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  • Springer  (7,820)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954  (7,820)
  • 1953  (7,820)
  • 1
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Here is explained, through the solution of two problems, a procedure for the determination of the cartographic projections of the sphere, according to the principle that lines of a forfixed equation on paper correspond to determined lines on the sphere. Here are the problems in question: 1) To determine the equation of a rectilineal and convergent meridian lined paper in which the loxodromies are represented by straight lines. 2) To point out if there are other projections, besides the perspective centrographic one, turning maximum circles into straight lines.
    Notes: Riassunto Si espone, attraverso la risoluzione di due problemi, un procedimento di carattere generale per la determinazione di proiezioni cartografiche della sfera, secondo il principio che a determinate linee sulla sfera corrispondano linee di prefissata equazione sulla carta. I problemi trattati sono i seguenti: 1) Determinare l'equazione di una carta a meridiani rettilinei e convergenti in cui le lossodromie siano rappresentate con linee rette. 2) Ricercare se esistono altre proiezioni, oltre la centrografica prospettica, che trasformano i cerchi massimi in rette.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 37-53 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a comparative consideration of the generally used methods of measurements ofD, H, I andZ, emphasizing the characteristic differences between the measure of angles and intensities, the new methods of the absoluteZ-determination are examined, in particular those basing upon electronic principles. The description of a new magnetic apparatus, simular to another instrument for determining the atm.-electric potential, called “magnetische Feldmfihle” is as follows: The principle is based upon the interrupted covering of coils, the central part of which consists of Mu-metall with laminas of the same material. On account of the position of the coils the frequency is 4-times as much as that of an earth-inductor, for which reason a normal amplifier may be used. The totalZ-field induces in the Feldmfihle an effective voltage of more than 2 Volts, whereas the great station-inductor ofSchulze produces only 75 inV. The Feldmfihle is used as a zeroinstrument for the absoluteZ-determination. The compensation ofZ is effected by a solenoid which bears more windings in according toHelmholtz-style for the finer calculation. The inhomogenity of the field within the solenoid is computed. This method permits to measure the field-intensity up to ±0.6 ψ.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer vergleichenden Betrachtung der gebräuchlichen Meßmethoden yonD, H, I undZ unter Hervorhebung der charakteristischen Unterschiede zwischen Winkel- und Intensitätsmessungen, werden die neuen Methoden der absolutenZ-Messung, besonders auf elektronischer Grundlage untersucht. Eines neues magnetisches Meßgerät, entsprechend einem ähnlichen Gerät zur Messungen des luftelektrischen Potentials “magnetische Feldmiihle” bezeichuet, wird beschrieben. Das Prinzip beruht auf der intermittierten Abdeckung yon Spulen, deren Kerne aus Mu-Metallamellen bestehen, mit entsprechenden Lamellen und Kernen. Infolge der Anordnung der Spulen ist die Frequenz viermal so groß wie beim Erdinduktor, so daß ein normalcr Röhreuverstärker verwendet werden kann. Das totaleZ-Feld induziert in der Feldmühle eine effektive Spannung von über 2 Volt, wäihrend der große Stations-Induktor yonSchulze nur 75 mV gibt. Die Feldmühle wird als Nullinstrument für die absoluteZ-Messung verwendet. Die Kompensation vonZ erfolgt durch ein Solenoid, auf welchem sich noch weitere Wicklungen inHelmholt zanordnung zur Feinabstimmung desZ-Feldes befinden. Die Inhomogenitiit des Feldes im Solenoid wird berechnet. Bei 30–50-facher Verstärkung kann das Feldminimum mit einer Genauigkeit von +-0.6 ψ bestimmt werden.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The mean ozone distribution for various geographical latitudes is derived from ozone distributions measured by means of balloon ascents, eclipses of the moon and the «Umkehreffekt» and compared with the theoretically calculated photochemical distributions, whereby the full scope of the latter is considerably limited. —The discrepancy between the calculated and the measured ozone distribution below the ozone maximum at 23 km altitude is a sign of a considerable effect of mass exchange in the troposphere and lower stratosphere which increases towards the equator. In the mean and higher latitudes we find — especially in spring — a second lower ozone maximum at 16 km altitude which cannot be explained photochemically but is probably due to advection, to ozone transported down from polar latitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den bei Ballonaufstiegen, bei Mondfinsternissen und durch den Umkehreffekt gemessenen Ozonverteilungen werden für verschiedene geographische Breiten gemittelte Ozonverteilungen abgeleitet und mit den theoretisch photochemisch berechneten Verteilungen verglichen, wodurch der Spielraum der letzten erheblich eingeengt wird. — Die Diskrepanz zwischen der berechneten und der gemessenen Ozonverteilung unterhalb des Ozonmaximums in 23 km Höhe lässt auf eine bedeutende Wirkung des Massenaustausches in der Troposphäre und in der unteren Stratosphäre schliessen, der nach den Aequator hin stark zunimmt. — In mittleren und höheren Breiten tritt — vornehmlich im Frühjahr — ein zweites tieferes Ozonmaximum in 16 km Höhe auf, das photochemisch nicht zu erklären ist, sondern advektiv, durch aus polaren Breiten herzugeführtes Ozon bedingt wird.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A radiation measuring instrument with windshelter transmitting infrared waves is described, it fulfills our demands for continuous records of the atmospheric radiation, of the long-wave outgoing radiation of the ground, of the effective outgoing radiation (nocturnal radiation), and of the radiation balance (during the days) on the conditions of protection against wind, of reception of radiation from the hemisphere (2 π), and of following the Cosinelaw; the instrument has proved well without interruption. The radiation is received by twoMoll thermopiles (one of which points towards the sky and the other one towards the earth's surface) which are protected against wind by means of a thin leave of Lupolen-H transmitting the infrared waves. The thermopiles are connected with three galvanometers in such a way that we are able to record continuously the atmospheric radiation for itself, the long-wave outgoing radiation of the ground for itself, and in the night additionally the effective outgoing radiation, as well as the whole day long the radiation balance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Strahlungsmessgerät mit ultrarotdurchlässigen Windschutzhauben beschrieben, das die von uns gestellten Forderungen nach laufender Registrierung der atmosphärischen Gegenstrahlung, der langwelligen Ausstrahlung des Erdbodens, der effektiven Ausstrahlung (bei Nacht) und der Strahlungsbilanz (bei Tag) unter den Bedingungen des Windschutzes, des Strahlungsempfangs aus dem Halbraum 2 π und der Befolgung des Cos-Gesetzes erfüllt und sich im Dauerbetrieb bewährt hat. Als Strahlungsempfänger werden zweiMoll'sche Thermosäulen (eine nach oben und eine nach unten gerichtet) verwendet, die gegen den Windeinfluss durch eine ultrarotdurchlässige Lupolen-H-Folie geschützt sind. Die Thermosäulen sind elektrisch derart an drei Galvanometer geschaltet, dass die atmosphärische Gegenstrahlung für sich allein, die langwellige Ausstrahlung des Erdbodens für sich allein und bei Nacht zusätzlich die effektive Ausstrahlung sowie am Tage die Strahlungsbilanz laufend registriert werden können.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The observations of ten Aprils (1941–50) at Blue Hill have been analyzed, and it has been found that frost (night minimum temperature ≦32° F) (T) can be predicted on the basis of the 19h wet-bulb temperature (ti) by the formula:T=ti−k, in whichk is found to be 1.8 F deg. in clear weather and 2.1 F deg. in cloudy. The results of a test on an independent set of Aprils (1936–40), are satisfactory especially with clear skies at 19h.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 214-215 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present paper deals with certain problems of non-artesian aquifers, with special reference to non-steady flow due to replenishment from the ground surface. Solutions are obtained by direct integration ofBoussinesq's differential equation (transformed), taking also the inclination of the groundwater surface and the slope of the bottom of the aquifer into account. — The study has some bearing on hydrological investigations. For example, it may be desired to find the location of a moving groundwater divide between two water courses, or to determine the quantity of groundwater passing between them. Problems of this nature are also often met with in water supply (artificial infiltration, etc.) and other fields of engineering practice.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A description is given for two patterns of a mechanically indicating anemograph for slight winds combined with a thermo-hygrograph. To measure the velocity of wind pressure plates are employed: the first pattern according to the principle ofWild, at the second one plates turning round vertical axes. A method is proposed to record all elements rectilinear on the drum of a self-recording instrument.
    Abstract: Résumé Deux modèles d'anémomètre indiquant les vents faibles, combinées avec un thermo-hygromètre enregistreur, sont décrites. Comme indicateur de la vitesse du vent, des plaques à pression sont employées: dans la première forme selon le principe deWild, tandis que dans la seconde forme les plaques tournent autour des axes verticals. Une construction est proposée pour deplacer les styles en ligne droite sur le cylindre enregistreur au but de représenter plusieurs éléments en même temps.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei Formen eines mechanischen Windschreibers für schwache Winde in Kombination mit Thermohygrographen beschrieben. Als Messorgane für die Geschwindigkeit sind Druckplatten verwendet: in der ersten Form nach demWild'schen Prinzip, in der zweiten als Schwenkplatten um senkrechte Achsen. Für die Registrierung mehrerer Elemente auf einer Schreibtrommel wird eine geeignete Geradführung der Schreibstifte vorgeschlagen.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Propagation of Rayleigh type waves in soils is considered in this paper. It is a well known fact that soils do not behave like an ordinary isotropic elastic medium where the ratio of Young's modulus to the modulus of rigidity is much less than that in sandy soils. Considering the velocity of Rayleigh type wave as less than that of distortional wave (which is an observed fact) a probable value of this ratio is determined, and also assuming the value of this ratio based on some experimental data, the velocity of wave propagation in the medium is deduced.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The principles of theH-balance for magnetic deep-sea measurements are mentioned, and the qualities of the balance are discussed.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 17-25 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A typical disturbance observed in the records of tilt measurements performed with horizontal pendulums in a mine at a depth of 145 m below surface, under very constant temperature conditions, has been analysed as to its correlation with the barometric pressure distribution. It is shown that the observed load tilts are not due to elastic deformations of the Earth's crust, but may be ascribed to movements of tectonic blocks of large extension.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The collecting of electrical charge by single waterdrops is experimentally examined. The drops fall freely through ionized air in the presence of electrical fields between 0 and 120 V/cm. Only drops with a radius of 1.30 mm are used. The electrical charge is measured by induction-ring and electronic amplifier previously described in connection with Cathode-Ray Oszillograph and recording Bifilar-Oszillograph. It is shown, that the rate of collecting of charge as well as the final charge gained are in accordance with the theory ofWhipple andChalmers. An experimental examination of the theorie of thunderstorm-electricity by ion absorption given byFrenkel becomes possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die elektrische Aufladung einzelner, in ionisierter Luft frei fallender Wassertropfen experimentell untersucht, und zwar bei elektrischen Feldstärken zwischen 0 und 120 Volt/cm. Der Radius der untersuchten Wassertropfen beträgt 1.30 mm. Die elektrische Ladung wird durch Influenzring und hochohmige Röhrenvoltmeter in Verbindung mit Kathodenstrahloszillograph und Schleifenoszillograph gemessen. Es zeigt sich, dass der zeitliche Verlauf der Aufladung und die erreichte Grenzlandung mit der Theorie vonWhipple undChalmers in Einklang stehen. Auch zu der vonFrenkel angegebenen Theorie der Gewitterlektrizität durch Ionenabsorption wird eine experimentelle Aussage möglich.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By using a radar (3.2 cm wave-length) with an horizontal beam having a 3° aperture cone, peculiar echoes have been observed above the sea surface, coming from ranges between 5 and 35 nautical miles, for clear weather, without any clouds. These echoes affect the form of sinuous ribbons or of clusters. They last for various lengths of time, from a few minutes to a few hours. They are more frequent during summer and, until now, they were never observed in winter. These unusual echoes are always accompanied with sea echoes from proximate waves. When they are coming from beyond the horizon, it may happen that targets such as ships or islets lying in nearly the same direction are observed, but nothing is observed beyond these echoes. They are ascribed to supranormal refraction of the hertzian beam together with reflection on the sea waves. Temperature, pressure and chiefly humidity conditions leading to a vertical distribution law of the refraction index consistent with superrefraction are discussed. The distribution law leading to the focusing of the beam which sometimes occurs is also considered.
