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  • Springer  (241,408)
  • 1970-1974  (177,357)
  • 1950-1954  (34,810)
  • 1935-1939  (29,241)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 17 (1970), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In natürlichen Kolonien vonBombus agrorum undB. hortorum ging der Bau des ersten Brutklumpens dem des Honignapfes voraus. In diesen, und anderen Arten, wurden keine richtigen Waschseizellen gebaut, aber es wurden charakteristische wachsbedeckte Brutklumpen, welche die Eier und den Pollen enthalten, angelegt. In natürlichen Kolonien vonB. agrorum, B. humilis, B. pratorum undB. hortorum wurden die Eier des ersten Brutklumpens in vertikaler Position gelegt.B. hortorum Königinnen legten ihre Eier in den Pollenklumpen, während inB. agrorum, B. humilis undB. pratorum die Eier dem Pollenklumpen angelegt wurden. In laborgezüchteten Kolonien wurden die Eier horizontal und oft in richtige Wachseizellen gelegt. Die Reihenfolge der Nestanlage in gefangengehaltenen Königinnen entsprach nicht immer den Beobachtungen an Kolonien derselben Arten in der Natur. NatürlicheB. agrorum undB. humilis Kolonien hatten eine typische Anordnung von 8 Eiern. Larven oder Puppen in eine mittlere Reihe von 2, und zwei seitliche Reihen von je 3 Individuen.B. hortorum war produktiver, gewöhnlich mit 11–16 Individuen in einem Klumpen, aber es konnte keine bestimmte Anordnung der Eier, Larven oder Puppen innerhalb des Brutklumpens festgelegt werden. Keine der Arten wies eine hone Sterblichkeitsrate in der Entwicklung der ersten Brut auf.
    Notes: Summary In wild colonies ofBombus agrorum andB. hortorum initiation of the incipient brood clump preceded that of the honey-pot. In these, and other species, actual wax egg cells were not constructed but characteristic waxcovered brood clumps, containing eggs and pollen, were produced. Eggs of the first brood batch in natural colonies ofB. agrorum, B. humilis, B. pratorum andB. hortorum were deposited vertically.B. hortorum queens laid their eggs within the pollen lump, but inB. agrorum, B. humilis andB. pratorum, eggs were deposited against the pollen lump. In laboratory-initiated colonies, eggs were laid horizontally, often in actual wax egg cells. The order of colony initiation by captive queens did not always conform to that observed for the same species in the wild. In naturalB. agrorum andB. humilis colonies the arrangement of 8 eggs, larvae or pupae into a central row of 2 individuals, and two lateral rows of 3 individuals each, was typical.B. hortorum was more prolific, there usually being from 11 to 16 individuals in a brood clump, but no definite arrangement of eggs, larvae or pupae within brood clumps of this species was established. High brood mortality rates were not characteristic of the incipient stages of colony development in any species.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 17 (1970), S. 49-81 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fourmi fileuse,Polyrhachis simplex, qui appartient en Inde à une faune tropicale, se rencontre en Israël dans une région désertique correspondant à la limite occidentale de son extension. La biologie de cette espèce présente un certain nombre de caractères intéressants: 1 Le filage tient une place de premier ordre dans la vie de la colonie. Les ouvrières construisent les nids à l'aide de la soie sécrétée par les larves et en conséquence les glandes séricigènes de ces dernières sont très développées. 2 Des Aphidiens de plusieurs espèces sont visitées par les ouvrières qui trouvent dans le miellat une source importante de nourriture. 3 Une migration saisonnière verticale a lieu deux fois par an, en hiver et à la fin du printemps. 4 Des «cimetières» sont constitués par les fourmis à des distances considérables des nids afin d'y déposer les cadavres. Un seul «cimetière» peut être utilisé par plusieurs colonies bien séparées. Au cours de cette étude, il a été possible, pour la première fois, d'élever des colonies de cette espèce au laboratoire en utilisant une solution de sucre particulière au lieu de la nourriture naturelle. Les colonies élevées au laboratoire se développaient normalement, maintenaient leur activité journalière (y compris le filage) et se sont reproduites durant plusieurs générations.
    Notes: Summary The Weaver Ant,Polyrhachis simplex, which in India belongs to a tropical fauna, occurs in Israel in a circumscribed desert region which comprises the western limit of its spread. The biology ofP. simplex features a number of highly interesting phenomena: 1. Weaving occupies a central position in the life of the colony. The workers construct the nests with the aid of silk secreted by the larvae. The silk glands of the larva are consequently highly developed. 2. Aphids of several species are visited by the weaver ant for their honeydew, which constitutes a primary food source for the ant. 3. Seasonal vertical migration of the ants occurs twice a year-in the winter and in the late spring. 4. «Cemeteries» are marked off by the ants at considerable distances from the nests, for the purpose of disposing of their dead. A single «cemetery» may sarve several widely-separated ant colonies. The present investigation is the first in which colonies ofP. simplex have been successfully reared in the laboratory, using a special sugar solution as a substitute for the natural food of the ants. The laboratory-reared colonies developed normally, maintained the usual daily activities (including weaving) and reproduced through several generations.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 17 (1970), S. 125-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 17 (1970), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Sifolinia kabylica is a new species in the algerian fauna of ants which was discovered while breedingMyrmica aloba. S. kabylica alludes to the genusMyrmica by the wing nervation and the existence of reduced spurs on the middle and hind tibia.
    Abstract: Riassunto Sifolinia kabylica e una nova specie della myrmecofauna algeriana que fu rivelata durante l'allevamento deMyrmica aloba. S. kabylica rievoca il generoMyrmica per la nervatura delle ali e la présènza di sproni ridotti a le tibie II e III.
    Notes: Résumé Sifolinia kabylica est une nouvelle espèce de la myrmécofaune algérienne, qui a été découverte en faisant l'élevage deMyrmica aloba (Forel).S. kabylica se rapproche du genreMyrmica par la nervation des ailes et l'existence d'éperons réduits aux tibias II et III.
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 17 (1970), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A field study of colonies ofNasutitermes costalis in a montane rain forest in Puerto Rico indicated that third stage large workers returned much more readily to nest surfaces to make repairs following a breaching disturbance than other worker types. Where no recent disturbance had been (or was an hour past) small workers, constituting (presumably) only about 24% of all workers in a nest, composed over 46% of the workers collected at the construction site. These findings are evidence of polyethism within theN. costalis worker caste.
    Notes: Résumé Une étude sur le terrain de colonies deNasutitermes costalis, dans une forêt humide d'altitude à Porto Rico, montre que les grands ouvriers du troisième stade retournent beaucoup plus facilement à la surface du nid que les autres, afin d'y effectuer des réparations à la suite d'une démolition. Quand il n'y a pas eu de perturbations récentes (ou après un délai d'une heure), les petits ouvriers constituant, sans doute, 24% de la population des ouvriers du nid, se trouvent sur la surface dans la proportion de 46% an lieu de construction. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le polyéthisme à l'intérieur de la caste des ouvriers deN. costalis.
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans des séries étendues d'expériences, des ouvrières deLasius niger L. différemment et fortement intoxiquées par les insecticides DDT, HCH, E 605f (Parathion) et Chlordane, furent éprouvées pour savoir si elles étaient encore capables de faire des actions sociales. Il est possible d'expliquer les dérangements chez les Fourmis recueillant despupæ, donnant le fourrage et combattant par des changements de la fonction des mandibules. Ces changements arrivent dans une manière typique pour chaque insecticide. Parce que l'appétence correspondante est reconnaissable, on peut conclure que ne sont pas effectués de changements des fonctions centrales par l'intoxication commençante. Parce que les ouvrières facilement intoxiquées n'acceptent plus de fourrage, les fourrageurs sains offrent le fourrage avec une manière très typique. Il est très difficile d'observer cette manière dans le cas normal, car les Fourmis se donnent à manger tout de suite. Des combats ne furent pas observés entre les compagnons d'un nid chez lesL. niger. Les insecticides examinés sont transmis facilement par le contact entre les Fourmis intoxiquées et leurs compagnons sains.
    Abstract: Summary In extend series of experiments workers ofLasius niger L., poisoned in different stages with the insecticides DDT, HCH, E 605f (Parathion) and Chlordane, were tested if they were still able for doing some works, typical for their social behaviour. The irregular working of ants collectingpupæ, feeding themselves and fighting can be explained above all by changements of the function of the mandibules. Such changements appeare in a manner, typical for each insecticid. Indepedent of the functional changements can be seen an appetence correspondenting with the behaviour. Therefore we can conclude, that primarily no changements of the central functions are effected by the examinated insecticides. Because the hungry but poisoned ants don't eat, the food carring workers offer the food in a typical manner. It's difficult to observe this behaviour in the norm for the workers feed directly themselves. Fightings between poisoned ants of the same colony as a consequence of the higher excitability could not been observed byL. niger. The examinated insecticides are easily transfered by contact between poisoned and unpoisoned ants.
    Notes: C.—Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse In ausgedehnten Versuchsreihen wurden vonLasius niger L., die durch Begiftung mit den Kontaktinsektiziden DDT, HCH, E 605 und Chlordan verschieden stark geschädigt waren, auf ihre Fähigkeit hin überprüft, einige für ihr soziales Verhalten typische Tätigkeiten noch richtig auszuführen. Die Störungen bei der Ausführung des Puppensammelns, bei der Fütterung und im Kampfverhalten lassen sich neben allgemeinen Lähmungserscheinungen vor allem auf Ausfallserscheinungen in der Mandibelfunktion zurückführen, die in einer für jedes Insektizid charakteristischen Weise eintreten. Da trotz funktioneller Störungen das jeweils entsprechende Appetenzverhalten erkennbar ist, kann man annehmen, dass anfänglich durch die Vergiftung keine zentralen Ausfallserscheinungen bewirkt werden. Wenn leicht begiftete , die kein Futter mehr annehmen, mit gesunden Futterträgerinnen zûsammengebracht werden, zeigt sich auf Seiten der Futterträgerinnen ein ganz eindeutiges Anbietungsverhalten, das sonst wegen der sofort einsetzenden Fütterung nur schwer zu beobachten ist. Kämpfe zwischen Nestgenossen als Folge der durch die Begiftung gesteigerten Erregbarkeit wurden unter der Einwirkung der appl. Gifte beiL. niger nicht beobachtet. Eine Uebertragung der angewendten Insektizide durch Kontakt zwischen begifteten und unbegifteten Tieren findet leicht statt.
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  • 8
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vorwort Das Tracheen-System und die thorakalen Nerven des Imago vonCalotermes flavicollis werden beschrieben. Die Tracheen wurden nach der Methode vonWigglesworth und die Nerven mittels einer vonRichard gefundenen Methode gefärbt. Die Entwicklung des Tracheen-und Nerven-Systems durch alle Jugendstadien hindurch werden studiert unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der normalen Entwicklung im Vergleich mit Regressions-Erscheinungen. Schliesslich wird die Anatomie vonCalotermes mit derjenigen von anderen Blattopteroiden, im Besonderen vonPhyllodromia germanica verglichen.
    Abstract: Summary The tracheal system and the nerves of the thorax of the imago ofCalotermes flavicollis are described. The tracheas have been colored by the method ofWigglesworth and the nerve system by the method ofRichard. The entire organo-genesis of the tracheas and nerves through all instars of the development ofCalotermes has been followed. Special attention has been given to the construction of these systems as well as to their regression. The anatomy ofCalotermes is then compared to that of other Blattopteroids, in particular to that ofPhyllodromia germanica.
    Notes: Résumé On décrit les trachées, puis les nerfs thoraciques de l'imago deCalotermes flavicollis. Les trachées ont été colorées par la méthode deWigglesworth, les nerfs par la méthode deRichard. On suit l'organogenèse des trachées et des nerfs au travers des stades du développement deCalotermes en mettant en évidence, d'une part, les phénomènes de construction, d'autre part les phénomènes de régression. On compare l'anatomie deCalotermes à celle d'autres Blattoptéroïdes,Phyllodromia germanica, en particulier.
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  • 10
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 199-208 
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  • 11
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 209-217 
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  • 12
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    Insectes sociaux 18 (1971), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Myrmecia dispar (Clark) is found in the drier inland areas of New South Wales and southern Queensland in Australia. Its nests, which are situated adjacent to trees, have a distinctive structure of simple architecture. The composition of the colonies varies seasonally with little or no brood production during the colder months. Colony founding probably takes place in March, April, and/or May. Several myrmecophiles are found in nests ofM. dispar, and some of these are present in relatively large numbers.
