Zootermopsis nevadensis. The formation of replacement reproductives in orphaned groups of larvae and nymphs, and that of alates in groups of last instar numphs, was inhibited by the exposure of these groups to the vapour of low doses of the juvenile hormone analogue. With intermediate doses of the analogue on groups of last instar nymphs, mainly nymph-imago intermediate forms as well as stationary moults were obtained. High doses of the JH analogue induced regressive and presoldier development in groups of last instar nymphs, and presoldier development in groups of larvae. It was also demonstrated that ZR 512 affects the prothoracic glands of the experimental larvae. It is concluded that caste development inZ. nevadensis depends on the juvenile hormone titer during the moulting interval of the larvae and nymphs.
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  • 8
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The social parasitic Myrmicine ant Leptothorax goesswaldi Kutter has been found up to now only four times. The last colony could be kept alive for some months. Observations and experiments with this colony showed, that the biology of L. goesswaldi resembles most that of the related species L. kutteri and Doronomyrmex pacis. The L. goesswaldi-♀ lives together with some queens of the host species in colonies of L. acervorum. Some hints are given that always one L. goesswaldi-♀ lives in a host colony: The parasite seems to be monogynous in a polygynous host society. A worker caste is lacking. Young females of L. goesswaldi produce a sexual pheromone in their poison glands like the ♀♀. The L. goesswaldi-♀♀ present their pheromone in the same and stimulates the ♂♂. The L. goesswaldi-♀♀ present their pheromone in the same position called «Locksterzeln» as the females of the other three species, they dont mate during swarming flights. The sex-pheromones of all four species show some interspecific effects. Magles of L. goesswaldi are attracted and stimulated by the poison gland secretions of their own as well as of the females of H. sublaevis, L. kutteri and D. pacis. Interspecific mating could be observed between D. pacis-♂♂ and L. goesswaldi-♀♀, L goesswaldi-♂♂ and L. kutteri-♀♀, and, formerly, D. pacis-♂♂ and L. kutteri-♀♀ (Buschinger, 1972a). The possible mechanisms of genetic isolation of the four closely related species, two or three of which often live together in one host population, are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die sozialparasitische Myrmicine Leptothorax goesswaldi Kutter wurde bisher nur viermal gefunden. Das letzte Volk konnte einige Monate am Leben erhalten werden. Beobachtungen und Experimente mit diesem Volk zeigten, daß die Biologie von L. goesswaldi der der verwandten Arten L. kutteri und Doronomyrmex pacis sehr ähnlich ist. Das L. goesswaldi-♀ lebt zussamen mit einigen Königinnen der Wirtsart in Nestern von L. acervorum. Einige Hinweise deuten darauf hin, daß stets nur eine L. goesswaldi-Königin in einem Wirtsvolk lebt: Der Parasit scheint monogyn im polygynen Wirtsvolk zu sein. Ein Arbeiterinkaste fehlt. Jungen Weibchen von L. goesswaldi erzeugen ein Sexualpheromon in der Giftdrüse so wie L. kutteri, D. pacis und Harpagoxenus sublaevis. Dieses wirkt attraktiv und stimulierend auf die Männchen. Das L. goesswaldi-♀ bietet sein Pheromon in derselben, von uns als «Locksterzeln» bezeichnaten Haltung wie die ♀♀ der drei anderen Arten an. Sie machen keinen Hochzeitsflug. Die Sexualpheromone aller vier Arten weisen einige interspezifische Wirkung auf. ♂♂ von L. goesswaldi werden durch das Giftdrüsensekret ihrer eigenen wie auch der ♀♀ von H. sublaevis, L. kutteri und D. pacis angelockt und erregt. Interspezifische Paarungen konnten zwischen D. pacis-♂♂ und L. goesswaldi-♀♀, L. goesswaldi-♂♂ und L. kutteri-♀♀ und, schon früher, D. pacis-♂♂ und L. kutteri-♀♀ (Buschinger, 1972a) beobachtet werden. Die Möglichkeiten der genetischen Isolierung der vier eng verwandten Arten, von denen oft 2 oder 3 in einer Wirtspopulation sympatrisch leben, werden diskutiert.
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A bioassay has been developed for quantitative analysis of trail pheromone extracts inMyrmica rubra. A circular artificial trail of 10 cm in diameter is drawn on a sheet of paper by using 25 μl of hexane extract of the poison sacs (pheromone source) to be tested. This trail is then placed on the ant's foraging area for a testing period of 30 minutes. The most accurate quantification of an extract's activity is the mean of the logarithms of the walked distances along the trail. An arbitrary activity unit is proposed: the activity for which this mean is one. An extract of four foragers' glands/ml hexane has about one unit of activity. An extract of the same concentration of glands from functional queens is hundred times less active. This weak activity could be due to the presence of unspecific organic substances in the extract.
    Notes: Résumé Une méthode est décrite pour doser la phéromone de piste chezMyrmica rubra. Une piste circulaire de 10 cm de diamètre tracée avec 25 μl d'extrait de glande à poison sur une feuille de papier est déposée sur l'aire de récolte d'un nid. Les trajets des fourmis le long de la piste sont enregistrés pendant une demi-heure. La quantification la piss précise de l'activité d'un extrait est la moyenne des logarithmes des distances parcourues le long de la piste. Une unité d'activité est proposée: celle provoquant des réponses dont la moyenne des logarithmes décimaux est 1. Un extrait de concentration de 4 glandes de fourrageuses/ml (10−1 glande/piste) possède une activité d'environ 1 unité. Un extrait de même concentration en glandes à poison de reines fonctionnelles est cent fois moins actif. Cette très faible activité pourrait être due à la présence de substances organiques non spécifiques dans l'extrait.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 213-229 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bevölkerungen und mittleren Gewichte von Königinnen und Arbeiterinnen wurden an Proben aus Kolonien von drei Arten vonMyrmica (Myrmica rubra, L.,Myrmica sabuleti Meinert undMyrmica scabrinodis Nylander), bestimmt. M. scabrinodis hat weniger und kleinere Arbeiterinnen als die anderen beiden Arten, doch bestehen die wichtigsten Unterschiede zwischen den Königinnen.M. rubra hat im Durchschnitt 15 Königinnen je Kolonie,M. sabuleti 3 undM. scabrinodis 2, wobei manche Kolonien vonM. rubra undM. sabuleti mikrogyne Königinnen enthalten. In der Regel gibt es in Mikrogynkolonien einige normale Königinnen, etwas weniger als in normalen Kolonien, doch ist die Gesamtzahl der Königinnen bedeutend größer. Mikrogynkolonien vonM. rubra enthalten im Durchschnitt 60 und die vonM. sabuleti 20 Königinnen. Normale Königinnen vonM. sabuleti wiegen 6,3 mg, Mikrogyne 3,8 mg; normale Königinnen vonM. rubra wiegen 5,6 mg, Mikrogyne 2,7 mg und Königinnen vonM. scabrinodis wiegen 4,7 mg. Die Anzahl der Königinnen übt einen negativen Einfluß auf die mittleren Gewichte der Königinnen und der Arbeiterinnen in einer Kolonie aus, während die Anzahl der Arbeteirinnen einen positiven Einfluß bewirkt. Daraus läßt sich der wichtige Schluß ziehen, daßMyrmica Kolonien zusätzlich zu und als Ersatz der Stammköniginnen Töchter rekrutieren müssen, und nicht fremde Königinnen. Dies scheint selbst beiM. scabrinodis der Fall zu sein, bei der eine Kolonie oft nur eine einzige Königin enthält. Es wird angenommen, daß diese Größnverhältnisse durch den «Königinneneffekt» erklärt werden können, der im Labor gründlich erforscht worden ist, da es umso wahrscheinlicher ist, daß eine Arbeiterin unter dem Einfluß einer Königin steht und die «Königinneneffekt» auf die Larven ausübt, je größer die Königinnendichte (Verhältnis von Königinnen zu Arbeiterinnen) ist, doch ist diese Beziehung nicht linear. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß vielleicht Königinnen vonM. sabuleti sowie Mikrogynen vonM. sabuleti undM. rubra nicht dieselbe «Königinneneffekt» auf Larven ausüben wie die Königinnen vonM. rubra undM. scabrinodis. Schließlich wird ein Diagramm der wahrscheinlichen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Körpergröß und Bevölkerungsdichte der Individuen in einerMyrmica-Kolonie dargestellt und erörtert.
    Notes: Summary The populations and mean individual weight of queens and workers have been obtained from a sample of colonies for three species ofMyrmica; beingMyrmica rubra L.,Myrmica sabuleti Meinert andMyrmica scabrinodis Nylander. It was found thatM. scabrinodis have fewer and smaller workers than the other two species but the most important differences are in the queen populations.M. rubra average 15 queens per colony,M. sabuleti 3 andM. scabrinodis 2 while some colonies of bothM. rubra andM. sabuleti contain microgynes. There are usually some normal queens in microgynes colonies, slightly fewer than in normal colonies, but there are many more queens altogether. Microgyne colonies ofM. rubra average 60 queens and those ofM. sabuleti 20 queens.M. sabuleti normal queens weigh 6.3 mg, microgynes 3.8 mg,M. rubra normals 5.6 mg, microgynes 2.7 mg andM. scabrinodis 4.7 mg. Queen numbers have a negative influence on the mean individual weights of queens and workers in a colony whilst worker number has a positive influence. An important inplication of this observation is thatMyrmica colonies must tend to recruit daughters, rather than strangers, to add to and replace the foundress queens. This seems to be so even inM. scabrinodis that often has only one queen in a colony. It is suggested that these size relationships can be explained by the «queen effect», that has been well investigated in the laboratory. It is proposed that the greater the queen density (queens/worker) the greater the probability of an individual worker being under the influence of a queen and carrying out «queen effect» on the larvae, although this relationship is not linear. The results imply that perhapsM. sabuleti queens and microgynes of bothM. sabuleti andM. rubra do not have the same «queen effect» on larvae as do queens ofM. rubra andM. scabrinodis. Finally a diagram of the probable interactions between size and population of individuals in aMyrmica colony is presented and discussed.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 289-299 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un grand nombre d'organismes ont été trouvés dans les nids deMyrmecia. Les ordres suivants (avec le nombre d'espèces) sont représentés: Anura (1); Araneae (9); Acarina (1); Blattodea (3); Coleoptera (20+); Collembola (3); Diptera (1); Hemiptera (2); Hymenoptera (14); Isoptera (2); Lepidoptera (4); Neuroptera (1); Orthoptera (2); Thysanura (4+); Isopoda (13) et Nematoda (1). Les plus fréquents sont des Collemboles et des Isopodes, qui ont été trouvés dans la majorité des nids; ils sont surtout détritivores. Des Termites et deux espèces de Fourmis cohabitent, sous forme de sociétés, dans les grands dômes de terre desMyrmecia. Certains des Coléoptères et des Diptères se trouvent, à l'état de larves, dans les chambres à débris, tandis que beaucoup des Coléoptères adultes constituent des proies. Il y a lieu de souligner la présence répétée de grandes larves deCarabidae dans les nids de quatre espèces deMyrmecia.