    Notes: Résumé En utilisant un radar fonctionnant sur une longueur d'onde de 3.2 cm et dont le faisceau explorateur horizontal a une ouverture de 3 degrés, on a constaté parfois la présence d'échos au dessus de la mer, à des distances comprises entre 5 et 35 milles marins, par temps clair, en l'absence complète de nuages. Ces échos se présentent sous la forme de rubans sinueux ou d'amas. Ils apparaissent pendant des durées variables entre quelques minutes et quelques heures. Ils sont plus fréquents pendant l'été et n'ont pas jusqu'ici été observés en hiver. Ces échos anormaux sont toujours accompagnés d'échos de vagues proches. Lorsqu'on les observe au-delà de l'horizon, il arrive qu'on observe également des obstacles tels que des bateaux ou des iles dans des directions très voisines, mais rien au-delà. Ils seraient dus à une réfraction super-normale du faisceau hertzien et à une réflexion sur les vagues. On discute les conditions de température, pression et surtout d'humidité, qui conduisent à une loi de distribution verticale de l'indice susceptible de produire la superéfraction. On considère même la loi de distribution qui aboutit à une focalisation du faisceau telle qu'elle est parfois observée.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 114-122 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The theory of Part I is extended to take account of vertical motion and frictional drag. Surface friction is found not to affect appreciably the propagation speed of troughs and wedges. It is found, further, that the speed of a disturbance at the surface is not appreciably affected by the pattern of vertical motion. However, if the upper part of the perturbation moves at the same speed as the surface wave, a certain pattern of vertical motion is necessary, depending on the morphology of the perturbation, and of the mean flow.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 101-113 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The propagation speed of sinoidal troughs and wedges in a steady state flow is determined from consideration of the mass transport due to the bodily motion of the system. Fundamental propositions are established regarding the mutual motion of wind-, pressure-, temperature-, and density-fields. It is found that in a frictionless barotropic general flow, all perturbations are propagated with the same speed—the speed of the general current. In a baroclinic general flow a perturbation will only be propagated without dispersion if it has a specific (sinoidal) horizontal structure. When a sinoidal perturbation is embedded in a baroclinic general flow-field, it will be propagated as though by a barotropic flow with the sameeffective speed. The effective speed can be computed when the vertical structure of the perturbation and of the mean flow are known. It is frequently assumed that the speed of mean flow at some particular level (500 mb is often assumed) gives the «steering» of the surface perturbation by a baroclinic general flow, that is to say, a baroclinic flow steers a perturbation with the speed of an equivalent barotropic field. The present paper provides a rational basis for the concept of an equivalent barotropic flow, but it is to be remembered that the «steering level» does not depend uniquely on the vertical structure of the mean flow-field, but varies from perturbation to perturbation, being lower for shallow perturbations than for (vertically) deep ones.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Unpublished observations allow the etablishment of a new cross section of the thunderstorm frequency in the western Alps of Switzerland. The number of thunderstorm days is much more frequent than has yet been admitted, diminishing from the outer towards the inner region of the alpine massive as far as the extreme southern chain. Some statistics record the diurnal and annual variations of the activity of thunderstorms in Valais.
    Notes: Résumé Des observations inédites permettent d'établir un nouveau profil des fréquences orageuses dans les Alpes occidentales de la Suisse. Le nombre de jours d'orage, notablement plus élevé qu'on ne l'admettait jusqu'ici, décroit de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur du massif alpin et jusque dans sa chaine la plus méridionale. Quelques données numériques documentent la variation diurne et annuelle de l'activité orageuse en Valais.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 153-171 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The pulse-actinometer works with bolometers, i. e. with Wheatstone's bridge circuits. The principle of operation of this actinometer is based upon an overloading of those bolometers with a relatively high current. Obviously such a high current can only be connected for a brief period, which, however, has to be sufficiently long for reading the deflection of the galvanometer. This principle makes it possible to use relatively insensitive galvanometers of small size so that they may be built into the case surrounding the whole instrument. The actinometer uses ordinary radio components and its construction is extremely simple and should not present any difficulties. The instrument has successfully been used on various expeditions. The apparatus contains four different actinometer systems for different spectral ranges. The design of the instrument, its properties as bolometers, diaphragms, galvanometer, filters, circuit diagram, and its operation are treated. Furthermore a theory of the temperature coefficient is given and the final adjustement is described in detail. The calibration of the instrument with theLinke-Feussner Actinometer resulted in a deviation of ±1.3%, which can be explained by the differences in the operating procedures of both instruments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Impulsaktinometer arbeitet mit Bolometermessbrücken, die nur die kurze Zeit mit Spannung belastet werden, die zur Feststellung des Ausschlages des Brückengalvanometers erforderlich ist. Da stets genügend Zeit zum Abkühlen gegeben ist, können Messbrücken in dieser Schaltung wesentlich höher belastet werden als gewöhnliche Bolometer. Bei der Anwendung dieses Prinzips auf die Messung der direkten Sonnenstrahlung entstehen Aktinometer, die mit unempfindlichen Galvanometern arbeiten. Ihre Abmessungen sind klein genug, dass das eigentliche Aktinometer und das Galvanometer zu einer Einheit zusammengefasst werden können. Hierdurch entstehen Instrumente, die leicht in der Herstellung und im Gewicht sind und aus überall in der Welt käuflichen Materialien angefertigt werden können, Sie haben sich bereits auf Expeditionen bewährt. Der beschriebene Apparat enthält vier Aktinometersysteme für verschiedene Spektralgebiete. Der Aufbau des Gerätes und seine Einzelheiten wie Bolometer, Diaphragmen, Einstellungsvorgänge, Galvanometer, Filter, Schaltung usw. werden besprochen und das Vorgehen bei der Messung behandelt. Es wird auch eine Theorie des Temperaturkoeffizienten gegeben und die Justierung beschrieben. Die Prüfung des Gerätes mit demLinke-Feussner-Aktinometer ergab eine mittlere Abweichung von ±1.3%, die auf Verschiedenheiten bei der Exposition beider Instrumente zurückgeführt werden kann.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The possibility of a mechanical record of the distribution of energy in the spectre of the sun is demonstrated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Möglichkeiten einer mechanischen Registrierung der Verteilung der Energie im Spektrum der Sonne werden gezeigt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 211-213 
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    Development genes and evolution 146 (1953), S. 589-592 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Development genes and evolution 146 (1953), S. 515-536 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei 2–3 Monate alten Larven vonTriton alpestris werden rechteckige Epidermisstücke aus der Flanke der einen Körperseite herausgeschnitten. 2. Die Wundfläche wird im Laufe von 24 Std durch allseitige Zuwanderung von Epidermiszellen bedeckt. 3. An der Wundheilung sind außer den Grundzellen der Epidermis auch die ausdifferenziertenLeydigschen Drüsenzellen in vollem Ausmaße beteiligt. 4. Über der Wundregion kommt es zu einer überschüssigen Akkumulation von Leydig-Zellen; ihr entspricht eine starke Verarmung in allen Epidermisarealen, welche die Wundränder umgeben. 5. Die durch Wanderung bedingte Veränderung in der Verteilungsdichte der Leydig-Zellen wurde quantitativ erfaßt, und der Einflußbereich der Wundregion bestimmt. 6. Zellvermehrung durch Mitose spielt bei den Regenerationsvorgängen bis zum 8. Tage nach der Operation keine nachweisbare Rolle. 7. Durch Colchicin und durch ein Aminoketon kann die reparative Zellbewegung gehemmt werden.
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    Development genes and evolution 146 (1953), S. 580-588 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die sandalenförmige Einschnürung der Keimscheibe wird im allgemeinen bei Keimscheiben von wenig Urwirbelpaaren kenntlich; man kann jedoch die Stelle der späteren Einschnürung in frühere Entwicklungsstufen zurückverfolgen. 2. Die Area embryonalis zeigt zu der durch die Stelle der stärksten Verengung gelegten Querebene ein wechselndes Verhalten. Die Querebene trifft vorerst den Primitivstreifen, dann den Primitivknoten, hierauf das unsegmentierte kranial vom Knoten gelegene Mesoderm, endlich die Urwirbel. 3. Die tatsächliche Verschmälerung der Keimscheibe im Bereich der Einengung wird auf die medial gerichtete, zur Mesodermbildung führende Bewegung des Ektoblasten nachGraeper, zurückgeführt. 4. Die Verschiebung des Primitivknotens gegenüber der Einengungsstelle wird gleichfalls gestaltungsdynamisch erklärt, wobei wir zu ähnlichen Ergebnissen kamen wieGraeper undWetzel, wenngleich wir betreffs der genauen Richtung der Bewegungsphasen in einzelnen Punkten abweichen.
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    Development genes and evolution 146 (1953), S. 537-543 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wurden an Hühnerkeimscheiben die Folgen einer zunehmend langen Abkühlung nach der Eiablage untersucht. 2. Bei einem Aufschub der Anbrütung bis zum 7. Tage zeigen die Keimlinge keine Änderungen der Morphogenese. In der Organisation von Keimlingen mit einem Aufschub von 12 und mehr Tagen entstehen Veränderungen der Entwicklung (Unterdrückung). Die länger zurückgehaltenen Embryonen neigen zu einer stärkeren Verkürzung ihrer Achse. 3. Die axialen Strukturen der Keimlinge werden in Gestalt und Ausdehnung reduziert, bis sie bei solchen, die vor der Bebrütung 15–20 Tage zurückgehalten waren, überhaupt fehlen. Die Keimscheiben dehnen sich zu einem flächigen Gebilde aus, das keine Anzeichen von Organisation mehr zeigt. 4. Hat die Abkühlung länger als 20 Tage gedauert, so werden die Keimlinge zunehmend entwicklungsunfähig. 5. Die wahrscheinliche Erklärung für die Entstehung dieser morphogenetischen Merkmale wird in der Denaturierung von „Zellsubstanzen“ durch Wasserverlust, in der Unterdrückung von mitotischer Aktivität und von morphogenetischen Bewegungen der Zellen des Keimlings gesucht.
    Notes: Summary 1. The progressive effects of temperature fasting on the blastoderms of chick have been studied. 2. The blastoderms do not show any morphogenetic change up to the 7th day of delay prior to incubation. Embryological changes in form of suppression arise in the organisation of blastoderms delayed over 12 days or more. The axes of the embryos tend to be more shortened in the further delayed embryos. 3. The axial structures of the blastoderms suffer reduction in shape and size until they disappear in the blastoderms kept waiting for 15 to 20 days. The blastoderms enlarge into a sheet-like structure without any mark of organisation. 4. The blastoderms become gradually incapacitated beyond the temperature-fasting for over 20 days. 5. The probable mechanism of these morphogenetic features have been sought in the denaturation of “Cell substances” by dehydration, suppression of mitotic activities and morphogenetic movements of cells of the blastoderms.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Out of the diagrams of the Rheinland-earthquake near Euskirchen, 1951 March 14, to a distance of 500 km, we get to the following data: Epicentre 50° 47′ N, 6° 50′ E (4 km E Euskirchen, the same as that of the earthquake 1950 March 8); Time: 9h 47m 58.8s (±0.3s). The depth was about 25 km, that is much deeper than 1950. Two shocks are to be assumed in a time interval of 7 sec. The velocities (according to the hodographs) arePn 7.64,Sn 4.49 km/sec. These values are smaller than 1950; an explanation cannot be given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für das Rheinlandbeben bei Euskirchen am 14. März 1951 ergeben sich aus den Aufzcichnungen der Erdbebenstationen bis rund 500 km Entfernung folgende Daten: Herd: 50° 47′ N, 6° 50′ E (4 km östlich von Euskirchen) d.h. genau dasselbe Epizentrum wie bei dem Beben 1950, Herdzeit: 9h 47m 58.8s (±0.3s). Die Herdtiefe ergab sich zu rund 25 km, also wesentlich tiefer als beim Beben 1950. Die Registrierungen deuten auf 2 Stöße im Abstand von rund 7 sec hin. Aus den Laufzeitkurven ergeben sich folgende Geschwindigkeiten:Pn 7.64,Sn 4.49 km/sec, die niedriger liegen als bei dem Beben 1950. Eine Erklärung hierfür kann nicht gegeben werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 11-36 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le pendule à fil, discuté précédemment, a été trouvé supérieur à cause de manque des erreurs systématiques pour la détermination de la gravité. Au but d'assurer une précision convaincante en raison des prétentions modernes, l'enrégistrement total de la transformation énergétique est retenue indispensable. Deux influences à la période oscillatoire du pendule, jusqu'à présent restées sans considération, ont été examinées: la révolution deFoucault et la figure élliptique d'oscillation. Les deux, proposées comme suppléments au mouvement du pendule sphérique. En outre la préparation des mesures définitives exige de considérer un nombre de démarches introductives.
