ALBERT

Notes: Résumé Cette revue fait le point de connaissances concernant les propriétés biologiques des différentes substances lipidiques isolées des ouvrières et des reines d'abeilles. On insiste plus particulièrement sur la phérormone I inhibitrice de la construction des cellules royales, et sur le complexe phérormone I + phérormone II, attractif pour les jeunes abeilles ouvrières, et inhibiteur de leur oveogénèse.

Notes: Riassunto Si è studiato l'apparato genitale maschile di alcune caste e stadi diReticulitermes lucifugus e degli alati diPsammotermes assuanensis, Coptotermes sjöstedti, Schedorhinotermes javanicus, prestando particolare attenzione alla forma delle vescicole seminali, al loro contenuto, e all'attività del testicolo.

Notes: Conclusion De ces considérations générales sur les odeurs, il faut surtout relenir: - D'une part, quel'odeur résulte de l'excitation d'un organe récepteur spécifique. Sa mise en évidence est donc liéa à l'état réactionnel de l'appareil sensoriel — ou mieux de l'organisme — soumis à une stimulation. Elle dépend alors de l'intensité du stimulus et de l'intégraté des structures organiques. - D'autre part, quela sensibilité olfactive est en relation avec l'état physiologique de l'individu. Son étude devra donc tenir compte de la situation de carence ou de réplétion du suject, de son cycle biologique, de son état de maturation et de son sexe. Il est donc indispensable de bien connaitre le matériel qui doit servir à une expérimentation portant sur la perception olfactive.

Notes: Summary 1 The egg sequence at 20° C after hibernation of a queenMyrmica rubra L. has the following peculiarities: a) rate of production rises during the first 3 weeks to a maximum that is held for 3–4 weeks and then declines gradually to zero after 16 weeks; b) egg size declines during the period of increasing rate but then stays at a steady minimum value; c) worker-biased eggs are amongst those laid when rate is approaching its maximum and size its minimum. Other eggs, both the large first ones and the normal later ones enter diapause under the same culture conditions. 2 Queens may either yield a lot of worker-biased eggs or very few. Both types of queen may occur in the same colony or colonies may have a single type, and intermediates may be rare. The difference appears to be due to age for young queens lay a very high proportion of worker-biased eggs. Moreover such queens have a negligible social influence on brood-rearing compared with old queens.

Notes: Summary At first, the nests, belonging to differentBellicositermes, show a quite total identity. The large morphological likeness of the dwelling places limited by an idiotheca and surrounded by a «paraecie» is particularly significant. This likeness vanishes as the nests are growing bigger and bigger. To the development of the top height ofBellicositermes natalensis nests, is opposed the lateral developpement of theBellicositermes bellicosus nests. This lateral development is marked by the progressive desappearance of the «paraecie» as well as the idiotheca and the basement chamber. The dwelling place loses its individuality and divides into units more or less distinguisable.

Notes: Summary The following is a study of resistance of worker honey bees (Apis mellifica L. var.ligustica) to high temperatures and of the effect of nutrition upon it. Survival of honey bees of spring generation was studied at 45, 50, 55 and 60°C during 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes exposures. The survival rate was established at the end of their exposure, and 24 hours later. Lethal effects of heat were evident immediately after a 30 minute exposure to 50° C. These effects could be noticed in the survivers 24 hours following exposure. Effect of nutrition on heat resistance at 32° C and at 50° C was studied on one group of bees supplied with a 30 % honey solution; on another- with water only, and on a third group which served as a control (no food). Their survival at 32° C after 12 hours exposure was 100%, 81% and 48%, respectively. However, an exposure duration of 45 minutes at 50°C resulted in a survival of 22% of control bees as compared to a total survival of those fed on honey solution.

Notes: Summary Ancistrotermes guineensis (Silv.) colonies were reared in observation nests The timetable of development of the young colony is given. The construction of fungus comb from the faeces of the worker caste was observed; chewed wood was not used is constructing the comb. The fungus comb remained sterile until the correct species ofTermitomyces was introduced. The symbiosis between termite and fungus would appear to be specific. It seems that the alates do not carry an inoculum of viable spores of the fungus from the parent colony, but that workers introduce basidiospores in early foraging. This may be an important factor controlling the abundance of the termites. The phylogeny of the Macrotermitinæ is reviewed in the light of the new evidence.

Notes: Summary 1. Histological, nutritional, and biochemical studies relating to female caste differentiation inApis mellifera, L. are reviewed. Development of the worker larva evidently comprises two distinct phases, delimited by the addition of honey to the diet by nurse bees around the third or fourth day of the larval stadium. Comparisons between workers and queens may conveniently be related to these phases. 2. The dichotomy between castes appears to be initiated during the first phase and consummated in the second. There can be little doubt that nutrition is the major extrinsic factor in caste establishment. The identity of the dietary factor initiating the series of events culminating in female dimorphism has not been established. The results of many rearing experiments strongly suggest the involvement of a substance which is either volatile or unstable. 3. The mode of action of the dietary factor likewise is unknown. It is suggested that a difference in hormonal balance between castes is established in early larval life and is the intermediary factor linking nutrition to dimorphism. Caste differences in the endocrine system are known to exist by the fourth or fifth day of larval life; the earlier instars should now be examined for a relationship between nutritional and hormonal factors.

Notes: Summary A method is described for locating the nests of carpenter ants by use of a radioactive isotope and suitable detector. The method eliminates much of the tedious and often unsuccessful searching normally required. Location of the nest facilitates the application of effective control measures and reveals possible structural damage. The method would also be useful in making certain ecological studies.

Notes: Résumé On peut rendre horizontaux les rayons d'une ruche et verticaux ceux d'un nid de guêpes sans perturbations visibles pour l'élevage ou le comportement des ouvrières. Les abeilles réparent très facilement et immédiatement les trous creusés dans les cellules d'ouvrières ou de reines, elles posent sans difficulté un fond aux cellules d'ouvrières si on l'a enlevé. Elles tordent une lame de cire perpendiculaire aux rayons pour la mettre en position parallèle. Les abeilles peuvent déposer leur miel dans les trous d'une plaque de bois, dans des rayons de métal ou de plastique; elles peuvent élever leur couvain dans des rayons de plastique et leurs reines dans des cellules de verre ou de plastique. Les guêpes peuvent operculer avec du carton les rayons des abeilles. Les guêpes souterraines dont on vient de déterrer le nid le couvrent de terre et l'enterrent en creusant au-dessous. Si une plaque de métal glissée au-dessous s'y oppose, elles le reconstruisent peu à peu de manière à l'amener sur le bord de la plaque et à l'enterrer à nouveau.

Notes: Summary The bee genusAllodape Lepeletier and its allies occupy an interesting position in the social evolution. The present paper deals with; 1. Enumeration of ethological characters common to the Allodape-Complex, 2. Tentative distinction of certain ethological groups within the Complex, 3. Assumptions on the evolutional trends within the Complex, and, 4. Discussions as to some ethological features, which are remarkable and require further studies.