    Notes: Summary A large number of associated organisms have been found in nest ofMyrmecia; the following orders and numbers of species, in brackets, are represented:Anura (1); Araneae (9); Acarina (1); Blattodea (3); Coleoptera (20+); Collembola (3); Diptera (1); Hemiptera (2); Hymenoptera (14); Isoptera (2); Lepidoptera (4); Neuroptera (1); Orthoptera (2); Thysanura (4+); Isopoda (13) and Nematoda (1). Most abundant were specimens of Collembola and Isopoda which were found in the majority of nests; these occurred principally as scavengers. The termite species and two ant species were found in colonies co-inhabiting the large earthen mounds ofMyrmecia. Some of the Coleoptera and Diptera species occurred as larvae in the debris left in chambers, whereas many of the adult beetles were present as prey. Noteworthy were the several occurrences of large Carabidae larvae in the nests of fourMyrmecia species.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 301-319 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Satellite pictures have been utilised to detect mountain waves on the lee of the Andes range. The wavelengths as observed in the pictures from the distribution of clouds in parallel bands lie between 20 and 30 km for the five cases examined. The wavelengths have also been computed theoretically for these cases by an analytical method and a quasi-numerical method, using linearised perturbation equations. Wavelengths so computed are in fairly good agreement with the observed wavelengths, Vertical velocities associated with the waves along the different sectors of the Andes have also been computed. Their maximum values are of the order of 1–5 m sec−1. Also, the quasi-stationary character of the waves, as noticed in some of the pictures, is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 274-280 
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    Notes: Summary Diabatic heating of the atmosphere at 800, 600 and 400 mbar surfaces over India has been calculated, making use of thermodynamic and quasi-geostrophic omega equations. The numerically obtained distribution of the diabatic heating field is seen to be in agreement with the observed weather patterns in magnitude. The maximum value of diabatic heating is of the order of 4.0 to 4.5 cal gm−1 12 hr−1. Normally it ranges between 1.0 to 4.0 cal gm−1 12 hr−1. The vertical distribution of the absolute mean value of diabatic heating is seen to be at its maximum at about the 500 mbar surface.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 320-330 
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    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to construct a scheme of numerical integration for the wave operator that can detect which kind of non-homogeneous term has acted over the data and later use this knowledge to integrate the operator in time. Data is generated with a wave initially at rest, and a scheme is presented to detect these functions and study how these values can be extrapolated in time to be used. The use of known functions to generate data is required only to check the effectiveness of the numerical device.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 331-338 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of couple-stresses on the propagation of waves in an elastic layer has been investigated in this paper. It is found that the velocity of the propagation of waves in an elastic layer increases due to the presence of couple-stresses.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 403-412 
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    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the ground conditions at the Osaka-Tsuruyama Plateau, measurements of microtremors at different depths have been carried out. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain clear information of the underground structure at this site. The period distribution curves obtained by surface stations are characterized by a sharp peak around 0.20 sec which indicates rather good ground conditions. Upon examining period distribution curves obtained at underground conditions the predominant periods were almost the same but a secondary maximum appears at periods longer than 0.5 sec. These results were confirmed by applying Fourier transformation of the respective sample function of the microtremors.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 413-445 
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    Notes: Summary The results of a time series analysis of earthquakes in the New Guinea region are presented. Two basic sets of data are used, the second being a subset of the first such that all estimated related earthquakes have been removed from the first set, leaving a residue of supposedly unrelated events. The primary results are as follows. Positive trends exist in the number of earthquakes as a function of time and there are slight indications of periodicity in the activity. The distribution of earthquakes does not approximate the Poisson distribution at all well for the raw data although this distribution is a much better model with all aftershocks and foreshocks removed from the series. The different seismic natures of the regions studied are reflected in the results of the analyses.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 464-471 
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    Notes: Summary Using geomagnetic horizontal intensity hourly mean values of Alibag for international quiet days for the years 1934 to 1953, split into two 10-year segments, the dependence of diurnal range on the maximum and minimum values is examined after elimination of secular trend in the data. Identical results are obtained for the two 10-year periods. The maximum value occures on 85% of days near local noon while the minimum value has two preferences, one for 05 LT and the other for 19 to 24 LT. Though the correlation coefficient (CC) of+0.7 is much higher for range and maximum hourly value, the scatter observed is very large, which is attributed mosly to fluctuations is base-level from one quiet-day to another. On correcting for these the scatter is much reduced and the CC registers an improvement to+0.95. Some remanent scatter, however, persits. This as well as the very small but statistically significant negative CC observed for range and minimum hourly value stress the influence of the minimum value on range even on quiet days.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 131-139 
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    Notes: Summary Fission track ages need to be corrected for the loss of fossil tracks due to geological and thermal annealing. The range distribution of full-length tracks can yield such corrections if calibration curves translating length reductions into density reductions are available. The study of the annealing characteristics of the three terrestrial minerals, i.e. biotite, apatite and sphene, as functions of temperature and time, has been completed from this point of view. A linear relation has been observed between etchable track length and track density, but slopes and intercepts of the curves tend to vary from mineral to mineral. Over-etching shows significant effect in retrieving partially faded tracks in the case of biotite only, and track density reduction always lags behind track length reduction. In apatite and sphene track density is reduced in the same proportion as track length when length reduction is ∼30 to 50%. For length reductions 〈10%, track density remains nearly unaffected and for length decrease 〉50% the density reduction progressively outweighs the former. The possible reasons for such variations and the usefulness of the calibration curves are briefly discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 281-288 
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    Notes: Summary Vertical velocities at the 800, 600 and 400 mbar surfaces over India have been calculated, making use of a 3-level geostrophic baroclinic model. Further, the effects of non-adiabatic heating is included into the model and vertical velocity due to diabatic heating is obtained for the same period. A numerically obtained vertical velocity field due to baroclinicity and diabatic heating is seen to be in agreement with the observed weather patterns.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 352-364 
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    Notes: Summary A theoretical investigation is made into the propagation of small-amplitude waves across the free surface of an elastic medium, whose strain-energy function is of Mooney form. The medium is taken to be semi-infinite in extent, and to be subjected to a large primary extension (or compression) in a direction lying in the free surface. The dispersion equation is derived and the general nature of its solutions is explored. Detailed numerical results are given for certain special cases.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 365-379 
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    Notes: Summary The problems of Cagniard and Abramovici-Alterman, regarding propagation of seismic pulses in horizontally layered media, are solved by a direct method without involving integral transforms.
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    Notes: Summary P- andS-wave travel times of 56 shallow earthquakes with their epicentres in and around the Andaman Sea, as recorded by the Indian Seismological Observatories situated at Madras, Visakhapatnam, Calcutta and Port Blair, have been analysed statistically. The travel times from Δ=1 ° to 17 ° can be represented by one straight-line segment. When epicentres of all the earthquakes are considered, scatter in the travel-time data is greater and the corresponding apparentP- andS-wave velocities have been found to be 8.56±0.20 km/sec and 4.84±0.36 km/sec respectively. On the other hand, if epicentres of the narrow seismic zone situated along the western border of the Andaman Sea alone are considered, the apparentP- andS-wave velocities have been found to be 8.24±0.09 km/sec and 4.74±0.10 km/sec respectively. The O-JB residuals are found to be consistently negative for the second set of epicentres which is indicative of an inclined Mohorovicic discontinuity in the Bay of Bengal region.
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    Notes: Summary The effect is studies of the inaccuracies due to the measurements of the input gravity data and of the inaccuracies due to an inaccurately derived fundamental boundary condition, as well as of the error, incurred in expressing the gravity field discretely for computing the quantities, describing the gravity field outside the perturbing masses.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 456-463 
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    Notes: Summary The magnitude of the universal time (UT) component in the daily variation of geomagnetic disturbance which depends on the position of the earth's magnetic axis relative to the sunearth system is evaluated at two low-latitude stations, Alibag in the northern hemisphere and Hermanus in the southern hemisphere. To provide better resolution on time scale, mean hourly values of horizontal intensity are used rather than indexK of magnetic activity. During solstices the UT component has a mean amplitude of 6.8 γ at Alibag and 3.0 γ at Hermanus with maximum contribution near the predicted time of 0430 UT in June and 1630 UT in December. It is found that the UT component makes a significant contribution to the daily variation of disturbance field during equinoxes but the part dependent on the angle between the earth's magnetic axis and the sun-earth line is found to be larger during September than in March, suggesting an asymmetry in the incident solar wind. This is possibly due to the varying heliographic latitude of the earth and the asymmetry in activity in the two hemispheres of the sun.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 498-505 
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    Notes: Summary Exact solution of the hydromagnetic flow between two parallel, non-conducting, infinite planes, one oscillating and the other fixed, has been obtained. The effect of an applied transverse magnetic field on various flow characteristics is studied in detail for a small magnetic Prandtl number (Pr m≪1). The viscous drag acting on the two planes has been determined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 506-511 
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    Notes: Summary Small-strain theory has been applied to find out the deformation and stresses in the interior of the earth considered as a self-gravitating, non-homogeneous, isotropic sphere of heterogeneous density distribution. Stresses have been compared at different layers due to different density distributions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 519-522 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that for azimuthal wave numbers and period 0.5 (s+1) days, Hough's functions for tidal oscillations are the same as the associated Legendre polynomialsP s+1 s and Hough's functions are shown to form a complete set of orthogonal functions. The implication of this on the vertical variation of tides is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1059-1065 
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    Notes: Summary Values of the parameterb in the frequency-magnitude relation for seismic sequences, determined by several methods, show a systematic variation of this parameter with the magnitude range. When the difference in magnitude between the largest and smallest earthquake of a complete sequence is larger than about 1.4 this variation is not, as a rule, significant and a value of this parameter can be determined from the cumulative distribution with considerable confidence.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 545-552 
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    Notes: Summary It is well known that the activity of the summer monsoon, as measured by rainfall, undergoes variations from one month to another. In this study, the monsoon activity has been examined in detail to find if any major climatological discontinuities in the activity exist in the field of the Asian summer monsoon. From amongst the possible criteria for major discontinuity, the criterion based on the lower and the upper quartiles has been selected. The study brings out that major climatological discontinuities do exist over some parts of Asia. These are (i) a marked decrease in activity from July to August, right in the middle of the monsoon season, over the west coast of India, between Bombay and Trivandrum; (ii) a marked decrease from August to September over a small portion of the Indian west coast in the neighbourhood of Mangalore; (iii) a marked decrease from August to September over the Arakan coast; and (iv) a marked increase from August to September over the Viet Nam coast. Possible causes of these discontinuities have been discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 563-570 
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    Notes: Summary A 68-cm long probe of 2.5 cm diameter, containing a NaI (Tl) crystal, photomultiplier, HV stabilization and preamplifier, is described. Special attention is paid to the probe-cable coupling: it is designed to withstand hydrostatic pressures up to 10 atm. For logging of inclined, up to 20 m long holes, aluminium extension pipes assembled by push-button closures are used. The probe, operated together with a portable ratemeter, has a sensitivity of 1200 c.p.s. per mR/h (Ra226). For quantitative log interpretation the conversion factor was determined to be 0.4 p.p.m. U/c.p.s. Radiometrically determined uranium contents agree remarkably well with results of chemical analysis of cores.
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    Notes: Summary A comparison is made between the multimode Rayleigh wave response to dip-slip motion along a vertical fault plane in structures with and without a low-velocity channel. The use of the higher mode amplitude spectra is proposed as a discriminant between the two types of structure.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 633-633 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 727-736 
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    Notes: Summary The values of parameters of the relation logN=a−bM characterize the earthquake activity of individual regions. Their magnitude depends substantially on the method of computation used, on the preparation of data for computing and on the use of simple or cumulative frequency distribution. In this paper the particular procedures of computation were tested and their efficiency was judged.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 739-752 
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    Notes: Summary The present study deals with the approximate scattering characteristics of optically thin cirrus clouds which are known to exist in the vicinity of the tropopause. The assumed homogeneous ice model cloud is composed of randomly oriented circular cylinders of uniform size. The spectral region investigated extends from 0.6–0.7 μ, where absorption by ice and atmospheric gases is negligible Radiative upward and downward intensities are calculated for a uniform ground albedo of 0 and 0.25 using the assumption that multiple-scattering can be disregarded. A rough comparison with the Rayleigh scattering characteristics in this spectral region indicates that remote sensing of the atmosphere is affected very little by the presence of optically thin cirrus assuming the validity of the above assumptions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 777-785 
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    Notes: Summary The question this paper is examining is the following: to what extent are the Love numbers dependent on certain characteristics of the inner structure of the Earth? It has been proven — on the basis of calculations carried out by the author-that these quantities are only in a small degree dependent on the density values measured on the surface of the Earth and on the selection of the density function in the mantle of the Earth. On the other hand the value of Love numbersh, k andl is considerably influenced by the assumptions made about the core of the Earth, namely by the position of the boundary between the core and the mantle and by the magnitude of the rigidity coefficient presumed in the core in the vicinity of the core-mantle boundary. The results of the calculations are compared with those mean values of Love numbers obtained from the data of stations operating at different places of the Earth. By reason of this it can be assumed that the core of the Earth has, in the vicinity of the core-mantle boundary, a coefficient of effective rigidity of the order of 1010 dyn/cm2, if the core-mantle boundary is placed at the relative Earth radius of 0.545 from the centre of the Earth.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 855-862 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The parameters and seismotectonics of an earthquake in the Baltic Shield, northern Finland, were studied. The instrumentally determined epicentre, 65.94°N, 27.21°E, falls in the intensity area ofI〈5. The results of the macroseismic study were: the area of perceptibility=6700 km2, maximum intensityI 0=5.25±0.05, focal depthh=10.0±0.5 km, absorption coefficient α=0.0035±0.0015 km−1 and magnitudeM m=4.0±0.1. The location of the focus was exact enough for seismotectonic study. The epicentre is located in the 0°-striking fractures and a parallel contact zone between granites and basement gneisses. On the other hand, it lies at the northern boundary (270–285°) of a tectonic block separated by fracture zones striking 270°, 285°, 330° and 30–40°. There have been seven known earthquakes in the area of the present study since 1891. Six of them occurred at the northern boundary of the block, of which five (including the Simojärvi earthquake of 1969) occurred within a period of three years. This block, with its deep (h=10 km) fractured boundaries, has been seen as a minor seismogenic unit and its northern boundary as the seismoactive part of this unit.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 887-899 
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    Notes: Summary Eight vertical profiles compiled from simultaneous measurements of Aitken nuclei and ozone concentrations over Germany in different weather conditions are discussed. The position and shape of the profiles is shown to depend on the prevailing weather conditions and the type of air masses. High aerosol concentrations in smoke plumes correlate in some cases with lower ozone concentrations, indicating that ozone in such cases is destroyed in the presence of high concentrations of pollutants such as aerosols and gases. A layered structure in the profiles was found only in association with temperature inversions and where the air above 2 km was subsiding, and was not found in convective parts of the troposphere.