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  • 13
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    Insectes sociaux 18 (1971), S. 49-69 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The digestive tract of Macrotermitinæ belonging to the following ten genera is described:Acanthotermes, Sphaerotermes, Allodontermes, Protermes, Odontotermęs, Pseudacanthotermes, Ancistrotermes, Bellicositermes, Macrotermes andMįcrotermes. The gizzard is of a primitive type, and its internal folds often carry various types of spines. The stomodial valve is long and the midgut well developed (except in theAcanthotermes andSphaerotermes). The mesentero-proctodial junction follows a wavy line which is very marked in the generaOdontotermes andAllodontermes and inMacrotermes gilvus. The 4 Malpighian tubules are always inserted at the 4 mesenteric crests of this line of junction. The first proctodial segment is short and the enteric valve is very discreetly developed in it in the form of 6 epithelial ridges with few spines, except in certainMacrotermes (a very variable genus) where the ridges are well-armed in the middle. In this case the valve is trisymmetrical whereas it usually is of 6th order. Clear affinities exist betweenAcanthotermes, a poorly evolved genus, andSphaerotermes; betweenMacrotermes andBellicositermes; and amongAllodontermes, Protermes andOdontotermes. Certain anatomical characteristics of the digestive tract, common to most genera, appear related to the feeding habits particular to this sub-family. Although the Macrotermitinae are close to the lower Termites according to the anatomy of the digestive tract, they integrate well into the higher Termites of which they appear to show the relatively greatest affinity to the sub-family of Nasutitermitinae.
    Notes: Résumé Le tube digestif de Macrotermitinæ appartenant aux dix genres suivants est décrit:Acanthotermes, Sphærotermes, Allodontermes, Protermes, Odontotermes, Pseudacanthotermes, Ancistrotermes, Bellicositermes, Macrotermes etMicrolermes. Le gésier est de type primitif, ses replis internes s'ornent le plus souvent de divers types d'épines; la valvule stomodéale est longue et l'intestin moyen très développé (excepté dans les genresAcanthotermes etSphærotermes); la jonction mésentéro-proctodéale se fait suivant une ligne ondulée, très accusée dans les genresOdontotermes etAllodontermes et chezMacrotermes gilvus; les quatre tubes de Malpighi s'insèrent toujours aux quatre sommets mésentériques de cette ligne de jonction; le premier segment proctodéal est court; la valvule entérique s'y développe très discrètement sous la forme de six bourrelet épithéliaux faiblement épineux, sauf chez certainsMacrotermes (genre très variable) dont les bourrelets sont bien armés dans leur partie centrale; la symétrie de la valvule est dans ces cas d'ordre 3, elle est plus généralement d'ordre 6. De nettes affinités existent entreAcanthotermes, genre peu évolué, etSphærotermes; entreMacrotermes etBellicositermes, enfin entreAllodontermes, Protermes etOdontotermes. Certains caractères anatomiques du tube digestif, communs à la plupart des genres, paraissent liés au régime alimentaire, particulier à cette sous-famille. Bien que les Macrotermitinæ soient proches, par l'anatomie de leur tube digestif, des Termites inférieurs, ils s'intègrent bien aux Termitidæ; la sousfamille des Nasutitermitinæ paraît être celle avec laquelle ils ont le plus d'affinités.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this work we study the secondary fauna of oaks cynipidae galls. We draw up an inventory of this fauna, and then, we study the biology of the most important species (15 000 cynips oak-galls have been collected and dissected for these studies). We have also established the characters of this complex fauna: a) The fauna is dominate by a rich ant fauna (rich by the number of insects, and poor by the number of species). b) The fauna is also marked by a various fauna of arthropods (rich by the number of species, and poor by the number of arthropods in each sampling). c) Except a very little number of insects (like thatHelops loevioctostriatus, Opilio pallidus, the caterpillars of Tineidae, and the antDolichoderus quadripunctatus) we think, that it is difficult to determinate an characteristic and exclusive fauna of these «cynips oak galls». d) This fauna may be considered generaly like a sylvan fauna, with xerophilic tendancy for aerial insects, and moisture tendancy for terricolous arthropods.
    Notes: Résumé Cette série de travaux a pour objet l'étude de la faune secondaire des galles de Cynipidae du chène. Nous avons en premier lieu établi l'inventaire faunistique général et précisé la biologie des principales espèces récoltées, d'après l'étude de 15000 galles environ. Puis nous avons précisé les caractères de cette faune complexe qui apparaît: a) Dominée numériquement par une riche faune de fourmis (riche en individus, pauvre en espèces). b) Marquée par l'existence d'une faune variée d'arthropodes (riche en espèces et très pauvre en individus). c) A part quelques rares exceptions telles queHelops loevioctostriatus, Opilio pallidus, les chenilles de Tineïdae, et la fourmiDolichoderus quadripunctatus, il ne semble pas que l'on puisse définir, avec certitude une faune caractéristique et exclusive du milieu «galles du chêne». d) Dans son ensemble, la faune rencontrée est une faune sylvicole à tendance xérophile pour les formes aériennes et à tendance plus nettement hygrophile pour les formes terricoles.
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    Insectes sociaux 18 (1971), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The activities of wasps (Paravespula germanica andP. vulgaris) that were collecting sucrose syrup were measured when the rate at which the syrup was supplied was varied. The volume of syrup each wasp collected per trip became greater as the rate of supply was increased. Drinking was interrupted at low rates of supply; the number of the interruptions per visit decreased when the rate increased. The length of the visit pause remained nearly constant even when the rate of supply varied considerably. The results obtained with the wasps are compared with those obtained with the honeybee (Apis mellifica).
    Abstract: Résumé Différentes activités de guêpes (Paravespula germanica etP. vulgaris) qui collectionnaient une solution de sucre de canne étaient mesurées en relation de la vitesse de l'afflux de la solution. Quand la vitesse de l'afflux augmente, la quantité collectée durant une visite à la source de nourriture devient plus grande. Quand la vitesse de l'afflux est très réduite, les guêpes ne boivent pas continuellement, elles font des interruptions. Le nombre des interruptions durant une visite diminue, quand la vitesse de l'afflux augmente. La durée des pauses entre les visites reste à peu prés la même quand la vitesse de l'afflux est variée considérablement. Les résultats sont comparés avec ceux gagnés avec l'abeille (Apis mellifica).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An einer im Zimmer aufgestellten Futterquelle wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Zuflussgeschwindigkeit der Zuckerlösung verschiedene Verhaltensweisen Zuckerwasser sammelnder Wespen (Paravespula germanica undP. vulgaris) gemessen. Mit zunehmender Zuflussgeschwindigkeit wächst die, Abflugmagenfüllung, die Anzahl der Saugunterbrechungen pro Besuch nimmt ab. Die Länge der Besuchspausen bleibt über weite Bereiche der Zuflussgeschwindigkeitsskala annähernd konstant. Die Ergebnisse werden mit an der, Honigbiene (Apis mellifica) gewonnenen verglichen.
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  • 16
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    Insectes sociaux 18 (1971), S. 173-176 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cinq états larvaires deMastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt aboutissent aux états ouvriers pseudergate, qui peuvent subir des mues «stationnaires». Les reproducteurs et les soldats se développent à partir des pseudergates.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die fünf Larven-Entwicklungsstufen vonMastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt leiten zu pseudergaten «Arbeiter» Formen, welche feststehende Häutungen untergehen können. Die Sexuellen- und Soldatenformen entwickeln sich von den Pseudergaten.
    Notes: Summary The five larval stages ofMastodermes darwiniensis Froggatt lead to the pseudergate «worker» stages, which can undergo stationary moults. The reproductives and soldiers develop from the pseudergates.
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  • 17
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    Insectes sociaux 18 (1971), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this work, we studied the ant fauna of the oaks Cynipidae galls. We can separate 3 class of ants. The dominant lot is constituted by the group:Leptothorax-Colobopsis-Dolichoderus. These species constitute 91,56% of the ant fauna. They are the most important ants of this special habit. li]2o|Le second lot est constitu\'e par le groupeCremastogaster-Camponotus, with 7,67% of the ant fauna. These species may be considered also as «usual host» of the Cynipidae oak gall fauna. li]3o|The third lot is constituted by the group:Lasius-Aphaenogaster-Myrmecina-Ponera with a very little percentage (0,56%) of the fauna. We can considered that these species are unsual in this habit. (In this way, we can remarked also that these ants are living only in the oaks galls falled on the ground.)
    Notes: Résumé Le présent mémoire est consacré à l'étude de la faune myrmécologique des galles de Cynipidae des chênes de la forêt de Bouconne (près de Toulouse). Nous avons distingué, selon leur fréquence dans cet habitat, trois catégories de fourmis: 1o Le lot dominant est constitué par le groupeLeptothorax-Colobopsis-Dolichoderus. Ces trois espèces représentent 91,56% de la faune de fourmis forestières peuplant les galles des chênes, (après envol des Cynipidae). Elles constituent le groupe d'espèces fondamental de ce milieu particulier. 2o Le second lot est constitué par le groupeCremastogaster-Camponotus, avec 7,67% de l'ensemble. Bien que d'importance secondaire (quantitativement), ces espèces peuvent être considérées comme hôtes habituels des galles. 3o Le troisième lot est constitué par le groupeLasius-Aphaenogaster-Myrmecina-Ponera. Avec seulement 0,56% de l'ensemble, ces fourmis récoltées d'ailleurs dans des galles à terre, sont des hôtes accidentels des galles.
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  • 18
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    Insectes sociaux 18 (1971), S. 215-226 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. During late spring and most of the summer season the ant,Messor aegyptiacus was active during two foraging periods one in the morning and the second in the evening. During late summer and beginning of the fall it was active only in the morning. 2. The morning foraging activity began before sun-rise about 6.00 a.m. and stopped at about 10.00 a.m. and it was confined to harvesting. The evening activity started at about 6.00 p.m. and came to an end nearly at sun-set. Cleaning the nest of wastes usually occurred in this period. 3. During the morning foraging period there were two peaks of activity one took place in May and the second in August and the level of foraging activity was most high in August. A true evening foraging activity occurred during May and June and there was only one peak of field activity in June. 4. Seeds and fragments of plant leaves and stems formed the main food supply of this ant. 5. The temperature, relative humidity and light intensity showed a remarkable effect on the morning start and evening stop of foraging. Both the wind velocity and cloud cover, within the ranges obtained, did not influence the rate of field activity.
    Notes: Résumé 1. Durant la fin du printemps et la plus grande partie de l'été la fourmiMessor aegyptiacus Emery est active pendant deux périodes de récolte, l'une pendant le matin et l'autre pendant le soir. Durant la fin de l'été et le début de l'automne, elle est active uniquement pendant le matin. 2. L'activité de récolte matinale commence avant le lever du soleil vers 6 h et finit vers 10 h du matin; elle est entièrement consacrée à la récolte. Tandis qu'elle nettoie le nid pendant la récolte du soir qui commence vers 6 h après-midi et se termine au coucher du soleil. 3. Durant l'activité matinale il y avait deux maximums, l'un en mai et l'autre en août, celui-ci étant plus élevé. Pendant la récolte du soir, ayant lieu en mai et juin, il n'y avait qu'un seul maximum. 4. Les grains et les restes des feuilles et de trones des plantes constituent l'aliment principal de cette fourmi. 5. La température, l'humidité relative et l'intensité de la lumière ont un effet remarquable sur le commencement et la fin de la récolte. La vitesse du vent et les nuages n'ont eu aucune influence sensible sur cette activité durant nos observations.
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    Insectes sociaux 19 (1972), S. 7-14 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A breeding technique convenient forFormica polyctena is described, using a winter and a summer nest of two different types. The ants themselves choose the summer or winter nest, following the time of the year. The colony development is good, except for the production of sexual forms in spring. The observation and experimentation are very easy.
    Notes: Résumé Une méthode d'élevage deFormica polyctena est décrite, basée sur l'utilisation de deux nids, de types différents suivant l'été ou l'hiver. Ce sont les fourmis elles-mêmes qui adoptent l'un ou l'autre type suivant la saison. Le développement de la colonie y parait satisfaisant, sauf la procréation des sexués au printemps. L'observation continue des fourmis y est facile.