Notes: Summary Some number of expérimental samples and observations on for species ofCremastogaster: Cr. auberti; Cr. scutellaris (of France);Cr. vandeli, Cr. skounensis (of Cambodia) brings to formule hypothesis on biological cycle of some species ofCremastogaster. There is alternance between two generations, the one without sexual types, which reproduces by parthenogenesis, the other with sexual types. The sexual generation comports winged males and winged females for dispersion of species (in beginning) which profit of ecological favourable conditions (wing of swarming). The normal descendance of females is constitued by workers (however by males it can existe accidental arrhenotocal parthenogenesis of Hymenopteral type). The without sexuals generation comports only wingless females (workers) and it is destined to conserve the species during seasons under unfavourable ecological conditions. These workers are not to much prolific and certainly during a short time of their life. The asexual generation gives again sexual generation by deuterotocal parthenogenesis (Deuterotoquia is under the influence of trophic and, from this fact, ecological factors).

Notes: Résumé Des nymphes (dernier et avant-dernier stades) deCalotermes flavicollis ont pu être maintenues en élevages solitaires pendant plus d'un an. Les solitaires muent rarement et subissent surtout des mues régressives. La survie des individus solitaires venant de muer ne s'obtient qu'en leur fournissant de l'aliment proctodéal contenant les indispensables Flagellés symbiotiques. Dans quelques cas, les nymphes du dernier stade ont subi la mue imaginale dans des délais normaux. La transformation en sexué néoténique est possible et les femelles peuvent même pondra des œufs viables. L'élevage deCalotermes solitaires met en valeur l'effet de groupe sur le développement individuel, en fonction du stade atteint par le sujet considéré. Il est vraisemblable que d'autres facteurs (cycle saisonnier, par ex.) interviennent dans le destin individuel.

Notes: Résumé Nous avons essayé de faire élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deSolenopsis fugax (III) et des larves deLeptothorax nylanderi par des ouvrières deTetramorium caespitum (IV). III. Certaines des ouvrières deSolenopsis ont nourri une larve d'Anergates qui a grossi; les autres détruisirent toutes les larves d'Anergates qui leur furent confiées. D'autre part, une nymphe femelle d'Anergates introduite dans un nid deSolenopsis est parvenue au stade adulte. IV. 90 larves deLeptothorax ont été confiées à des ouvrières deTetramorium. 2 de ces larves ont atteint le stade adulte. Les 2 ouvrières deLeptothorax ainsi formées ont pondu des œufs, dont l'un se développa grâce aux soins d'une ouvrière deTetramorium.

Notes: Résumé Ces observations ont montré comment l'Abeille réagit en face de différents problèmes: - Deux rangées de parois parallèles et perpendiculaires à la plaque de cire, plus ou moins espacées, sont toujours réunies par des cloisons transversales; - Les cellules construites dans les angles sont régulières si ceux-ci sont de 60° ou 120° et irrégulières dans les autres cas; - Les cellules isolées sont toujours réunies par des cloisons lorsqu'elles sont espacées de 8 mm ou moins; dans le cas contraire, les Abeilles réagissent comme s'il n'y avait qu'une seule cellule et ne posent que des contreforts aux angles comme elles font pour une seule rangée de parois de cellules; - La longueur dont les cellules sont raccourcies varie avec leur nombre et leur longueur respective; - La partie libre (au-dessus de la plaque de cire) des rangées de cellules est toujours détruite.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden in Ungarn beobachtete Daten des Hochzeitsfluges für folgende Arten mitgeteilt: 10 Messor structor Latr. 20 Solenopsis fugax Latr. 30 Prenolepis imparis Say. varnitens Mayr. 40 Lasius niger L. 50 Lasius emerginatus Oliv. 60 Lasius alienus L. 70 Lasius umbratus bezw.mixtus Nyl. 80 Lasius fuliginosus Latr. Für die genannten Arten wird auch über die geglückte Koloniegründung im Formicarversuch berichtet. Es werden biologische Fragen diskutiert.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung der insektiziden Wirkung der verschiedenen Bestandteile des Giftes vonFormica polyctena Först. Dabei wurde zur reproduzierbaren Prüfung der Wirkung der in diesem vorhandenen Ameisensäure das Gift zunächst in der Gasphase ausgetestet. Wenngleich die Ergebnisse im einzelnen stark streuen, zeigen sich doch Abhängigkeiten des insektiziden Effektes von der Dosis, der Expositionszeit und der Kutikulardicke der verwendeten Testtiere. Die zarthäutigen Aphiden und Termitenlarven sind dabei wesentlich anfälliger als Kornkäfer-Imagines. Vergleichsversuche mit 50%iger reiner HCOOH führten zu ähnlichen Ergebnissen. Unter Verweis auf die Untersuchungen vonStumper sowie eines der Verfasser über die Komponenten im Trockenrückstand des Ameisengiftes wird experimentell festgestellt, daß diesem allein keine insektizide Wirkung zukommt. Somit muß die Ameisensäure als wichtigste, auf Insekten toxisch wirksame Substanz im Gift der Kleinen Roten Waldameise angesehen werden. Bei Atmungsmessungen ergab sich eine Herabsetzung des O2-Verbrauchs nach Begiftung in der Dampfphase.

Notes: Summary According to our observations and experiments there are no special individuals (named scouts by Forel) whose task it would be to find the object of the attack. In the nest there exists a small number of individuals, who are rambling in the ground before noon. It those individuals are removed from the ground, this has no effect on the raids of the amazons. However the raid will not take place if we withdraw most of the individuals, which are called by us the activators. They come out of the nest about an hour before the beginning of the raid and by their excitation they provoke the others amazons to get in mass out of the nest. This mass immediately goes forward for the attack in that direction, where the most of activators are actually. Afterwards the column is progressing without the guidance of anybody. Removing of the head of the column has no influence on the course of the raid. Besides, specimen composition of the head of the column is constantly varying.

Notes: Summary In the present paper, the nest structure ofHalictus duplex Dalla Torre was described in detail, from both static and dynamic aspects, together with descriptions of immature stages. This comb-making species shows the highest degree of architectural development, nevertheless its social differentiation is not so high as inH. malachurus Kirby andH. marginatus Brullé, nests of which remain still in a less developed stage.

Notes: Résumé En l'absence de son propre couvain,Solenopsis fugax a élevé des larves deLeptothorax nylanderi, à la température de 22°C. Les ouvrières deSolenopsis détruisirent une partie de ces larves mais nourrirent celles qu'elles épargnèrent; ces dernières grossirent lentement pendant cinq à six mois, sans atteindre le stade prénymphe. Lorsque les ouvrières deS. fugax et les larves deL. nylanderi furent soumises ensemble à un hivernage préalable, elles donnèrent les mêmes résultats que sans hivernage. La présence d'une jeune reine deSolenopsis fut défavorable aux larves deLeptothorax. Inversement,L. nylanderi fut capable d'élever, à la température de 22°C, des larves deS. fugax et de les amener jusqu'au stade adulte. En présence de leurs propres larves, les ouvrières deL. nylanderi détruisirent tapidement toutes les larves deS. fugax introduites dans leur nid. D'autre part, un jeune couvain deLeptothorax remplaçait plus ou moins rapidement les larves deLeptothorax enlevées au préalable; sa présence était alors défavorable au développement des larves deSolenopsis. Un hivernage en début d'expérience fut plutôt favorable auxS. fugax, de même que la présence d'une reine féconde deLeptothorax. LesSolenopsis ainsi obtenus n'ont pas vécu plus de sept semaines. Ils étaient tous de caste ouvrière et de taille très petite.