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    Notes: Summary The levels of Pb-214 (Ra-B) and Pb-212 (Th-B) in surface air at two coastal stations (Bombay and Thumba) and at a third high-altitude station (Gulmarg) in India are presented. A seasonal variation in activity at the coastal stations with winter maximum and summer minimum and the absence of a similar variation at the high-altitude station at Gulmarg is discussed. From a study of the relevant meteorological data, it is concluded that at the coastal stations, the major factor influencing the activity levels is likely to be the stability of the lower atmosphere, advective effects possibly playing a secondary role. At Gulmarg, however, factors affecting emanation from the soil, like rainfall, snowfall, etc., could be significant.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 977-985 
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    Notes: Summary In this work we study the effects on the surface impedance of a one-dimensional structure, caused by a perturbation due to the introduction of a deep perfect reflector. An algorithm for presenting the impedance in a rational polynomial form is outlined and the properties concerning the location of poles and zeros, corresponding to this function, are investigated. It is shown that perturbing the structure by the introduction of a perfect reflector at any finite depth will affect the analytic behaviour of the surface impedance for any frequency range.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1011-1029 
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    Notes: Summary The classical ray-series method for electromagnetic wave propagation in inhomogeneous media is applied to the problem of wave propagation in isotropic, homogeneous, linear viscoelastic media characterized by virtually arbitrary time-dependent relaxation or creep functions. The full three-dimensional treatment is presented, followed by the specialization to the one-dimensional propagating pulse problem. In this last case, the ray-series is evaluated numerically for the creep function $$\psi (t) = \frac{1}{\mu }\left\{ {1 + \frac{q}{\alpha }\left. {\left[ {\left. {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{\tau }} \right)^\alpha - 1} \right]} \right.} \right\}} \right.H(t)$$ for various model parameter ranges and for various initial source functions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1051-1057 
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    Notes: Summary The stress drop and average dislocation of some earthquakes in the Indian sub-continent have been determined after deducing the relationship between the aftershock areaA, and the magnitudeM L of the main shock which is given by $$\log A = 0.89M_L - 2.67 for 5 \leqslant M_L \leqslant 7.$$ It has been found that the stress drop is considerably larger for the great Assam earthquake of 15 August, 1950, occurring near the continent-continent boundary of the Indian-Eurasian plates, compared to that of a similar magnitude earthquake in a continent-island are type collision boundary in the Pacific (near Japan). The stress drop in smaller events of comparative magnitude in different regions are, however, of the same order and thus do not bring out the distinguishing features of the source regions in different kinds of plate boundaries.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1067-1069 
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    Notes: Summary In a recent paper,Verma andSrivastava [1] discussed the vibrations of an inhomogeneous, transradially isotropic, spherical shell. An assumption made by these authors at the very outset appears to be incorrect. Consequently, most of the equations and results obtained by them are either wrong or irrelevant. The purpose of this note is to point out these mistakes and give the corresponding correct results. The notation of Verma and Srivastava is used throughout.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1070-1070 
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 33-51 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Genital anlage ; Regulation ; Regulative area. Labile, morphogenetic fields ; Axis of polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les canaux et glandes annexes de l'appareil génital femelle duTenebrio molitor sont issus d'une portion de l'épiderme sternal abdominal de la larve. Cet épidemie présente un très important pouvoir de régulation pendant toute la vie larvaire. Ce pouvoir s'exprime à l'intérieur d'un territoire de régulation. L'épiderme génital présomptif est constitué de champs morphogénétiques à caractère labile. Cet épidemie présente cependant un axe de polarité déterminé qui est sous le contrôle des tissus adjacents qui participent au territoire de régulation.
    Notes: Summary The femaleTenebrio molitor genital anlage differentiates from a part of the sternal and abdominal integument of the larva. This epidermal tissue shows a very high regulative capacity during the whole life of the larva. This capacity appears only within the regulative area. The presumptive genital epidermis is composed of labile, morphogenetic fields. It shows however a determined axis of polarity controlled by adjacent abdominal tissues forming a part of the regulative area.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 20-32 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'injection d'ester méthylique du farnésol à des larves du dernier stade provoque une inhibition complète (obtention d'une larve surnuméraire) ou partielle de la métamorphose (obtention d'adultoïdes). L'importance de cette inhibition dépend, à la fois de la dose du mimétique et du moment de son injection. Une période critique au delà de laquelle l'injection reste sans effet a été précisée. La morphologie externe de différents organes (masque, ptérothèques, pattes, tergites et pyramide anale) a été décrite à la fois chez la larve surnuméraire et chez les différents types d'adultoïdes obtenus. Ces organes montrent des sensibilités variables au mimétique injecté. Les résultats sont discutés sur la base des effets « prothoracotrope » et juvénilisant de l'ester méthylique du farnésol.
    Notes: Summary The injection of farnesyl methyl ether into last instar larvae results in preventing metamorphosis completely (production of a supernumerary larva) or partially (production of adultoids). The degree of this inhibition depends on both dose and moment of injection of the juvenile hormone-mimicking compound. A critical period beyond which the injection will be without effect on the larvae was determined. The external morphology of several organs (mask, wing sheaths, legs, tergites and anal appendages) will be described, on supernumerary larva as well as on different types of adultoids. All these organs show various degrees of sensitivity to injected juvenile hormone-mimicking substance. These results are discussed on the basis of both “prothoracotropic” and juvenile hormone activity of farnesyl methyl ether.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 107-116 
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    Notes: Summary Dissociation and reassociation experimentsin vitro were carried out to investigate the differentiation potency of chick allantoic endoderm under the influence of digestive tract mesenchymes. 1. The allantoic endoderm, when cultured alonein vitro, shows no differentiation whatsoever. 2. The allantoic endoderm, when cultivated combined with the mesenchyme of oesophagus, can differentiate into a stratified cuboidal epithelium, similar to that of the embryonic oesophagus. 3. Cultivation of the allantoic endoderm combined with the proventricular mesenchyme causes differentiation of cylindrical epithelium and glands, which are characteristic of the embryonic proventriculus. 4. The combination of the allantoic endoderm and the gizzard mesenchyme results in the differentiation of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, the cells of which possess glycogen granules like those in the normal embryonic gizzard. 5. If the allantoic endoderm is cultured on the mesenchyme of the small intestine, the endodermal cells are converted into simple columnar epithelial cells similar to those of normal embryonic small intestine. 6. The competence for the heterotypic development of the allantoic endoderm appears to be a function of a developmental time sequence: it is highest in the youngest (3-day) allantoic endoderm, and gradually lost in older embryos. 7. In all combinations tested, there appear goblet cells in the epithelium when the explants are cultured more than 10 days. These cells are never observed in intact oesophagus, proventriculus and gizzard, whether in normal development or in culture.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 55-89 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen gründen auf den Befunden von Wolf und Krause (1971). Fortschritte in der Kenntnis der Ooplasmaströmungen, die während der Furchung das Ei durchziehen, wurden durch Filme mit nur geringer Zeitraffung erzielt. 1. Es gelang, Erstreaktionen des Eies auf Fixiermittel zu filmen.Spezifische Fixierreaktionen in verschiedenen Bewegungsphasen des Ooplasmas zeigten weitere Charakteristika der dynamischen Potenzen im Ei. Osmium-Bichromat-Lösung löst keine Fixierreaktionen aus; der mikroskopisch-anatomische Befund gibt daher die Situation im Ooplasma zum Fixierzeitpunkt richtig wieder. Die im Zeitrafferfilm sichtbaren Bewegungsvorgänge vor und nach der Fixierung wurden kymographisch dokumentiert. Aus 77 solchen Individualabläufen konnten die mit den typischen Ooplasmaströmungen zeitgleichen Furchungsmitosephasen und Veränderungen der Ooplasmaarchitektur exakt bestimmt werden. 2. Jeder Kernteilungsschritt wird von einer typischen Ooplasmabewegung begleitet. Zur Zeit der 1. Reifeteilung im cephalen Polbereich erfaßt eineMischbewegung, von der caudalen Hälfte ausgehend, das Ei. Gegen Ende der Mischbewegung hellt sich das Ei auf und es weist nun ein Periplasma auf. Nur im cephalen Eidrittel gehen Zentral- und Marginalplasma während der 1. Reifeteilung in eine schwache gegenläufige Strömung über. 3. Mit dem Ende der 2. Reifeteilung beginnt die 1.unipolare Strömung. Sie, wie die folgende unipolare Strömung, läuft in wenigen Minuten vom cephalen zum caudalen Eipol. Die 1. und gelegentlich auch die 2. unipolare Strömung haben sowohl im Richtungsplasma wie in der caudalen Eihälfte einen Strömungsinitialbereich. Die stärkere 2.unipolare Strömung leitet zur Furchung über, indem sich in ihr das Synkarion ins Furchungszentrum verlagert. 4. Die ersten Furchungsteilungen lassen sich als Pulse in derTransferströmung erkennen. Diese Strömung begleitet die Kernschar in den Fontäneninitialbereich, in dem auch das Differenzierungszentrum für Schichtenbau und Segmentierung liegt. Der Pulsort in der Transferströmung kennzeichnet die Lage der Kernschar, die mit 8–32 Kernen den Fontäneninitialbereich erreicht. 5. In diesem Bereich zwischen 74 und 66% nehmendie Fontänenströmungen ihren Ausgang, die sich mit entgegengesetzt gerichteten, aber gleichzeitigen Strömungspulsen auf die beiden Eienden zu bewegen. Diese Strömungen sind mit der bipolaren Verteilung der Kerne zu den beiden Eipolen verknüpft. DieFront der wandernden Kerne liegt in der Fontänenströmungsfront, die im Schnittbild durch euplasmatische Schlierenbildung kenntlich ist. In der Kernschar ist ein Raum ausgespart, in dem Vitellophagen liegen, dessen Inhalt im übrigen keine spezifische Färbung zeigt und daher unbekannt ist. 6. Die Kernphasen stehen inzeitlicher Beziehung zu den Bewegungsphasen der Fontänenströmung (zwischen zwei Pulsen: Pro- und Metaphase; langsame Anfangsphase des Pulses: Anaphase der Kerne; schnelle Mittelphase: Telophase; langsame Endphase: Interphase). 7. Eier mit 4. oder 5. Fontänenpuls weisen eine dreigliedrige Kernphasenzonierung auf, die möglicherweise kausal mit der bipolaren Bewegungsweise der im 5. Puls caudad fließenden Fontänenströmung verbunden ist. Diese bipolare Bewegung, der caudale Initialbereich der 1. unipolaren Strömung und die intensive Mischbewegung im caudalen Eiteil werden als sichtbare Wirkung der dynamischen Faktoren eineshinteren Initialbereiches gewertet. Die Untersuchungen haben in Methodik und Ergebnissen die Basis geschaffen für die Experimente mit Erzeugung verschiedener Dichtegradienten im Ei, mit deren Hilfe nach den strukturellen Grundlagen der Ooplasmadynamik gesucht werden soll.
    Notes: Summary Investigations are based on findings of Wolf and Krause (1971). Further advances in knowledge of ooplasm flows over the entire egg were obtained by slow time lapse micrographs. 1. We succeeded in filming the first reaction of eggs to fixation solution.Specific fixation reactions corresponding to the different phases at ooplasm motion indicate additional characteristics of dynamic potentialities in the egg. Osmium-bichromat solution does not cause fixation reactions. The microscopic-anatomical finding therefore correctly reproduces the situation in ooplasm in the moment of fixation. The movements, visible in time lapse micrographs taken before and after the beginning of fixation were recorded on micro-kymograms. The typical ooplasm flows coinciding to the different phases of mitosis and structural alterations in the ooplasm could be exactly determined by 77 individual lapses. 2. Each phase of mitosis is accompanied by typical movements in the ooplasm. As first maturation division in the anterior pole region nears completion, amixing motion begins in the posterior half of the egg and gradually spreads over the entire egg. As the mixing motion comes to an end, the egg is clearer and possesses a periplasm. During the first maturation division, the central and marginal plasm begin to flow weakly in opposite directions within the anterior third of the egg. 3. Thefirst unipolar flow begins with the end of the second maturation division. This and the following unipolar flow, running from the anterior to the posterior pole, are completing within a few minutes. The first unipolar flow and occasionally the second as well initiate not only in the maturation plasm but also in the posterior half of the egg. The strongersecond unipolar flow leads to cleavage, because the syncarion is shifted within it into the cleavage center. 4. The first cleavage divisions can be distinguished as pulses within thetransfer flow. This flow accompanies the energid group into the fontain flow initiation region, where the differentiation center for germ layers and segmentation is also localized. The pulsation point in the transfer flow indicates the position of the energid group, which reaches the fontain initiation region with 8–32 nuclei. 5. In this region, between 74–66%, the two fontain flows begin, moving in oppositely directed coincident flow pulsations towards both ends of the egg. These flows are correlated with the bipolar energid distribution to both egg poles. Thefront of the migrating energids is situated in the fontain flow front, which is recognizable by euplasmic streaks in sections. Within the energid group is a space containing vitellophags; the remaining contents of this space do not show a specific coloring and therefore are unknown. 6. The phases of the fontain flow are correlated in time with the phases of mitosis, between two pulses: pro- and metaphase, slow beginning phase: anaphase; quick mid-phase: telophase; slow ending phase: interphase. Eggs with the fourth or fifth flow pulsation have mitosis phases in three zones along the egg axis. This arrangement is possibly due to the bipolar motion during the fifth pulsation of the fontain flow toward the posterior pole. This bipolar motion, the posterior starting point of first unipolar flow, and the intensive mixing motion in the posterior part of the egg are interpreted as the visible effect of dynamic factors of aposterior initiation region. The investigations have produced the basis for experiments in creating different density gradients within the egg, with the aid of which we intend to search for the structural basis of ooplasmic dynamics.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 172-180 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of uterine environment on lysis of the blastocyst coverings in the rabbit was studied in vivo and in vitro. After transplantation of 4, 5, and 6 days post coitum old blastocysts in foster does, the stage of pregnancy of which differed ± 2 days from the corresponding age of the blastocysts and after in vitro culture of 4 day old blastocysts, we investigated histologically the protease activity and the structure of the blastocyst coverings. The experiments revealed that only an exact synchronous in vivo medium is capable of initiating lysis or of support started lysis, although growth of the blastocysts seemed to be normal in foster uteri as well as in culture dishes. A series of figures on structural changes of the blastocyst between the 4 and the 8 day post coitum is compiled.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 210-214 
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    Notes: Summary The changes of histones related to the development of sea urchin embryos from blastula to pluteus stage were studied by an electrophoretic method. The observed alterations were found to be quantitative ones and related to the transition of embryos from blastula to gastrula stage. During this period an increase in the relative amount of the F-1 and F-3 histones on account of the F2b + F2a2 was observed. The patterns of gastrula and pluteus histones were found to be similar.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 215-221 
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    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the pattern of chromatin nonhistone proteins have been investigated. The main feature of the observed changes was not the introduction of new or the disappearence of earlier existing species, but the stage-specific alterations in the rate of biosynthesis of the nonhistone protein constituents.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 195-209 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. La régénération caudale normale deNereis diversicolor O. F. Müller comprend deux étapes: la régénération du pygidium, la régénération des segments sétigères. La régénération pygidiale est assurée par la multiplication mitotique des cellules épidermiques bordant la plaie après soudure entre l'épiderme et l'épithélium intestinal du front de section; corrélativement, des cellules mésodermiques s'accumulent derrière la zone cicatricielle. La différenciation du pygidium est précoce et résulte à la fois d'une redistribution des cellules mésodermiques à l'intérieur du blastème et de la différenciation des cellules épidermiques et mésodermiques de la zone correspondant au futur pygidium. La régénération des segments sétigères est déterminée par l'association de deux niveaux différents d'un gradient de différenciation antéro-postérieur (pygidium néoformé-dernier segment de la souche) et résulte de l'activité d'une zone indifférenciée, très étroite (zone de prolifération) persistant à la base du pygidium néoformé (régénération intercalaire). 2. Après décérébration, la régénération caudale deN. diversicolor O. F. Müller se réduit, sur le plan morphologique, à l'édification du seul pygidium. Toutefois, une étude histologique précise des régénérais édifiés en l'absence de cerveau montre un début de segmentation mésodermique et de différenciation de parapodes dans la zone située entre le pygidium néoformé et la souche. Ces observations démontrent que: le cerveau n'intervient pas dans l'activation et la division des cellules régénératrices au moins pendant les premières phases de la régénération; l'activité du système nerveux, notamment de la chaîne nerveuse, n'est pas altérée par l'absence de cerveau; la différenciation du pygidium échappe au contrôle du cerveau; la métamérisation du mésoderme peut s'effectuer indépendamment de l'allongement et de la segmentation de la paroi épidermique du régénérat; l'absence de différenciation des segments sétigères résulte de l'inactivité morphogénétique de l'épiderme de la zone prépygidiale.