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  • 20
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    Insectes sociaux 19 (1972), S. 63-79 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study of the microclimatic factors existing in the nests chambers of the terricolous savannah ant of Ivory coast,Camponotus acvapimensis, indicates there is no variations of the involved factors: at 30 cm below the soil level, daily fluctuations of temperature is ±1° C around the mean temperature (26° C). At the same depth, the annual variation of the mean temperature is about 1° C (26° C in rainy season and 27° C in dry season). The atmosphere of the nests is always saturated in humidity (R.H.=100% at 27° C, no daily or annual fluctuations). In rainy season, ants living in area covered with water climb with their larvae in the grasses. At the soil level, microclimatic conditions are similar in gallery forest and in unburned savannah. The main fluctuations of temperature and humidity are registered in the savannah burned every year. So, the limit between the stable biotope and those where the microclimatic factors fluctuate does not take place between the savannah and the forest. This limit is situated to the border between the savannah burned every year and the complex unburned savannah-gallery forest.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude du microclimat existant dans le nid deCamponotus acvapimensis montre que les facteurs mesurés varient très peu au cours de l'année: la température moyenne est de 26±1° C. La variation annuelle de la température moyenne est de l'ordre du degré (Tm de 27° en saison sèche contre 26° en saison des pluies). L'atmosphère des cavités est continuellement saturée en vapeur d'eau (100% d'humidité relative à 27° C). Afin de maintenir ces conditions constantes les fourmis enterrent moins profondément leur nid en saison des pluies qu'en saison sèche. En période d'inondation, elles vont jusqu'à grimper avec leur couvain dans les herbes pour échapper à la noyade. Les conditions existant au niveau du sol de la savane non brûlée sont comparables à celles qui existent sur le sol des forêts galeries. De ce fait, la limite entre les milieux où les facteurs microclimatiques restent stables et ceux où ils varient fortement est située à la frontière qui sépare la savane brûlée de l'ensemble savane non brûlée-forêt galerie.
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  • 21
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    Insectes sociaux 19 (1972), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two experiments were carried out on the import and export of water by colonies ofMacrotermes natalensis (Haviland) Fuller. In the first experiment, tritiated water and chromium 51 complexed with versenate were injected into the water table, at about 12 m depth, in order to trace the movement of water from the water table to the overlying termite mounds. The results of the experiment do not support the hypothesis that the termites carry up water from the water table to their mounds. In the second experiment, a hole was made in each of three termite mounds, and the moist soil carried by termites to plug the hole was removed daily over a period of seventeen weeks. It was estimated, from the weight of soil and its moisture content, that the termite colonies had each lost about 5 litres of water a week. Calculations involving another author's measurement of respiration indicated that a colony of one millionMacrotermes produces about 4 litres of water a week as a result of metabolic activity. Loss of water from the termite mounds was, therefore, probably counterbalanced by production of metabolic water within the mounds.
    Notes: Résumé Deux expériences ont été faites sur l'importation et l'exportation d'eau par des colonies deMacrotermes natalensis (Haviland) Fuller. Dans la première expérience, de l'eau tritiée et un complexe chromium 51 versenate ont été injectés dans la nappe aquifère, vers 12 m de profondeur, à fin de suivre le mouvement de l'eau partant de la nappe aquifère jusqu'aux termitières surjacentes. Les résultats de l'expérience ne soutiennent pas l'hypothèse que les Termites remontent de l'eau de la nappe aquifère jusqu'à leurs termitières. Dans la seconde expérience, une ouverture a été faite dans chacune des trois termitières, et le sol humide apporté par les Termites pour boucher cette ouverture a été enlevé chaque jour pendant une période de six-sept semaines. D'après le poids du sol enlevé et l'humidité qu'il contenait, il a été possible de calculer que chaque colonie de Termites avait perdu environ 5 litres d'eau. Des calculs employant des mesures faites par un autre auteur sur la respiration indiquent qu'une colonie contenant un million deMacrotermes produit à peu près 4 litres d'eau par semaine, résultat d'activité métabolique. La perte d'eau provenant des termitières était done probablement contrebalancée par la prodution d'eau métabolique à l'intérieur des termitières.
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The synthetic juvenile hormone (JH): 17% alltrans+83%trans, trans, cis-methyl 10-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6 tridecadienoate and juvenile hormone analogues (JHA): methyl 10-chloro-3,7,11-trimethyl-2 dodecenoate and ethyl 10-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate administered on filter paper to small groups of the European subterranean termiteReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt. caused differentiation of larvae and pseudergates into pre-soldiers and/or pseudergate-soldier intercastes. In contrast to the proportion of one soldier to 100–300 other individuals in normal colonies, the effect of the compounds tested that showed JH activity was to induce the development of a large number of superfluous soldiers in quantities that even exceeded the number of other kinds of individuals. Such a disturbance in the caste ratio leads to increased mortality.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das synthetische Juvenilhormon (JH): 17% alltrans+83%trans, trans, cis-Methyl 10-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6 tridecadienoate und die Juvenilhormonanaloge (JHA): Methyl 10-chloro-3,7,11-trimethyl-2 dodecenoate und Ethyl 10-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate, die auf Filterpapier kleinen Termitengruppen der europäischen ErdtermitenartReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt. zugeführt wurden, verursachten eine Differenzierung von Larven und Pseudergaten in Vorsoldaten und/oder Interkasten Pseudergate-Soldat. Zum Unterschied vom Verhältnis ein Soldat zu 100 bis 300 anderen Individuen in normalen Kolonien erscheint unter der Einwirkung der getesteten juvenilhormonwirksamen Stoffe eine grosse Menge überzähliger Soldaten, deren Anzahl jene der übrigen Individuen sogar übersteigen kann. Die Gleichgewichtstörung zwischen den Kasten hat eine höhere Absterberate der Termiten zur Folge.
    Notes: Résumé L'hormone juvénile synthétique: 17% alltrans+83%trans, trans, cis-méthyle 10-epoxy-3,7,11-triméthyle-2,6 tridecadienoate et l'analogue de l'hormone juvénile: méthyle 10-chloro-3,7,11-triméthyle-2 dodecenoate et éthyle 10-epoxy-3,7,11-triméthyle-2,6-dodecadienoate, qui ont été administrés amenés sur papier filtre à de petits groupes de termitesReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt., ont causé une différenciation de larves et de pseudergates en présoldats et/ou intermédiaires pseudergate-soldat. A la différence du rapport de 1 soldat à 100–300 autres individus dans des colonies normales, on assiste sous l'effet de la substance testée avec effet d'hormone juvénile à l'apparition d'un grand nombre de soldats en surplus, dont le nombre peut même dépasser celui des autres individus. Le trouble de l'équilibre entre les castes conduit à un taux de mortalité supérieur des termites.
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study of the eggs laid by workers of the Odontomachus haematodes and lets us see the following facts evidently: 10 The eggs laid by the workers give birth to males. 20 The quantity of eggs laid by the queenless workers depends on the number of workers in the colony. a) The laying of workers, put into the presence of one or several queens, is not under the queens control when we have the two followings conditions: - a number of workers more important than 50 for one queen; - an important vital space. b) In all the other cases, the worker laying is under the dependence of a real pherormone, at least in a partial way. Nevertheless, whatever the methods used (nests with a draught through them, result obtained with royal extracts) we never succeeded to obtain, by experience, a total inhibition of the workers laying. c) Subsequently, we think that the queens prevent the worker's laying beçause of: - a pherormone the effect of which delaye the laying action; - sensorial stimuli whose inhibiting effect is very powerful.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude de la ponte des ouvrières de la Fourmi d'Odontomachus haematodes nous a permis de mettre en évidence les faits suivants: 10 Les \oeufs pondus par les ouvri\`eres donnent naissance \`a des m\^ales. 20 La quantit\'e d'\oeufs pondus par les ouvri\`eres orphelines est fonction du nombre d'ouvri\`eres de la colonie. a) La ponte d'ouvrières, mises en présence d'une ou de plusieurs reines, échappe au contrôle des reines lorsque les deux conditions suivantes sont réunies: - un effectif en ouvrières supérieur à 50 pour une reine; - un espace vital important. b) Dans tous les autres cas, la ponte des ouvrières est sous la dépendance, au moins partielle, d'une véritable phérormone. Cependant quelles que soient les méthodes utilisées (nids à «courant d'air», action d'extraits royaux, etc.) nous n'avons jamais obtenu, expérimentalement, une inhibition totale de la ponte des ouvrières. c) Nous pensons, par conséquent, que les reines inhibent la ponte des ouvrières grâce à: - une phérormone qui exerce une action retardatrice; - des stimuli sensoriels.
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    Insectes sociaux 19 (1972), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This communication gives the first observations made on the origin of colonies of the african Driver Ants (subgenusAnomma). - The colonies ofAnomma never possess more than one functional Queen. - A colony deprived of its functional Queen does not form a substitution Queen, nor does it adopt an alien Queen. It dies with the death of the last workers, on an average 27 days after the Queen last laid. - The removal of the Queen does not change the activities of the colony (expeditions, excavations, exodi) other than indirectly by the progressive extinction of the population. - This method of removing the Queen permitted a more precise study of the different phases of development of the workers and males. The average egg-imago period is 38 days for workers and 58 days for males. The life of the adults is respectively 27 and 10 days. - By the same method it was established that the workers lay eggs. Their eggs give males but do not develop far. - The division of a colony and the formation of a new Queen are connected with the presence of a male brood at the nymphal stage. Yet it follows neither that each male brood necessarily produces a division, nor that each division implies a foundation. There must also be present in the population both a young Queen and the trophallactic stimuli needed for an exodus. - The males ofAnomma and the foundation of new colonies are produced during the whole year, but at a marked higher frequency during the last third of the dry season. This fact is related causally to specially difficult climatic conditions of the dry season which considerably reduce the chances of fertilisation of the Queen. - The facts gathered allow the origin of a young Queen and the process of foundation to be seen as follows: • A male brood, always much less in number than a worker brood, enjoys a regime of overalimentation. An egg, still belonging to the fertilized series, that evolves in these privileged conditions gives, not a worker, but a Queen. • This Queen (there may be several) hatches at the moment of nymphosis of the males plus minus two weeks befor these will hatch. With the male nymphs, she polarizes a large part of the population which progressively separates itself from the rest, polarized around the functional Queen. The latter brings about an exodus as soon as the conditions of the brood are adequate (large scale hatching of workers) and leaves in the old nest the workers collected around the new Queen and the male brood. The male nymphs hatch and fly away. The young Queen once fertilized, takes up the position of new functional Queen.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Diese Veröffentlichung teilt die ersten Ergebnisse über den Ursprung der Kolonien der afrikanischen Treiberameisen (SubgenusAnomma) mit. - Die Kolonien derAnomma besitzen niemals mehr als eine funktionelle Königin. - Eine Kolonie die ihrer funktionelle Königin beraubt ist, bildet keine Erzatzkönigin, nimmt keine fremde Königin an. Sie erlischt mit dem Tod ihrer letzten Arbeiterinnen (im Durchschnitt 27 Tage nach der letzten Eiablage der Königin). - Das Wegnehmen der Königin verändert die Tätigkeiten (Jagdkolonnen, Grabarbeiten, Auszüge) nur indirekt durch das progressive Aussterben der Arbeiterinnen. - Die Methode, die lebende Königin herauszunehmen, hat uns erlaubt, mit grösserer Genauigkeit als bisher die verschiedenen Phasen der Entwicklung der Arbeiterinnen und der Männchen zu studieren. Die mittlere Dauer der Entwicklung vom Ei zur Imago beträgt 38 Tage für die Arbeiterinnen und 58 für die Männchen. Das aktieve Leben beträgt resp. 27 und 10 Tage. - Auf die gleiche Weise konnten wir die Eiablage der Arbeiterinnen feststellen. Die Eier der Arbeiterinnen ergeben Männchen, aber entwicklen nicht sehr weit. - Die Teilung einer Kolonie und die Bildung einer neuen Königin sind an die Anwesenheit von männlicher Brut im Nymphenstadium gebunden. Indessen bedingt nicht jede männliche Brut notwendig eine Teilung und auch nicht jede Teilung eine Neugründung. Es müssen ausserdem in dem Volk die trophallaktischen Stimuli vorhanden sein, die für einen Auszug nötig sind, ebenso die Anwesenheit einer jungen Königin. - Bei denAnomma entstehen Männchen und Neugründungen während des ganzen Jahres, aber in erheblich grösserer Anzahl während der letzten Drittel der trockenen Jahreszeit. Diese Tatsache ist in ursächliche Beziehung mit den ausserordentlich schwierigen klimatischen Bedingungen der trockenen Jahreszeit zu bringen, die die Möglichkeiten einer Befruchtung der Königin merklich herabsetzen. - Die Tatsachen, über die wir bis heute verfügen, erlauben uns, das Entstehen junger Königinnen und den Hergang einer Neugründung wie folgt zu skissieren: • Die männliche Brut, die zahlenmässig immer viel kleiner ist als die der Arbeiterinnen, erhält weit mehr Futter. Ein Ei von den schon befruchteten Serie, das sich unter diesen bevorzugten Bedingungen entwicklen kann, ergibt keine Arbeiterin, sondern eine Königin. • Diese Königin (oder mehrere) schlüpft zu der Zeit, zu der die Männchen sich verpuppen, etwa 14 Tage bevor diese schlüpfen. Um die neue Königin und die männlichen Puppen sammelt sich ein grosser Teil des Volkes, der sich allmählich von dem Rest, der um die funktionelle Königin gesammelt ist, absondert. Die alte Königin macht einen Auszug, sobald die Bedingungen ihrer Brut entsprechend sind (massives schlüpfen von Arbeiterinnen) und lässt die Arbeiterinnen, die um die neue Königin und die männliche Brut gesammelt sind, im alten Nest zurück. Die männlichen Puppen schlüpfen und schwärmen. Die neue Königin wird befruchtet und beginnt ihre Tätigkeit als neue funktionelle Königin.