    Notes: Summary The thread pendulum previously was found to have remarkable advantages in avoiding systematical errors with regard to absolute gravity determination. To assure, on account of the present claims, the whole force of conviction, full recording of energy transformation seems to be indispensable. Two influences on the period of the pendulum, as yet remained without consideration, habe been treated: theFoucault revolution and the elliptical figure of the swing whenever occurring — which may be considered as a contribution to the movement of the spherical pendulum. In order to prepare the final measurements a number of introducing steps are to be regarded.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 54-56 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The magnetic bays are divided into two classes according to their positive or negative directions ofH. As results from the analysis the characteristic main-current-vectors nothing definitive can be concluded from the behavior of theH-variations alone concerning the actual course of the ionospheric ribbon-current. Since theD-variations in their sizes correspond with theH-variations a correct picture of the positions can be only won after considerations of eather element. Thus almost similar current situations may exist in the ionosphere provided similarD-fluctuations showing different directions inH are effective. — Particularly to be mentioned is the fact that in many bays the maximum appears before that of theH-maximum and this is corresponding to the initial meridional-current which slowly turns into a zonalcurrent.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die magnetischen Bais werden in zwei Klassen (I und II) eingeteilt, je nachdem sie positive oder negative Ausschlagsrichtung inH zeigen. Wie die Analysen der charakteristischen Hauptstromvektoren ergeben, kann man aus dem Verhalten derH-Variationen allein nichts über den tatsächlichen Verlauf des ionosphärischen Strombandes aussagen. Da dieD-Variationen größenordnungsmäßig denH-Variationen entsprechen, gewinnt man erst nach Berücksichtigung beider Elemente ein sicheres Bild der Stromverhältnisse. So können bei ähnlichenD-Schwankungen aber entgegengesetzten Ausschlägen inH fast gleiche Stromverhältnisse in der Ionosphäre existieren. — Bemerkenswert ist bei sehr vielen Bais das Einsetzen desD-Maximums vor dem desH-Maximums. Das entspricht einer anfänglich meridionalen Strömung, die allmählich in eine zonale einbiegt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The discussion about the observed vertical ozone distribution and the factors by which it is influenced requires a possibly definite knowledge of the photochemical formation and destruction of the ozone in the atmosphere. Therefore we examine the factors decisive for the photochemical theory (oxygen- and ozone absorption), constants of reaction, spectral distribution of intensity of sunlight etc. in respect of their present certainty and discuss their influence on the resulting ozone distribution. According to the examination and discussion we can realise the ozone distribution resulting from the photochemical theory with the present basis only with comparative uncertainty. The height of the ozone maximum as well as the total ozone amount are no suitable criterion for the examination of the photochemical hypothesis for which reason the observed ozone distributions in greater altitudes — above 25–30 km — must be considered too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Diskussion der beobachteten vertikalen Ozonverteilung und der sie beeinflussenden Faktoren ist eine möglichst sichere Kenntnis der photochemischen Bildung und Zerstörung des Ozons in der Atmosphäre erforderlich. Dazu werden die für die photochemische Theorie massgeblichen Faktoren (Sauerstoff- und Ozonabsorption) Reaktionskonstanten, spektrale Intensitätsverteilung des Sonnenlichtes usw. in Bezug auf ihre heutige Sicherheit untersucht und ihr Einfluss auf die resultierende Ozonverteilung diskutiert. Danach kann die aus der photochemischen Theorie folgende Ozonverteilung mit den heutigen Grundlagen erst verhältnismässig unsicher erfasst werden. Für die Prüfung der photochemischen Voraussetzungen stellen die Höhe des Ozonmaximums sowie der totale Ozonbetrag keine geeigneten Kriterien dar, so dass die beobachteten Ozonverteilungen in grösseren Höhen — oberhalb von 25–30 km — herangezogen werden müssen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 104-106 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Brunt's simple expression for the diurnal variation of the surface temperature of the ground at the equinox is extended to any conditions. It is found that the time lag after noon of the maximum temperature varies from between 1.9 to 2.9 hours according to latitude and season.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper outlines briefly some of the inconveniences of theAlluard-Chistoni hygrometer and the possibilities of reducing same. The influence of ether temperature, air speed and time on the ways of starting and progressing of the dew on the polished surface of the above mentioned hygrometer, to which some changes have been brought, is discussed. Finally the highest significative sensitivity and accuracy on relative humidity measurements are examined.
    Notes: Riassunto La nota accenna agli inconvenienti dell'igrometro tipoAlluard-Chistoni ed alla possibilità di ridurli. Si considera l'influenza della temperatura dell'etere, della velocità dell'aria e del tempo sulle modalità di inizio e progresso dell'appannamento della superficie speculare di un igrometro del suddetto tipo, al quale sono state apportate, alcune modifiche. A conclusione si esaminano la sensibilità e precisione massime significative nella determinazione dell'umidità relativa.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 215-220 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 149-206 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anlässlich von Wirtschaftsplanrevisionen sind in den letzten Jahren in schweizerischen Wälder bedeutende Zuwachsrückgänge festgestellt worden die von manchen Forstleuten auf die Trockenheit der 1940-er Jahre zurückgeführt werden. Um die Richtigkeit dieser Vermutung zu prüfen, hat der Verfasser die Entwicklung von fünf Beständen in Gegenden mit verschiedenem Klima untersucht. Der erste Bestand liegt im ostschweizerischen Mittelland d.h. in einer Gegend mit mildem, verhältnismässig trockenem Klima; zwei Bestände befinden sich im kühlen, niederschlagsreichen Voralpengebiet und zwei im trockenen, rauhen Engadin. Der Zuwachs wurde durch Messung der Jahrringbreiten an Fichten (Picea excelsa Link) bestimmt. Die meteorologischen Angaben sind den Originaltabellen benachbarter klimatologischer Beobachtungsposten der Meteorologischen Zentralanstalt entnommen, und zwar erstrecken sich die Auszüge auf die Dauer der Vegetationsperiode, die mittlere Temperatur, die Temperatursumme und die Niederschlagsmenge. Diese Angaben wurden jeweils für den Frühling, den Herbst und das Vegetationsjahr berechnet. Letzteres setzt sich aus einem Frühling und den vorausgegangenen Herbst zusammen. Die Vegetationsperiode wurde mit Hilfe der Temperatur definiert (Tagesmittel: 5°). Durch Vergleichuug der Zuwachskurven mit den Kurven der meteorologischen Elemente stellt der Verfasser fest, dass der Wald nur in den trockenen Regionen auf die Niederschlagsmenge reagiert. In den Voralpen spielt dagegen die Frühlingstemperatur die Hauptrolle. Um Ueberraschungen bei den Wirtschaftsplanrevisionen zu vermeiden, schlägt der Verfasser vor, die jetzt übliche Methode der Etatberechnug zu behalten, die Nutzung den Klimaschwankungen aber anzupassen. Er macht darauf aufmerksam, dass der Einfluss des Niederschlages mit zunehmender geographischen Breite und Höhe über Meer abnimmt, dagegen bei steigendem Trockenheitsindex zunimmt. Er schlägt schliesslich ein graphisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung des meteorologischen Minimumfaktors vor.
    Abstract: Summary By controlling the managements of the forests, many swiss foresters noticed that the trees had not developed as forseen. Some foresters attributed this lack of development to the dryness of the least years. In order to control this allegations, the author has examined the development of five series of stocks situated in different climatic conditions: one resies in the East of the Swiss Plateau, in a temperate and relatively dry climate, two in the Prealps, where the temperature is rough and rain plentiful and two in the Engadin, in a dry and cold climate. The treegrowth as been measured through the width of annual rings. The author has examined just one species: Spruce. The meteorological elements have been taken from the original tables of climatological stations, which the Swiss Meteorological Office maintain in the neighbourhood of the examinated forests. The extracts have been made separately for the length of the vegetation period, for the mean temperature, for the sums of rainfalls and temperatures. These values have been extracted for spring, autumn and the vegatation year, this last one being composed of one spring and the preceding autumn. The vegetation period has been defined as a period where the daily mean temperature exceeds 5°C. From the comparison of the graphic curves of treegrowth with those of the meteorological elements, the author comes to the conclusion that the forest reacts to the fluctuations of the sum of rainfall only in dry regions. In the Prealps, it is the spring temperature which is most important. In order to avoid surprises by controlling the managements of forests, the author proposes to adapt the fellings to the climatic variations, but to maintain the present proceeding of determination of the possibility. He drais the attention of the forester to the fact that the influence of rainfall decreases with the latitude and the altitude, but increases in inverse ratio to the aridity. At last, he proposes a graphic method for the determination of the minimum meteorological factor.
    Notes: Résumé Lors des révisions d'aménagements de ces dernières années, bien des forestiers suisses ont constaté que le capital-bois de leurs forêts ne s'était pas développé selon les prévisions. D'aucuns ont imputé cette déficience de dévoloppement à la sécheresse de ces dernières années. Pour contrôler ces allégations, l'auteur a examiné le développement de 5 peuplements situés dans des climats très différent: l'un se trouve dans l'est du Plateau, dans un climat tempéré et relativement sec, deux dans les Préalpes où la température est plus rude mais les précipitations abondantes et deux en Engadine dans un climat sec et froid. L'accroissement forestier a été donné par la mesure de la largeur des cernes annuelles. L'auteur n'a examiné qu'une essence: l'épicéa. Les éléments météorologiques furent tirés des tables originales de postes d'observations climatologiques que la Station centrale suisse de Météorologie entretient à proximité des peuplements considérés. Les extraits en ont été faits séparément pour la longueur de la période de végétation, la température moyenne, la somme des températures et la somme des précipitations. On a tiré ces valeurs pour le printemps, l'automne et l'année de végétation, celle-ci étant composée d'un printemps et de l'automne précédent. La période de végétation a été définie comme celle où la température journalière moyenne dépassait 5°C. De la comparaison des courbes d'accroissement avec celles des éléments météorologiques, l'auteur tire la conclusion que la forêt ne réagit aux fluctuations de la somme des précipitations que dans les régions sèches. Dans les Préalpes par contre c'est la température du printemps qui joue le rôle principal. Pour éviter des surprises lors des révisions d'aménagement, l'auteur propose d'adapter les exploitations aux variations du climat tout en maintenant le procédé actuel de détermination de la possibilité. Il rend le forestier attentif au fait que l'influence des précipitations diminue avec la latitude et l'altitude mais augmente en raison inverse de l'indice d'aridité. Il propose enfin une méthode graphique pour la détermination du facteur météorologique minimum.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In some modern procedures for the study of gravity anomalies, the divergence of the surface gradient of gravity (second differential parameter ofBeltrami) on a level surface is considered. Such divergence is connected with the geometrical and dynamical elements of the field by simple relations, in particular to with second derivatives of gravity along the lines of force. In the present paper the general formulae are applied toSomigliana's field referred to its intrinsic coordinates, and the values of the surface divergence and other elements of the normal field are given from 10° in 10° in latitude.
    Notes: Sommario In alcuni moderni procedimenti per lo studio delle anomalie della gravità figura come elemento essenziale la divergenza del gradiente superficiale del modulo della gravità (secondo parametro differenziale diBeltrami) su di una superficie di livello del campo. Tale divergenza è espressa semplicemente mediante gli elementi geometrici e dinamici del campo, in particolare mediante le derivate seconde del modulo della gravità secondo le linee di forza. Nella presente Nota si applicano le formule generali al campo diSomigliana, riferito alle sue coordinate intrinseche e si calcolano i valori numerici di tale divergenza e di altri elementi del campo normale, di 10° in 10° di latitudine.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After recollecting a study published a year ago by himself about the possibility of constructing aMatranslog (electromagnetic measures of transients in boreholes), Author develops the relative theory, considering an e. m. generator of limited dimensions. Bothmatrans dipole andmatrans bipole offer similar time behaviour. Writer shows the properties of the pulse characteristics of theMatranslog for homogeneous grounds. He hints to the equivalent frequency characteristics deducted by means of an adequatePhaselog.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A., dopo ricordato un suo studio pubblicato un anno addietro circa la possibilità di realizzazione di unMatranslog (misure transitorie e. m.-elettromagnetiche nei fori sonda), sviluppa la teoria considerando un emittore e. m. di dimensioni finite. Sia il dipolomatrans che il bipolomatrans presentano analoghi comportamenti temporali. L'A. mostra le proprietà delle caratteristiche impulsive delMatranslog per suoli uniformi. Accenna quindi alle equivalenti caratteristiche di frequenza coll'ideazione d'un adeguatoPhaselog.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 6-12 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A theory of the comprimibility for isotropic solids, whith regard to their plastic properties, is proposed. Check whith experimental data furnishes more satisfactory results than current theory of second approximation.