Notes: Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences. Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.

Notes: Résumé Une fondatrice deHalictus malachurus a utilisé un nid creusé et partiellement approvisionné en pollen par une fondatrice deHalictus marginatus, jouant, vis-à-vis de cette dernière, le rôle deparasite. Les nids des deux espèces diffèrent, cependant, par leur forme. Ce phénomène relève d'une tendance usurpatrice qui sévit normalement entre fondatrices de même espèce.

Notes: Summary It is possible to observe directly building bees into a glass hive included into an incubator; under these conditions, the bee chains are much less crowded and it is easy to see the behavior and position of each bee in the chain. It is very likely that many bees are used only to maintain the temperature during comb building. The observation of bee chains render the prevision of the future comb shape possible. Drawing on the glass of the hive the shape of the chains, we saw next day close correlation with the comb built during the night. It seems that bee chains are used only to provide the workers with a «thermic information» on the place and shape of the comb to be built in. Of course, that is only an hypothesis that will be studied in full detail in following paper.

Notes: Summary 1. The reproductive organs fixed in picro-alcohol, according to the formula of the author, have yielded equally good results as with picro-formol. 2. Each ovary of the queen bee consists of 73 polytrophic ovarioles. The ovary of the newly emerged queen bee is small in size and does not show mature stages of the oocyte. The old ovary is found exhausted with nurse cells, showing black granules. The ovary of the worker bee has 1–12 ovarioles. 3. The calyx of the reproductive organs of the worker bee, is anteriorly a solid structure with opening lined with an irregular intima. Bordering its epithelium is a circular muscle layer. 4. An irregular egg-laying behaviour of the worker bees, has been attributed to the synchronous ovulation of the ovaries. 5. The glandular epithelium of the spermathecal gland contains two types of nuclei—the large and endothelial. Each cell has a ductule terminating into the lumen of the gland. 6. The evolutionary trends and affinities between the two domesticated species ofApis have been discussed.

Notes: Summary The backside picture of the Moon has revealed the surprising fact, that the northern part of the frontside only contains a large complex of «mare», while nearly the whole surface else seems to be «continent». This anisotropy which is widely conform with that of the earth's sialic cover, contradicts to a birth of the Moon from the earth and demands a new discussion about the origin of the Pacific basin. Such a parallelism of Earth and Moon might be compatible with the known theories of an Earth pear (G. Darwin, Pickering, Poincaré), the rupture of which would have made each of the two fragment-bodies retain a hole in its sialic cover. Unfortunately the energy balance given byJeffreys has completely refuted the possibility of such a disjunction. An ejection of the Moon's material, caused by a large meteorite, only remained discussable since. But the expulsed matter, after being disturbed into the room, would not have gathered to a body with a single large hole at its cover. A theory therefore is needed which explains the Moon's mare-complex as well as the Pacific basin. The theory, proposed byJeffreys andVening Meinesz, of a primary convection current which passed the centre of the Earth and in spreading around the globe produced the original distribution of the Earth's sialic cover, is worth increased attention.

Notes: Summary The methods of computation of the gravity difference between two stations depend on the assumed behaviour of the zero drift. When this drift is taken as following a quadratic law with respect to time, then the various methods give virtually the same value for the gravity difference and the estimated errors in it are also the same. In adjusting a network of gravity connections it is proposed that, to form a system of weighting, the estimated errors in the connections should be used in the place of the probable errors, which are unobtainable as the number of independent observations is too small. The estimated errors have been based on the standard deviation of an observation which is probably a characteristic of one gravimeter and one observer. The standard deviation of a single observation with a Worden gravimeter was found to be ±0.014 mgal as a result of a special set of experiments under field conditions. Large random errors have been observed in a Worden gravimeter and the cause is attributed to changes in the filament of the bulb which produces the reading index line.

Notes: Summary On Alpine glaciers the annual ablation may exceed 15 meters in some points. In order to determine the ablation of one whole glacier by direct measuring numerous measuring poles are required to be inserted into drill hole so that the amount of the melted ice may be deserved. — A light and efficient thermic drill instrument has been devised for the installation of the measuring spots. Its hot point penetrates into the ice by the melting process. Heat is supplied from a stove which heats the water. A pump drives the water in a closed circuit through an insulated drilling tube down to the hot point and back to the stove. In the present paper there is a description of construction, mode of operation and manipulation of the drill which has been tested out since 1950 on numerous glaciers of the Alps and during the last two years in connection with the International Greenland Expedition (EGIG) in Western Greenland. The article then points out the limits of the application possibilities.

Notes: Summary The propagation of Rayleigh waves in three dimensions in alluvial soils which do not behave like ordinary isotropic elastic solids have been discussed in this paper. The frequency equation has been solved for different soil constants.

Notes: Summary The fluctuation of the acceleration are analysed for several satellites. For the density variations three predominant influences can be distinguished: 1) The varying solar short ultra-violet radiation; 2) The day-night-effect; 3) An annual variation. The latter suggests a significant interaction of the terrestrial upper atmosphere with the interplanetary matter. The annual variation gives some evidence for an interstellar wind due to the solar motion in the local stellar system.

Notes: Summary The value of the electrical conductivity of the free atmosphere is inversely related to the concentration of nuclei. Measurements made with an airborne conductivity meter illustrates this effect. It was found that for these particular meteorological conditions a change of 47 nuclei/cm3 could be detected. It was also found that in one case nuclei from a smoke source were carried down wind for a distance of 400 miles. The concentration of nuclei varied from 14.6×103 nuclei/cm3 near the source to 1·3×103 at the distant location.

Notes: Summary By the term red-shift is here meant a transfer of spectral energy from smaller disturbances to larger ones in particular regions of the spectrum. An instance of such action is cited in the behavior of certain wind systems of the atmosphere. It is suggested that this process is given a unique average direction through the agency of friction which prevents too large an accumulation of energy in the graver modes of motion. A second probable similar circumstance is cited in the case of the Gulf Stream, for which proper, data have recently been obtained for the first time. The possibility of the existence of a third instance of this type of red-shift is considered for the propagation of surface waves for long distances over deep water. The subject is treated from the standpoint of a nonlinear theory for wave propagation, investigated previously by the writer. An indication is obtained that a red-shift effect should be observed especially in the forward portion of a wave group which has travelled a large distance into new water.