    Notes: Résumé Cette publication communique les premiers résultats connus sur l'origine des sociétés des Fourmis voyageuses africaines du sous-genreAnomma. - Les populations d'Anomma ne possèdent jamais plus d'une reine fonctionnelle. - Une colonie privée de sa reine fonctionnelle ne forme pas une reine de substitution, n'adopte pas une reine étrangère. Elle s'éteint avec la mort de ses dernières ouvrières, en moyenne 27 jours après la dernière ponte de la reine. - La suppression d'une reine n'altère les activités (colonnes de chasse, terrassements, exodes) qu'indirectement, par l'extinction progressive de la population. - La méthode de la suppression de la reine vivante nous a permis d'étudier avec plus de précision les différentes phases du développement des ouvrières et des mâles. La durée moyenne œuf-imago est de 38 jours pour les ouvrières et de 58 jours pour les mâles. La vie moyenne adulte est respectivement de 27 et 10 jours. - Nous avons pu établir le fait de la ponte des ouvrières. Ces œufs donnent des larves mâles qui ne se développent pas très loin. - La scission d'une colonie et la formation d'une nouvelle reine sont liées à la présence d'un couvain mâle au stade nymphal. Toutefois, chaque couvain mâle n'occasionne pas nécessairement une scission et chaque scission n'implique pas une fondation. Il faut qu'en outre soient réalisées dans la population les stimuli trophallactiques requis pour un exode et la présence d'une jeune reine. - ChezAnomma, les mâles et les fondations se produisent durant toute l'année, mais avec une fréquence nettement supérieure pendant le dernier tiers de la saison sèche. Ce fait est en rapport avec les mauvaises conditions climatiques de la saison sèche. - L'origine des jeunes reines et les fondations se déroulent très probablement comme suit: • Un couvain mâle numériquement très inférieur à un couvain ouvrier, jouit d'un régime de suralimentation. Un œuf de la série encore fécondée évoluant dans ces conditions privilégiées, donnera, non pas une ouvrière, mais une reine. • Cette reine (ou éventuellement plusieurs) éclot au moment de la nymphose des mâles, une quinzaine de jours avant l'éclosion de ceux-ci. Avec les nymphes mâles elle polarise une partie de la population qui progressivement se détache du reste, polarisé autour de la reine fonctionnelle. Celle-ci effectue un exode dès que les conditions de son couvain sont déterminantes (éclosion massive d'ouvrières) et laisse dans l'ancien nid les ouvrières centrées autour de la nouvelle reine et du couvain mâle. Les nymphes mâles éclosent et essaiment. La jeune reine, fécondée, commence sa course de nouvelle reine fonctionnelle.
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    Insectes sociaux 19 (1972), S. 405-407 
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    Insectes sociaux 19 (1972), S. 369-387 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This work has for subject the study of fecondity of queens of the antPlagiolepis pygmæa. This fecondity is chiefly regulated by workers as can be established when their number or the conditions of feeding are changes. The experimental variations of physical factors such as temperature, duration of hibernation, effect of CO2, are felt by the queens and their laying is disturbed; it has been shown that, in these latter cases the effect of the factors under consideration passes mainly through the workers by changing their physiological possibilities. The fecondity of the queens is a faithful reflection of the physiological conditions of the workers.
    Notes: Résumé Ce travail a pour objet l'étude de fécondité des reines de la FourmiPlagiolepis pygmæa. Cette fécondité est pour ne grande part contrÓlée par les ouvrières, ainsi qu'on poeut le constater en faisant varier leur nombre, ou les conditions de leur alimentation. Les variations expérimentales de facteurs physiques tels que température, durée de l'hibernation, action du gaz carbonique sont ressenties par les reines dont la ponte est perturbée; nous avons montré que dans ces derniers cas, les facters considérés agissaient en grande paritie par l'intermédiaire des ouvrières dont ils modifient les possibilités physiologiques. La fécondité des reines est un fidèle reflet de l'état ophysiologique des ouvrières.
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    Insectes sociaux 19 (1972), S. 301-342 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The compulsory dulotic ant speciesPolyergus rufescens L. (P. r.) is being compared with the only facultative social-parasiticRaptiformica sanguinea Latr. (R. s.) with regard to their histology. Some of the glands ofP. r. show degenerations. Epinotal Glands are missing at all, Labial Glands are reduced, Propharyngeal glands (Maxillar Gl.) have fewer single cells than those ofR. s. Mandibular and Postpharyngeal (Pharyngeal) Glands show no reductions. The Maxillar Glands («Tongue Glands» according toOtto, 1958) are exactly described and illustrated. Those ofP. r. have more single cells than those ofR. s. Single gland cells are found scattered near the cuticula, especially at membranes of joints. The «Nebendrüsen» according toForel (glands beside the poison bladder) show enormous age-conditioned variations, which are interpreted as a transitional stage of a phase of secretion and a hoarding phase. the measures concerning the surface of the Corpora pedunculata ofR. s., which are considered as especially effectful association-centers, are only a bit larger than those ofP. r. There could not be found any symptom of degeneration of brain. In aR. s.-♀, just hatched, kidney-shaped organs were found in a state of histological reduction. These are supposed to be incretoric Prothoracal Glands. An examination of the antennae sense-organs stated no essential deficiency ofP. r. In the male genital organs the little examined ductus ejaculatorius with the close wedge («Sperrkeil») is described and illustrated as well as the penis-bladder. The development-cyclus of the ♀-ovarioles according toWeyer (1927) inFormica rufa is also found inR. s., but inP. r. only in an attenuated way. In the nuclear chromatine of the most organs an increasing formation of compact chromocentres in the progress of age is stated. This tendency is at any time more distinct inR. s., even in old individuals. According toWhite (1943, 1945)P. r. is microheterochromatic andR. s. megaheterochromatic. Relations between social parasitism and histology of the present ant species are discussed.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die obligatorisch dulotische AmeisenartPolyergus rufescens Latr. (P. r.) wird histologisch verglichen mit der nur fakultativ sozial-parasitischenRaptiformica sanguinea Latr. (R. s.). In den Rectalpapillen beider Arten findet sich zwischen Innen- und Aussenschicht eine Zone mit Granulae, die auf Plasmafäden aufgereiht sind. Ein Teil der Drüsen vonP. r. weist Degenerationen auf: Epinotaldrüsen (alte Bezeichnung: Metathorakaldrüsen) fehlen ganz, die Labialdrüsen sind weitgehend reduziert, die Propharynxdrüsen (Maxillardrüsen) haben weniger Einzelzellen als die vonR. s. Mandibel- und Postpharynxdrüsen (Pharyngealdrüsen) zeigen keine Reduktionen. Die Maxillendrüsen («Zungendrüsen» nachOtto, 1958) werden genau beschrieben und abgebildet. Ihre Einzelzellen sind beiP. r. zahlreicher als beiR. s. Einzelne Drüsenzellen kommen nahe der Cuticula verstreut vor, besonders bei Gelenkmembranen. Die Nebendrüsen beider Arten zeigen einschneidende altersmässige Veränderungen, die als Uebergang der sezernierenden Phase in eine speichernde angesehen werden. In den Oberflächenabmessungen der Corpora pedunculata, die als besonders leistungsfähige Assoziationszentren angesehen werden, istR. s. nur wenig überlegen. Von einer Degeneration beiP. r. kann diesbezüglich keine Rede sein. Bei einem soeben geschlüpftenR.s.-♀ wurden im Prothorax nierenförmige Organe gefunden, die einen histologischen Abbau zeigten; es handelt sich vermutlich um die inkretorisch wirksamen Prothorakaldrüsen. Eine Ueberprüfung der Fühlersinnesorgane ergab keine wesentliche Unterlegenheit vonP. r. gegenüberR. s. Bei den Geschlechtsorganen der ♂♂ wurde vor allem der noch wenig untersuchte Ductus ejaculatorius mit Sperrkeil sowie die Penisblase beschrieben und abgebildet. Der Entwicklungszyklus der ♀-Ovariolen nachWeyer (1927) beiFormica rufa liegt auch beiR. s. vor, tritt bei ♀ jedoch nur in abgeschwächter form auf. Im Kernchromatin der meisten Organe lässt sich eine zunehmende Bildung von Sammelchromozentren bei fortschreitendem Alter feststellen.R. s. hat dabei vom Schlüpfen an einen «Vorsprung», der auch bei älteren Tieren bestehen bleibt. Nach der Terminologie vonWhite (1943, 1945) istP. r. als mikroheterochromatisch,R. s. als megaheterochromatisch zu bezeichnen. Mögliche und wahrscheinliche Beziehungen zwischen Sozialparasitismus und Histologie der untersuchten Arten werden erörtert. Ausserdem werden die neuen histologischen Befunde diskutiert.
    Notes: Résumé La fourmi dulotique obligatoirePolyergus rufescens (P. r.) est comparée histologiquement avec laRaptiformica sanguinea Latr. (R. s.) seulement facultativement social-parasitique. Dans les papilles rectales des deux espèces se trouve une zone avec Granulae, rangée sur fils de plasma. Une part des glandes deP. r. montre une dégénérescence: les glandes épinotales (glandes métathoraciques) manquent totalement, les glandes labiales sont diminuées largement, les glandes propharyngeales (gl. maxillaires) ont moins de cellules isolées que celles desR. s., les glandes mandibulaires et postpharyngeales (pharyngeales) ne montrent pas des dégénérescences. Les glandes maxillaires («glandes linguales», conformément àOtto, 1958) sont exactement décrites et illustrées. Leurs cellules isolées deP. r. sont plus nombreuses, comme celles deR. s. Quelques cellules glandulaires se trouvent dispersées près de la cuticule, spécialement près de la membrane articulée. Les glandes supplémentaires des deux espèces montrent des variations énormes dépendant de l'âge, qui sont regardées comme une transition de la phase de la sécrétion à une phase d'emmagasinage. En ce qui concerne les mesures de surface des corpora pedunculata qui sont regardés comme des centres particulièrement efficaces,R. s. est seulement un peu surclassée. On ne peut pas parler d'une dégénérescence deP. r. à cet égard. On a trouvé des organes en forme de reins dans le Prothorax desR. s.-♀ écloses à l'instant. Ces organes montraient une dégradation histologique. Il s'agit probablement de glandes prothoraciques de sécrétion intérieure. Après examen des organes sensoriels des antennes on ne trouvait pas une infériorité essentielle deP. r. en comparaison deR. s. Dans les organes génitaux des ♂♂, le Ductus éjaculatorius avec le dispositif d'accrochage peu connu ainsi que la bulle du pénis sont décrits et illustrés avant tout. Le cycle d'évolution des ♀ ovarioles, conformément àWeyer (1927) (Formica rufa), est aussi visible auprès deR. s., mais il se montre dans une forme diminuée seulement auprès des ♀. Dans le noyau chromatique de la plupart des organes on peut voir un développement montant des chromo-centres collectifs durant le vieillissement. Dans ce cas,R. s. a une avance à partir de l'éclosion, qui reste aussi chez les animaux plus âgés. Conformément à la terminologie deWhite (1943, 1945),P. r. est désignée comme microhétérochromatique etR. s. comme mégahétérochromatique. Des relations possibles et probables entre le parasitisme social et l'histologie des espèces étudiées sont discutées; en outre, les nouvelles constatations histologiques sont discutées.
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Colonies ofHodotermes, Microhodotermes andAnacanthotermes have major and minor workers. InHodotermes, these develop independently from different larval stages; minor workers do not transform to major workers. For each major worker there are approximately 3.7 minor workers, and the actual sizes of the two worker castes can differ greatly from colony to colony. The first pigmented worker of incipient colonies is a minor worker of the 4th instar, but in more mature colonies the instars of the workers are later and variable. Large larvae, which can produce large workers, and small larvae with patchy pigmentation, which can produce minor workers, can also undergo stationary moults.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kolonien vonHodotermes, Microhodotermes undAnacanthotermes, enthalten grosse und kleine Arbeiter. Im Falle vonHodotermes entwickeln sie sich unabhängig aus verschiedenen Larvenstadien; kleinere Arbeiter wandeln sich nicht in grössere um. Auf einen grossen Arbeiter entfallen etwa 3,7 kleine Arbeiter. Der tatsächliche Umfang der beiden Arbeiterkasten kann sehr von Kolonie zu Kolonie schwanken. Der erste pigmentierte Arbeiter in jungen Kolonien ist ein kleiner Arbeiter im 4. Larvenstadium, aber in älteren Kolonien setzen sich die Arbeiter aus älteren Larven mit unterschiedlicher Zahl von Häutungen zusammen. Grosse Larven, aus denen sich grosse Arbeiter entwickeln können, und kleine Larven mit fleckiger Pigmentierung, die sich zu kleinen Arbeitern differenzieren können, können auch stationäre Häutungen durchmachen.