    Notes: Summary 1. Posterior regeneration of normalNereis diversicolor O. F. Müller includes two stages: regeneration of the pygidium, regeneration of setal segments. Regeneration of the pygidium results from mitotic proliferation of epidermal cells in close proximity to the wound after junction between epidermis and intestinal epithelium at the section plane; correlatively, mesodermal cells accumulate behind the healing area. Pygidial differentiation is precocious and results both from a rearrangement of mesodermal cells inside the blastema and the differentiation of epidermal and mesodermal cells in the area of the future pygidium. Regeneration of setal segments is caused by the association of two different levels in a gradient of antero-posterior differentiation (regenerated pygidium-last segment of the stump); it results from the activity of a narrow undifferentiated area (proliferation zone) which persists just in front of the regenerated pygidium. 2. Externally, posterior regeneration of decerebratedN. diversicolor O. F. Müller consists only of the differentiation of the pygidium. However, an histological study of these regenerates shows a beginning of mesodermal segmentation and parapodial differentiation in the area between the regenerated pygidium and the stump. These observations demonstrate that: the brain plays no role in the activation and division of the blastema cells, at least during the first steps of the regeneration process; the activity of the nervous system, mainly the nerve cord, is not interfered by extirpation of the brain; the differentiation of the pygidium escapes from the control exerted by the brain; the metamerisation of the mesoderm is independent of the growth and segmentation of the regenerated epidermal wall; the absence of regenerated setal segments results probably from the morphogenetic inactivity of the epidermis of the prepygidial area.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 267-275 
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    Notes: Summary Histological studies do not permit the distinction between an oocyte, ovary or oviduct malformation as the primary cause of sterility in females homozygous for the Hairywing 49c allele inDrosophila melanogaster. Reciprocal transplantations of larval ovaries between homozygous mutant larvae and normal larvae demonstrate that the sterility is due to a malfunctioning of the oviduct, presumably at the junction of the common oviduct and the uterus. This failure of the oviduct to function normally appears to represent a unique cause of female sterility in this organism.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 252-259 
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    Notes: Summary The timing hypothesis of Curtis proposes that cells which go through a sequence of types of behavior at different rates sort out from one another in aggregates. In order to further test this hypothesis we have given cells from one chick embryo tissue a head start in aggregating before adding cells from a second tissue. By such experimental manipulation the normal position of cells in an aggregate should be reversed, according to predictions from the timing hypothesis. When heart ventricle cells were allowed to aggregate 6,12, 20, or 22 hours before addition of neural retina cells, the aggregates all showed internal heart cells surrounded by neural retina cells. The same final positions of heart and neural retina were found in aggregates in which neural retina cells started aggregating 4, 6, or 22 hours before addition of heart cells. Control aggregates, with heart and neural retina dissociated and co-aggregated simultaneously, also showed heart internal and neural retina external. No effect of length of aggregation time could be detected with this pair of tissues. When pigmented retina cells were allowed to aggregate 6 or 20 hours before addition of heart cells, the cells were in the same final positions as in control aggregates, namely heart external and most pigmented retina cells internal. The only position reversal occurred when heart cells were given 6 or 20 hours to aggregate before addition of pigmented retina cells, which now took up all external positions. This position reversal could result from the heart cells becoming more adhesive with time in culture.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 1-19 
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    Notes: Summary Thirteen enzymatic systems have been explored using electrophoretic techniques in eighteen permanentin vitro lines or clones ofDrosophila melanogaster embryonic cells. Significant differences have been observed and the isozymic patterns seem to constitute reliable markers for the characterization of the different lines. Moreover, interesting comparisons are possible with the data previously collected by several groups on the tissue-specific or stage-specific isozymic patterns inDrosophila. This study may give us some clues about the functional differentiation, underin vitro conditions, of the established lines ofDrosophila cells, and perhaps furnish some information on their tissue origin.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 52-54 
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    Notes: Summary InO. notoglandulata, the most striking effect of either starvation or decapitation was a decrease in the number of gland-bearing segments, regardless of sex. In decapitated females, some oocytes grew to the unusual size of 180 μm in diameter. Both oogenesis and spermatogenesis continued in the absence of the prostomium. These results contrast with those obtained with the protandric hermaphrodite,O. puerilis, in which a cerebral hormone appears to be required for oogonial development.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 102-106 
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    Notes: Summary The effects of BrdU (3×10−4 M) on morphogenesis of the chick embryo explanted at the definitive streak stage and cultured for 24 hours were studied. Compared to controls treated embryos often showed (1) an open neural tube and (2) less numerous somites. Heart development was not significantly affected by BrdU. The damage caused by BrdU was not permanent, i.e., the embryos retained the ability to undergo fairly normal morphogenesis when, after 4–5 hours of BrdU treatment, they were subcultured on a medium with excess thymidine.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 133-148 
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    Notes: Summary A method for the organ culture ofDrosophila testes is described which supports the differentiation of primary spermatocytes through the meiotic divisions to elongating spermatids. Autoradiographic and inhibitor studies reveal no evidence for RNA synthesis by developing spermatids ofDrosophila melanogaster; most, if not all, of the RNA required for the differentiation and elongation of sperm is synthesized earlier in the primary spermatocytes. Primary spermatocytes will differentiate into elongating spermatids in organ culture, despite severe (96–98%) inhibition of3H-uridine incorporation into RNA effected by 50 μg/ml 3′-deoxyadenosine. Protein synthesis in spermatids continues to be active in the presence of 3′-deoxyadenosine, but that in growing spermatocytes is severely inhibited.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 160-171 
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    Notes: Summary In the egg ofAcheta domesticus L., peripheral streaming alters the originally equidistant distribution of early (plasmodial) blastoderm nuclei. Nuclei accumulate in the egg region between 10 and 50% of egg length measured from the posterior pole, while in other egg regions the distance between nuclei increases. The crowded nuclei will form the germ anlage proper. As a first step they reduce their volumes considerably. In the present study, whole mounts of eggs separated during cleavage into 2 fragments were scored for nuclei of reduced volume. The results were compared to the capability of similar egg fragments to form complete or partial germ bands. In eggs separated at 30% egg length, most nuclei in the posterior fragment will suffer size reduction and, if development is allowed to proceed, will form complete germ bands. In the anterior fragments, nuclei which normally will participate in head formation are carried backwards by peripheral streaming and accumulate near the rear end of the fragment. However, their volumes do not decrease, and no germ bands parts will be formed in such fragments during further development; instead, the blastoderm is converted exclusively into extraembryonic covers. These results show that the streaming and crowding of nuclei as such are not sufficient to induce size reduction and the switch towards germ band formation. It is concluded that for these changes to occur some additional influence is needed. This should in normal development be exerted by the posterior egg region which was separated from the anterior fragment in the experiment.