Notes: Summary The basic concept of synoptic statistical methods for construction of prognostic charts was outlined by the author in a previous paper. As a result of these investigations it was found that a high correlation exists between time and space means of contourheights of an isobaric surface (850 mb surface). As it has been shown later byPichler this result may be interpreted by assuming that the geopotential fields obeys a numerical solution of the second order homogenous differential equation for wave propagation (hyperbolic equation) provided the phase velocity is given by $$c = \Delta s/\Delta t\sqrt 2 $$ . SinceReuter has used for Δs=666 km and for Δt=24 hours the conclusion may be drawn that the phase velocity of the wave propagation has an order of magnitude of 5 m/sec. Actually for long waves in the westerlies such a value can be found on an average. The same method can be used for extended forecast procedures if the wave equation is set down for 5 days mean values. Theoretical considerations lead then to a prognostic formula for a 5 days mean chart (8a). This formula can be applied for a sufficient number of grid points in order to construct prognostic charts. The underlying assumption, namely that the mean geopotential field satisfies also a solution of the wave equation turns out to be quite accurate even if only average values of the phase velocity were used for the computation. The usefullness of the method is illustrated for two cases.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird im ersten Teil ein weiteres einfaches Verfahren zur ebenen Bestimmung der Epizentren von nahen Erdbeben angegeben [Gleichungen (6)–(7)]. Für Entfernungen, oder Genauigkeiten, bei denen die Erdkrümmung schon zu berücksichtigen ist, werden im zweiten und dritten Teil Korrektionsglieder entwickelt: Gleichung (6a). Bei noch grösseren Entfernungen, bzw. Genauigkeitsforderungen geht man vorteilhaft aus sphärischen Beziehungen aus [Vierter Teil: Gleichungen (lc)], aus deren Reihenentwicklung noch weitere Glieder berücksichtigt werden können. Für die Ausgleichung wird es aber meist vorteilhafter sein, die geographischen Koordinaten des Epizentrums zu berechnen [Fünfter Teil: Gleichungen (18–24)].

Notes: Summary The principle of the sampling method of submicron aerosols with the Aerosol Spectrometer is briefly described and the analytic procedures for deriving the frequency-size distributionC d (d) from photo-micrographic particle counts and microphotometric light scattering measurementsS d (d) of identical areas of the particle deposit. After initial analysis the deposits were exposed to elevated temperature (80° C) for several hours and re-analyzed. Four representative aerosol types, originating from the high sea, the shore, vegetation, and metropolitan smog are analyzed in this manner for the range (0.2 μ≤d≤1.3 μ). All show a very marked decrease, even disappearance of the smaller particles (d〈0.5 μ) and shrinkage of the larger particles (d〈1 μ). By far the largest effect is observed for the smog aerosols. This volatility appears to be caused by either evaporation of the particle substace or by the gradual oxidation of its organic components into more volatile products (CO2, H2O).

Notes: Summary A description is presented of 49 research flights executed in Northern Bohemia and High Tatra during which concentrations of giant chloride and sulfate condensation nuclei were measured up to a height of 3 Km above the earth surface. Chloride and sulfate aerosol particles were determined by traces left by them in a sensitive sheet of gelatine. During the year the average concentration of the giant chloride nuclei was not greater than 15 nuclei and the average concentration of sulfate nuclei surpassed not 6 nuclei in 1 liter air. The highest concentrations occurred at a height of several hundred meters above the earth. It was found that the general form of the deduced spectral function is the same for the chloride and sulfate particles.

Notes: Abstract An automatic condensation nuclei counter was developed for the concentration range of about 1 to 400 particles per cubic centimeter. After expansion, the water droplets are photographed when they are still suspended in the air so that the counter can be considered an absolute one. The volume in which the droplets are counted is determined by the size of the picture of the droplets as a function of their distance from the focal plane. To eliminate any effect of decreasing pressure with altitude, the cloud chamber is filled with clean air prior to expansion to about half an atmosphere above ambient pressure. This counter was used to obtain vertical profiles of condensation nuclei up to altitudes of 27 km with high altitude balloons. A total of seven profiles was obtained over a period of about one year at 47° N over the United States. Because of the restrictions in the range of the meter no data could be obtained below 5 km. The profiles show the following main features: 1. Although there are pronounced fluctuations in the individual flights the average nuclei concentration of 200 to 300/cm3 remains fairly constant from 5 km to the tropopause. 2. Above the tropopause, which is on the average of 12 km, the nuclei concentration decreases rapidly by a factor of ten at 15 km and by a factor of hundred at 19 km. Above 20 km, the lower limit of the counter range of l/cm3 is reached. 3. These general features are fairly constant over the year. Data for the lower stratosphere byWigand (1919) andWeickmann (1955) indicate a sharp decrease from concentrations of 2000 to 3000/cm3 at ground to about 100/cm3 at 5 km. If it is assumed that the discrepancy of a factor of 2 to 3 at 5 km is due to the different time, location, and methods used in these observations, all data can be combined into a complete average profile from the ground to 27 km. This composite profile shows then the following three characteristic layers: 1. Pronounced decrease of the nuclei concentration by about 2 orders of magnitude from 0 to 5 km. 2. Almost constant concentration from 5 to 12 km. 3. Pronounced decrease of the concentration by about 2 orders of magnitude from 12 to 20 km. It is shown in the discussion that the decrease in layer 1 is primarily due to washout, supported by coagulation. The small decrease in concentration in the upper troposphere, layer 2, indicates that both washout and coagulation must be fairly inefficient at these altitudes. The decrease in layer 3 forces to the conclusion that the nuclei in the stratosphere are of tropospheric origin. In the stratosphere, coagulation and sedimentation become important because of long stratospheric residence times of about 1/2 to 1 year. Calculations show, that coagulation is predominantly responsible for the decrease with altitude. The concentrations in the stratosphere are also compared with data deduced from observations of mother of pearl clouds and the electrical conductivity in the stratosphere.

Notes: Abstract No final theory on the activity of Aitken nuclei has been established yet. In particular the supersaturation is not known for the Aitken nuclei to grow into droplets, f.e. according toF. Volz only nuclei of radius 〉0.1 μ can cause condensation under atmospheric conditions. On the other hand according toH. G. Müller condensation over the continents has to occur at the Aitken nuclei since precipitation washes out the other nuclei. This uncertainty becomes obvious in the interpretation of the experimental results.Chr. Junge found that the necessary activation supersaturation of a continental Aitken aerosol and of artificial aerosols of the same size of nuclei lies between 2 and 20%, 10% being sufficient for the main fraction of nuclei to grow. In contrastW. Wieland was able to activate in a mixing cloud chamber a big portion, if not all, of the nuclei of a continental aerosol at supersaturations below 1.5%. Some of our own results, obtained with the same technic, agree with this. At supersaturations below 0.8% at least half of the Aitken nuclei present are activated. To obtain the same result with benzene and acetone we found, that benzene required a slightly smaller, and acetone a somewhat bigger supersaturation. However later experiments revealed a considerable effect of the geometry of the mixing cloud chamber upon the results. Since the physics of the chamber has not been fully explored the method was abandoned. Instead the principle of cooling by adiabatic expansion was used. An expansion apparatus based on the principle of a fotoelectric nucleus counter was developed allowing us to measure with two cathode ray oscillographs the pressure and simultaneously the change of intensity of a lightbeam due to the scattering on the forming cloud as a function of time. The length of the lightbeam could be chosen between 60 and 200 cm. The overpressure before the expansion was always 180 mm of mercury. The ratio of expansion rates was 1∶2.5∶30∶60 at the beginning of the expansion. The slowest rate was about 6 seconds, corresponding to a rate of ascent of 210 m/s at the beginning of the expansion. Smaller rates could not be obtained because of heat transfer at the chamber walls.