    Notes: Résumé Les colonies deHodotermes, Microhodotermes et d'Anacanthotermes possèdent des grands et des petits ouvriers. ChezHodotermes, ceux-ci se développent indépendamment à partir de différents stades larvaires; les petits ouvriers ne se transforment pas en grands ouvriers. A chaque grand ouvrier correspond approximativement 3,7 petits ouvriers, et la taille réelle de ces deux castes d'ouvriers peut différer de façon importante d'une colonie à une autre. Le premier ouvrier pigmenté des colonies jeunes est un petit ouvrier du 4e stade, mais dans les, colonies plus âgées, les stades des ouvriers sont plus tardifs et variables. Les grosses larves pouvant produire de grands ouvriers, et les petites, avec des taches de pigmentation, des petits ouvriers, peuvent également subir des mues stationnaires.
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 71-85 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Most works upon Termites hygrotactic reactions studied the effect of air humidity; this paper deals with water into the substrate as an attractive factor in Saintonge Termite. When water is presented to termites into plaster bars following a continuous pattern, no hygropreferendum gradient can be detected; termites seek to cluster in maximal humidity zone. The reaction is faster at higher temperature. When water is presented following a discontinuous pattern (separate plaster bars) termites prefer always maximum humidity. They are very able to discriminate humidities slightly different only. They avoid saturation hygrometry when a slightly inferior humidity is presented close to. This hygropreferendum is as clearly seen in the case of neutral substrates (plaster) than in the case of attractive ones (pieces of wood). Termites number play an important role in hygrotactic reaction. An isolated worker can choose maximal hygrometry but the more the Termites group is big, the more hygrotactic reaction is intense. It is more intense when water is into the substrate than into the air. Termites do not go directly towards wet zones, but try first all the possibilities following a chance schedule.
    Notes: Résumé Alors que la plupart des travaux sur la réaction hygrotaxique des Termites ont étudié l'effet de l'humidité de l'air, le présent travail est consacré à l'étude de l'eau du substrat, comme facteur attractif chez le Termite de Saintonge. Quand l'eau est présentée aux Termites sur des barres de plâtre en quantité croissante continue, aucun gradient pour l'hygropreferendum n'est mis en évidence: les Termites tendent à se grouper dans la zone d'humidité maximale. La réaction est plus rapide à température plus élevée. Quand l'eau est répartie de façon discontinue sur des morceaux de plâtre, les Termites manifestent toujours une préférence pour l'humidité maximale. Les Termites peuvent très bien discriminer des humidités peu différentes entre elles. Ils évitent de se fixer à l'humidité la plus grande lorsqu'on leur présente à proximité une humidité légèrement inférieure à cette dernière. Cet hygropreferendum est aussi bien marqué pour les substrats neutres (plâtre) que pour les bois attractifs. Le nombre de Termites joue un rôle important dans la réaction hygrotaxique. Un termite isolé peut choisir l'humidité maximale, mais plus le groupe est important plus la réaction hygrotaxique est intense. La réaction hygrotaxique est plus intense si l'eau est présentée sur le substrat que si elle parvient par l'atmosphère. Les Termites ne vont pas directement dans les zones humides mais essaient, avant, toutes les possibilités offertes.
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The analysis of the heart beat frequency variations induced by several stimuli in gregarious and solitarious adults of the Migratory Locust demonstrates: 1o The heart rate is significantly higher in animals exposed 80 mn to light (4,500 lux) than in Locusts kept in darkness. 2o Lighting induces, in dark adapted insects, a bradycardy with low light (45 lux) and a tachycardy with a higher intensity (4,500 lux). 3o In solitarious, when the light is switch off it appears a discrete tachycardy for all intensities; in the gregarious the reaction varies with light intensity. 4o Change in a continous air current without odor causes a bradycardy, at least in solitarious, but, when the odor of the some phase Locusts is added to the air current, it induces a very light tachycardy. 5o Comparison of the two phases data makes clear that the heart rate is higher and the cardiac reactivity to external stimulations is stronger in solitarious than in gregarious:a) deeper variations to light,b) shorter latency and higher heart responses to light and other stimulations,c) lower activation thresholds. 6o The results interpretation takes in account the nervous and endocrine regulation heart in Insects. 7o The problem of the biological significance of these heart responses is discussed: it could be one of the vegetative components of a «suprise reaction» possibly modulated by the significant value of the stimulus.
    Notes: Résumé L'analyse des variations de la fréquence cardiaque en réponse à diverses stimulations, chez des adultes grégaires et solitaires du Criquet migrateur, montre que: 1o Des criquets soumis à un éclairement prolongé assez intense (4 500 lux) présentent une fréquence cardiaque significativement plus élevée qu'à l'obscurité. 2o L'allumage d'une lampe entraîne, chez les insectes préalablement adaptés à l'obscurité, une variation de la fréquence cardiaque dont le sens dépend de l'intensité lumineuse (entre 45 et 4 500 lux). 3o La cessation de cette stimulation lumineuse induit chez les solitaires une légère tachycardie à tous les éclairements; chez les grégaires, au contraire, la réponse à l'extinction de la lumière varie en fonction de l'intensité. 4o Chez les solitaires tout au moins, l'arrêt momentané d'un faible courant d'air atteignant l'animal en permanence s'accompagne d'une bradycardie. Par ailleurs, l'odeur des congénères (appartenant à la même phase), quand elle s'ajoute au courant d'air, entraîne une très légère tachycardie. 5o La comparaison des résultats obtenus sur les animaux des deux phases montre que la fréquence cardiaque est plus élevée chez les solitaires que chez les grégaires. Les solitaires possèdent également une réactivité cardiaque plus importante aux stimulus externes, comme l'indiquent:a) une influence plus marquée des variations de l'éclairement ambiant,b) une latence plus brève et une ampleur généralement plus grande des réactions cardiaques à la lumière et à d'autres stimulus,c) l'existence de seuils d'activation plus bas. 6o Les résulats sont discutés en tenant compte des données récentes sur la régulation nerveuse et endocrine du rythme cardiaque chez les Insectes 7o Le problème de la signification biologique de ces réponses cardiaques est évoqué: on pourrait y voir l'une des composantes, végétatives, d'une «réaction de surprise» éventuellement modulée par la valeur signifiante du stimulus.
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 261-265 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We present a probe to take well localized samples out of the nests of the groupFormica rufa.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wir stellen eine Sonde vor zum Nehmen gut lokalisierter Müster aus den Nesthügein der GruppeFormica rufa.
    Notes: Résumé Nous présentons une sonde pour la prise d'échantillons bien localisés dans les nids du groupeFormica rufa.
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 323-331 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les ouvrières deMyrmecia froggatti Forel et deM. varians Mayr présentent un monomorphisme avec une faible variabilité de la taille, tandis que celles deM. simillima montrent un dimorphisme avec une considérable variation de la taille. Les valeurs des coefficients de variabilité calculés pour quatre caractères fournissent une bonne mesure de la variation spécifique de la taille. Les histogrammes de fréquence du rapport longueur/largeur de la tête sont unimodaux pour une colonie deM. froggatti et trois colonies deM. varians et bimodaux pour cinq colonies deM. simillima.
    Notes: Summary Myrmecia froggatti Forel andM. varians Mayr workers show monomorphism with limited size variability, while those ofM. simillima exhibit biphasic monomorphism with considerable size variation. Coefficient of variability values calculated for four characters provided a good measure of species size variation. Frequency histograms of head length against head width were distinetly unimodal in one colony ofM. froggatti and three colonies ofM. varians, and bimodal in the five colonies ofM. simillima.
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 333-342 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié la relation entre les mues larvaies et les mues à soldat dans des groupes de pseudergates formés par différents nombres d'individus: de 2 jusqu'à 25. Dans tous les groupes, il y avait un couple royal et des soldats manquaient continuellement. On a fait deux séries d'expériences: dans une série, le nombre d'insectes décroissait, les pseudergates muées ayant été éloignées; dans l'autre série, le nombre était constant, les animaux morts ou mués ayant été remplacés par des pseudergates marquées. Dans les groupes formés par 2 ou 3 pseudergates, les mues à soldat sont très peu fréquentes; elles atteignent une valuer intermédiaire dans les groupes de 5–12 pseudergates et des valeurs plus élevées dans les groupes de 13–25 individus. Des différences assez nettes et relativement constantes séparent les pourcentages des soldats différenciés dans les trois conditions indiquées. Le nombre des pseudergates joue donc un rôle dans la détermination des soldats, moins important toutefois que celui qui est joué par le couple royal. On discute la possibilité que les pseudergates exercent leur influence stimulatrice par l'intermédiaire du couple royal ou directement sur les individus de leur même stade.
    Abstract: Riassunto E' stato studiato il rapporto tra mute larvali e mute a soldato in gruppi di pseudergati costituiti con numeri diversi di esemplari: da 2 fino a 25. Tutti i gruppi comprendevano una coppia di reali e mancavano continuamente di soldati. Nei gruppi formati con 2 o 3 pseudergati, le mute a soldato avvengono con frequenze assai basse; hanno valori intermedi nei gruppi di 5–12 pseudergati e più elevati in quelli di 13–25 esemplari. Differenze abbastanza nette e relativamente costanti separano le percentuali di soldati differenziati nelle tre condizioni indicate. Il numero delle pseudergati ha dunque un ruolo nella determinazione dei soldati, seppure molto minore rispetto a quello svolto dai reali. Viene discussa la possibilità che le pseudergati esercitino la loro azione stimolatrice tramite la coppia reale, o direttamente sulle compagne di gruppo.
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of pseudergates into soldiers was investigated in soldierless experimental groups formed by a royal pair of supplementary reproductives and by different numbers of pseudergates in a range from 2 to 25. Two series of experiments were carried out: one with decreasing numbers of insects per group, since the moulted pseudergates were removed by each group, the other with a constant number, since the moulted or dead insects were replaced with marked pseudergates. Frequences of moults into soldiers were very low in small groups (2–3 pseudergates); they were intermediate in groups of 5 to 12 pseudergates, and were higher in the largher groups of 13 to 25 pseudergates. Thus, the moults into soldiers appear to by influenced by the number of pseudergates; therefore these play a role in stimulating the differentiation into soldiers, althrough at a much lower degree than the royal pair. The effect of pseudergates, direct or indirect, is discussed.
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 391-393 
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während des Jahres 1972 wurden Kolonien vonNasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) in der Nähe von Canberra, Australien, beobachtet. Dabei fanden sich in jedem untersuchten Hügel neben dem Geschlechtstierpaar, allen Stadien grosser und kleiner Arbeiter und den üblichen Nasuti-Soldaten stets auch einige Soldaten von nicht «normalem» Typ, wie sie zum ersten Mal vonHill 1946 erwähnt wurden. «Normale» Soldaten sind klein und leiten sich von kleinen Arbeitern ab; «abnormale» sind grösser, tragen verkürzte, nach unten gerichtete Rostren und stammen von grossen Arbeitern. Beobachtungen im Feld und im Labor zeigten bemerkenswert verschiedenes Verhalten der kleinen (SS) und der grossen (LS) Soldaten. Wenn im Feld Löcher in eine Nestoberfläche geschlagen wurden, fanden sich unter den zur Verteidigung zusammenlaufenden Soldaten nur selten LS. Dies galt sogar für ein aberrantes Nest, in dem die LS mehr als 80 % der Soldaten-Population ausmachten. Andrerseits fanden sich LS in weitaus grösserer Anzahl in nahrungssuchenden Gruppen (12.4 % der nahrungssuchenden Soldaten gegenüber weniger als 2 % der Soldaten der gesamten Kolonie). Die Funktion der LS bei der Nahrungssuche war jedoch nicht die aktiver Verteidigung. Wenn man nämlich Holzstücke, die solche Gruppen enthielten, aufnahm und abklopfte, waren nur weniger als 2 % der hervorkommenden (und Verteidigungsverhalten zeigenden) Soldaten LS; etwa 56 % der im Holz verborgenbleibenden Soldaten — die herausgeholt werden mussten — waren hingegen LS. Ihr Verhalten glich dem der nahrungssuchenden Arbeiter. Laborversuche brachten ähnliche Ergebnisse: Klopfen und andere Störungen am Ausgang einer kleinen Holzkammer, die die gleiche Anzahl Arbeiter, LS und SS enthielt, veranlassten nur SS zum Herauskommen in Verteidigungsstellung. Bei Störung der Nahrungssucher einer Laborkolonie zogen sich Arbeiter und LS eilig in den schützenden Behälter zurück, während die SS «auf Wache bleiben». Der Vorteil dieser grossen Soldaten für eine Kolonie ist nicht klar ersichtlich. Ihre erhöhte Anzahl bei nahrungssuchenden Gruppen lässt jedoch — jedenfalls für diese wichtige Tätigkeit — einen solchen möglich erscheinen.