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  • 60
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Eiern und Embryonen des Seeigels Sphaerechinus granularis Lam. durchgeführt, die bei 22° C unter sedimentationsverhinderndem Rühren und Belüftung bis zu 45 Std gehalten wurde. Die Änderung des DNA-Gehaltes, die Änderung der DNA-Polymerase Aktivitäten und die Änderung der DNase-Aktivitäten wurden als zeitabhängige Geschehnisse untersucht. 1. DNA-Gehalt der Embryonen. In den Embryonen wurde der DNA-Gehalt mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden bestimmt. Vor und unmittelbar nach der Befruchtung wurden DNA-Gehalte von 1,7±0,5·10−10 g pro Ei gefunden. Diese DNA-Menge entspricht dem 100fachen des diploiden Zellkernes. Drei Perioden unterschiedlicher DNA Syntheseraten können herausgestellt werden: Eine erste, die etwa mit dem Volumenmaximum im Blastula-Stadium erreicht ist, mit einer mittleren Synthesegeschwindigkeit von 1,2·10−2 g DNA pro Minute pro Embryo; eine zweite Periode, von dem vorherigen Punkt bis zum Erreichen des Gastrula-Stadiums, zeigt eine geringere Synthesegeschwindigkeit als die im ersten Abschnitt ablaufende, mit ca. 0,7·10−12 g DNA pro Minute pro Embryo; dieser folgt eine dritte, bis zum Ende der von uns gewählten Untersuchungsdauer im Pluteus-Stadium mit einer Synthese-geschwindigkeit von 2,3·10−12 g DNA pro Minute pro Embryo. Die relativen Synthesegeschwindigkeiten verhalten sich wie 100∶58∶192. Die cytoplasmatische, extramitochondriale DNA bleibt während der Anfangsphase der Entwicklung bis zum Blastula-Stadium erhalten. Die extranucleäre DNA nimmt in den ersten 6 Std der Entwicklung des Embryos sogar noch zu, um anschließend zu verschwinden. 2. DNA-abhängige DNA-Polymerase-Aktivität. Die DNA-Polymerase wurde aus den Embryonen isoliert, ihre Aktivität bestimmt und auf einen Embryo bzw. eine Zelle bezogen. Dabei war die Polymerase-Aktivität zu Beginn der Embryogenese wesentlich höher als in späteren Entwieklungsstadien. Die Polymerase-Aktivität durchläuft während des Blastula-Stadiums ein Minimum zu dem Zeitpunkt, an dem die cytoplasmatische DNA in den Embryonen aufgebraucht ist. In der anschließenden Entwicklungsphase ist die Höhe der DNA Polymerase-Aktivität proportional der DNA Syntheserate in vivo; dabei bleibt der Wert für die DNA Polymerase-Aktivität pro Zelle konstant. 3. DNA-abbauende Aktivität. Die DNase Aktivität im alkalischen Bereich wurde mit der Lanthan-Nitrat-Methode bestimmt, wobei sich drei sehr deutliche Maxima zeigen. Das erste Maximum findet sich unmittelbar nach der Bespermung, das zweite fällt mit der Mesenchymbildung während der Blastula zusammen und das dritte korrespondiert mit dem Ende der Gastrulation. Die durchschnittliche spezifische Aktivität ergibt sich zu etwa 10−6 g DNase I Äquivalent/g Embryo. Die Möglichkeiten, ob die Aktivitätsmaxima dieser nucleolytischen Enzyme jeweils Differenzierungsvorgänge in den Keimen einleiten, werden diskutiert. Abschließend wird der Einfluß der in vitro bestimmten DNA-Polymerase-Aktivität und der DNase-Aktivität auf die in vivo ablaufende DNA-Syntheserate diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The investigations were performed with the eggs of the sea urchin speciesSphaerechinus granularis Lam. They were kept at 22° C under continuous aeration for up to 45 hours with stirring to compensate for sedimentation. 1. The change in DNA content, 2. the change in DNA dependent DNA polymerase activity, and 3. the change in DNase activity with time have been evaluated. 1. DNA Content of Embryos. The DNA content of the embryo development was determined by two different methods. Before and immediately after fertilization DNA content has been found to be 1.7±0.5·10−10 g per egg. This amount is about 100 times higher than in diploid nuclei. Three periods with different rates of DNA synthesis may be distinguished: a) the first one, lasting from fertilization to about the time of the volume maximum just before the onset of gastrulation with an average rate of synthesis of 1.2·10−10g DNA per minute per embryo; b) a second one, lasting from then on to the gastrula stage with a lower average rate of synthesis of about 0.7·10−12 g DNA per minute per embryo; c) a third one, starting from the gastrula stage up to the experimental end point in the pluteus stage. The rate of synthesis in this case is 2.3·10−12 g DNA per minute per embryo. On a relative base the rates of synthesis are 100∶58∶192. The cytoplasmic, extramitochondrial DNA persists through the stage of the first period of the embryogenesis, up to the blastula stage. The amount of extranuclear DNA increases in the first 6 hours of embryo development; then the cytoplasmic DNA disappears. 2. DNA Dependent DNA Polymerase Activity. The DNA polymerase has been isolated from embryos. Its activity has been determined in relation to the activity of the total embryo as well as per embryonic cell. The polymerase activity is much higher at the start of the development than in later stages, reaching a minimum in the blastula stage, the time at which cytoplasmic DNA has been exhausted. In the subsequent period the polymerase activity parallels the rate of DNA synthesis in vivo. The level of the DNA polymerase activity per cell remains constant. 3. DNase Activity. The DNase activity has been determined using the Lanthanum-Nitrate-Method. Three distinct maxima were found: A first maximum is reached immediately upon fertilization. The second one coincides with the onset of mesenchyme formation in the blastula, and the third one coincides with the end of gastrulation. The average specific activity is roughly equivalent to about 10−6 g DNase I per g of embryo. The possibility is discussed that rises in nucleolytic activities may trigger differentiation events in the developing egg. The influence of DNA polymerase activity and DNase activity on in vivo DNA synthesis is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 234-249 
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    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the neoblasts in the naidOphidonais serpentina has been examined. The neoblasts of control worms have a relatively large nucleus, containing a large nucleolus, a sparse amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and an abundance of free ribosomes and mitochondria. Although Golgi membranes have been demonstrated, there is no evidence that the neoblasts are secretory in nature. Neoblasts form loose cell-to-cell contacts with one another and with peritoneal cells. In worms 12 hours after posterior transection, the neoblasts found at the end of the severed ventral nerve cord have rounded up and are no longer spindle-shaped. Counts of neoblasts immediately after posterior transection indicate that they are equally distributed in the last five segments. A statistical analysis of their distribution during posterior regeneration reveals a significant increase in neoblasts in the last three segments and a migration of neoblasts toward the wound. The role of neoblasts in oligochaete posterior regeneration is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 260-266 
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    Notes: Summary Sterility in the Hairy-wing 49c mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster is due to the failure of mature oocytes to pass from the oviduct into the uterus. Patterns of oocyte accumulation in the ovaries, oviducts and uterus of mutant and wild-type flies indicate that ovulation is initiated first by mating and thereafter by the absence of an oocyte in the uterus. While oocyte production is also stimulated by mating, it is maintained by a low number of oocytes in the ovary. Mating also appears to initiate events which cause mature oocytes to deteriorate if they are not soon oviposited.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 276-284 
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    Notes: Summary 1) The effect of juvenile hormone on embryonic development in the cricket,Acheta domesticus, was investigated. Application of 1 to 2.5 μg of methyl 12,14-dihomojuvenate (cecropia juvenile hormone) in 1 μl of acetone to 7-day-old cricket embryos inhibited their further growth. In such embryos, differentiation of some of the embryonic organs and tissues such as nerves, muscles and cuticular structures continued. However, embryonic growth was arrested, their morphology was abnormal and they failed to hatch. 2) Lipid extracts from adult maleHyalophora cecropia which possess juvenile hormone activity also showed similar effects on embryonic development. But lipid extracts prepared from allatectomized adult maleH. cecropia lacking juvenile hormone activity, did not inhibit embryonic development. 3) DNA synthesis in the embryonic tissues of the JH-treated and control embryos was investigated using an autoradiographic method of determination of H3 thymidine incorporation into nuclear DNA. The results showed that DNA synthesis in epidermal and mesenchymal cells of the cricket embryo decreased gradually after application of 1 μg of JH to 7-day-old embryos and ceased within 6 days after application of JH. 4) From these observations it is suggested that JH may inhibit embryonic development by suppression of DNA synthesis and cell divisions.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 313-332 
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    Notes: Summary In ring/rod-X-chromosome heterozygotes the ring-X-chromosome is frequently lost in the early cleavage mitoses. The resulting gynandromorphs are mosaics with female XX- and male XO-areas. The phenotypes of the recessive alleles on the rod-X-chromosome are expressed in the XO-areas. The genemaroonlike (mal) on the X-chromosome influences the activity of the enzyme aldehyde oxidase. This fact was used to test the cell autonomy of aldehyde oxidase activity by histochemical methods in gynandromorphs of the genotypesR(1)2,In(1)w vC /y w mal andR(1)2,In(1)w vC /y w sn 3 lz 50e mal. The results show that in the cells of the imaginal Malpighian tubules the phenotypes ofwhite (w) andmaroonlike (mal) always occur together; XX-cells are pigmented and show aldehyde oxidase activity, whereas colorless XO-cells have no such enzyme activity (Figs. 1 and 2). This cell autonomy of aldehyde oxidase activity most likely applies also to the imaginal gut and the inner genitalia. The distribution of XX- and XO-areas in the Malpighian tubules, the gut and the inner genitalia was examined in 355 gynandromorphs. Approximately half of the gynanders have Malpighian tubules with an XX/XO-mosaic (Table 1, 2 and 3). A large fraction of the mosaic tubules (62%; Table 4) shows a pattern of alternating small cell clusters of different genotypes. It is supposed that this pattern develops during the formation of the tubes, especially during their elongation. The number of primitive Malpighian cells is estimated to be about 140. 72% of the gynanders have mosaic guts (Table 1 and 5). The border between tissues of different genotypes is found very frequently in the posterior third of the anterior midgut (Fig. 3) and may correspond to the border between the tissues which develop from the anterior and posterior midgut rudiments. The estimates of the numbers of primitive cells for the gut structures are 2–3, as far as the crop, the cardia and the rectal valve are concerned, whereas a number of several hundred is estimated for the anterior as well as for the posterior midgut. Mosaics were also found in the inner genitalia consisting of combinations of male and female structures. In 16 gynandromorphs the paragonia or the ductus ejaculatorius were mosaic (Fig. 4); i.e. in male structures with XO-genotype areas with aldehyde oxidase activity were found. Nothing is known about the origin of these XX-cells, but the possibility must be considered that in gynandromorphs cells of female genotype can participate in the development of male genital structures.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 361-373 
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    Notes: Summary Anterior fragments of mature haltere discs are shown to regenerate missing anlagen when allowed additional growth in adult hosts. It appears that a small part of the scabellum anlage, and perhaps even the metathoracic anlage alone, is capable of regenerating a complete haltere. Posterior fragments are capable of duplicating the anlagen present in them, often with perfect mirror-image symmetry. Symmetrical structure is already observed in the cultured disc fragments prior to differentiation in the final host. Beside polarized duplication, local multiplication of units or size increase of structures was observed. The present results are interpreted in terms of a monotonic gradient of positional value running through the dise in an anterior-posterior direction. Fragments containing higher parts of the gradient would be able to regenerate lower parts in the blastema during growth, whereas in the case of proliferating fragments containing lower gradient parts a zero boundary would be established at the tip of the blastema, leading to polarity reversal in the middle of the total tissue mass.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 349-359 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung von XX- und XO-Bereichen auf der Kutikula und in den inneren Organen wurde bei 355 adulten Gynandern des GenotypsR(1)2,In(1)w vC /y w sn 3 lz 50e mal registriert. XO-Bereiche konnten an den Phänotypen der rezessiven Allele des Stab-X-Chromosoms erkannt werden. Der prozentuale Anteil der Gynander, bei denen jeweils zwei betrachtete Strukturen unterschiedlichen Genotyp haben, gilt als Maß (in Sturt-Einheiten) für den Abstand präsumptiver Bereiche dieser Strukturen in frühen Entwicklungsstadien. Der Vergleich der hier gefundenen Abstände zwischen Kutikularstrukturen mit den von Hotta und Benzer (1972) berechneten ergab eine große Übereinstimmung (Tabelle 2). Daher wurden die Strukturen der untersuchten inneren Organe in den Anlageplan von Hotta und Benzer eingeordnet. Dieser erweiterte morphogenetische Plan (Abb. 1) wird im Vergleich mit Poulson's embryonalem Anlageplan diskutiert. Für die kritische Beurteilung des Manuskripts danke ich Dr. H. J. Becker, Dr. A. Garcia-Bellido, Dr. K. Heckmann und Dr. R. Nöthiger sehr. Mein Dank gilt ebenso Herrn cand. rer. nat. B. Eickenscheidt für die Computerauswertung, Frl. R. Münster und Frl. A. Termathe für ihre ausgezeichnete technische Assistenz, Frau M. Kleine-Schonnefeld für die Ausführung der Abbildungen und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für die finanzielle Unterstützung.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of XX- and XO-areas within the cuticle and in the internal organs was examined in 355 adult gynandromorphs of the genotypeR(1)2,In(1)w vC /y w sn 3 lz 50e mal, whereby XO-areas could be recognized by the phenotypes of the recessive alleles on the rod-X-chromosome. The percentage of gynandromorphs in which selected pairs of structures show different genotypes is taken as a measurement (in sturt-units) for the distance between the presumptive areas of these structures in early developmental stages. The calculated distances between cuticular structures (Table 2) agree well with those reported by Hotta and Benzer (1972). The structures of internal organs were therefore localized in the fate map of Hotta and Benzer. The resulting morphogenetic map (Fig. 1) is discussed in comparison with Poulson's embryonic fate map.
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    Development genes and evolution 175 (1974), S. 87-90 
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    Notes: Summary The effects on tentacle regeneration inHydra of two DNA-antimetabolites, bromouracil and bromodeoxyuridine, have been studied. Bromouracil inhibits tentacle regeneration inH. vulgaris andH. viridis; bromodeoxynridine inhibits tentacle regeneration inH. vulgaris but notH. viridis over the range of concentrations studied. Thus these two species appear to differ in their susceptibilities to these drugs, and the drugs may have different efficacies in this system.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 90-101 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The regulative ability of the regeneration blastema of the newt limb (Notophthalmus viridescens) was tested by operationsin situ. Either the anterior, posterior, dorsal, or ventral half of the blastema was removed at various stages during regeneration. 2. All blastemas operated on prior to the stage of four early digits showed a delay in reaching the subsequent stages of regeneration. 3. The blastema is capable of extensive regulation in the anterior-posterior and dorsoventral axes even after many of its cells have begun to differentiate. 4. Early digital stages of regeneration were found to be defective in regulative ability. Additional skeletal elements were present in limbs which had been operated on at the stage of three early digits. Supernumerary digits as well as additional skeletal elements were present in limbs which had been operated on at the stage of four early digits. Removal of the posterior half of the regenerate at one of these late stages resulted in more severe abnormalities than did removal of the anterior half. 5. Either the anterior or the posterior half of a mature limb was removed back to the level of the wrist. In several cases, an almost complete autopodium developed alongside the remaining half autopodium. 6. Removal of half of a regenerate at digital stages gave results similar to those obtained following removal of half of a mature limb. 7. The results are discussed in the context of other experiments on regenerating limbs, and of experiments on other developing systems. It is concluded that amphibian blastemas in common with a number of other systems can develop according to the presumptive fates of their cells, or they can regulate when they are given the opportunity for growth and cell division.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 149-159 
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    Notes: Summary To analyse the main pathways of energy supplying metabolism, the following ratios of enzyme activities are measured in different developmental stages and in isolated embryos: GAPDH/CE, GAPDH/HOADH and HOADH/CE. The ratios show that the early stages are equally capable to metabolize carbohydrates and fat, but the enzyme activity pattern resembles more that of exclusively fat consuming insect tissues. Special features of the pattern are the very high ratio of HOADH/CE, as yet not observed in other tissues, and the ratio GAPDH/TIM of 1∶1 differing from the enzyme group of constant proportion. Generally the enzymes of intermediary metabolism exhibit low activities. The eggs contain a considerable supply of fat and a small one (0.1% of fresh weight) of glycogen, which begins to increase during the formation of the germlayer. The respiratory quotient of 0.6–0.7 mounts to 0.8, when the „Körpergrundgestalt“ is formed. From the properties of the enzyme activity pattern, the early beginning gluconeogenesis and the height of the respiratory quotient it follows, that during early embryogenesis the break down of fat is realized as the main pathway of energy supplying metabolism.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez la PlanaireDendrocoelum lacteum, l'appareil génital involue après la saison de ponte. Il se régénère en automne. Les vitellogènes apparaissent en dernier. Ils sont reconstitués exclusivement par des néoblastes qui migrent vers les oviductes, se groupent en cordons, se multiplient par amitoses, grossissent et se différencient en cellules vitellines. Cette différenciation se caractérise essentiellement par une diminution régulière du rapport nucléoplasmique, une augmentation de la teneur en ADN nucléaire, l' apparition et l'accumulation de grains d'orthodiphénols dans le cytoplasme.