Notes: Summary The atmospheres of the earth, the sun and other bodies are surrounded by gas that is nearly uniform in number densityn and kinetic temperatureT, over spaces much greater than those occupied by the atmospheres. This gas may be called theambium of the atmosphere. In total it is much more massive than the atmosphere it encloses. The conditions in the ambium must powerfully affect the state of the outer atmosphere. In particular, there must be a continuous transition of the values ofn andT between the ambium and the atmosphere. In the case of the earth, the sun and other hot stars, both the ambium and the outermost part of the atmosphere will consist of atomic hydrogen. The temperature of the ambium will determine whether this hydrogen and that of the outermost atmosphere are mainly ionized or neutral. The nature of the terrestrial ambium depends on the extension of the sun's atmosphere. This atmosphere is hot and highly ionized in its inner parts. At some radius not yet known, the solar atmospheric gas must become cool and neutral. The state of the earth's outermost atmosphere depends greatly on whether the earth lies in the ionized or the neutral part of the sun's atmosphere, or in the solar ambium. Evidence will be presented favoring the view that the earth's ambium consists of ionized solar atmospheric hydrogen. If this be so, the outermost part of the earth's atmosphere is likewise hot and ionized. It must enclose an extensive layer of mainly neutral atomic hydrogen.

Notes: Summary The behaviour of the ionosphere over Genova during the solar eclipse of February 15, 1961 is investigated. For theE-layer the effect was very marked, but the value obtained for the recombination coefficient α is above normal. The effect of the eclipse was also observed on theF2 layer; however, the behaviour here appears affected by the simultaneous occurrence of an ionospheric perturbation. Finally, the maximum reduction of the ionospheric absorption on 2 and 3 Mc/s during the eclipse was found to be of the order of about 12 db.

Notes: Summary Speeded-up magnetic tape recordings of earthquake signals can be analyzed by means of an electronic sound spectrograph. The time-dependent spectrum of body waves obtained through transient analysis provides some insight into the physical properties of the earth's interior. In the short-period arrivals traveling through the outer core and inner core dispersion has been observed. A group velocity maximum has been found forP′ at periods between 1 and 2 seconds. The direct rayP′and the surface reflected phasePP convey more energy than the arrivalsP′ 2 andPcPP′ which, firstly, enter the outer core at incidence far from vertical, and secondly spend more time in the outer part of the fluid core.

Notes: Summary Measurements of the number of condensation nuclei have been carried out with the photo-electric automatic nucleus counter of F. Verzár at Locarno-Monti on the Southern slope of the Alps. The records of one year have been elaborated with respect to the so called sunrise effect. There is a very strong significance for this phenomenon. It seems that a sunset effect does not exist.

Notes: Summary In this paper a general and exact expression of the gravitational attraction of a right vertical circular cylinder at points external to it is developed. This expression is derived in terms of complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind and the Neumann's Lambda function. Since the solution involves only tabulated functions, it is well suited for rapid desk calculations with any degree of accuracy at any points, including the points in the plane of the cylinder (outcroping cylinder). For this case, the corresponding master curve is given. Finally, a relation between the abscissa of the inflexion point of the Δg curve and the depth of the cylinder is established.

Notes: Summary The process of radon diffusion in space and time through rocks is treated in detail from the point of view of radiometric prospecting for oil. Taking into account the depth and diffusivity conditions encountered in nature it is stated that vertical radon diffusion reaching from the oil deposits up to the surface cannot be expected. Time intervals as required for setting in of a stationary concentration state and decay conditions of the radon lead to the conclusion that the penetration of emanometric measurements seldom exceeds the depth of 5–10 m.

Notes: Summary Ionospheric disturbances recorded at Genova are studied in relation to the corresponding geomagnetic disturbances. Storm time and disturbance daily variation are derived, as well as some characteristic features of ionospheric perturbations. Generally these perturbations are dealyed with respect to the corresponding geomagnetic disturbances: the mean time-lag referred to the whole day is of the order of 1h30m, but if thessc occurs in the morning or near noon the mean time-lag is nearly of 4h.

Notes: Summary The meteorological analysis of weather situations during which radioactive samples were collected, is described. It appears that precipitation washes out a significant part of the radioactive particles in the air. Successive samples from weather systems revealed that when precipitation was produced in the warm air mass only, the radioactivity concentration in the precipitation decreased with time and was independent of location. In order to explain this, a new weather system model is proposed, in which the main part of the precipitation is produced by uniform lifting of a warm air tongue.

Notes: Summary The meridional dispersion of particles depends from the mean meridional circulation (Hadley-type) and the turbulent mass exchange. The velocity of the latter process can be estimated with the standard deviation of the meridional wind component, which is represented in two diagrams.

Notes: Summary The size distribution of dust particles suspended in the atmosphere near the ground which carry the naturally occuring radioactive substances was studied by the cascade impactor and autoradiography, i.e., the cascade impactor was used for classifying the dust particles into 4 groups by their particle sizes, and the autoradiography was used for counting the number of alpha-tracks on each stage of the impactor at 0 hrs and 18 hrs after collection. According to the results of measurements, a large part of naturally occuring radioactive dust was concentrated in the size range below 0.5 μ, and the radioactivity was radiated almost solely from radon and thoron daughter products of short half lives.