    Notes: Summary Colonies ofNasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) near Canberra, Australia were studied during 1972. In addition to the reproductive pair, instars of the large and the small worker lines, and the typical nasutiform soldier, each mound examined also contained at least a few soldiers (first mentioned byHill in 1946) which were not of the usual type. They were larger, had shortened, downwardly deflected rostrums, and were derived from the large instead of from the small worker line. Although both the small soldiers (SS) and the large soldiers (LS) produced and expelled a terpenoid secretion from the cephalic gland, field and laboratory studies showed that they differed markedly in their behavior. In field tests when holes were punched in a mound surface the defending soldiers that congregated at the breach rarely included LS's. This was true even for an aberrant mound in which the LS's comprised over 80 % of the total soldier population. On the other hand, LS's were found in considerably larger numbers in foraging parties (12.4 % of the foraging soldiers, as compared with 〈2 % of the total soldiers composing a colony). The function of LS's in foraging, however, was not aggressively defensive. When pieces of wood containing foragers were isolated from the soil and tapped, less than 2 % of the soldiers that emerged (exhibiting defensive behavior) were LS's. About 56 % of the soldiers that secreted themselves within the wood and had to be extracted were LS's. Their behavior was like that of the foraging workers. Laboratory tests gave similar results. Tapping and other disturbances at an exit hole in a small wooden chamber containing equal numbers of workers, LS's, and SS's caused emergence (and in defensive stance) of SS's only. Disturbance of foragers in a laboratory colony caused workers and LS's to retreat precipitously into the sheltering container, while SS's remained «on guard». The advantage to the colony of the presence of these non-combative soldiers is not clear, but their enhanced numbers in foraging parties implies a usefulness, at least in this important activity.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An apparatus is described which measures the duration of traction byF. polyctena workers of a chain of twigs. Up to a certain point, traction is independent of nest situation, of light and of temperature, but is dependent, up to a point, on environmental cues; it is inhibited when the number of fellow ants is too large and their agitation too great. The concept of reinforcement in the behaviour of social insects is discussed; it appears almost without application in a number of activities of ants and bees.
    Notes: Résumé On décrit un appareil permettant de mesurer la durée de la traction sur une chaînette de brindilles chezF. polyctena. La traction est indépendante, dans une certaine mesure, de la présence du nid, indépendante des stimuli lumineux ou calorifiques, dépendante dans une certaine mesure des repères environnants; elle est inhibée par un trop grand nombre de congénères. On discute à ce propos la notion de renforcement et son peu d'utilité en ce qui concerne beaucoup de traits du comportement des insectes sociaux.
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study of the occurrence of arboreal ants of the genusCrematogaster in the African Umbrella Tree (Musanga cecropioides) in the Lower Ivory Coast shows that the rate of colonisation increases with the tree's age. The only structures which the ants build on, or in, the trees are shelters for mealybugs (whose numbers determine the number of the ants) and gallery nests dug in the extensive pith of the trunk, branches and petioles. Tentative evaluation of the total population ofCrematogaster on a single Umbrella Tree gave estimates of from 125,000 to 197,000 individuals. The pith of the Umbrella Tree seems to provide a substitute habitat for ants which, in dense primary forest, inhabit dead wood. The Umbrella Tree is abundant in young secondary forest and the structure of its pith allows lignicolousCrematogaster to maintain themselves where their normal habitat has disappeared.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude des modes de colonisation du parasolier africain (Musanga cecropioïdes) par des fourmis arboricoles du genreCrematogaster en basse Côte-d'Ivoire forestière met en évidence l'influence prépondérante de l'âge des arbres, d'autant plus colonisés qu'ils sont plus vieux. Le comportement constructeur des fourmis est limité à la construction d'étables pour les cochenilles dont le nombre détermine l'abondance des fourmis sur l'organe infesté, et au creusement de galeries abritant les calies dans l'importante moelle des troncs, branches et pétioles foliaires de l'arbre. Un essai d'évaluation de la population totale deCrematogaster sur un Parasolier adulte montre que l'effectif varie entre 125000 et 197000 individus. Le parasolier semble jouer le rôle d'une niche écologique de remplacement pour ces fourmis habitant les bois morts lors de la destruction de la forêt dense: l'abondance des parasoliers dans le jeune recru forestier et la structure particulière de leur moelle permet auxCrematogaster lignicoles de se maintenir alors que leur habitat normal a disparu.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les ouvrières d'une société deMyrmica rubra sont réparties en catégories d'âge sur la base de leur pigmentation cuticulaire (Cammaerts-Tricot, 1974c, fig. 1). Le présent travail analyse la production de phéromone de piste par des fourmis de teintes différentes ainsi que leur tendance à y répondre. Les dimensions du réservoir de la glande à poison augmentent avec l'âge des fourmis. L'activité des extraits de ces glandes croit quand les ouvrières vieillissent. Chez les plus jeunes individus, nous ne détectons guère de phéromone de piste. Les fourmis peuvent répondre à leur phéromone de piste dès après leur mue imaginale. Cette réaction est d'autant plus nette que lesM. rubra sont plus âgées. Les plus vieilles ouvrières, c'est-à-dire les fourrageuses, peuvent donc émettre de grandes quantités de phéromone de piste et suivre aisément les traces de leurs congénères. Ces deux aptitudes sont certes avantageuses quand un recrutement d'ouvrières vers une proie ou un ennemi survient sur l'aire de récolte d'une société.
    Notes: Summary Trail pheromone production and trail following behaviour of workers ofMyrmica rubra of different age groups, categorized by their cuticular pigmentation, were analysed. The dimensions of the poison gland reservoir increase as workers grow older. No trail pheromone could be detected in callows. Its activity, as measured by the reactions of ants to it, appears and increases as ants grow older, the workers responding to their trail pheromone throughout adult life, although their response becomes increasingly obvious as the ants become older. The oldest ants, the foragers, are thus able to emit the largest amount of trail pheromone and follow more readily their own and congeners' trails. These capabilities help the colony when recruitment to repel an enemy or to exploit a source of food occurs in its foraging area.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Oogenesis was studied in bumblebee workers aged 1–5 days in order to discover which processes are suppressed in queenright colonies and promoted in queenless colonies. Queenless groups were started from 4 newly emerged workers. On the second day of life workers in queenless colonies have larger nuclei in their trophocytes than workers of the same age in queenright colonies; on the third day the first accessoric nuclei appear in the terminate oocytes and the length of the oocytes begins to increase rapidly. The RNA metabolism in trophocytes was studied by autoradiography. After the first day workers without a queen have a higher rate of synthesis and transport. The rate of RNA synthesis is five times higher than in workers in queenright colonies; in the latter RNA synthesis begins to decrease on the first day. Beginning on the third day, a higher protein synthesis was detected in the terminate oocytes autoradiographically. In contrast, separation of ovarian soluble proteins by disc electrophoresis indicated that, already on the first day, workers in queenless colonies have a greater protein content in their ovary than workers in queenright colonies. Already on the first day the yolk proteins are present in a higher concentration in the hemolymph of workers in queenless groups than in queenright groups. The results show that in queenright colonies the processes of oogenesis are not suppressed completely but are continuing on a lower level. During the first five days no yolk is deposited in the oocytes. Immediately after their emergence, the workers perceive the presence or absence of the queen and correspondingly, already on the first day, regulation of the synthetic processes of oogenesis takes place. These results are discussed in view of the endocrine control of oocyte development.
    Abstract: Résumé L'ovogenèse d'ouvrières de BourdonsB. terrestris âgées de 1 à 5 jours a été étudiée pour découvrir les processus qui sont inhibés en présence de la reine et ceux qui sont provoqués par son absence. Le second jour de vie imaginale, les ouvrières orphelines possèdent dans les trophocytes des nucléoles plus grands que les ouvrières en présence d'une reine. Le troisième jour, des nucléoles accessoires apparaissent dans leurs ovocytes, dont la taille commence à augmenter rapidement. Le métabolisme de l'ARN a été étudié par autoradiographie. Les ouvrières orphelines ont, dès le deuxième jour, une synthèse et un transport d'ARN plus élevés dans leurs cellules nourricières. La synthèse d'ARN est cinq fois plus élevée que chez les ouvrières des sociétés avec une reine. Chez celles-ci, la synthèse d'ARN décroît dès le premier jour. C'est à partir du troisième jour que, par autoradiographie, on met en évidence une augmentation de la synthèse des protéines dans les ovocytes distaux des ouvrières orphelines. En revanche, la séparation des protéines ovariennes solubles par disc-électrophorèse montre que, dès le premier jour, ces ouvrières ont un taux de protéines plus élevé dans leurs ovaires que celles des colonies avec reine. Dans l'hémolymphe des ouvrières orphelines, la concentration des protéines destinées à la construction des ovocytes est déjà plus élevée au premier jour de la vie imaginale. Ces résultats montrent que, dans les colonies avec reine, l'ovogenèse n'est pas complètement inhibée par celle-ci, mais elle est très réduite. Le vitellus n'apparaît pas dans les ovocytes pendant les cinq premiers jours. Aussitôt après l'éclosion imaginale, les ouvrières perçoivent la présence ou l'absence de la reine et, dès le premier jour, régulent en conséquence les synthèses nécessaires au développement des ovocytes, dans leur corps gras et leurs ovaires. Le contrôle endocrinien de l'ovogenèse est discuté à la lumière de ces résultats.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 1 bis 5 Tage alten Arbeiterinnen der HummelartB. terrestris wurde die Oogenese untersucht, um zu klären, welche Vorgänge bei der Eibildung im weiselrichtigen Zustand des Volkes gedrosselt sind und im weisellosen Zustand gefördert werden. Weisellose Gruppen wurden aus je 4 frischgeschlüpften Arbeiterinnen gebildet. Am 2. Lebenstag besitzen weisellose Arbeiterinnen größere Nährzellkerne als gleichaltrige weiselrichtige Arbeiterinnen, am. 3. Tag treten bei ihnen in den Oocyten akzessorische Kerne auf und es setzt starkes Längenwachstum ein. Der RNS-Stoffwechsel in den Nährzellen wurde autoradiographisch untersucht. Weisellose Arbeiterinnen besitzen vom 2. Tag an einen erhöhten RNS-Umsatz. Die RNS-Synthese ist ca. 5mal höher als bei weiselrichtigen Arbeiterinnen, bei denen die RNS-Synthese vom 1. Tage an abnimmt. Erst am 3. Tag ließ sich in den endständigen Oocyten weiselloser Arbeiterinnen autoradiographisch eine verstärkte Eiweißsynthese nachweisen. Dagegen zeigte die diskelektrophoretische Auftrennung der löslichen Ovarproteine, daß weisellose Arbeiterinnen bereits am 1. Lebenstag einen höheren Proteingehalt im Ovar besitzen als weiselrichtige Arbeiterinnen. In der Haemolymphe weiselloser Arbeiterinnen sind die dotterpflichtigen Protein-fraktionen bereits am 1. Lebenstag in höherer Konzentration vorhanden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Synthesen für die Eibildung im weiselrichtigen Zustand nicht völlig unterdrückt sind, sondern auf einem niedrigen Niveau ablaufen, wobei es aber in den ersten 5 Lebenstagen nicht zur Dotterbildung kommt. Gleich nach dem Schlüpfen registrieren die Arbeiterinnen den weiselrichtigen oder weisellosen Zustand des Volkes und regulieren dementsprechend die Synthesen für die Eibildung im Fettkörper und im Ovar bereits am 1. Tag. Diese Befunde werden im Hinblick auf die hormonelle Steuerung der Eireifung diskutiert.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. In field populations ofHarpagoxenus sublaevis, about 10% of all colonies are young colonies in the 1st and 10% in the 2nd year after mating of the queen. Thus the average lifetime of aHarpagoxenus society can be estimated to be approximately 10 years. 2. Fertilized young ♀♀ try to penetrate into a host nest 2 to 10 days after mating. They use their mandibles to dismember the host . Some evidence exists that theHarpagoxenus ♀ simultaneously uses a pheromone from its Dufour's gland as an offensive weapon. Very young host are not always killed, but often serve as first slaves. 3. Harpagoxenus ♀♀ show certain elements of brood care for the host larvae and pupae they have appropriated as well as for their own eggs. From the host larvae on the other hand they get a lot of food. Some of the host larvae develop into workers in the same year, while others become ♀♀, and ♂♂ in the following year. 4. Monogyny ofHarpagoxenus societies is strongly secured during colony foundation by aggressive interactions between young queens even when they are sisters. In older coloniesHarpagoxenus drive out young queens. 5. Egg laying byHarpagoxenus queens begins 8 to 47 days (19.7 days in the average) after mating. The first brood consists of about 20 eggs. Differences between dealated and ergatoid females could not be observed. 6. Field colony foundations after their first hibernation yielded 3.5Harpagoxenus- in the average. Yet more than a half of the colonies produced the first only after a second hibernation. Colonies founded in the laboratory brought up in the first brood 8.3Harpagoxenus on the average and a maximum of 24. No differences could be found between dealated and ergatoid queens in this respect. 7. Further development of laboratory colonies is at least partially dependent on the supply of host pupae in each brood period. For the production of 2,642Harpagoxenus , ♀♀ and ♂♂ altogether 4,379 host pupae were needed, a ratio of 1.66 slaves per 1Harpagoxenus. 8. Alate females or sexually active ergatomorphs are regularly produced in the 2nd brood.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. In Freilandpopulationen vonHarpagoxenus sublaevis sind je rund 10% der V\:olker Koloniegr\:undungen im 1. bzw. 2. Jahr nach Begattung der K\:onigin. Die durch-schnittliche Lebensdauer einesHarpagoxenus- Volkes wird daher auf ca. 10 Jahre gesch\:atzt. 2. Begattete Jungweibchen versuchen 2 bis 10 Tage nach der Kopula in ein Wirtsnest einzudringen. Im Kampf gegen die des Nestes werden diesen die Extremit\:aten mittels der Mandibeln abgetrennt. Hinweise auf ein gleichzeitig vomHarpagoxenus-\pF als Offensivwaffe eingesetztes Pheromon aus der Dufourdr\:use sind gegeben. Sehr junge Wirts- werden nicht immer get\:otet, sondern h\:aufig als erste Sklaven benutzt. 3. Harpagoxenus-\pF\pF zeigen gewisse Elemente der Brutpflege gegen\:uber den \:ubernommenen Wirtslarven,-puppen und eigenen Eiern. Sie erhalten jedoch von den Wirtslarven auch erhebliche Mengen an Nahrung. Ein Teil der Wirtslarven entwickelt sich noch im gleichen, wenige andere im folgenden Jahr zu Wirts-♀♀,- und -♂♂. 4. Die Monogynie derHarpagoxenus-V\:olker wird schon in der Koloniegr\:undungsphase streng gesichert durch das Kampfverhalten junger Weibchen gegeneinander, das auch gegen Geschwister voll wirksam wird. In alten V\:olkern vertreiben auchHarpagoxenus- junge ♀♀. 3. Die Eiablage derHarpagoxenus-K\:onigin beginnt zwischen 8 und 47 Tage, im Mittel 19,7 Tage, nach der Begattung. Das erste Gelege umfaßt ca. 20 Eier. Unterschiede zwischen Vollweibchen und ergatoiden ♀♀ konnten dabei nicht beobachtet werden. 6. Freilandkoloniegr\:undungen zogen nach der 1. Ueberwinterung im Mittel 3,5Harpagoxenus- auf, \:uber die H\:alfte der V\:olker brachte erst nach einer zweiten Ueberwinterung die ersten auf. Laborkoloniegr\:undungen produzierten in der ersten Brut im Mittel 8,3Harpagoxenus- , im Maximum bis 24. Vollweibchen und ergatoide \pF\pF unterschieden sich darin nicht. 7. Die weitere Entwicklung der Laborv\:olker ist ziemlich abh\:angig von der Zufuhr von Wirtspuppen in jeder Brutperiode. Insgesamt wurden f\:ur die Produktion von 2 642Harpagoxenus- 4379 Wirtspuppen aufgewendet oder 1,66 Sklaven/1Harpagoxenus. 8. Schon in der 2. Brut werden regelm\:a\sBig gefl\:ugelte \pF\pF bzw. sexuell aktive Ergatomorphe erzeugt.