    Notes: Summary In the PlanarianDendrocoelum lacteum, the genital system degenerates after the egg laying season. It regenerates itself during autumn. The vitelline glands are the last to appear. They are exclusively reconstituted by neoblasts which migrate towards the oviducts, join themselves into cords, multiply by amitoses, enlarge and differentiate into vitelline cells. This differentiation characterizes itself essentially by a steady decrease of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, an increase of the nuclear DNA amount, the appearance and accumulation of orthodiphenol granules in the cytoplasm.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 250-251 
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    Notes: Summary Pteridine eye pigment, indicative of the activity of theor +-allele, was observed inor/or larvae ofPlatynereis, derived from transplantedor +/or oocytes. These heterozygous oocytes had grown up inor/or hosts, themselves deficient in pteridine pigment synthesis. It is therefore concluded that theor + gene product, responsible for pteridine pigment synthesis in theor/or larvae, had been synthesized by the oocyte genomes.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les activités spécifiques totales de 5 hydrolases lysosomiques (phosphatase acide, N-acétyl-β-glucosaminidase,β-glucuronidase, aryl sulfatase et cathepsine) ontété dosées dans les intestins de larves de Discoglosse, avant et pendant leur métamorphose. Pour chacune des hydrolases, les activités présentent le même profil de variation, Elles s'accroissent significativement à la fin de la prométamorphose et au début du climax, cependant que lépithélium intestinal initial (ou primaire) dégénère. Les activités dosées décroissent à la fin du climax, au moment où un épithélium secondaire enzyme-négatif se met en place. L'activité spécifique libre de la phosphatase acide a été dosée dans ces mêmes intestins. Elle s'élève significativement à la fin de la prométamorphose et au début du climax, au moment de l'histolyse épithéliale. Cette composante libre croît plus vite que l'activité totale. Une augmentation parallèle est obtenue pour l'activité spécifique de la phosphatase acide liée (intralysosomique). L'élévation des activités enzymatiques totales peut impliquer une synthèse accélérée d'hydrolases lysosomiques par les épithéliocytes primaires, conditionnée par un accroissement simultané du taux plasmatique des hormones thyroïdiennes. L'activité libre de la phosphatase acide peut traduire aussi une perméabilité accrue ou une rupture de la paroi lysosomique, en présence de ces mêmes hormones.
    Notes: Summary The whole specific activities of 5 lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, N-acetylβ-glucosaminidase,β-glucuronidase, cathepsin and aryl sulphatase) were measured in the guts of Discoglossus tadpoles, before and during metamorphosis. For each hydrolase, the activities show the same variation pattern. They significantly increase at the end of prometamorphosis and the beginning of the climax, while there is histolysis of the first (primary) epithelium of the gut. The measured activities decrease at the end of the climax, while a secondary, enzyme-negative epithelium is developing. The free specific activity of the acid phosphatase was measured in these same guts. It significantly increases at the end of prometamorphosis and the beginning of the climax, during the epithelial histolysis. The total activity increases more slowly than the free one. In the same way, an increase is obtained for the specific activity of the bound (intralysosomal) acid phosphatase. The changes in whole enzymatic activities may result from accelerated synthesis of lysosomal hydrolases due to the primary epitheliocytes, and induced by the simultaneous increase in the plasmatic level of the thyroid hormones. Furthermore the free activity of the acid phosphatase may produce an increased permeability or a breaking of the lysosomal membrane, by the same hormones.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Beim Reifen der Oocyte vonMisgurnus fossilis L. wird eine wesentliche Verringerung des Verhältnisses (ATP)/(ADP)(HPO 4 −2 ) sowie von (NAD+)/(NADH) festgestellt. Gleichzeitig wurde die Zunahme des Verhältnisses (NADP+)/(NADPH) im Cytoplasma nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The decrease of the phosphorylated state of the adenine nucleotide system (ATP)/(ADP) (HPO 4 −2 ) during oocyte maturation of the loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) correlated with the fall of the (NAD+)/(NADH) ratio. A increase of the cytoplasmic (NADP+)/(NADPH) ratio was also found.
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    Development genes and evolution 174 (1974), S. 333-335 
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    Notes: Summary 1. Anterior and posterior halves of 6 hour-old embryos were transplanted with or without their central egg yolk filling into the abdomens of adult females. 2. It was found that the yolk has no formative or nutritive influence on the differentiation which proceeds normally in the adult milieu.
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    Development genes and evolution 175 (1974), S. 13-25 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The fluorescent antibody method was used to study the first appearance of delta-crystallin in the lens rudiment of the chicken embryo, in relation to the cell cycle. At the beginning of lens invagination a few cells, with their nuclei in a basal position, displayed fluorescence. The percentage of cells with a positive reaction increased steadily, but it was not until invagination was well underway, about 3 hours after its start, that fluorescence was seen in dividing cells. It was concluded that in this system cell replication and synthesis of specific protein are not mutually exclusive. 2. Because the number of hours passing by before the appearance of fluorescent mitoses was about equal to the previously calculated duration of the G-2 phase of the cell cycle it follows that crystallin production becomes detectable in the late S- or early G-2 phase. Observations on the cellular shape, which is a function of cell cycle phase, at the time that cells first reacted with the fluorescent antibodies agree with this interpretation. 3. The suggestion is made that the inductive influence of the optic cup on the lens primordium may primarily be exerted during the DNA synthetic phase of the presumptive lens cells.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après avoir établi à partir d'autoradiographies, les courbes de variation du pourcentage de mitoses marquées et de l'indice de marquage, nous avons calculé graphiquement les durées des cycles cellulaires et de leurs phases, et le coefficient de prolifération de trois tissus: le télencéphale, le mésenchyme du bourgeon de membre postérieur et l'épithélium intestinal. Des températures d'élevage de 12, 16 et 24° C nous ont permis de montrer, chez la jeune larve, que: la durée du cycle cellulaire T et celle des phases S, G2 et M diminue lorsque la température s'élève; la phase G1 présente des variations d'amplitude et de sens différentes selon les tissus. pour un stade donné, le coefficient de prolifération (CP) est propre à chaque tissu et est indépendant de la température. les tissus présentent une sensibilité différente aux conditions de température; le mésenchyme du bourgeon de membre y est le moins sensible. Le vieillissement et la différenciation des populations cellulaires pendant la vie larvaire et la métamorphose naturelle d'animaux élevés à 16° C, allongent le temps de génération T et des phases S, M et G1; le coefficient de prolifération est abaissé. Mais au cours du climax de la métamorphose la vitesse de croissance de certains tissus (télencéphale, épithélium intestinal secondaire) est brusquement et temporairement accélérée par la diminution de T et l'élévation du CP — D'autres tissus (épithélium intestinal primaire) au contraire cessent totalement de proliférer et sont détruits. Ces modifications qui affectent différemment les organes, semblent concomittantes des variations de concentration en thyroxine circulante; elles peuvent être interprétées comme l'un des aspects de la sensibilité différentielle des tissus à la thyroxine.
    Notes: Summary Generation time, duration of cell cycle phases and growth fraction were measured for three tissues: telencephalon, anterior limb-bud mesenchyme and intestinal epithelium. By rearing young larvae at different temperatures (12, 16 and 24° C), it was demonstrated that: cell cycle duration (T) and the duration of S, G2 and M phases are shorter at higher temperature; the G1 phase is characteristically lengthened or shortened, depending on the tissue concerned at a given stage, the growth fraction (CP) is characteristic for each tissue, and does not vary with temperature the sensitivity to temperature conditions is also characteristic for each tissue; anterior limb bud mesenchyme is the least sensitive. Ageing and differentiation of cell populations during larval life and natural metamorphosis (at the constant temperature of 16° C) lengthen the generation time (T) and the duration of S, M and G1 phases; simultaneously the growth fraction decreases. But at the metamorphic climax, the growth rate of some tissues (telencephalon, secondary intestinal epithelium) is suddenly and temporarily increased, as a result of both a shortening of T and an increase of CP. On the contrary, other tissues (primary intestinal epithelium) no longer proliferate, and collapse. These different modifications to the different organs seem to be related to variations in the amount of thyroxine in the circulating blood. They can be considered as one of the aspects of the differential tissue sensitivity to thyroxine.
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    Development genes and evolution 175 (1974), S. 129-133 
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    Development genes and evolution 175 (1974), S. 253-271 
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    Keywords: Serotonin ; Cleavage ; Yolk granules ; Microfilaments ; MAO inhibition
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    Notes: Summary Serotonin distribution in early Ophryotrocha embryos was investigated with fluorescence microscopy based on formaldehyde gas treatment of the embryos, and with light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography after the embryos had been treated with3H-5-hydroxytryptophan. Sections of early cleavage embryos showed serotonin-specific fluorescence all over the blastomeres, but it was mainly concentrated on yolk granules, and to a lesser degree on lipid drops and vacuoles. In 2–8 cell embryos, marked regional concentration of serotonin fluorescence was noticeable along the completed cleavage furrows. The autoradiographs confirmed the picture of the yolk granules as the principal site of serotonin formation and serotonin accumulation; considerable amounts were also associated with their decomposition products, i.e. lipid drops, vacuoles, and vesicles, whereas major cell organelles, e.g. mitochondria, were almost totally lacking. Of cytoplasmic structures in the blastomeres without apparent yolk granule origin, only microfilaments, particularly those amassed along the cleavage furrow, showed consistent and significant association with formed serotonin. This suggests a connexion between serotonin and microfilaments and might imply that in early embryo cells the fundamental contractile machinery is controlled by serotonin gradually released from the yolk granules. Within the blastomere nuclei, moderate amounts of serotonin were demonstrated with both fluorescence microscopy and autoradiography. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor catron® (phenylisopropylhydrazine), used to intensify the autoradiographic picture of serotonin in the Ophryotrocha embryos, markedly increased intragranular serotonin accumulation, but also retarded yolk granule disintegration and delayed the cell cleavage process. In embryos barely able to cleave after treatment with catron®, ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that membrane formation at cell cleavage depends on influx of material from the nearby disintegrating yolk granules.
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    Development genes and evolution 176 (1974), S. 1-11 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The oxygen consumption of normal and half-embryos ofXenopus laevis was measured by the automatic electromagnetic diver respirometer. 2. The rate of morphogenetic development of dorsal, left, and right half-embryos was found to be the same as in whole embryos but, in conformity with earlier observations, the development of ventral half-embryos is blocked. 3. Respiration of dorsal, right, and left half-embryos was found to be approximately half the normal, except in the initial cleavage period. Respiration of the ventral half-embryos, on on the contrary, failed to increase substantially by the time of gastrulation. 4. Our findings suggest a strict correlation between oxygen (and energy) consumption and epigenetic work.
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    Development genes and evolution 175 (1974), S. 327-338 
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    Notes: Summary In previous papers we have reported that wing disks ofGalleria mellonella complete tracheole migration and evagination when they are cultured in a chemically defined medium containing alpha-ecdysone. The presence of larval fat body in the culture medium greatly improved the response of the disks. We have isolated this fat body factor from culture medium. It is dialyzable, heat stable (100° C, 5 min), and insensitive to pronase digestion. The fat body factor, recovered from thin layer plates, stimulated evagination in the absence of alpha-ecdysone. Furthermore, radiochromatography studies with tritiated alpha-ecdysone and spectral analysis of the factor indicated that it was neither a metabolite of alpha-ecdysone nor an ecdysone-like molecule.
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    Development genes and evolution 176 (1974), S. 13-22 
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    Notes: Summary Observations have been made and experiments performed to investigate the colour of pupae inPapilio machaon L. andPieris brassicae L. InP. machaon brown pupae are nearly always formed except when the pupation site is the foodplant, when nearly half the pupae are green. Switching experiments showed that the sensitive period was just before pupation and that the colour and texture of round foodplant stalks had a significant influence in producing green pupae. In the Cambridge stock ofP. brassicae used all non-diapause pupae are “brown” (including yellowish, ochreous, greyish forms), all diapausing pupae green. The background on which pupation occurred had no significance, nor did the photoperiod immediately preceeding pupation. The colour could, however, be changed by the food used; on artificial diet the pupae are blue or turquoise. This effect could not be reversed by the addition ofβ-carotene to the diet, as might be expected. Attention is also drawn to the fact that at least one pupal colour is known to be genetic, and the possibility that the green/brown relationship with diapause in the CambridgeP. brassicae stock may be due to the rearing conditions used.