    Notes: Riassunto Si prospetta una teoria della comprimibilità di un solido isotropo soggetto a pressione idrostatica, implicante il comportamento plastico ad elevate pressioni. Si ottiene in tal modo un accordo coi risultati sperimentali sensibilmente superiore a quello fin qui conseguito ritenendo il fenomeno di natura puramente elastica ed applicado ad esso la cosìddetta «approssimazione del second'ordine».
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 44-60 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei identische photo-elektrische Kernzähler wurden paarweise mittels natürlicher und künstlich erzeugter Aerosole verglichen. Die Hauptresultate der Vergleichungen wurden im Laboratorium unter kontrollierten Bedingungen mit Hilfe von Kondensations-Kernen erhalten, welche in einem grossen Gasometer gespeichert worden waren. Dieser Gasometer besteht aus einen Radiosonde-Ballon, der auf ein Volumen von 4000 Litern aufgeblasen wurde. Wegen seiner Grösse ermöglicht er die Bestimmung der Konstanten des Abklingungs-Gesetzes der Kernkonzentration mit grösserer Genauigkeit als es bisher möglich war. Der neue Gasometer ist bequemer, kann, wenn nicht benötigt, leicht weggeräumt und aufbewahrt werden und kostet nur einen kleinen Bruchteil eines aus Metal hergestellten Gasbehälters. Es wurde kein schädlicher Einfluss der Gummihülle auf das gespeicherte Gas festgestellt und auf Grund unserer Beobachtungen besteht kein Einwand gegen die Benützung eines Gummigasometers. Die Resultate von mehreren tausend Vergleichungen lehren, dass keine zwei photoelektrischen Kernzähler die genau gleiche Konzentration der Kerne in Proben, welche gleichzeitig demselben Behälter entnommen werden, angeben. Jeder Kernzähler zeigt kurzperiodische, zufällige Schwankungen von ±3% der Konzentration, welche von nicht vorauszusagenden Variationen längerer Periode überlagert sind. Die Differenzen in den Lesungen irgend zweier photo-elektrischer Kernzähler hängen von der Konzentration der Kerne, ihrem Charakter und dem Verhältnis der Anzahl der geladenen und ungeladenen Kerne in der Probe ab. Diese Differenzen, welche selten ±20% der Konzentration übersteigen, sind während mehrerer Stunden und sogar Tage ziemlich konstant. Diese Eigenschaft ermöglicht es, die Differenzen in Rechnung zu ziehen und ein Beobachtungs-Schema vorzuschlagen, welches sowohl im Laboratorium als auch im Freien mit Erfolg angewendet wurde. Jeder photo-elektrische Kernzähler zeigte, wenn er ununterbrochen benützt wurde, einen “Drift”, der darin besteht, dass der Zähler eine kleine, mehr oder weniger stetige Zunahme in der Konzentration der Kerne vortäuscht, wenn konstante Kernzahl oder eine geringe Abnahme derselben theoretisch erwartet wird. Die statistische Analyse der Einzelmessungen und eine eingehende Untersuchung der Bestandteile jedes einzelnen photo-elektrischen Kernzählers hat zu keiner Aufklärung und Beseitigung der Differenzen der Kernzähler geführt. Die Untersuchung der Differenzen wird fortgesetzt.
    Notes: Summary Three identical photo-electric nuclei counters have been compared in pairs using natural and artificially produced aerosols. The main results of comparisons were obtained in the laboratory under controlled conditions using nuclei stored in a gasometer, consisting of a radiosonde balloon inflated to a volume of 4000 litres. Because of its large size, it enables the constants in the decay law of condensation nuclei to be determined with greater accuracy than heretofore. The gasometer is more convenient, more easily stored after use and its cost is a very small fraction of that of a metal one. No effects detrimental to the stored gas or any other objection to its use have been found. The results of several thousand comparisons show that no two counters will record the same concentration of nuclei in samples taken simultaneously from the same enclosure. Each counter shows small random fluctuations of short period, ±3% of the concentration, with superimposed unpredictable variations of longer period. The differences in readings between any two counters depend on the concentration, the type and the relative amounts of the charged and uncharged nuclei in a sample. These differences, which seldom exceed ±20% of the concentration, are rather constant for several hours and even days. This feature enables allowances to be made for the differences and a routine of observations is suggested which has been successfully employed in the laboratory and in the open. Each counter exhibits, when operated continuously, a “drift” which consists of a tendency to indicate that the concentration of nuclei increases when a constant value or a slight decrease is expected theoretically. A study of the statistical analysis of the individual readings and a detailed investigation of the components of each counter have not lead to an elucidation and elimination of the differences between counters. The investigation of the differences is still proceeding.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 92-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The blocking action of the west wind drift occurs with maximum frequency between 0 and 20° E, especially between October and April. The corresponding area of convergence lies most frequently between 40 and 60° E. The shifting of the point of divergence is indipendent of that of the point of convergence and also indipendent of the maximum wind speed before the point of divergence. A shifting of the divergence towards the north seems to correspond to a slight shifting of the block to the east, while a displacement of the convergence towards the east is coupled with a shifting to the south. Two examples show that the ridges and troughs belonging to one block move independently of each other; the waves af the northern part differ from those of the southern in speed and wavelength. It is therefore difficult to explain them as waves of a single jet stream. It has been attempted to treat them as separate and belonging to a polar current and an equatorial current asRaethjen does.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Blockierung der Westwinddrift findet mit einer maximalen Häufigkeit zwischen 0 und 20° E statt und zwar besonders in den Monaten Oktober bis April. Das zugehörige Konvergenzgebiet liegt am häufigsten zwischen 40 und 60° E. Die Verlagerung des Divergenzpunktes ist unabhängig von derjenigen des Konvergenzpunktes und auch unabhängig von der maximalen Windgeschwindigkeit vor dem Divergenzpunkt. Einer Verlagerung der Divergenz nach Osten scheint eine schwache Verlagerung des Blocks nach Norden zu entsprechen, einer Verlagerung des Konvergenzpunktes nach Osten dagegen eine schwache Verschiebung desselben nach Süden. An zwei Beispielen wird gezeigt, daß die zu einem Block gehörigen Rücken und Tröge sich unabhängig voneinander bewegen; die Wellen des Nordteiles eines Blockes unterscheiden sich von denen des Südteiles hinsichtlich der Geschwindigkeit und der Wellenlänge. Ihre Deutung als Wellen eines einzigen Westwindbandes ist dadurch schwer. Es wird versucht, sie getrennt als zugehörig zu einem Polarstrom und einem Aequatorialstrom im SinneP. Raethjens zu verstehen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 123-129 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Complying with the proposals of the Committee on Mean Sea Level of the International Association of Physical Oceanography, they were calculated, by the least square method; the values of the secular variation and of the standard deviation of the mean sea levels of eleven Italian stations. The mean value of the variation for the Italian seas corresponds to an encrease of 16 cm/100 years of the sea level; that of the whole seas of the Earth is of 11 cm/100 years. The highest value for the Italian seas it is due to a contemporaneous sinking of Neaple and Venice coasts.
    Notes: Riassunto Aderendo alle proposte del Comitato del Livello Medio Marino della Associazione Internazionale di Oceanografia Fisica, sono stati calcolati, col metodo dei minimi quadrati, i valori dellavariazione secolare e dellavariazione standard dei livelli medi marini relativi ad 11 porti italiani. Il valore medio della variazione per i mari italiani corrisponde ad un aumento del livello marino di 16 cm/secolo, quello di tutti i mari della Terra è di 11 cm/secolo. La differenza in più per i mari italiani è dovuta ad un contemporaneo abbassamento delle zone costiere di Napoli e di Venezia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 223-224 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 225-228 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 1-9 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new relativistical theory of a time-variable Universe is proposed, founded on the hypothesis of a constant total mass. Results are deduced in better agreement whith astronomical data than byA. Friedmann theory founded on the hypothesis of vanishing electromagnetical pressure.
    Notes: Riassunto L'ipotesi di costanza della massa totale dell'Universo, sostituita a quella diA. Friedmann di pressione elettromagnetica nulla, conduce a una densità materiale ed a una età dell'Universo più conformi ai risultati astronomici.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 41-66 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A description is given of the diagrams for computing the components of the magnetic field generated by the magnetization of elementar masses of rotation round a vertical axis. It is further shown how such diagrams, in variable scale, make it possible to make rapid and fairly correct computations of the elements of the field of magnetized masses of any shape and size. An explanation is given fo how the same diagrams can also be used for computing theEötvössian elements. At the end some details are given on the computation of topographic influences.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit les graphiques pour le calcul des composantes du champ magnétique généré par la magnétisation de masses élémentaires de rotation autour d'un axe vertical. On montre comment ces graphiques, à échelle variable, rendent possible un calcul rapide et suffisamment exact des éléments du champ de masses magnétisées de n'inporte quelle forme et extention. On explique comment les même graphiques peuvent servir aussi pour calculer les élémentsEötvössiens. Enfin on donne quelques éclaircissements sur le calcul des influences topographiques.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono descritti i reticoli-prontuari di calcolo delle componenti del campo magnetico generato dalla magnetizzazione di masse elementari di rotazione intorno a un asse verticale. Viene mostrato come tali reticoli, a scala variabile, rendano possibile il calcolo rapido e sufficientemente approssimato degli elementi del campo di masse magnetizzate di forma e di estensione qualunque. E' spiegato come gli stessi reticoli possano servire anche per il calcolo degli elementiEötvössiani. Infine sono dati alcuni chiarimenti per il calcolo delle influenze topografiche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 10-15 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Fermat's principle states that a given ray of waves follows a particular path so that it travels from a given point to a second point in a minimum amount of time. In geometrical optics the basic laws of refraction and reflexion are a consequence of this principle. In homogeneous media the raypaths are straight lines. In inhomogeneous media (as it is the case in seismic prospecting) the raypaths are curved lines. The solutions of these problems take place with integral calculus (variational calculus). — Also in astronomy exist similar problems like in seismic prospecting. The path which a lightray follows in “concave world” leads likewise to a problem of variational calculus. — In the case of a linear increasing in velocity with the depth of waves, the raypaths are circles. — If velocity increases linear with the distance from a centre the raypaths are spirals. — In “concave world” the velocity is proportional to the square of the distance from a centrepoint and not linear, as an other author supposed it. That follows out of the circular raypaths. — It is stated that in case of the circular paths of lightrays in “concave world” the centre is an uncertainty. Here are no definit paths of lightrays. This deficiency can be eliminated by absuming a sphere around the centre on the surface of which the raypaths end. The equation for this case is determinated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Lichtstrahlengang der Hohlwelt führt auf bekannte seismische Probleme, die Mittels der Variationsrechnung gelöst werden. Die Wellengeschwindigkeit im Hohlweltmodell ist bei kreisförmigen Lichtwegen nicht linear, wie bisher irrtümlich angenommen wurde, sondern quadratisch von der Entfernung vom Zentrum abhängig. Die Formel der Hohlweltoptik, welche die Singularität im Weltzentrum vermeidet, wird aufgestellt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 141-152 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using formulas given in a former investigation (1), we computed the colour, saturation and brightness of the whole sky. With this, the secondary scattering of a turbid atmosphere was exactly determined. It is shown that wrong values will result by use ofWiener's method of approximating the multiple scattering by a geometrical series of primary, secondary a.s.o. scattering, because at some parts of the sky the proportion of secondary: primary is 〉1. In the horizontal circle through the sun, colour shade and saturation are constant and only the brightness varies, if either only molecular scattering (unturbid atmosphere) or only haze scattering (strong turbidity, small distance from the sun) dominates. Further, the influence of variations of the seize distribution of the aerosol is investigated.