Notes: Summary Records of underwater explosions in Iceland in 1959 and 1960, mainly performed for crustal studies, have been investigated with regard to amplitudes. The amplitudes ofP2 in the 1959 explosions and of the first arrivingP waves in the 1960 explosions were found to be proportional to the first power of the charge weight, whereas amplitudes ofP1 andS1 in the 1959 explosions were proportional to the 3/4-power of the charge up to 200 kg, but increased much slower for larger charges. The influence of water depth of shot point on the charge weights, required to obtain a certain amplitude, has been determined and it was found that the logarithm of the charge weight has a linear relation to water depth down to about 8 meters. The amplitudes of first arrivingP waves decrease as the inverse 2.2-power of the distance up to about 30 km. For greater distances an exponential decrease of the form (const./Δ) exp (−βΔ) is valid. ForP2 waves with a frequency of 10 cps we found β=0.027±0.003 km−1 for a profile across central Iceland and β=0.009±0.004 km−1 for a profile in the western part of Iceland.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine allgemeine Theorie der mehrparametrigen Gleichgewichtsfiguren entwickelt. Die Gleichgewichtsbedingung wird folgendermaßen formuliert: 1. Das Dichtegesetz ist streng individuell. 2. Jede Gleichgewichtsfigur besteht aus mehreren, durch Diskontinuitätsflächen getrennten Teilen, deren jeder das Dichtegesetz der einparametrigen Gleichgewichtsfiguren aufweist oder homogen ist. 3. Bei Entblätterung der Figur bis zur innersten Diskontinuitätsfläche resultiert ein null oder einparametriger Kern. Für das Normalsphäroid der Erde wird ein dreiteiliges Modell zugrundegelegt, bestehend aus einer homogenen Wasserhülle, einem heterogenen Mantel und einem ebensolchen Kern. Nach Abhebung des Ozeans verbleibt eine vierparametrige Festerde, wobei die Kernoberfläche in 2900 km Tiefe angenommen wird. Da zur eindeutigen Lösung zwei Bestimmungsstücke fehlen, erhält man ∞2 Lösungen, deren Gültigkeitsbereich durch drei lineare Reihen von Grenzfiguren abgeschlossen ist: eine Figurenreihe mit homogenem Kern und heterogenem Mantel, eine Reihe mit homogenem Mantel und heterogenem Kern und eine Reihe mit verschwindendem Dichtesprung an der Kernoberfläche. Die drei Ecken des Feldes sind durch folgende Figuren gegeben:a) einWiechert'sches Modell, bestehend aus einem homogenen Mantel und einem homogen Kern; diese Figur weist das maximale HauptträgheitsmomentC auf.b) die GrenzfigurB mit homogenem Kern und verschwindendem Dichtesprung, welche das minimale Trägheitsmoment hat.c) die GrenzfigurC mit homogenem Mantel und dem Dichtesprung Null. Innerhalb der empirischen Unsicherheit fällt das aus der dynamischen und statischen Abplattung der wirklichen Erde für die Festerde berechnete Hauptträgheitsmoment mit dem Minimalwert der FigurB zusammen. Es scheint demnach, daß die wirkliche Erde durch einen minimalen Drehimpuls ausgezeichnet ist, womit aber gleichzeitig der Kern homogen sein muß und an der Kernoberfläche kein Dichtesprung auftreten dürfte.

Notes: Summary Meridional cross sections of temperature, salinity and oxygen of the North Pacific Ocean are prepared to show location of the intermediate water, which is formed at the polar front and spreads on constantsigma-t surfaces. Geostrophic flow in a meridional plane is obtained by dynamic calculation. Friction-driven meridional circulation is determined from the zonally averaged density distribution. The latter flow seems to be more appropriate for explanation of mechanism of spread of the water.

Notes: Summary The suggestion is made that in a developed hurricane the cylindrical vortex sheet surrounding the eye has a continuing source of vorticity in the surface friction layer in the environment farther from the center. The general convergence and upward motion is thought to provide the necessary tilting action.

Notes: Summary When a vapor pressure gradient exists in air containing suspended particulate matter, the particles are propelled toward the region of lower vapor pressure by molecular bombardment of vapor molecules. It has been proposed that this effect is important as a process for removing the particles of natural aerosols from the air surrounding growing cloud droplets. This effect has been investigated experimentally by observing the removal of artificial aerosol particles form an experimental chamber in which a known vapor pressure gradient was established. The velocities imparted to particles under the action of a vapor pressure gradient were determined. The results of the measurements were used to calculate the rate of removal of particles in the vicinity of growing cloud droplets. It was concluded that less than 1% of the particles in the region would be removed during the growth of a typical cloud.

Notes: Summary Making use of a 500 mb numerical forecast some problems of atmospheric large-scale diffusion are investigated. The expansion of various sets of clusters of particles is compared with the predictions based on the similarity theory of homogeneous turbulence. The spreading rates were in the beginning of the period of the forecast in a good agreement with the theoretical prediction, but later on they fell to the values considerable smaller than the predicted ones. The reasons of such behaviour are discussed. Furthermore the difference in zonal and meridional expansion of the clusters is demonstrated, the zonal expansion rates being more than one order of magnitude greater than the meridional ones.

Notes: Summary Recordings of the number of condensation nuclei with a photoelectric counter during one year have been used to examine whether there exist a washout-effect during precipitations, fogs and thunderstorms. Rain, with or without thunderstorm and heavy fog show indeed a weak washout-effect, respectively a sedimentation; during snowfall a precipitation-effect cannot be proved. In any case a strong replacement of condensation nucleis ought to take place during the above mentioned phenomena.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gleichungen für den mikro- und makroturbulenten Austausch und Transport von Wasser in gasförmiger, flüssiger und fester Form werden unter Benutzung abgewogener Augenblicks- und Mittelwerte des Geschwindigkeitsvektors dargestellt. Fragwürdigkeiten bei der Behandlung des bodennahen Wasserdampfaustausches nach dem Vorgang vonWilh. Schmidt und einige Probleme bei der Ermittlung von Verdunstung minus Niederschlag größerer Gebiete aus dem atmosphärischen Wassertransport werden erörtet.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Jahresverlauf der Zirkumglobalstrahlung in El Salvador wird in seiner Abhängigkeit vom Jahresgang der Sonnenhöhe, den Bewölkungs- und Trübungsverhältnissen diskutiert. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Strahlungsgenuss einer Kugel und einer horizontalen Fläche wird im Hinblick auf die jahreszeitlich wechselnde Sonnenhöhe untersucht; es zeigt sich, dass die Globalstrahlung mit befriedigender Genauigkeit aus Messungen der Zirkumglobalstrahlung zu bestimmen ist. Die Beziehung zwischen Zirkumglobalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer bzw. Bewölkungsverhältnissen wechselt jahreszeitlich, entsprechend den mittleren Sonnenhöhen, und gestattet, lückenhafte Messreihen der Zirkumglobalstrahlung nach Registrierungen der Sonnenscheindauer zu reduzieren.

Notes: Summary After definitions is given an interpolation-like residual method. —It is pointed out the usual disjoining in two parts of the Bouguer-map to be unsatisfactory; in general is the whole «spectrum» to disjoin in several parts from the «noise» to the «regional». — There are someg zz (andg z) methods represented; in this way of representation are the methods without examples direct comparable.

Notes: Summary A short survey is given of results obtained from «Project Jet Stream» Research Flights. Several features of the atmospheric structure in the vicinity of the jet-stream core seem to be rather characteristic and shall be described in detail. The most prominent among these are: the «Jet-Stream Front»above and below the jet core, stable baroclinic zones on the anticyclonic side of the jet, and an upward bulge of the isentropic surfaces south of the jet stream, the so-called «isentrope hump». Some of theses features seem to have far-reaching implications upon the dynamics of the jet stream.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird vorausgesetzt, die Erdoberfläche sei eben und der Untergrund bestehe aus homogenen, isotropen Schichten, die durch Ebenen voneinander getrennt sind. Da diese Ebenen beliebige Lage haben, handelt es sich um ein räumlichesn-Schichten-Problem. Es wird gezeigt, wie die Frontgeschwindigkeiten und die Unstetigkeitsflächen mit Hilfe der seismischen Refraktionsmethode bestimmt werden können.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden mit Hilfe der sphärischen Trigonometrie und der Ausgleichsrechnung Methoden angegeben, die die Berechnung der bestanschmiegenden Ebene an eine Anzahl von Geraden mit einem gemeinsamen Punkt ermöglichen.