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    Development genes and evolution 175 (1974), S. 273-305 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Ei der SchlupfwespePimpla turionellae L. werden drei Dichtegradienten mit verschiedenen Zentrifugationsmethoden erzeugt. BeimKreiseln wird das Ei um seine eigene Längsachse gedreht, so daß sich das leichteste Eimaterial in der Eiachse zu einer zentralen Säule zusammenschart (radiäre Schichtung).Schleudern parallel zur Eilängsachse istim kleinen Abstand zur Drehachse (Drehachse unmittelbar an einer Eiseite) undim groβen Abstand zur Drehachse (Abstand 4,5 cm) durchgeführt worden. Dabei wird einetransversale Schichtung, bei der sich leichtestes und schwerstes Material an gegenüberliegenden Eiseiten ansammeln, erzeugt. Bei allen drei Methoden entsteht dieselbe Schichtung. Von zentripetal nach zentrifugal bilden sich eineLipid-Plasmaschicht, eine lockere Dotterschicht, eine dotterarme Plasmaschicht (basophiles Netzplasma),eine dichte Dotterschicht und eine Glykogenschicht. Die Trennschärfe zwischen den Schichten ist in Eiern, die im Reifeteilungsstadium zentrifugiert worden sind, besser als in solchen, die während der Furchung oder im Präblastodermstadium gekreiselt oder geschleudert worden sind. — Die Entwicklung zentrifugierter Eier führt entweder zu schlüpfenden Embryonen oder aber sie bricht bald nach dem Versuch ab. Bei einer Zentrifugation mit 10000–12000g entwickelt sich noch die Hälfte der im kleinen Abstand geschleuderten oder gekreiselten Eier. Die Eier dieser beiden Versuchsgruppen verhalten sich gleich gegenüber den verschiedenen Beschleunigungen. Die im großen Abstand geschleuderten Eier brechen ihre Entwicklung bereits bei einer Belastung von 10000g ab. Mißbildungen oder Teilembryonen entstehen in keiner Versuchsgruppe. Die Befunde erlauben,ein gegen Beschleunigungen über 10000 g empfindliches Faktorensystem zu postulieren, das im Ei in einerZylinderwand angeordnet sein dürfte und nicht an die verlagerbaren lichtmikroskopischen Fraktionen gebunden ist. Nur Eier, die beide Polräume innerhalb von 1,5–2 Std nach dem Versuch ausbilden, können einen Embryo entwickeln. Die Polraumbildung an den Eienden ist unabhängig voneinander. Nach zu hoher Belastung eines Eiendes (Schräglage der Drehachse) unterbleibt die Ooplasmakontraktion an diesem Pol. Das postulierte Faktorensystem dürfte eine dynamische Funktion haben und ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des primären Organisationsmusters desPimpla-Eies sein. — Die Entschichtung von Eiern mit und ohne Weiterentwicklung ist im Leben und im Schnittbild verfolgt worden. Die Entschichtung mit regulierender Aufhebung der Schichtung ist wahrscheinlich mit der Kernwanderung verbunden. Das Material der Lipid-Plasmaschicht verschwindet z.T. während der Entschichtung. Der caudale Eiteil hat in nicht lebensfähigen Keimen die größte Entwicklungspotenz. Er kann gelegentlich unabhängig vom cephalen Eiteil ein Blastoderm ausbilden. Ein Blastoderm bildet sich nur, wenn der caudale Eiteil den hinteren Eibereich zwischen 25 und 35% der Eilänge enthält.
    Notes: Summary In the egg ofPimpla turionellae L., three density gradients are produced by different methods of centrifugation. In spinning, the egg is rotated about its own long axis, so that the lightest egg material is collected in a central column (radial stratification). Flinging parallel to the long axis has been carried out at a short distance from the rotational axis (rotation axis situated immediately adjacent to a long edge of the egg) as well as further from the rotational axis (at a distance of 4.5 cm). A transversal stratification is thereby produced, in which the lightest and the heaviest material are collected at opposite long edges of the egg. The same stratification results from all three methods. From centripetal outward toward centrifugal, a lipid zone, a light yolk zone, a cytoplasm zone poor in yolk granules (basophilic cytoplasmic network), a dense yolk zone and a glycogen zone are formed. The sharpness of separation between the zones in eggs centrifuged during maturation divisions is better than that in eggs spun or flung during cleavage or pre-blastoderm formation. Either development ceases soon after the experiment has taken place or the centrifuged eggs develop into larvae. Half of the eggs flung at short distance or spun about the rotational axis with 10000–12000g are able to develop into embryos. Eggs handled by both of these methods show identical development at increasing accelerations. Eggs flung at greater distance already cease their development after a treatment at 10000g. Malformations or incomplete embryos do not occur in any group of experiments. These findings allow postulation of a system of factors sensitive to accelerations higher than 10000g, which is arranged cylindrically within the egg and which is not connected in any way to the shiftable, light microscopic fractions. This postulated system of factors could have a dynamic function and thereby be an essential component of the primary organization pattern in the egg ofPimpla. Only eggs forming polar caps at opposite ends of the egg within 1.5–2 hours after the experiment will develop into embryos. The polar caps are formed independently of each other. Following too great a stress on the end of the egg oblique to the rotational axis, ooplasm contraction fails to take place. Ooplasmic redistribution has been pursued in life and in section pictures in eggs continuing to and failing to develop. Redistribution combined with a regulated removal of zones is evidently connected with the energid migration. The content of the lipid plasm zone disappears to some extent during redistribution. The posterior part possesses the highest capacity for development in nonviable eggs. It is sometimes able to form a blastoderm independently of the anterior region. A blastoderm is formed only if the posterior part includes the region between 25 and 35% of the egg.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 3-4 
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 13-34 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the savanna of Lamto, Ivory Coast, the antCrematogaster impressa nests in twigs and grass stems in vegetation often destroyed by the fires started annually by native tribes. The fires drastically reduce the ant populations. Quadrats variously containing burned or unburned vegetation were censused over a period of months with the aid or iridium 192. Groups of workers unaccompanied by either queens or brood were common following burning and evidently represented the survivors of the fires. However, such colony fragments also occurred in the unburned quadrats. With the aid of the iridium tracer, evidence was obtained that at least some of the fragments emigrate from one nest site to another. The isolated worker groups proceed to produce large numbers of winged queens and males. These reproductives (males) almost certainly originated from worker-laid eggs. BothCrematogaster impressa and an unidentified species ofCataulacus nesting in the same places produce reproductives throughout the year. In contrast, the more strictly arboreal speciesCrematogaster heliophila produce these castes only from January to April. The peculiarities of theC. impressa life cycle are interpreted as being adaptive for the conditions in which this species lives. The capacity to yield reproductives from workers alone, and at any time of the year, allows colonies to rebound from the catastrophes that occur frequently in the unstable savanna environment.
    Notes: Résumé Dans ce travail, nous étudions la biologie et l'écologie d'une Fourmi savanicole d'Afrique très répandue:Crematogaster impressa Emery. En Côte-d'Ivoire, cette Fourmi vit dans des branchettes ou des fétus de paille facilement détruits par les feux de brousse annuels. Il en résulte un amoindrissement périodique des sociétés. Notre propos a été de voir comment, après de telles hécatombes, se fait le repeuplement myrmécologique de la savane. L'inventaire de quadrats délimités en des zones brûlées depuis peu permet de mettre en évidence une grande hétérogénéité du peuplement liée à la destruction irrégulière causée par les flammes. En de nombreux endroits, il ne reste rien ou simplement des fragments de colonies. C'est-à-dire que la reine et le jeune couvain sont détruits. Ces sociétés tronquées deCrematogaster impressa sont fréquemment rencontrées en savane brûlée, mais aussi dans une savane protégée du feu depuis une dizaine d'années. Il semble donc que les incendies ne soient pas seuls en cause pour les faire apparaître. Nous pensons que les déménagements fréquents de ces Fourmis peuvent être invoqués dans ces phénomènes. Nous avons mis en évidence l'existence de ces lambeaux de sociétés grâce à l'emploi des éléments radioactifs (iridium 192) avec lesquels nous avons marqué les Fourmis. Grâce à ces marquages, nous avons pu voir aussi que ces sociétés isolées de la reine élèvent des femelles ailées et des mâles. Ces derniers peuvent être extrêmement abondants et donnent à penser qu'une partie au moins d'entre eux provient de la ponte des ouvrières. Les sexués, chezCrematogaster impressa, sont produits tout au long de l'année. Il en est de même chezCataulacus sp. qui vit dans le même biotope. Au contraire, les espèces strictement arboricoles, commeCrematogaster heliophila, n'ont de sexués ailés dans les nids que pendant une certaine période de l'année (de janvier à avril). La conclusion de notre travail montre que cette faculté de déménagement et la scission des colonies qui en résulte représentent de bons caractères adaptatifs pour ces Fourmis. En effet, elles produisent ainsi très facilement des sexués qui essaiment tout au long de l'année et assurent, à quelque moment que ce soit, la régénération des sociétés endommagées par les intempéries.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 107-120 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La reine construit un nid très simple selon un modèle commun à la plupart des espèces deMyrmecia. Cependant, après l'apparition des premières ouvrières et à mesure que croît la colonie, la structure du nid change lentement pour devenir typique de l'espèce. Bien que beaucoup d'espèces, sinon toutes, aient un nid de structure typique, deux modèles de base caractérisent lesMyrmecia. L'un est simple et consiste habituellement en une cheminée principale et peu ou pas de dôme. L'autre, moins net et plus compliqué, comporte habituellement trois cheminées, ou davantage, et un grand dôme. Des indications sont données sur l'emplacement, la taille et d'autres caractéristiques significatives des nids. Des précisions sont aussi fournies sur les populations adultes dénombrées dans 56 nids représentant 20 espèces et sur la composition du couvain. La composition de la plupart des colonies a changé en fonction de la saison. Les ouvrières ont été récoltées en plus grand nombre dans les nids à structure compliquée que dans les nids simples.
    Notes: Summary The queen makes a very simple nest structure which appears to be a common design for mostMyrmecia species. However, after the appearance of the first workers the nest structure changes slowly as the colony grows larger to one typical of the species. Although many species, if not all, have a typical nest structure, two basic designs appear evident in theMyrmecia. The first is a simple structure with normally one main shaft, and little or no mound, while the second is a more diffuse and complex structure usually with three or more main shafts and a large mound. Notes on their location, size, and other significant features are given. Details are also given of the adult populations counted in 56 nests representing 20 species and their brood composition. The composition of most colonies appeared to vary seasonally. Larger worker populations were collected in nests with a complex structure than in those with a simple nest structure.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 151-155 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Selon des observations étalées sur 4 mois en forêt tropicale secondaire dans l'île de Penang en Malaisie, les pistes tracées depuis un nid par des Termites noirsLongipeditermes longipes (Haviland) changèrent tous les jours. Les pistes étaient à la surface du sol sur presque toute leur longueur, le long de branches mortes, d'arbustes et d'arbres. Elles s'échelonnaient sur 6 à 39 mètres. Il apparut que l'activité sur les pistes dépendait beaucoup des conditions climatiques, elle fut habituellement nulle par temps de pluie. L'activité la plus importente fut observée de 8 à 11 h 30.
    Notes: Summary Processional trails (foraging expeditions) of the black termiteLongipeditermes longipes (Haviland) from a nest changed frequently during observations in a secondary rainforest on Penang Island, Malaysia, over a four month period. Nearly all of the length covered by the trails was above the ground along dead branches and shrubs and trees. The distance covered by the trails ranged from 6 to over 39 metres. Processional activity appeared to be influenced strongly by climatic conditions and during wet weather none was usually recorded. Most activity was observed in the morning between 8.00 and 11.30 am.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 181-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les colonies naissantes deMastotermes darwiniensis, les premiers soldats appartiennent au sixième stade. Ils ont la tête assez étroite. Leurs mandibules sont longues et minces; la dent apicale est allongée et la première dent marginale est réduite. Dans des colonies plus âgées où les reproducteurs fonctionnels sont des sexués imaginaux, les soldats se développent à partir de pseudergates de stades plus avancés, et plus le stade est avancé, plus les soldats ont les mandibules courtes et la tête large. Les données établies à partir de grands soldats obtenus en laboratoire (21–22 articles antennaires) sont en bonne continuité avec celles établies sur des soldats avec 21–22 articles antennaires récoltés dans la nature. Les soldats des stades précoces semblent cependant présenter des coefficients d'allométrie légèrement différents de ceux des stades plus avancés. Les différences entre les soldats sont interprétées par l'action conjuguée de l'hormone juvénile et d'une phéromone de maturation produite par les reproducteurs primaires.
    Notes: Summary The first soldiers produced in incipient colonies ofMastotermes darwiniensis are in the sixth instar, and have a relatively narrow head and long, slender mandibles with an elongate apical tooth and a reduced first marginal tooth. Soldiers from older colonies headed by primary reproductives develop from pseudergates of later instars, and the later the instar, the shorter the mandible and the broader the head. Data on the largest soldiers from laboratory colonies, with 21–22 segmented antennae, intergrade with data from small soldiers collected in the field, but the patterns of mandibular allometry appear to differ in the two groups of soldiers. The differences among soldiers are interpreted in terms of juvenile hormone and a maturation pheromone produced by the primary reproductives.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les ouvrières de 4 colonies deMyrmica rubra sont séparées en 5 catégories d'âges différents sur la base de leur degré de pigmentation (fig. 1). Nous avons comparé la production de la sécrétion des glandes mandibulaires et de la glande de Dufour par des fourmis appartenant à chacune de ces 5 catégories. La quantité totale de 3-octanol et de 3-octanone (les deux constituants majeurs de la sécrétion des glandes mandibulaires) ainsi que la proportion de 3-octanol contenue dans le mélange augmentent avec l'âge des ouvrières (fig. 3 et 4). Le réservoir de la glande de Dufour s'accroît jusqu'à ce que les fourmis atteignent la teinte 3 (fig. 6). Le pouvoir attractif de la sécrétion des glandes mandibulaires et de la glande de Dufour augmente durant la vie de l'ouvrière (fig. 5 et 6). Les réactions d'ouvrières de teintes différentes aux glandes mandibulaires et à la glande de Dufour de fourrageuses sont analysées. Les fourmis de teinte 1 ne répondent qu'au contenu de la glande de Dufour, tandis que les ouvrières plus âgées se dirigent et vers les phéromones des glandes mandibulaires et vers celles de la glande de Dufour (fig. 7 et 8). Les fourrageuses les plus promptes à sortir du nid peuvent donc émettre les plus grandes quantités de phéromones attractives, et répondent le mieux à ces sécrétions. Ceci a une signification fonctionnelle pour la société: en effet, ce sont ces fourrageuses qui recrutent ou sont recrutées le plus fréquemment hors du nid lors d'une défense de la société ou de la collecte de nourriture.