    Abstract: Résumé En utilisant les formules communiquées dans une publication antérieure (1) la couleur, la saturation et la luminosité du ciel entier sont calculés en tenant compte de la réfraction secondaire dans une atmosphère brumeuse. On constate que l'essai deWiener etBernhardt d'approcher la réfraction multiple par une progression géométrique pour la réfraction primaire, secondaire etc. doit mener à des faux résultats parce que la proportion de secondaire: primaire devient en partie 〉1. Dans le plan horizontal passant par le soleil, la couleur et la saturation restent de même; seulement la luminosité change dans le cas ou seul la réfraction moléculaire (atmosphère non troublée) ou seul la réfraction brumeuse (beaucoup de brume, tout près du soleil) sont efficaces. L'influence d'une autre répartition de grandeur de l'aérosole est examinée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung der in einer früheren Untersuchung(1) mitgeteilten Formeln werden Farbton, Sättigung und Leuchtdichte des gesamten Himmels unter exakter Berechnung der sekundären Streuung in einer dunstgetrübten Atmosphäre bestimmt. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass der vonWiener undBernhardt gemachte Versuch, die Vielfachstreuung durch Einsetzen und Summieren einer geometrischen Reihe für primäre, sekundäre usw. Streuung zu approximieren, fehlerhafte Ergebnisse liefern muss, weil das Verhältnis sekundär: primär stellenweise〉1 wird. In dem durch die Sonne gehenden Horizontalkreis bleiben Farbton und Sättigung konstant und nur die Leuchtdichte ändert sich in den Fällen, dass lediglich die molekulare Streuung (ungetrübte Atmosphäre) oder lediglich die Dunststreuung (grosse Trübung, nahe der Sonne) wirksam ist.—Der Einfluss einer geänderten Grössenverteilung des Aerosols wird untersucht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 183-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the basis of experimental investigations a recording pyrgeometer for measuring the long wave radiation of the atmosphere has been built which is in successful practical use since some months. The radiation is received by a thermopile whitened with magnesium oxyde to reflect the short wave radiation during the daytime. Wind is shielded off by a filter of «KRS 5», ground in the shape of a diffracting lens in order to better comply with the cosine law. Recording is going on continously with a dotted line recorder since March 1953, independant of weather conditions and day or night time, and is intended to be continued for a longer period. The complete measuring apparatus is calibrated absolutely in cal/cm2 min. Some sample records are shown in this paper, and the qualities of the instrument are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das beschriebene Registrierpyrgeometer hat sich als Ergebnis längerer Versuche zum Bau eines Strablungsmessinstrumentes für die langwellige Gegenstrahlung in der Praxis bewährt. Als Strahlungsempfänger dient eine mit Magnesiumoxyd geweisste Thermosäule, um die tagsüber vorhandene kurzwellige Strahlung auszuschalten. Als Windschutz wird eine Filterplatte aus KRS 5 verwendet, welche zur besseren Erfüllung des cos-Gesetzes die Form einer Zerstreuungslinse besitzt. Die Registrierung erfolgt fortlaufend seit Anfang März dieses Jahres mittels Punktschreibers bei jedem Wetter sowohl bei Tage als auch bei Nacht und wird über einen längeren Zeitraum weitergeführt werden. Die Apparatur ist absolut geeicht und an einigen Registrierbeispielen werden die Vor- und Nachteile derselben beschrieben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 213-214 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 217-219 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 219-224 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 1-4 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the case of a normal correlation between two variables, a formula is deduced, that enables the calculation of the coefficient of linear correlation simply starting from the number of the sign concomitances in the pairs of correspondent values of the two variables, related to their aritmetical means. The formula is tabulated also, in the aim of increasing the speed of calculation.
    Notes: Riassunto Nell'ipotesi di una correlazione normale tra due variabili, si deduce una formula che consente il calcolo del coefficiente di correlazione lineare dal semplice conteggio delle concordanze di segno delle coppie di valori corrispondenti da correlare, riferiti alle rispettive medie aritmetiche. La relazione tra la frequenza delle concordanze di segno ed il coefficiente di correlazione è pure tabulata, per accrescere ulteriormente la speditezza delle operazioni.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 68-70 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Temperatur der dünnen Luft der Stratosphäre läßt sich akustisch, die Verlängerung des Spektrums der Sonne für die Kathodenstrahlung der Sonne überhaupt nicht bestimmen.
    Notes: Summary The determination of the temperature of the height stratosphere is practicable with the equation ofLaplace for the sound. The prolongation of the spectre of the sun for the short waves, absorbed in the atmosphere, is to be wrecked.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 95-103 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By an estimate of the energy budget of the thunderstorm is shown that the energy of electrical activity is entirely negligible in considerations of the whole budget. But if the energy of electrical activity is only compared with that amount of the whole energy which exceeds the normal energy amount of the «Austausch» it can by shown that the electrical phenomena need about 1/4 of this amount (this amount is estimated only from the precipitation). — By the estimation of the electrical energy budget it is possible to give the mean energy of a lightning: about 2000 kWh. In considerations of the potential-gradient under thunderstorm clouds a contradiction is given which can not be solved until now.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Abschätzung der im Gewitter zum Umsatz kommenden Energiebeträge zeigt, daß die in den elektrischen Phänomenen verbrauchte Energie im Gesamt-Energie-Umsatz nicht ins Gewicht fällt. Zieht man jedoch den Vergleich nur zu dem Teilbetrag des mechanisch-thermodynamischen Energieumsatzes, der sich über den normalen Energie-Umsatz des Wetter- bezw. Austauschgeschehens erhebt, und nimmt versuchsweise für diesen den aus dem Niederschlag allein abgeleiteten Betrag an, so ergibt sich, daß die elektrischen Phänomene etwa 1/4 dieses Betrages beanspruchen. — Die Abschätzung des elektrischen Energie-Umsatzes erlaubt es, die mittlere in einem Erdblitz umgesetzte Energie abzuleiten: Sie ergibt sich zu rund 2000 kWh. Eine noch nicht lösbare Diskrepanz ergibt sich für die Feldstärke unterhalb der Gewitterwolken.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 115-124 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto La vernice delle lamelle dell'attinografo bimetallico si guasta relativamente in fretta, ciò che ha come conseguenza una diminuzione della sensibilità. Vengono comunicate le esperienze, raccolte durante gli anni 1946–52, con un nuovo strato di vernice: durante almeno cinque anni i fattori di taratura rimangono costanti.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Anstrich der Lamellen des Bimetallaktinographen zerfällt relativ rasch, was eine Abnahme der Empfindlichkeit zur Folge hat. Es werden die in den Jahren 1946–52 gesammelten Erfahrungen mit einem neuen Ueberzug der Lamellen mitgeteil: Während mindestens fünf Jahren bleiben die Eichfaktoren konstant.
    Notes: Summary The coat of painting of the laminas of the Bimetallactinograph wears off rather quickly which causes a decrease of the sensitiveness. In the present paper seven years experiences (1946–52) with a new coating of the laminas are being reviewed: During at least 5 years the calibration factors remain constant.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 135-148 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Les singularités manquent toute réalité et n'ont pas de valeur pour l'étude des moussons dans les régions modérées. — 2. Un résumé court des études deChromow est donné (Fig. 1). — 3. Le mousson européen se manifeste par des impulsions pendant quelques jours alternant avec la circulation atmosphérique générale. Les moyennes mensuelles de la direction du vent ne donnent que la direction résultante mais ne démontrent rien concernant les particularités réelles du vent. La méthode deChromow, l'application des gradients mensuels de la pression, est aussi insuffisante. En outre la durée d'une mois est trop longue pour révéler ces impulsions courtes. Il faut préférer les décades. Pour conclure il faut tenir compte de la vitesse du vent aussi. J'ai calculé le produit de la fréquence (en pourcentage) et la vitesse, le «vecteur relatif du vent» 4. Tandis que généralement les mois de Janvier et de Juin sont acceptées comme les mois centrales du mousson, dans les Pays Bas et en Allemagne ces mois sont Novembre–Décembre et Mai–Juin (Tabl. 1, 2; Fig. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) avec resp. le mousson de S et le mousson de NE. Le mousson de NE semble changer de l'E à N et peutêtre même à NW. Ce recul du vent peut être causé par la configuration du continent européen. — 5. Une recherche des impulsions du mousson démontre qu'elles égalent, même surpassent la circulation générale aussi bien concernant leur nombre (Tabl. 1, à droite) que leur intensité (Tabl. 3). L'opinion deWillett que les masses d'air du printemps et de l'automne sont intermédiaires entre celles de Janvier et de Juin n'est pas acceptable pour l'Europe occidentale. — 6. Une recherche au moyen de l'index deConrad montre aussi que les mois essentielles du mousson européen sont les mois mentionnées (Tabl. 4). L'application de la méthode deConrad sur le vecteur du vent relatif confirme ce résultat (Tabl. 5). — Tous les résultats gagnés montrent l'activité du mousson dans une grande partie de l'Europe occidentale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Singularitäten entbehren jede Realität und sind wertlos für Monsununtersuchungen. — 2. In diesem Paragraph findet man eine Zusammenfassung vonChromow's Anschauungen (Fig. 1). — 3 Der europäische Monsun äussert sich in Stössen während einiger Tage, abwechselnd mit der allgemeinen Westzirkulation. Montasmittel der Windrichtung geben nur die resultierende Richtung dieser zwei unabhängigen Windsystemen und zeigen in keinem Fall die wahren Windverhältnisse. Die einzige Methode ist die Untersuchung der einzelnen Windoktanten. Eine Monat, ist zu lang um die ziemlich kurzen Stösse zu zeigen. Ein gutes Mass ist das Produkt der Richtungsverteilung in Prozenten mit der Geschwindigkeit, der «relative Windvektor» genannt. — 4. In den Niederlanden und Deutschland sind nicht die allgemein angenommenen Monate Januar und Juli die Zentralmonate des Monsuns, sondern November–Dezember und Mai–Juni (Tab. 1, 2.; Fig. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7), beziehungsweise mit S- und NE-Winden. Der NE-Monsun scheint zurückzudrehen von E nach N, vielleicht selbst, nach NW. Diese Eigenschaft kann verursacht werden von der Form des europäischen Kontinents. — 5. Die Wichtigkeit der Monsunstösse ist gleich, der Westzirkulation oder selbst stärker als diese, sowohl was ihre Zahl (Tab. 1, rechts) als ihre Intensität (Tab. 3) betrifft.Willett's Behauptung, dass die normale geographische Verteilung der Luftmassen im Frühling und im Herbst die mittleren Eigenschaften der Verteilung im Januar und im Juli besitzt kann für Westeuropa nicht aufrecht gehalten werden. — 6.Conrad's Monsunindex zeigt auch dass die vollen Monsunmonate in Westeuropa die oben genannten sind (Tab. 4). Die Anwendung seiner Methode auf dem relativen Windvektor bestätigt dieses Resultat (Tab. 5). Alle gefundenen Resultate zeigen die Aktivität des Monsunphänomens in Westeuropa.
    Notes: Summary 1. The so called sigularities want all reality and are of no value in monsoon investigations. — 2. In this section a short summary ofChromow's monsoon studies is given (Fig. 1). — 3. The monsoon in Western Europe manifests itself in impulses during some days alternating with the general west circulation. Monthly means of the wind direction give the resultant direction of these two independent wind systems and do by no means elucidate the true behaviour of the wind.Chromow's method, the appliance of monthly means of pressure gradients, is also insufficient. The only reliable method of researching the monsoon in moderate regions is the investigation of the separate wind octants. A month is too long to reveal the rather short impulses and therefore calculating decade means is recommended. The monsoon depends upon the direction and the velocity of the wind. Calculating the product of the frequency of the direction (in %) and the wind velocity is in practice a sufficient approximation. I have called this product the «relative wind vector». — 4. Whereas generally the months of January and July are accepted as the central monsoon months, in the Netherlands and Germany these months appear to be November–December and May–June (Table 1, 2; Fig. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7), respectively with S and NE winds. The summer monsoon seems to back from E to N and perhaps even to NW. This backing may be caused by the form of the european continent. — 5. A research into the maximal development of the monsoon impulses shows that they equal or even surpass the general western ciruclation concerning both their number (Table 1, right-hand side) and their intensity (Table 3).Willett's opinion that the normal geographical distribution of air mass source regions in the spring and the autumn are intermediate between those of the months of Janaury and July cannot be maintained for West Europe. — 6. A research by means ofConrad's monsoon index also shows that the full monsoon months in W-Europe are November–December and May–June (Table 4). The application of his method to the relative wind vector at Den Helder and Maastricht confirms this result (Table 5). — All results arrived at show the activity of the monsoon phenomenon in a good deal of West Europe.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 130-134 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Observing the series of the annual thunderstorm days of twelve European stations, placed bewteen Leningrad and Neaples, it results that among the going of the number of thunder-storm days and that of the sunspot one's we have the following relationship: in the northern localities at the maximum of the solar activity corresponds the maximum of the thunderstorm; in the southerner localities we have the opposit, at the maximum solar it correponds the minimum of thunderstorms. In the intermediate stations we have a combination of the two cases with a periodicity generally no valuable.