Notes: Summary It is shown that hydraulic fracture pressures are related to the stresses in the formation and the strength of the rock composing it. Using the Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion and the principle of effective stress, expressions can be obtained relating these factors. The theory indicates that in areas characterized by thrust faulting, the fractures will be inclined horizontally whereas in areas subject to normal faulting stress conditions, they will be more vertical. The analysis of some field data gives reasonable results.

Notes: Summary In this paper, the displacements produced at the surface of a semi-infinite, clastic medium by the sudden creation and subsequent motion of discontinuities in the normal and tangential stresses have been obtained in the form of definite integrals byCagniard's method. Numerical values are given in a particular case.

Notes: Summary In this study the different forms of the electromagnetic field strength recordings at the Thera-Crete microwave line of link are examined, in comparison with the corresponding weather situations prevailing over that area. According to the amplitude of fluctuations, the different forms of recordings have been classified in three basic typesA, B, C and the annual frequency of the appearance of these types has been observed. Finally, the influence of weather situations on radio wave propagation was examined and it has been found that in most cases a close relationship exists between weather situations and the different fading forms of the electromagnetic field so that a prediction of the fading form be possible by means of the weather forecast.

Notes: Summary The application of the snow plow approximation to the magnetic pinch effect in the return stroke of lightning is described. Results are presented for a constant electric field and for a measured stroke current. In general, the solutions indicate that the magnetic pinch effect is important for cases of high currents, small channel diameters, and low degrees of ionization.

Notes: Summary An exact forecasting of lightning is not possible so far. On the other hand situations occur to-day more often than in earlier times in which the best lightning protection is not sufficient to prevent harmful effects of lightning strokes. For this reason it should be attempted to use informations from the field of atmospheric electricity to improve the existing possibilities of lightning forecasting. These improvements are shortly pointed out, further experiments are under way.

Notes: Summary The evaporation does not be restricted to the surface of the snow. The evaporated quantity is demonstrated.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Abweichend von der in einem früheren Aufsatz versuchten Erklärung der sommerlichen Feuchtezunahme über dem Mittelmeer wird plausibel gemacht, daß im wesentlichen die normale Erhöhung der Temperatur der Meeresoberfläche dafür verantwortlich ist.

Notes: Summary On the assumption of a constant earth radius the spherical-trigonometric determination of former pole positions depends on the position of the North Pole of today. On the basis of an expanding earth, the determination of the palaeopoles should not be attempted on the present globe. There should rather be used a pole position on a model globe with a reckoning pole which is situated along the present northern direction of the measuring origin and spaced therefrom by its present pole distance. In that way Palaeozoic pole positions formerly determined in the Mid-Pacific shift to northeastern Siberia.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Methode zur Berechnung der Frontgeschwindigkeiten im Bereich der Erdbebenherde entwickelt und dabei die Erde als ein einachsig inhomogener Körper betrachtet.

Notes: Summary Propagation of Love waves over the spherical surface of a layered earth model has been discussed with special emphasis on the dispersion produced in the layer. The velocity of the waves with large wave-length increases appreciably as compared to the case of plane layer. The analysis has been extended to deduce an expression for the dispersion equation of the waves when the upper layer is of varying thickness. The modifications imparted to the dispersion equation depends on the amplitude only and not the shape of the corrugations provided we neglect small quantities of the second order. The effect is a substantial decrease in the phase velocity and becomes more pronounced if the amplitude of the corrugations increases.

Notes: Summary Various formulations of the mass-transport problem are compared for progressive waves in deep water. In order to calculate the mass-transport velocity as a function of depth in the main body of the fluid, it is necessary to include the effect of viscous wave attenuation. It is shown that the usual assumptions of periodicity in distance and attenuation with time or periodicity in time and attenuation with distance, are both physically unsatisfactory. The first does not specify a unique solution, and the second is incompatible with the assumption of zero surface stress. A certain critical constant tangential wind stress will maintain strictly time-periodic deep water waves. The corresponding attenuation with distance is then calculated to order ν3. A constant tangential stress greater or less than the critical causes waves, necessarily decaying with distance, to grow or decay with time.

Notes: Summary Courvoisier, Schulze andYanishevsky type balancemeters have been compared in field exposure under different weather conditions and in the laboratory. Special attention has been devoted to the selectivity and the temperature regime of the detectors. The installation of the instruments is described and the main results of simultaneous measurements with the above-mentioned balancemeters are presented.

Notes: Summary It has been noted by several observers that no Love-wave spectrum is complete in the sense that it contains all the periods. The reason for this has been sought for in the presence of a low-velocity layer.

Notes: Zusammenfassung —Als Modell eines mechanischen Empfängers, der im Boden eingebettet ist, dient eine Kugelschale mit lineartranslatorisch beweglichem Gehänge. Das umgebende Medium erfüllt homogen den Vollraum und ist isotrop elastisch. Der Kontakt mit dem eingebetteten System wird entweder als haftend oder gleitend vorausgesetzt. Es ist diskutiert worden, wie sich der Empfänger in einer longitudinalen Planwelle von beliebiger Wellenform bewegt, die sich parallel zur Gehängetranslation ausbreitet. Ferner wurde die (unbekannte) Wellenform aus der Seismogrammform oder der Gestellbewegung explizit berechnet. Es ergeben sich beachtliche mathematische und physikalische Vereinfachungen, wenn das Gehänge vernachlässigbar leicht und die Gestellmasse gleich der «verdrängten Mediummasse» ist. Schliesslich wird der Zusammenhang dieses Vorgangs mit der Empfängerbewegung infolge Kräften besprochen, die nicht von der Welle herrühren und am Gestell und Gehänge gleichzeitig angreifen können. Es wurde der Kraftverlauf gesucht, der einer vorgegebenen Wellenform hinsichtlich der erzwungenen Gestellbewegung (und des Seismogramms) gleichwertig ist, und umgekehrt die zu einer bestimmten Kraftfunktion äquivalente Wellenform angegeben.

Notes: Summary The focal mechanisms of two Peruvian earthquakes, January 15, 1958, and January 13, 1960, are determined using data from both the first motion ofP and the polarization ofS. The fault motions correspond to strike slip motion on neighboring faults corresponding in strike to geophysical evidences of regional faulting. The motion is left lateral in one of the shocks, right lateral in the other.

Notes: Summary During uniaxial compression of clay cylinders it was observed that the longitudinal velocity decreased as each load increment was applied and then increased under constant stress. It is suggested that the load increment induces an increase in pore water pressure thereby reducing the effective stress. The velocity is dependent upon the effective stress and it decreases accordingly. The velocity then increases due to the dissipation of the pore pressure.

Notes: Summary It is suggested on the basis of the study of observational data gathered byJ. P. Peixoto that the eddy processes in the tropical regions of the middle troposphere operate in an inverse manner as compared with a normal heat engine. Thus, in common with the situation in the lower stratosphere, the region is characterized by a countergradient horizontal eddy heat transport and a rising of colder air and sinking of warmer air on the scale of the large eddy processes.