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  • 41
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 41-64 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study ofOrphania scutata was undertaken through classical dissection methods. Aspect and arrangement of brain and ganglia, as well as setting and direction of nerves emergence, have been studied. In male as well as female, brain, thoracic ganglia and stomatogastric system show the same disposition. Among the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord, the last one or genital ganglion presents modifications in male as well as in female.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude anatomique du système nerveux central et stomatogastrique d'Orphania scutata fut entreprise par les méthodes classiques de dissection. L'aspect et la disposition des masses cérébrales et ganglionnaires sont étudiés ainsi que la disposition et le trajet des nerfs qui en sont issus. Chez le mâle comme chez la femelle, le cerveau, les ganglions thoraciques et le système stomatogastrique présentent la même disposition. Seul, parmi les ganglions de la chaîne nerveuse ventrale abdominale, le dernier ganglion, ou ganglion génital, résulte de la fusion des neuromères 8–9–10–11, et présente des particularités liées au sexe.
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  • 42
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The widely distributed palearctic speciesCrossocerus (Cuphopterus) dimidiatus exhibits remarkable social behaviour. In one case at least six females, in another three females shared the same hole in a house wall. Great differences in the activity of the females can be interpreted as evidence of a division of labor among these females. One of three females was catching flies for provisioning the nest, while the two others were staying mostly «at home», at least temporary guarding the nest. This is the second record of division of labor in Sphecoidea. There were no great morphological differences among the females. The nest could not be examined, but most probably the wasps were sharing really a common nest and not only a common entrance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die weit verbreitete paläarktische ArtCrossocerus (Cuphopterus) dimidiatus zeigt ein bemerkenswertes soziales Verhalten. Ein Loch in einer Hauswand wurde in einem Jahr von mindestens sechs, im nächsten von drei Weibchen gemeinsam benutzt. Große Aktivitätsunterschiede der Weibchen lassen sich als Zeichen einer Arbeitsteilung deuten. Von drei Weibchen trug eines Fliegen ein, während die beiden anderen im Nest blieben und zumindest zeitweilig Wächterdienst leisteten. Es ist dies der zweite Nachweis von Arbeitsteilung bei Sphecoidea. Die Weibchen unterschieden sich körperlich nur gering voneinander. Das Nest selbst konnte nicht untersucht werden, doch liegt die Annahme nahe, daß tatsächlich ein gemeinsames Nest und nicht nur ein gemeinsamer Eingang benutzt wurde.
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  • 43
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 109-123 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. La relation entre le nombre de récolteuses et de nourrices, dans un espace vital limité, donne une augmentation du nombre et poids comparable aux cultures à faible densité dans les nids plans. Parmi les récolteuses, il y a un nombre petit mais constant de nourrices. 2. Huit cages d'élevage, longueur 1–8 cm (6 mm diam.), ne donnent pas d'augmentation de la population moyenne des butineuses dans la seconde période de comptage de trois semaines. Il n'est pas observé de différences remarquables entre traitements ou d'un jour à l'autre. Une indication de l'effet de densité est montrée par les deux plus petites cultures, autrement le poids moyen du couvain régressant avec le nombre d' ♀ à l'intérieur corrobore l'absence d'effet de densité. 3. Huit cages d'élevage, longueur 0,5–4 cm (4 mm diam.), ne donnent pas de couvain à développement rapide, mais le nombre de larves résiduelles régresse avec l'espace vital relatif disponible. 4. Un nouvel essai, 0,5–4 cm (4 mm diam.), suggère un changement du groupe d' ♀ avec un nombre constant de larves rèsiduelles, sauf dans les deux plus petites cultures. 5. Le changement d'un paquet d' ♀ n'a pas ètè observè avec succès car les ♀ ont maintenant un fort groupement. Tout le temps, correspondant cependant à l'état de groupement étroit de l'expérience précédente. Une chute constante des «individus d'intérieur», 10 ♀, a été observée. 6. Des pertes de couvain dans les cultures à haute densité semblent vraisemblablement dues à l'agression des ♀. Deux larves mâchonnées ont été vues. 7. L'interaction des effets de la reine et de la haute densité produit und moindre gain de poids pour les grandes larves hibernantes, bien qu'une forte densité seule a de considérables effets inhibiteurs. 8. La présence de la reine et une haute densité ont un effet moindre, mais certain, sur les petites larves hibernantes. Les pertes sont plus grandes et les gains de poids plus petits quand une reine est présente à grande densité. Elle occupe un volume physique équivalent à 3 ♀ et une présence «comportementale» du même nombre et ces dernières sont exclues quand l'espace est limitè.
    Notes: Summary 1. Interaction of increasing forager numbers with nurses in a limited living space gave numbers and weight increases comparable to low density cultures in plane nests. The foraging population included a small but constant number of nurses. 2. Eight living volumes, length 1–8 cm (6 mm diam.) gave no increase of mean foraging population in the 2nd of 2 three-week periods of counting. No noticeable difference, between treatments, or from day to day was shown. An indication of density effect was shown by the two smallest cultures, otherwise the mean brood weight regressing with inside worker number supported a lack of density effect. 3. Eight living volumes, length 0.5–4 cm (4 mm diam.) gave no rapid brood but residual larval numbers regressed with relative available living space. 4. A repeat trial, 0.5–4 cm (4 mm diam.) suggested a change of worker packing with a constant number of residual larvae except in the two smallest cultures. 5. Change of packing was not successfully observed as workers maintained a tight packing pattern throughout, corresponding however to the tightly packed stage of the previous experiment. A constant fall of insiders, 10 workers/cm length was observed. 6. Brood loss in high density cultures seems likely to be caused by worker aggression. Two chewed-up larvae were observed. 7. Interaction of queen effect and high density, caused least weight gain for large, hibernated larvae although high density alone had considerable inhibitory effects. 8. Queen presence and high density had a lesser but definite effect on small hibernated larvae. Losses were greater and weight gains smaller when a queen was present at high density. She has a physical volume equivalent to 3 workers and a «behavioural» presence of the same number and these latter were excluded when space was limited.
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  • 44
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    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper is presented as a preliminary inquiring into the leaf-cutting behaviour of the fungus-antAtta sexdens rubropilosa. We have measured the amount of daily leaf-cutting in five ant-nests, the amount of leaf-cutting by periods of 12 hours, and the amount of leaf-cutting of different leaf species. We have found great differences of leaf-cutting between ant-nests and irregular daily differences in each nest. We were unable to find a nycthemeral rhythm independent from environmental conditions, or a preference towards a determined leaf species. Introducing obstacles on the way of leaf-carrying workers showed us a great adaptability of this behaviour, and its subordination to the possibility of introduction of leaf-pieces into the nest.
    Notes: Résumé Comme démarche préliminaire à une étude expérimentale du comportement del'Atta sexdens rubropilosa, nous avons mesuré la quantité de découpage journalier des feuilles fournies à cinq colonies différentes, la quantité de découpage par période de douze heures et, la quantité de découpage de différents végétaux. D'autre part, nous avons introduit différents obstacles dans le circuit qui va des feuilles à l'intérieur du nid. Quant au découpage, nous avons décelé de grosses différences entre les colonies, mais des différences journalières dans chaque colonie. Nous n'avons pu trouver ni un rythme nyctéméral indépendant des conditions extérieures, ni une préférence constante pour un des végétaux fournis. L'introduction des obstacles montre la grande élasticité de ce comportement, aussi bien que sa subordination à la possibilité de livraison des découpures dans l'intérieur du nid.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Juvenilhormon-Analogon, Aethyl-3,7,11-Trimethyl-Dodeca-2,4-Dienoat (ZR 512) kann alle Schritte der Kastenbildung bei der TermiteZootermopsis nevadensis beeinlussen. Die Bildung von Ersatzgeschlechtstieren in verwaisten Gruppen von Larven und Nymphen und die Entwicklung von Geflügelten in Gruppen von Nymphen des letzten Stadiums wurden durch niedrige Dosen von ZR 512-Gas gehemmt. Bei Behandlung von Gruppen von Nymphen des letzten Stadiums mit mittleren Dosen des Juvenilhormon-Analogons entstanden hauptsächlich Nymphen-Imago-Zwischenformen oder nach stationären Häutungen wieder Nymphen. Hohe Dosen von ZR 512 bewirkten regressive Häutungen und Vorsoldatenentwicklung in Gruppen von Nymphen des letzten Stadiums und in einem sehr hohen Prozentsatz Vorsoldatenbildung in Gruppen von Larven. Es konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass ZR 512 die Prothorakaldrüsen der behandelten Larven beeinflusst und auch ihre Degeneration herbeiführen kann. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ableiten, dass die Differenzierung der Kasten beiZootermopsis nevadensis vom Juvenilhormon-Titer während des Häutungsintervalls der Larven und Nymphen abhängt.