    Notes: Riassunto Dall'esame delle serie dei numeri annui dei giorni con temporale di 12 stazioni europee, comprese fra Leningrado e Napoli, risulta che tra l'andamento del numero dei giorni con temporale e quello dei numeri relativi delle macchie solari si ha la seguente relazione: nelle località settentrionali ad un massimo di attività solare corrisponde un massimo numero di temporali; in quelle meridionali si ha un comportamento opposto, ad un massimo solare corrisponde un minimo numero di giorni con temporale; nelle zone intermedie si ha una combinazione dei due casi con periodicità che generalmente non è bene apprezzabile.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 203-206 
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    Notes: Summary The frequency of days having an uninterrupted sea breeze and of numbers of such consecutive days with sea breeze is given for all months and the year as a whole.—Some given characteristic elements, such as true azimuth, resultant run and velocity, and steadiness of the July sea breeze and uninterrupted Etesians were calculated with the aid ofLambert's formulas for 16 directions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 207-213 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1) During the construction of the Limberg Dam in Kapran a space of approximately half a Million cubic metres was consolidated by injections. Approximately 72 % of these injections were controlled by geoelectrical method. 2) The calculations were based on the theory byLorenz-Lorentz, the usefulness of which was demonstrated by those experiments. 3) The final results of altogether 7704 metres electrical controlled injections which were carried out in the subsoil of the Limberg Dam, show that the electrical calculated results are in good accordance with the mechanical results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Beim Bau der Limbergsperre in Kaprun wurde ein Raum von ungefälur einer halben Million ina durch Injecktionen verfestigt. Von diesen Injektionen wurden ungefähr 72 % geolectrisch kontrolliert. - 2. Der Berechnung wurde die Mischtheorie vonLonrenz-Lorentz zugrundegelegt, deren Brauchbarkeit durch diesen Grossversuch bewiesen wurde. - 3. Die Schlussauswertung von insgesamt. 7704 m eletrisch kontroliertern Injektionsbohrungen, die in Untergrund der Limbergsperre durchgeführt wurden, zeigt, dass die elecktrisch berechneten Resultate mit den mechanisch ermittelten gut übereinstimmen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 214-220 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A recording electrometer for atmospheric potential is described. It makes use of a special triode with inverted electrodes (controlled by the anode, as already made byL. Koenigsfeld & Ph. Piraux). Among the improvements realised, the following chief characteristics are to be noted; 1) The difficulties of electric insulation are overcomed because the electrometric tube is built as a whole with the radioactive eollector; 2) Both the positive and the negative field can be recorded with different sensitivity by a convenient back-voltage; 3) The instrument operates with dry batteries alone and, also in account of its light weight, can be carried about quite easily and quickly installed.
    Notes: Riassunto Nelle misure di elettricità atmosferica già altri AA. (L. Koenigsfeld & Ph. Piraux) si sono serviti di valvole ad elettrodi invertiti (placca pilota), accorgimento che eleva a qualche centinaia di volt la tensione di controllo senza ricorrere a resistenze di riduzione. Partendo da tale impiego di una valvola elettronica opportuna, gli AA. hanno costruito un elettrometro per la registrazione del potenziale atmosferico che presenta le principali caratteristiche seguenti: 1) la valvola elettrometrica fa corpo unico con la sonda radioattiva di captazione del campo, il che elimina le difficoltà di isolamento; 2) con una opportuna controtensione, l'apparecchio è atto a registrare sia il campo positivo come quello negativo, con diversi valori scala; 3) lo strumento, completo di captatore elettrometrico, registratore e batterie, è completamente autonomo e facilmente trasportabile.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 16-19 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Whenever an elastic and isotropic diaphragm partially coating a sphere is spread on a plane, the net of the meridians and parallels loses the proper shape according to the principle of the lowest energy. The Author explains through some examples how to get cartographic projections by using the same principle.
    Notes: Riassunto Quando una membrana elastica ed isotropa che riveste parzialmente una sfera viene distesa su un piano, la rete dei meridiani e paralleli stampata sulla membrana stessa si deforma secondo il principio della minima energia. L'Autore illustra con alcuni esempi la possibilità di ottenere buone proiezioni cartografiche fruendo del principio medesimo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 20-29 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La détermination du temps d'oscillation d'un pendule par ajustement d'une courbe enrégistrée de coincidences a été examinée. La méthode précédente, fondée directement sur l'opération deSterneck, employa seulement quelques signaux pendulaires auxiliaires, immédiatement voisins à l'axe du temps. Maintenant on a utilisé tous les signaux d'une courbe de coincidences enrégistrée et par là et par un ajustement sévère on a atteint une exactitude dix fois plus grande. On pourrait employer cet agrandissement à la dérivation 10–20 fois en deux heures du temps d'oscillation pendant la même oscillation pendulaire. Celà offre la possibilité d'accélerer les mesures en campagne, comme l'analyse des mesures absolues gravimétriques pendulaires.
    Notes: Summary The determination of the swingtime of a pendulum by means of measurement and adjustment of a whole curve of coincidences has been practically examined. The earlier method of evaluating records of coincidences, like theSterneck subjective operation, only employed several time signals in the neighbourhoud of the time axis. By means of the whole evaluation of the coincidence curve is demonstrated now a ten times higher accuracy in swingtime with respect to the former method. This can be applied to determine not only one value ofT, but 10–20 values in two hours during the same swing of the pendulum. That seems to be of importance not only for acceleration of field application, but chiefly to the analysis in absoluteg-determination by pendulums.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 67-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Among the manifold possibilities of realization of Matranslog, the Author develops that which enables to come to a Matranslog of highest effectiveness. Indeed, the Eltrans-functions, that the Author reckons, result to be of type having a time cours from zero to an absolute maximum (with «surtension»), up to asymptotic values of regime. This type of Trans-diagraphy is the most complete one that can be reached. The analyses of such diagraphies present the highest resolutive power of the Geomatrans-parameters, measurable in well holes.
    Abstract: Résumé Entre les différentes possibilités de réalisation de «Matranslog» (toujours à plus grand pouvoir résolutif des caractéristiques geoélectriques que non les anciens méthodes à régime), l'Auteur décrit un Matranslog à plus grand rendement, pour les interprétations des diagraphies trans. Les fonctions trans, en effect, résultent du type plus complet, avec une démarche de zero à un maximum absolu (surtension) jusqu'aux valeurs asymptotiques de régime.
    Notes: Riassunto Tra le diverse possibilità di realizzazione di Matranslog (costantemente a maggior potere risolutive delle caratteristiche geoelettriche nei fori di sonda che non i procedimenti a «regime»), l'A. illustra quello a massimo rendimento, agli effetti interpretativi delle diagrafie transitorie. Le funzioni trans infatti risultano del tipo più completo, con decorso da zero ad un massimo assoluto (a «sovratensione») fino a valori asintotici di regime.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 112-118 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On traite la marche annuelle de la pression atmosphérique entre le niveau de la mer et une altitude de 19 km pour un profil méridien moyen de l'hémisphère nord. Les premiers termes de l'analyse harmonique sont représentés graphiquement et discutés en fonction de l'altitude et de la latitude géographique. Une comparaison de ces résultats avec ceux d'un travail similaire deV. Conrad demontre que ces derniers ne valent que pour les Alpes d'où sont prises les observations.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Abhängigkeit des jährlichen Luftdruckganges von geographischer Breite und Seehöhe wird im Durchschnitt für die ganze Nordhalbkugel behandelt. Die beiden ersten Glieder der harmonischen Analyse werden in einem mittleren Meridianprofil nach Amplitude und Phase dargestellt. Im Vergleich zu den früher vonV. Conrad abgeleiteten Ergebnissen bezüglich der Höhenabhängigkeit der ganzund halbjährigen Druckwelle erweist sich deren Gültigkeitsbegrenzung auf die Alpen, woher ja auch das bezügliche Grundmaterial stammt.
    Notes: Summary The yearly course of air pressure on the northern hemisphere between sea level and 19 km height is traeted for an average meridian profile. The first two terms of harmonic analyze are represented and discussed in dependance of altitude and geographic latitude. A comparison of the results with those of a similar investigation carried out byV. Conrad shows that the later are valid for the Alps only for which they have been deduced.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 119-126 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung NachdemSchneider-Carius die von ihm in mehreren Untersuchungen behandelte und von ihm so bezeichnete «Grundschicht» als das Hauptausgleichniveau für die Druckgegensätze zwischen Hoch und Tief in den unteren Luftschichten nachgewiesen hat, entstand naturgemäß die Frage, wie und in welcher Höhensicht der notwendige Massenfluß vom Tief zum Hoch erfolgt. Ohne denselben würden sich die Druckgebilde wegen der ageostrophischen Windkomponente vom Hoch zum Tief in der Grundschicht binnen kürzester Zeit auflösen.H. Faust fand diese Schicht über Mitteleuropa in 10 km Höhe. Sie ist identisch mit dem Sitz des hochtroposphärischen Windmaximums und weist das Maximum des ageostrophischen Massenflusses vom Tief zum Hoch auf. Da in ihr die für das Wettergeschehen so fundamental wichtigen Vertikalbewegungen Null sind, nannteFaust die Schicht «Nullschicht». In der Grundschicht und der Nullschicht sind somit zwei atmosphärische Schichten gefunden, die in polarer Wechselwirkung miteinander für die Dynamik der Wettervorgänge von entscheidender Bedeutung sind.
    Notes: Summary Especially whenSchneider-Carius had shown in several papers the ground layer to be the main levelling layer of pressure contrasts, the question arose where the seat of mass transport from low to high pressure is located. ThenFaust found a layer 10 kms above Central Europe, where vertical motion in highreaching cyclones and anticyclones averages zero. Because of the fundamental significance of vertical motion, he called it the «zero layer». This zero layer, which is identical with the wind maximum in the upper troposphere, turned out to be the principal seat of ageostrophic mass transport from low to high pressure. Also, the angle between true and geostrophic wind (the ageostrophic component) has its maximum in the zero layer. As the processes in the zero layer produce and/or increase pressure contrasts, it is the direct counterpart of the ground layer. It is shown that both layers are exercising reciprocal effects upon each other, with action in one layer producing the appropriate reaction in the other layer. As both layers are the principal seat of ageostrophic mass transport between areas of high and low pressure, their mutual action proves to be of basic importance for the dynamics of the whole weather trend.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 127-140 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After referring, on the basis of further experiments, to the physiological and bioclimatic importance of the condensation nuclei, the recording performed during the months of January till March 1953 at the Institute for Astronomy and Meteorology, in Basel, with the automatic nucleus-counting apparatus are digested; at the same time, by means of hourly averages, the daily variations of the nucleus numbers as well as their dependence on the speed and direction of the wind, sunshine, relative humidity, distance of visibiliy, and air mass are examined and discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem an Hand weiterer Versuche auf die physiologische und bioklimatische Bedeutung der Kondensationskerne hingewiesen wurde, werden die in den Monaten Januar bis März 1953 an der Astronomisch-Meteorologischen Anstalt in Basel mit dem automatischen Kernzähler durchgeführten Registrierungen der Kernzahlen verarbeitet, wobei auf Grund von Stundenmitteln der Tagesgang der Kernzahlen, sowie ihre Abhängigkeit von Windgeschwindikeit, Windrichtung, Sonnenschein, relative Feuchtigkeit, Sichtweite und Luftmassen untersucht und diskutiert wurden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 215-216 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 198-210 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto A Locarno-Monti furono misurate con un solarimetro Moll-Gorczynski, le quantità di energia calorica, irradiate da sole+cielo sulle cinque facce di un cubo, unitario, disposto perpendicolarmente e orientato verso sud. Considerando misure della intensità della radiazione solare diretta si potè calcolare la parte della radiazione del cielo anche per giorni sereni. Inoltre si trovò che la radiazione per le diverse superfici sta a quella della superficie orizzontale in un determinato rapporto, variabile con le stagioni. Con l'aiuto di tali rapporti si può calcolare dalla registrazione pluriannuale della radiazione globale sulla superficie orizzontale, quella per altre superfici. Da ultimo fu determinata anche la quantità di radiazione ricevuta dalle superfici del cubo in giorni coperti.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mit einem Solarimeter Moll-Gorczynski wurden in Locarno-Monti die Wärmemengen gemessen, die von Sonne+Himmel auf die fünf Seiten eines nach Süden gerichteten, senkrecht stehenden Einheitswürfels eingestrahlt werden. Unter Hinzuziehung von Messungen der Intensität der direkten Sonnenstrahlung konnte auch an heiteren Tagen der Anteil der Himmelsstrahlung bestimmt werden. Es zeigte sich zudem, dass die Strahlung der verschiedenen Flächen zu jener der Horizontalen in einem bestimmten, mit der Jahreszeit wechselnden, Verhältnis steht. Mit Hilfe dieser Verhältniszahlen lassen sich langjährige Registrierungen der Globalstrahlung der horizontalen Fläche auf andere Flächen umrechnen. Schliesslich wurde noch der Strahlungsgenuss der Flächen des Würfels für bedeckte Tage ermittelt.