Notes: Summary The present research considers the vertical profiles of the radiation balance and its components for summer and autumn seasons measured by standard actinometric instruments fixed on free balloons and gives the values of radiational temperature changes in the layers of 1000 to 500 and 1000 to 20 mb.

Notes: Summary One of the main results of the rotating cylinder experiments ofFultz andHide is that the general flow regime in them is essentially determined by the ratio of the angular velocity of the fluid motions (relative to the cylinder) to that of the cylinder itself. Extending these results to the atmosphere of the sun, leads to the hypothesis that the layer in which spots are imbedded should exhibit a non-axially symmetric pattern, of theRossby type. The fluid motions, characteristic of such a general circulation pattern, are mainly along spherical surfaces, and have a wavelike (eddy) appearance similar to the planetary waves in the upper troposphere of the terrestrial atmosphere. These eddies transport momentum along these spherical surfaces from regions of relatively lower angular velocity to regions of higher velocity. Tracers (e.g., sunspots) imbedded is such a flow would show a correlation between their proper motions in latitude and longitude, such that spots moving equatorward will tend to have larger longitudinal motions (toward the west limb), and vice versa. Analysis of ten years (1935 to 1944) of Greenwich spot data shows a consistent, and (statistically) very significant correlation of spot group proper motions, in the proper sense. These results provide strong support for the existence of large-scale waves which are some modest fraction of the solar circumference, but larger than the sunspot groups. Moreover, these waves transport angular momentum (up the gradient of angular velocity) toward the equatorial regions from higher latitudes across at least the entire sunspot zone. It is not known, however, whether these eddies are the primary (or only) source of momentum to maintain the ‘equatorial acceleration’ of the sun. However, if this source were shut off, and all other processes continued unabated, this layer of the sun between latitudes ±20° would reach solid rotation in about 51/2 rotations. Because this eddy transport of momentum is counter to the gradient of angular velocity, there is an implied transformation of the kinetic energy of the eddies into the kinetic energy of the mean east-west flow. Of possibly even more interest, however, might be the possibility of transfers of kinetic energy between eddies of all different scale sizes extending down the entire spectrum to include sunspot groups and the spots themselves. Moreover, some eddy size(s) in this layer is likely to be primarily responsible for a conversion of potential to kinetic energy. A result of subsidiary interest is the systematically higher value of solar rotation (at all latitudes) derivable from this data, which includes all spots which survive for at least two days. In contrast to the work of previous authors who used only long-lived spots, the result obtained when many small spots are used, indicates perhaps a variation of the rotation rate with height in the solar atmosphere. The results provide no evidence to indicate the existence of significant meridional circulations (latitudinal driffs).

Notes: Summary The city of Athens, especially in summer, comes under the influence of sea breeze and the Etesian winds, some characteristic elements of which are given for the period 1921–1930. The diurnal march of July dew point at Athens is clearly double with main extremes at the afternoon and the secondaries in the forenoon time. However, on days with uninterrupted sea breeze three pairs of extremes characterize the variation, there being two secondary maxima and two secondary minima in the forenoon. On days, on the other hand, with uninterrupted Etesian winds the appearing double diurnal march is characterized by the forenoon main maximum and the afternoon main minimum.

Notes: Summary TheSH-type of motion in an isotropic elastic halfspace with infinite electrical conductivity subjected to an uniform magnetic field and disturbed by a buried source is investigated. Expressions for the surface displacements for various type of sources are obtained by an application of Cagniard technique. Numerical calculation has been performed for the case of a diapole source moving parallel to the surface of the halfspace with an uniform velocity.

Notes: Summary The disturbances in a viscoelastic medium by a twist of finite duration applied on the inner surface of a spherical cavity inside the medium have been considered.

Notes: Summary A previously noted analogy between certain transport equations and the heat conductivity equation is further analyzed. It is shown thatPrigogine's nonequilibrium formalism can be directly applied to statistical processes where there is a non-negative constant of the motion. If the total mass (of contaminant, tracer etc.) contained in a fluctuating system is taken as such a constant of the motion, a statistical theory of the corresponding transport process is obtained.

Notes: Summary The propagation of Love type waves on a spherical model' in the mantle of which the rigidity and density vary exponentially with the radial distance while in the core they remain constant — has been investigated. The frequency equation that has been worked out has been examined in detail for the existence of root in the particular cases when they involve Bessel Functions of smallest and largest orders.

Notes: Resumen Se aplica el análisis de energía de espectro a los datos de la variación secular geomagnética para tres observatorios del Hemisferio Sur: Pilar, Amberley, Mauritius. Las figuras 2–10 indican generalmente tres tipos de picos: a) de periodos de menos de 10 años; b) del periodo aproximado de la actividad solar de 10–11 años; c) de una fluctuación de 40–60 años. Los coeficientes de la expansión esférico-armónica de la variación secular muestran también una fluctuación del último tipo.

Notes: Summary Directions of natural remanent magnetization aftermagnetic cleaning of specimens from monzonite porphyry at Milton are given. Thermal and alternating magnetic field stability tests indicate that the resultant direction is that of the earth's magnetic field at the time of cooling. Comprison of the pole position calculated from this result with other pole positions from rocks of known age confirms the probable Permian age of the intrusion and the wide divergence of Australian from European and North American pole positions of this age.

Notes: Summary A charged particle moves with velocityv in a constant non-uniform magnetic fieldH, spiralling with Larmor radiusR. IfR is small compared with the scale lengthL of the field, the magnetic moment associated with the Larmor motion of the particle is nearly constant. Consequently θ, the (‘pitch’) angle betweenv andH, varies as arcsinH 1/2. Hence θ in such adiabatic motion is approximately the same at points on the path whereH has the same value. But the magnetic moment and the pitch angle may differ materially at two such points, each in the region whereR/L is small, if between them the particle traverses a region whereR/L is not small. This region of non-adiabatic motion ‘scatters’ the pitch angles. Such scattering is investigated for regions of weak field (R large), with and without the presence of a neutral line along whichH=0. Either type of region, it is found, can scatter the pitch angles. This gives support to the theory proposed byAkasofu andChapman to explain why auroral arcs and bands are very thin. The scattering here examined is of interest also in connection with magnetic mirror devices for nuclear energy transformation. It may also have applications to phenomena of solar and stellar atmospheres.

Notes: Summary The zonal eddy stress across horizontal surfaces due to large scale vertical motions was evaluated for two months from data for the northern hemisphere for a number of levels up to 50 mb. From this information and from the corresponding distributions for each of the two months of the mean zonal winds, the rate of transformation of kinetic energy from eddy to mean zonal form was calculated. The two sets of data gave rather small values for the hemisphere which were of opposite sign.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Auswertungen von Raketenmessungen aus den Zeiten der Zirkulationsumstellungen oberhalb 20 km in Frühling und Herbst lassen den Mechanismus dieser Umstellungen erkennen. Sie machen es mit Hilfe der Nullschichtkonzeption möglich, Schemata der allgemeinen Zirkulation der aussertropischen Breiten für die Umstellungszeiten zu gewinnen.