    Notes: Summary The workers of four colonies ofMyrmica rubra were separated into 5 different age categories on the basis of their degree of pigmentation (fig. 1). The production of mandibular and Dufour's glands secretions by ants of each pigmentary group was investigated. Both the quantity of 3-octanol and 3-octanone (the 2 major constituents of the mandibular gland secretion) and the proportion of 3-octanol contained in the mixture increase with the age of the ants (fig. 3 and 4). The Dufour's reservoirs enlarge until the ants reach the pigmentary group 3 (fig. 6). The attractive power of the mandibular and Dufour's glands secretions increases during the adult life of the workers (fig. 5 and 6). The reactions of differently pigmented ants to the mandibular and Dufour's glands of foragers were analysed. The callows respond only to Dufour's gland secretion, whereas older ants are attracted both by the mandibular and Dufour's glands pheromones (fig. 7 and 8). The first foragers to leave their nest emit the largest amounts of attractive pheromones and also give the best responses to these secretions. this is of functional significance for the society, since it is these foragers which recruit or else are recruited most frequently outside the nest during the defence of the colony and the collection of food.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Biologie vonR. proformicarum aus Südost-Kasachstan, dieProformica-Sklaven hält, wird beschrieben. Rossomyrmex ist eine Wüstenameise; ihr Nest entspricht dem vonProformica mit senkrechten Gang und horizontalen Kammern. Eine Kolonie enthält 23 bis 200 Individuen vonRossomyrmex und 65 bis 650 Sklaven. Die Aktivität beginnt zeitig im Frühjahr; im Jull–August wird der Eingang verschlossen; die folgende Ruhepause geht in die Winterruhe über. Die Nester werden in geringem Abstand voneinander am Rande vonProformica-Kolonien angelegt. Jedes Nest enthält eine Königin. Die Sklaven bringen Nahrung ein, vor allem Honig, mit dem sie Speichertiere füllen, die an der Decke der untersten Kammer hängen. DieProformica-Arbeiterinnen sind polymorph. Nur kleine Tiere sind tagsüber außen aktiv; große, die später zu Speichertieren werden, kommen nachts an die Oberfläche. DieRossomyrmex-Arbeiterinnen machen Raubzüge und schützen das Nest. Einem Raubzug geht eine Erkundung voran. Eine Kundschäfterin trägt eine Nestgefährtin zur Kolonie, die überfallen werden soll, beide tragen dann weitere herbei bis schließlich eine ausreichende Anzahl von Tieren—zur Hälfte herbeigetrage—den Überfall beginnt. Nach Vernichtung der großenProformica-Arbeiterinnen,—die sich nicht wehren,—werden Larven, Puppen und Eier abtransportiert. Die Haltung von Kolonien in Beobachtungsnestern wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A description is given of the biology ofR. proformicarum from south-east Kasachstan, which keepsProformica slaves. Rossomyrmex is a desert ant; its nest corresponds to that ofProformica, with vertical passage-ways and horizontal chambers. A colony contains 23–200 individuals ofRossomyrmex and 65–650 slaves. The activity begins early in the year; the nest is closed in July to August, and the following rest period extends into winter dormancy. The nests are established very close to one another at the borders ofProformica colonies. Each nest contains a queen. The slaves bring in nutrients, chiefly honey, with which they fill repletes that hang from the roof of the lowest chamber. TheProformica workers are polymorphic. Only the small insects are active outside during the day; large ones, which later become repletes come to the surface at night. TheRossomyrmex workers make raids and protect the nest. A raid is preceded by a reconnaissance. A sout takes a nest-mate to the colony that is to be attacked, these two then bring along others until finally a sufficient number of insects begins the attack. After destruction of the largeProformica workers, which do not defend themselves, larvae, pupae and eggs are carried away. The maintenance of colonies in observation nests is described.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 343-355 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Workers ofTemnothorax recedens lay both alimentary (nutritive) and reproductive eggs, the latter producing males. In queenright colonies workers only lay reproductive eggs during a few weeks after hibernation when the queen's ability to inhibit the laying of such eggs is weak or non-existent, thereafter her inhibitory power increases sufficiently to prevent workers from laying reproductive eggs. However, as the queen's inhibitory power increases and the number of reproductive eggs laid by workers decreases, the number of alimentary eggs laid by them increases. The ability of a queen to inhibit workers from laying reproductive eggs hecomes diminished when she is sterilised by strong γ irradiation.
    Notes: Résumé Les ouvrières deTemnothorax recedens pondent des œufs alimentaires et des œufs reproducteurs à descendance mâle. Dans les colonies complètes (reine+ouvrières), les œufs reproducteurs des ouvrières sont pondus seulement dans les semaines qui suivent la fin de l'hibernation. Puis l'inhibition royale, qui était faible ou nulle, va en se renforçant et la production des œufs reproducteurs cesse. Parallèlement, on note un processus inverse en ce qui concerne les œufs alimentaires, dont la production n'est pas inhibée par la présence des reines: d'abord peu nombreux en début de saison, ces œufs sont produits en plus grand nombre, prenant la place des œufs reproducteurs. L'inhibition royale de la ponte des œufs reproducteurs peut être partiellement levée par une irradiation γ à forte dose des reines, entrainant une stérilisation de ces dernières.
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From studies in the field and in the laboratory of oviposition at low temperatures byTemnothorax recedens and 5Leptothorax all from the region of Toulouse, the following conclusions may be drawn: -T. recedens andL. rabaudi lay abundantly in winter. The queens of the former start to lay when the temperature reaches 7,5°C whereas the workers begin to lay at 10°C. Queens and workers ofL. rabaudi begin to lay at 15°C. - The queens ofL. niger are capable of laying from 7,5°C whereas the critical temperature for the workers is 15°C. Not all colonies are fecund, the nesting site seeming to be of great importance. -L. unifasciatus rarely lays in winter and when it does the number of eggs always low. -L. angustulus andL. nylanderi are not fecund in winter. The micro-climate of the biotope chosen by the colony seems very important. As the nests are near the surface,Leptothorax is subject to wide variations of temperature and the high temperatures found even during the cool season in stations in sunny sites may explain winter vitellogenesis. The origin and the distribution of the species are also important factors.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude sur le terrain et au laboratoire de l'aptitude à pondre aux basses températures deTemnothorax recedens et de 5Leptothorax de la région toulousaine permet les conclusions suivantes: -T. recedens etL. rabaudi ont une ponte abondante en hiver. Les reines de la première espèce déposent des œufs à partir de 7,5°, alors que les ouvrières pondent à partir de 10°. Reines et ouvrières deL. rabaudi pondent toutes deux à partir de 15°. -L. niger dont les reines sont capables de pondre dès 7,5°, alors que le seuil thermique est de 15° pour les ouvrières, n'est pas féconde dans toutes les sociétés. L'emplacement du nid doit jouer un grand rôle. -L. unifasciatus ne pond que rarement l'hiver et toujours un petit nombre d'œufs. -L. angustulus etL. nylanderi ne sont pas fécondes l'hiver. L'aspect micro-climatique du biotope choisi par les colonies semble très important; en raison de leur nidification très superficielle lesLeptothorax subissent d'importantes variations de températures et dans les stations très ensoleillées les fortes températures relevées même pendant la saison froide peuvent expliquer la vitellogenèse hivernale. L'origine et la répartition des espèces sont un facteur également important.
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  • 92
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sternaldrüsen der verschiedenen Kasten vonT. bettonianus varieren sehr stark in ihrer Grösse und Spurbildungsfähigkeit. Bei Soldaten ist die Drüse nahezu rudimentär und ohne nachweisbare Funktion. Bei Arbeitern ist sie im Vergleich zu anderen Arten normal inbezug auf Grösse und extrahierbarer Pheromonaktivität. Das Pheromon wird zur Anlegung von Dutspuren benützt. Bei den Imagines ist die Drüse aussergewöhnlich gross und enthält 70–1200 mal mehr Spur-Pheromon als diejenige der Arbeiter. Das Spur-Pheromon oder andere von der Sternaldrüse produzierten Pheromone haben eine funktionelle Bedeutung im Paarungsverhalten.
    Notes: Summary The sternal glands of the various castes inT. bettonianus differ drastically in size and potential trail-laying activity. In soldiers they are almost vestigial and without evident function. In workers they are normal in size compared with those of other termite species, and their secretion is employed for communicative trails. In the imagines, however, they are extremely large and contain enormous quantities of trail pheromone. This or other pheromones secreted by the sternal gland are functionally involved in courtship behaviour.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Deflection and bending moments of a thin isotropic rectangular plate, having its edges simply supported and maintained at zero temperature, have been investigated in this paper. The upper surface is kept at a constant temperature while the lower surface, which is in contact with an elastic foundation, is thermally insulated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 18-26 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The time-distance curves, plotted from the first onsets of longitudinal and transverse waves from the earthquakes originating from the foot-hills of the Himalayas, reveal a bi-layered crust in this region. The total crustal thickness has been investigated as 30.1 km, with 13.4 km thick granitic layer and a 16.7 km thick basaltic layer. Longitudinal and transverse wave velocities in the topmost granitic layer are 5.92±0.03 km/sec and 3.54±0.01 km/sec respectively, and those in the basaltic layer are 6.80±0.03 km/sec and 3.92±0.02 km/sec respectively. These velocities, immediately below the crust, are 8.00±0.03 km/sec and 4.54±0.02 km/sec respectively. The Poisson's ratio has also been determined as 0.220±0.006, 0.251±0.007 and 0.262±0.005 respectively in the granitic, basaltic layers and below Moho. There is no existence for any low velocity layer in the crust so investigated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, dynamic thermoelastic response of an infinite solid circular cylinder has been studied when the surface of the cylinder is kept at zero temperature initially. The solution is developed by Laplace transforms and complex variable theory when the inertia terms are included in the equations of motion. Asymptotic solution for small times has also been obtained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 118-121 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Effects of the mass injections into the plates on the velocity structure and viscous heat generation in the asthenosphere is theoretically considered. The decrease in viscous heat generation is quite small.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An optimization technique is described for inverting the geomagnetic secular variation data to find out the electrical conductivity. It is simpler and more straightforward than the exact technique based on the Gelfand-Levitan theory of the inverse boundary value problem for the second-order differential equation [1].
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The propagation of disturbances has been studied in a layered media, comprising a liquid and a general linear substance, subject to a body force and permeated by an initial magnetic field acting normal to the plane of the contact. The effect of the body force due to some internal source has been considered in the problem and a set of results has been obtained under two possible extreme variants of the boundary conditions in the form of integral forms, which can be computed to visualize the displacement—time and displacement—depth variations, both in the presence and absence of the body force. The effect of body force on the substance has been, as a sample case, illustrated in the graphs. The stress-strain relation of the general linear substance and the electromagnetic equations of Maxwell have been used in working out the problem.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 184-191 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A linearized theory of transient development of axisymmetric surface wave phenomenon in an inviscid, incompressible and homogeneous fluid due to an arbitrary oscillating pressure distribution acting on the undisturbed free surface of the fluid, including the effect of surface tension, is presented in this paper. The joint Laplace-Hankel transformations together with asymptotic methods are utilized to obtain the solutions of the free surface elevation for fluids of finite, infinite and shallow depth. It is shown that the solution consists of both the steady state and the transient components which are independently modified by surface tension. The transient motion decays to zero more rapidly due to the presence of surface tension than in the case when surface tension is neglected. Consequently, the steady state is attained in the limit ι → ∞. The effect of surface tension on the principal features of the axisymmetric wave motions is determined. It is shown that the principal influence of surface tension is to increase the phase and group velocity of the waves and make the energy more readily distributed among the rapidly travelling axisymmetric waves. Finally, it is found that this analysis is in perfect agreement with the corresponding analysis without surface tension.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 219-223 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using the vorticity and the thermodynamic equation, ‘Omega Equation’ has been derived. The effect of friction is not taken into account. The vertical velocity omega (ω) is composed of two parts, viz. mean baroclinicity in the atmosphere and heating. The baroclinicity part includes three terms. The magnitude of the second term is of the order of 10−10 to 10−12 mb−1 sec−2,and that of the last is 10−10 to 10−12 mb−1 sec−2, whereas the first term is of the order of the vertical velocity omega 10−4 to 10−6 sec−1. Therefore, the higher order terms can be omitted. Thus with the above approximation the complicated expression for omega is reduced to a simple form.
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