    Notes: Summary By means of a solarimeter Moll-Gorczynski the quantities of heat were measured at Locarno-Monti which radiated from the sun and sky upon the five sides of unity cube facing South and standing vertically. By adding the measurements of the intensity of direct sun radiation it was possible on bright days also to determine the proportion by sky radiation. Furthermore it was revealed that the radiation for the various planes moves in a definite proportion, varying in accordance with the season, to that for the horizontal plane. With the help of these proportional figures, registrations over many years of global radiation for the horizontal plane can be converted into those for other planes. Finally, the radiation of the surfaces of the cube on cloudy days was determined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 221-222 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 141-202 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The first part of the paper is devoted to the theory of the partial differential equation which is the mathematical foundation of the computer, as well as to the deduction of its general solution. The basic equations of our hydrodynamical theory of perturbations are first of all derived and then associated with the equations of motion and continuity, thus giving the fundamental system of the equations of the atmospheric perturbations. A new form of the kinematical condition on the sea level surface is then derived and applied to give the final equation of the pressure variations. This equation, with its advective and development terms, has two horizontal vectorial coefficients: the one is an advection vector defined as the geostrophic velocity associated with the field of the mean temperature (for a period such that the time variations of the corresponding mean are negligible compared with the variations of the observed temperature); the other coefficient is an horizontal vector having the dimensions of a length, varying as cotg ϕ, directed towards north, its streamlines being the geographical meridians. The same partial differential equation can also be deduced by a pure analytical method based on some properties of the Fourier transform of the pressure perturbation. This method also shows that other functions than pressure (temperature, wind, for instance) fulfill the same basic equation on any level surface of gravity. The solution of this equation can be written both in the analytical and in the general non analytical cases, and the second part of the paper shows that the mathematical operations appearing in its expression (advection operation by an horizontal vector field, weighted meridional intergration and its inverse) can be rapidly and simultaneously performed by electronic means, thus leading to the construction of an analogue computer for the short and extended range mathematical weather forecasting.
    Notes: Résumé On montre d'abord que la théorie des perturbations, due à l'un de nous, conduit à une équation aux dérivées partielles pour les variations de pression au niveau de la mer. Cette même équation peut aussi être déduite par une méthode purement analytique en se basant sur quelques propriétés générales de l'intégrale de Fourier de la perturbation de pression. La méthode utilisée montre d'ailleurs que d'autres fonctions (température, vent, etc.) satisfont aussi à l'équation dont il s'agit. Cette équation de base peut être résolue dans le cas analytique et dans le cas général non analytique et les opérations mathématiques que comporte la solution (opération d'advection par un champ vectoriel horizontal, opération d'intégration pondérée suivant les méridients et son inverse) peuvent être effectuées rapidement et simultanément par l'électronique, ce qui nous a conduit à la construction d'un calculateur analogique approprié à la prévision mathématique du temps à courte et assez longue échéance.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 222-222 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 30-40 
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    Notes: Summary A general theory of a time-dependent magnetic dipole in the earth is discussed. On the basis of the weastward drift of the «equatorial» dipole in the two eccentric dipoles model due toH. G. Macht, the impossibility of the origin of geomagnetic secular variation being in a deep interior of the earth's core is established from the standpoints of the shielding effect and the motions in the core. But the westward drift of the core's top layer relative to the mantle seems to be quite reasonable, even if we take into account the shielding effect of the mantle.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 75-87 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Further experimental investigations demonstrate the «Gefrierkernspektrum», which was found for droplets from destilled water, to be independent from special experimental conditions and valid for sorts of water containing natural or artificial impurities, too. Furthermore it can be pointed out from all existing investigations on ice-nucleation, made in laboratory and in the atmosphere. This result supports, as a necessary condition, the interpretation of the «Gefrierkernspektrum» by means of changes in the structure of water itself and proves, that there are the same freezing nuclei both in the laboratory and the fre atmosphere and that ice-nucleation in the atmosphere holds but the same peculiarities of freezing (of supercooled water), known from laboratory work.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch weitere experimentelle Untersuchungen wird festgestellt, dass das an destillierten Wassertropfen ermittelte Gefrierkernspektrum von speziellen Versuchsbedingungen unabhängig ist und auch für Wasserarten mit verschiedenen natürlichen oder künstlichen Verunreinigungen gilt. Es kann ausserdem in allen bisher im Laboratorium und in der Atmosphäre durchgeführten Untersuchungen über die Eiskeimbildung nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Befund stützt als notwendige Bedingung die Deutung des Gefrierkernspektrums durch Strukturänderungen des Wassers und besagt, dass im Laboratorium und in der Atmosphäre dieselben Gefrierkerne vorhanden sind und dass bei der atmosphärischen Eiskeimbildung auch nur die aus Untersuchungen im Laboratorium bekannten Besonderheiten des Gefrieveorgangs (im unterkühlten Wasser) vorliegen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 97-111 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By evaluating the hourly measurements of the precipitations of 1500 stations in the USA, the forms of extension and the time variations of intensity of the precipitations of 32 North American cyclones during the years 1949 and 1950 are examined. It results that on an average the precipitation areas of these cyclones have their larger surface and yield to the left of the way of the centres. A closed spur of the precipitation area is led around to the left of the low pressure. The fronts and their precipitations have no direct connection to the real precipitation area of the cyclones. The structure of the cyclone part left to the way of the centre is discussed, and for the explanation considerable upslide phenomenons are requested for the air masses in this part. By theoretic consideration and the proof of probability of other elevation moments in this part of the cyclones this conception is supported. The precipitation intensity gets, when the cyclone core passes, strong variations with characteristics partly showing a pronounced tendency of persistence. For the explanation of these results the existence of wave trains within the boundary surface of the air masses is considered to be probable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Auswertung der stündlichen Niederschlagsmessungen von 1500 Stationen in den USA werden die Ausbreitungsformen und die zeitlichen Intensitätsvariationen der Niederschläge von 32 nordamerikanischen Zyklonen während der Jahre 1949 und 1950 untersucht. Es ergibt sich, daß im Durchschnitt die Niederschlagsgebiete dieser Zyklonen ihre größere Fläche und Ergiebigkeit links von der Zugbahn des Zentrums haben. Ein geschlossener Ausläufer des Niederschlagsgebietes wird auf der linken Seite des Tiefs herumgeführt. Die Fronten und ihre Niederschläge haben keinen verbindlichen Zusammenhang mit dem eigentlichen Niederschlagsgebiet der Zyklone. Es wird der Aufbau des Zyklonenteils links von der Zugbahn des Zentrums diskutiert und zur Deutung werden für die Luftmassen in diesem Teil erhebliche Aufgleitvorgänge gefordert. Durch theoretische Betrachtungen und den Nachweis der Wahrscheinlichkeit anderer Hebungsursachen in diesem Teil der Zyklone wird diese Vorstellung unterstützt. Die Niederschlagsintensität erfährt bei Durchzug des Zyklonenkerns starke Variationen mit charakteristischen Merkmalen, die zum Teil ausgeprägte Erhaltungstendenz zeigen. Zur Deutung dieser Ergebnisse wird die Existenz von Wellenzügen innerhalb der Grenzfläche als wahrscheinlich angesehen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 88-96 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf dem Mount Washington zeigt der tägliche Gang der Temperatur häufig wesentliche Abweichungen vom Normalen. DasHauptminimum fällt auf dieAbendstunden; weiters tritt einsekundäres Nachtmaximum auf, das meistens von einem schwachensekundären Morgenminimum gefolgt ist. Die Häufigkeit diesesanomalem mittleren täglichen Gangs der Temperatur ist beiläufig 50% und konnte dieser auch für Obir-Hannwarte (2141 m) auf der andern Seite des Atlantik festgestellt werden, so dass man hier ein allgemein geophysikalisches Phänomen vermuten muss. In einer kürzlich erschienenen Untersuchung über den täglichen Temperaturgang auf Bergen wurde festgestellt, dass dieser mit genügender Genauigkeit durch die zwei ersten harmonischen Glieder dargestellt werden kann. Der zweite Term hat dabei seine eigene physikalische Bedeutung und muss bis zu einem gewissen Grad als unabhängiges meteorologisches Element aufgefasst werden. — Unter dieser Annahme ist der anomale Tagegang der Temperatur erklärt durch Ueberlagerung der Halbtagswelle über die Ganztagswelle, wenn nur das Amplitudenverhältnis der beiden ersten harmonischen Gliedera 2/a 1 grösser ist als ca. 0.4. Allgemein werden so grosse Verhältniszahlen im Winter bei tiefen Sonnenständen zustande kommen. Dann sinkta 1 zu seinen kleinsten Werten herab, währenda 2 relativ quasi-konstant bleibt, so dassa 2/a 1 seine höchsten Werte erreicht. Der anomale tägliche Temperaturgang ist jedoch nicht an die Jahreszeit gebunden, sondern an das Verhältnis vona 2/a 1. Als ein Beispiel wurden Temperaturregistrierungen auf dem Obir (Hannwarte) an ganz bewölkten Tagen von 8 Juli Monaten herangezogen. Es ergab sicha 2/a 1=1.18, und der anomale mittlere tägliche Temperaturgang zeigte sich wirklich in bester Ausbildung. — Umgekehrt, wird die Richtigkeit der erwähnten Annahmen über die Halbtagswelle der Temperatur dadurch bekräftigt, dass sie zu einer zwanglosen und einfachen Erklärung des anomalen täglichen Temperaturganges auf Gipfeln führt.
    Notes: Summary On Mount Washington, the monthly average diurnal temperature variation shows, in many cases, significant deviations from the normal type. Theprimary minimum occurs in theevening; asecondary night maximum, mostly followed by a slightsecondary morning minimum is observed. The frequency of occurrence of this anomalous monthly average diurnal march of temperature is about 50 per cent. The same kind of anomalous diurnal temperature variations were found on Obir-Hannwarte (Austria, 2141m=7024ft), on the other side of the Atlantic; this suggests that we deal here with a phenomenon of a general geophysical nature. — In a recent investigation into the diurnal march of temperature on summits, the present writer arrived at the conclusion that the first two harmonic terms represent the diurnal variation with sufficient accuracy. The second term has, moreover, its own physical meaning and represents a more or less independent meteorological element. — If these conclusions are valid, the anomalous diurnal temperature variation is explained by the superposition of the half-day wave upon the whole-day wave if the ratio of the amplitudes of the two harmonic terms,a 2/a 1, is greater than 0.4 approximately. Generally, such ratios are found in winter with the sun at low altitudes. In this season,a 1 is diminished to its smallest values, whilea 2 is relatively quasi-constant in the course of the year, so thata 2/a 1 reaches its greatest values. The anomalous diurnal temperature variation is, however, not confined to the cold season, but only depends on the magnitude of the ratioa 2/a 1. This is demonstrated by means of the march of temperature onovercast days of eight July months; they show, on Obir-Hannwarte, a strongly anomalous average diurnal temperature variation with a ratioa 2/a 1=1.18 — Conversely, the correctness of the fundamental assumption, mentioned above, concerning the half-day wave appears to be well supported by the fact that the assumption leads to a simple explanation of the anomalous diurnal march of temperature on summits.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 172-182 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The form of the «radiation measuring sphere» according toLarché-Schulze is discribed, it is used since 1949. It has been developed only for measuring monochromatic radiation to realize a flat surface following the cosine-law. In order to enable us to obtain continuous records in the open air, theLarché-sphere has been completed by an easily heated case protecting against bad weather and by a case controlling its sensibility.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die seit 1949 verwendete Ausführung der Strahlungsmesskugel nachLarché-Schulze beschrieben. Sie ist ausschließlich für Spektralmessungen bei gleichzeitiger Verwirklichung der Forderung der «ebenen, das Cos-Gesetz befolgenden Fläche» entwickelt worden. Um die laufende Registrierung beim Dauereinsatz im Freien zu ermöglichen, ist das Gerät durch ein heizbares Wetterschutzgehäuse und durch ein Prüfgehäuse zur Ueberwachung seines Empfindlichkeitszustandes ergänzt worden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 369-369 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die infraroten und ultravioletten Spektren und analytische Daten von Geissospermin wurden diskutiert. Die Spaltung von Geissospermin mit konzentrierter Salzsäure wurde wiederholt, und ein Spaltprodukt C19H26ON2 wurde durch Gegenstromverteilung rein iscliert und durch ein kristallines Pikrolonat charakterisiert. Dieses Produkt besitzt ein Dihydroindolspektrum und trägt die N-methylgruppe des Geissospermins.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 373-374 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Gefriertrocknung nachAltmann-Gersh wurden zytologische Präparate von einer genetisch geprüften polyploiden Serie von Hefe hergestellt. Die gemessenen Werte für Kern- und Zellgrössen stimmen in der theoretisch erwarteten Weise mit dem Grade der Polyploidie überein. Damit ist eine von höheren Organismen bekannte zytologische Erscheinung zum erstenmal für Mikroorganismen demonstriert. Die Befunde stehen im Widerspruch zuLindegrens Annahme einer «Kernvakuole» und zuSubramaniams genetisch nicht fundierten Einwänden gegen die Brauchbarkeit von Einzelsporen-Kulturen, ebenso zur Ansicht des letztgenannten Autors, dass zytologische Unterschiede bestehen zwischen Zellen aus Gärungs- und solchen aus aeroben Kulturen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 377-379 
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    Notes: Summary An autoradiographic method, based on the observation of individual particles, was used to determine the relative specific radioactivity of RNA and of the proteins in the different parts of the oocytes ofAsterias rubens. The nucleolus incorporates glycine in both fractions about 100 times more rapidly than the cytoplasm.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 22-23 
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    Notes: Summary Survival curves ofEscherichia coli irradiated with X-rays of 180 KeV and 31 MeV are identical within the experimental error. Probit analysis of the data was performed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 466-468 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Borrelina-Virose wird in Larven vonBombyx mori nach Fütterung von 0,01% Natriumfluorid manifest. Das massenhafte Auftreten der Viren erfolgt trotz Ausschluss äusserer Infektion. Es wird eine Aktivierung von Elementen angenommen, die eine latente und spezielle Viruspotenz besitzen. Auf die enzymhemmende Wirkung des Natriumfluorids beim Gluzidabbau wird hingewiesen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 472-473 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 41-61 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 107-110 
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    Notes: Summary Reserpin, a new, highly active alcaloid fromRauwolfia serpentina benth., shows a very marked hypnotic effect and lowers the blood pressure. Reserpin inhibits pressor responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the afferent vagus and sciatic nerves, and inhibits the pressor reflex of the carotid sinus. It does not inhibit pressor responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerves. Reserpin has no peripheral sympathicolytic and no ganglionic blocking activity; the action of sympathicomimetic substances, e.g. adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, ephedrine, is enhanced. It does not potentiate the acetylcholine effect. The blood pressure effect is not inhibited by atropine and by cutting the vagi and depressor nerves. Reserpin stimulates peristalsis. The neuro-muscular transmission is not impaired. There is evidence, that central portions of the sympathetic system are inhibited byReserpin.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 16-17 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Chromatographische Beobachtungen stützen die auf spektraltheoretische Berechnungen basierte Annahme vonH. Kuhn, dass in gewissen Zyaninfarbstofflösungen ein Gemisch von cis-trans-isomeren Formen vorliegt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 7-16 
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    Notes: Summary A concise survey is given of the possibilities of producingmotherlike descendants: the so-called “maternal hybrids”, after interspecific pollinations in flowering plants. On the basis of his extensive experiments in pollination and interspecific crossings with species of different sections of the genusPrimula, the author believes that he has proved that the motherlike descendants from interspecific crossings inPrimula—as in other genera likeSolanum andDigitalis—are the result neither of amphimictic combination nor of partial aposporic or pseudogamic reproduction. They are rather the result of parthenogenetic embryo formation in developing seeds, the smaller part perhaps of haplo-, the greater and more conspicuous part of diplo-parthenogenesis. With these unexpected additions, the possibilities of the origin of motherlike descendants from interspecific crossings now include: (1) Mother (or Father-) like descendants fromnormal amphimictic reproduction after crossings of two species from which the one transfers the dominant, the other the recessive alternatives of the distinguishing morphological and physiological characters. (2) Motherlike descendants ofnon-amphimictic origin after interspecific pollination on and withobligate or partial aposporic and pseudogamic species. (3) Motherlike descendants ofnon-amphimictic origin from interspecific crossings of normal sexual species,from seeds with embryos from haplo- or diplo-parthenogenetic development. With the description of this third category of formation of motherlike descendants, the circle of possibilities seems to be closed. One may now presume that all facts or “maternal hybrids” cited—except those from crossings with definitely proved “experimental errors”—can be explained by one of the possibilities cited above.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 23-24 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Von 12 streptomyzinfestenB. tularense-Stämmen wurden 11 in einer 1/160 normalen NaCl-Lösung agglutiniert und waren von niedrigerer Virulenz als die durch dieselbe NaCl-Lösung nicht agglutinable, hochvirulente Ausgangskultur. Einer dieser streptomyzinfesten, nicht virulenten Stämme war fähig, weisse Mäuse gegen eine Million 50%iger tödlicher Dosen des Ausgangsstammes zu immunisieren.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 26-27 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkungsgeschwindigkeiten von intravenös injiziertem Vitamin K1, Methylnaphthochinon und Synkavit in Vitamin-K-frei ernährten Küken wurden verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass in den ersten Stunden nach der Injektion Vitamin K1 die Prothrombinzeit viel schneller zum Absinken brachte als die beiden anderen Verbindungen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 29-30 
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    Notes: Summary In castrated guinea pigs injected with testosterone propionate (100–250 γ per 100 g daily for 4 days), the thymus underwent atrophic modifications, characterized chiefly by the diminution of the lymphocytes. In thyroidectomized castrates, injected with thyroxine (6 γ per 100 g and 24 h) in order to prevent the thyroprive atrophy of the thymus, testosterone injections failed to produce any modifications of the thymus. Thus structural changes induced by testosterone injections could be interpreted as the consequence of the stimulation of the thyroid by this hormone.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 151-152 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei horizontaler Papierchromatographie auf Rundfiltern wird das Trennungsvermögen grösser, wenn man die mobile Phase an einem Punkt in Peripherienähe zuführt und die zu chromatographierenden Substanzen auf einen um diesen Punkt gelegenen Kreisbogen aufträgt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 156-159 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 384-385 
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    Notes: Summary The application of monosemicarbazon derivate of Adrenochrom (Adrenoxyl) indicates a muscle-active effect (decrease of contraction and retardation of muscle tiredness) in rats, in rabbits and in man.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 387-388 
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    Notes: Summary W. v. Buddenbrock and his collaborators claim to have demonstrated optomotor reactions due to the apparent displacement of the visual field caused by the animal's normal active movement. In two of the three cases mentioned (Carcinus, Calandra) the evidence brought forward is insufficient and needs further experimental investigation. In the third case (Aeschna) their conclusion is obviously erroneous: the sensory stimuli eliciting optomotor reactions are caused by the passive displacement (turning) inflicted upon the animal artificially and not by its active movement as such.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 391-394 
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    Notes: Summary A mathematical theory is developed for an apparatus seperating chemical mixtures, which has been studied byR. Signer and assistants in Berne. The method employed is one of extraction by the principle of counter-current in a series of coupled cells. The concentrations of the resulting fractions are given as functions of time, when the concentration of the solutions entering the middle cell of the apparatus is a known function of time.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 395-396 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 178-179 
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    Notes: Résumé Exposé d'une nouvelle hypothèse sur l'origine biochimique de la colchicine dans la plante. Il est supposé que l'acide trihydroxyphénylpyruvique agit commeprécurseur de cet alcaloïde en subissant les transformations décrites par les formules (I) à (VI). On constate une analogie entre ce mécanisme biogénétique et l'origine chimique de la purpurogalline de même qu'une ressemblance structurale entre la morphine et la colchicine. Le classement de la colchicine au nombre des alcaloïdes de la famille des phényléthylamines serait ainsi justifié.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 181-181 
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    Notes: Summary There is a difference of the diameter of elementary fibrils in cellulose measured with the electron microscope or determined by X-ray analysis. This is explained by the assumption that the elementary fibrils have a well crystallized interior covered by a paracrystalline peripheral layer.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 187-189 
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    Notes: Summary It has been observed thatRinger solutions without potassium have the capacity of annulling the contracture induced by ouabain and of restoring the contractility of an isolated frog's heart. If after washing with theRinger solution without potassium, the heart is perfused with normalRinger solution, the organ once again passes into contracture. Taking into considerationFleckenstein's theory of muscle contraction the phenomenon is interpreted by supposing thatRinger solution deprived of potassium has the capacity of restoring the cationic gradient which has been disturbed by the state of contracture.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 425-426 
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    Notes: Summary Based on former experiments it is shown that the venous pulse on the isolated vein of the membrane ofChiroptera (preparation of the venous sack) is caused by a humoral factor, which is isolated in the serum dialysate of bats and other mammals asl-arginine. This aminoacid is responsible for the increasing of amplitude, tonus, and frequency.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 427-428 
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    Notes: Summary The most interesting antagonists of decamethonium iodide known up to now are pentamethonium iodide and tubocurarine. In fact several other compounds principally Paludrine, bis-(2 heptyl)amine and a substituted butylamine are effective inhibitors of the depolarising quaternary ammonium salt in the cat. Stilbamidine, Pentamidine, compound 48–80 and Tween 20 have the same property but are less active. All these compounds have the common property to be histamine liberators.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 397-405 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 405-412 
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    Notes: Summary Synaptotropic substances, i.e. substances acting on autonomic ganglia, may also have an action on the suprarenal medulla which is an efferent organ of the sympathetic nervous system and can be regarded as a modified sympathetic ganglion. Moreover, synaptotropic substances exert effects on certain afferent structures bearing a close anatomical and functional relationship to the autonomic nervous system, e.g. the chemoreceptor system in the carotid body and the cardiac receptors responsible for theBezold-Jarisch effect. As a rule, synaptotropic excitatory substances stimulate the suprarenal medulla (secretion of hormone) and the other afferent structures referred to, while synaptotropic inhibitory substances exert a depressive action. There are, however, exceptions to this rule. It seems especially remarkable that synaptotropic substances are also able to exert effects on afferent structures in which there are no synapses. The presence of a morphologically distinct synapse is not, therefore, a necessary condition for their action.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 422-424 
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    Notes: Résumé L'auteur a fait une étude microspectrophotométrique des cellules dePurkinje du rat blanc adulte. La courbe de distribution des fréquences montre une remarquable dispersion des valeurs d'extinction cytoplasmiques à 2650 Å et 2800 Å, avec un groupement des fréquences plus hautes vers les valeurs basses. L'étude des spectres d'absorption a démontré un maximum d'absorption des nucléotides et un maximum protéique, même dans le cytoplasme des cellules moins absorbantes. La digestion des coupes par une ribonucléase dépourvue d'activité protéolytique a provoqué une diminution considérable des valeurs d'extinction cytoplasmique à 2650 Å et 2800 Å; aux mêmes longueurs d'onde l'extraction par l'eau distillée a déterminé une réduction d'extinction très variable, mais en tout cas bien inférieure à celle provoquée par l'enzyme. Après la digestion par la ribonucléase, ainsi qu'après l'extraction par l'eau, on a observé une augmentation plus ou moins remarquable des pertes non spécifiques de lumière dues à la diffraction et à la réflexion dans la préparation.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 425-425 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Eiweissanteil in Gegenwart von radioaktivemdl-Alanin gezüchteter Hefe zeigt eine Aktivitatsverminderung, wenn der Suspension nicht radioaktivesd- oderl-Alanin zugefügt wird. Offenbar vermag die Hefezelle beide Isomere auszunützen.
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