    Notes: Summary The juvenile hormone analogue, ethyl 3,7,11-trimethyl-dodeca-2,4-dienoate (ZR 512), can affect all the steps of caste development in the termite,Zootermopsis nevadensis. The formation of replacement reproductives in orphaned groups of larvae and nymphs, and that of alates in groups of last instar numphs, was inhibited by the exposure of these groups to the vapour of low doses of the juvenile hormone analogue. With intermediate doses of the analogue on groups of last instar nymphs, mainly nymph-imago intermediate forms as well as stationary moults were obtained. High doses of the JH analogue induced regressive and presoldier development in groups of last instar nymphs, and presoldier development in groups of larvae. It was also demonstrated that ZR 512 affects the prothoracic glands of the experimental larvae. It is concluded that caste development inZ. nevadensis depends on the juvenile hormone titer during the moulting interval of the larvae and nymphs.
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  • 46
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The social parasitic Myrmicine ant Leptothorax goesswaldi Kutter has been found up to now only four times. The last colony could be kept alive for some months. Observations and experiments with this colony showed, that the biology of L. goesswaldi resembles most that of the related species L. kutteri and Doronomyrmex pacis. The L. goesswaldi-♀ lives together with some queens of the host species in colonies of L. acervorum. Some hints are given that always one L. goesswaldi-♀ lives in a host colony: The parasite seems to be monogynous in a polygynous host society. A worker caste is lacking. Young females of L. goesswaldi produce a sexual pheromone in their poison glands like the ♀♀. The L. goesswaldi-♀♀ present their pheromone in the same and stimulates the ♂♂. The L. goesswaldi-♀♀ present their pheromone in the same position called «Locksterzeln» as the females of the other three species, they dont mate during swarming flights. The sex-pheromones of all four species show some interspecific effects. Magles of L. goesswaldi are attracted and stimulated by the poison gland secretions of their own as well as of the females of H. sublaevis, L. kutteri and D. pacis. Interspecific mating could be observed between D. pacis-♂♂ and L. goesswaldi-♀♀, L goesswaldi-♂♂ and L. kutteri-♀♀, and, formerly, D. pacis-♂♂ and L. kutteri-♀♀ (Buschinger, 1972a). The possible mechanisms of genetic isolation of the four closely related species, two or three of which often live together in one host population, are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die sozialparasitische Myrmicine Leptothorax goesswaldi Kutter wurde bisher nur viermal gefunden. Das letzte Volk konnte einige Monate am Leben erhalten werden. Beobachtungen und Experimente mit diesem Volk zeigten, daß die Biologie von L. goesswaldi der der verwandten Arten L. kutteri und Doronomyrmex pacis sehr ähnlich ist. Das L. goesswaldi-♀ lebt zussamen mit einigen Königinnen der Wirtsart in Nestern von L. acervorum. Einige Hinweise deuten darauf hin, daß stets nur eine L. goesswaldi-Königin in einem Wirtsvolk lebt: Der Parasit scheint monogyn im polygynen Wirtsvolk zu sein. Ein Arbeiterinkaste fehlt. Jungen Weibchen von L. goesswaldi erzeugen ein Sexualpheromon in der Giftdrüse so wie L. kutteri, D. pacis und Harpagoxenus sublaevis. Dieses wirkt attraktiv und stimulierend auf die Männchen. Das L. goesswaldi-♀ bietet sein Pheromon in derselben, von uns als «Locksterzeln» bezeichnaten Haltung wie die ♀♀ der drei anderen Arten an. Sie machen keinen Hochzeitsflug. Die Sexualpheromone aller vier Arten weisen einige interspezifische Wirkung auf. ♂♂ von L. goesswaldi werden durch das Giftdrüsensekret ihrer eigenen wie auch der ♀♀ von H. sublaevis, L. kutteri und D. pacis angelockt und erregt. Interspezifische Paarungen konnten zwischen D. pacis-♂♂ und L. goesswaldi-♀♀, L. goesswaldi-♂♂ und L. kutteri-♀♀ und, schon früher, D. pacis-♂♂ und L. kutteri-♀♀ (Buschinger, 1972a) beobachtet werden. Die Möglichkeiten der genetischen Isolierung der vier eng verwandten Arten, von denen oft 2 oder 3 in einer Wirtspopulation sympatrisch leben, werden diskutiert.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 167-179 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A bioassay has been developed for quantitative analysis of trail pheromone extracts inMyrmica rubra. A circular artificial trail of 10 cm in diameter is drawn on a sheet of paper by using 25 μl of hexane extract of the poison sacs (pheromone source) to be tested. This trail is then placed on the ant's foraging area for a testing period of 30 minutes. The most accurate quantification of an extract's activity is the mean of the logarithms of the walked distances along the trail. An arbitrary activity unit is proposed: the activity for which this mean is one. An extract of four foragers' glands/ml hexane has about one unit of activity. An extract of the same concentration of glands from functional queens is hundred times less active. This weak activity could be due to the presence of unspecific organic substances in the extract.
    Notes: Résumé Une méthode est décrite pour doser la phéromone de piste chezMyrmica rubra. Une piste circulaire de 10 cm de diamètre tracée avec 25 μl d'extrait de glande à poison sur une feuille de papier est déposée sur l'aire de récolte d'un nid. Les trajets des fourmis le long de la piste sont enregistrés pendant une demi-heure. La quantification la piss précise de l'activité d'un extrait est la moyenne des logarithmes des distances parcourues le long de la piste. Une unité d'activité est proposée: celle provoquant des réponses dont la moyenne des logarithmes décimaux est 1. Un extrait de concentration de 4 glandes de fourrageuses/ml (10−1 glande/piste) possède une activité d'environ 1 unité. Un extrait de même concentration en glandes à poison de reines fonctionnelles est cent fois moins actif. Cette très faible activité pourrait être due à la présence de substances organiques non spécifiques dans l'extrait.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 213-229 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bevölkerungen und mittleren Gewichte von Königinnen und Arbeiterinnen wurden an Proben aus Kolonien von drei Arten vonMyrmica (Myrmica rubra, L.,Myrmica sabuleti Meinert undMyrmica scabrinodis Nylander), bestimmt. M. scabrinodis hat weniger und kleinere Arbeiterinnen als die anderen beiden Arten, doch bestehen die wichtigsten Unterschiede zwischen den Königinnen.M. rubra hat im Durchschnitt 15 Königinnen je Kolonie,M. sabuleti 3 undM. scabrinodis 2, wobei manche Kolonien vonM. rubra undM. sabuleti mikrogyne Königinnen enthalten. In der Regel gibt es in Mikrogynkolonien einige normale Königinnen, etwas weniger als in normalen Kolonien, doch ist die Gesamtzahl der Königinnen bedeutend größer. Mikrogynkolonien vonM. rubra enthalten im Durchschnitt 60 und die vonM. sabuleti 20 Königinnen. Normale Königinnen vonM. sabuleti wiegen 6,3 mg, Mikrogyne 3,8 mg; normale Königinnen vonM. rubra wiegen 5,6 mg, Mikrogyne 2,7 mg und Königinnen vonM. scabrinodis wiegen 4,7 mg. Die Anzahl der Königinnen übt einen negativen Einfluß auf die mittleren Gewichte der Königinnen und der Arbeiterinnen in einer Kolonie aus, während die Anzahl der Arbeteirinnen einen positiven Einfluß bewirkt. Daraus läßt sich der wichtige Schluß ziehen, daßMyrmica Kolonien zusätzlich zu und als Ersatz der Stammköniginnen Töchter rekrutieren müssen, und nicht fremde Königinnen. Dies scheint selbst beiM. scabrinodis der Fall zu sein, bei der eine Kolonie oft nur eine einzige Königin enthält. Es wird angenommen, daß diese Größnverhältnisse durch den «Königinneneffekt» erklärt werden können, der im Labor gründlich erforscht worden ist, da es umso wahrscheinlicher ist, daß eine Arbeiterin unter dem Einfluß einer Königin steht und die «Königinneneffekt» auf die Larven ausübt, je größer die Königinnendichte (Verhältnis von Königinnen zu Arbeiterinnen) ist, doch ist diese Beziehung nicht linear. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß vielleicht Königinnen vonM. sabuleti sowie Mikrogynen vonM. sabuleti undM. rubra nicht dieselbe «Königinneneffekt» auf Larven ausüben wie die Königinnen vonM. rubra undM. scabrinodis. Schließlich wird ein Diagramm der wahrscheinlichen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Körpergröß und Bevölkerungsdichte der Individuen in einerMyrmica-Kolonie dargestellt und erörtert.
    Notes: Summary The populations and mean individual weight of queens and workers have been obtained from a sample of colonies for three species ofMyrmica; beingMyrmica rubra L.,Myrmica sabuleti Meinert andMyrmica scabrinodis Nylander. It was found thatM. scabrinodis have fewer and smaller workers than the other two species but the most important differences are in the queen populations.M. rubra average 15 queens per colony,M. sabuleti 3 andM. scabrinodis 2 while some colonies of bothM. rubra andM. sabuleti contain microgynes. There are usually some normal queens in microgynes colonies, slightly fewer than in normal colonies, but there are many more queens altogether. Microgyne colonies ofM. rubra average 60 queens and those ofM. sabuleti 20 queens.M. sabuleti normal queens weigh 6.3 mg, microgynes 3.8 mg,M. rubra normals 5.6 mg, microgynes 2.7 mg andM. scabrinodis 4.7 mg. Queen numbers have a negative influence on the mean individual weights of queens and workers in a colony whilst worker number has a positive influence. An important inplication of this observation is thatMyrmica colonies must tend to recruit daughters, rather than strangers, to add to and replace the foundress queens. This seems to be so even inM. scabrinodis that often has only one queen in a colony. It is suggested that these size relationships can be explained by the «queen effect», that has been well investigated in the laboratory. It is proposed that the greater the queen density (queens/worker) the greater the probability of an individual worker being under the influence of a queen and carrying out «queen effect» on the larvae, although this relationship is not linear. The results imply that perhapsM. sabuleti queens and microgynes of bothM. sabuleti andM. rubra do not have the same «queen effect» on larvae as do queens ofM. rubra andM. scabrinodis. Finally a diagram of the probable interactions between size and population of individuals in aMyrmica colony is presented and discussed.
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    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 289-299 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un grand nombre d'organismes ont été trouvés dans les nids deMyrmecia. Les ordres suivants (avec le nombre d'espèces) sont représentés: Anura (1); Araneae (9); Acarina (1); Blattodea (3); Coleoptera (20+); Collembola (3); Diptera (1); Hemiptera (2); Hymenoptera (14); Isoptera (2); Lepidoptera (4); Neuroptera (1); Orthoptera (2); Thysanura (4+); Isopoda (13) et Nematoda (1). Les plus fréquents sont des Collemboles et des Isopodes, qui ont été trouvés dans la majorité des nids; ils sont surtout détritivores. Des Termites et deux espèces de Fourmis cohabitent, sous forme de sociétés, dans les grands dômes de terre desMyrmecia. Certains des Coléoptères et des Diptères se trouvent, à l'état de larves, dans les chambres à débris, tandis que beaucoup des Coléoptères adultes constituent des proies. Il y a lieu de souligner la présence répétée de grandes larves deCarabidae dans les nids de quatre espèces deMyrmecia.
    Notes: Summary A large number of associated organisms have been found in nest ofMyrmecia; the following orders and numbers of species, in brackets, are represented:Anura (1); Araneae (9); Acarina (1); Blattodea (3); Coleoptera (20+); Collembola (3); Diptera (1); Hemiptera (2); Hymenoptera (14); Isoptera (2); Lepidoptera (4); Neuroptera (1); Orthoptera (2); Thysanura (4+); Isopoda (13) and Nematoda (1). Most abundant were specimens of Collembola and Isopoda which were found in the majority of nests; these occurred principally as scavengers. The termite species and two ant species were found in colonies co-inhabiting the large earthen mounds ofMyrmecia. Some of the Coleoptera and Diptera species occurred as larvae in the debris left in chambers, whereas many of the adult beetles were present as prey. Noteworthy were the several occurrences of large Carabidae larvae in the nests of fourMyrmecia species.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 109 (1973), S. 1738-1742 
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    Notes: Summary Free radial vibration of a non-homogeneous circular plate of variable thickness has been studied. The thickness at a distancer from the axis through the centre of the plate perpendicular to the middle surface is chosen to be a function ofr. The problem has been solved for a disc with a central hole and also for one having no central hole.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 109 (1973), S. 1718-1727 
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    Notes: Summary Earthquake parameters for the forty aftershocks of the main Koyna earthquake of 10 December, 1967, have been determined. Depths of the foci of the earthquakes have been found to vary between 2 to 17 km. The velocities for the phasesP g ,P *,P n have been observed to be 5.78±0.00, 6.58±0.04, 8.19±0.02 km/sec, and forS g ,S *,S n to be 3.42±0.00, 3.92±0.01 and 4.62±0.01 km/sec respectively. A two-layered crustal model has been interpreted for the Peninsular shield with the average thickness of the granitic layer as 20 km and that for the basaltic layer as 18.7 km. A plot of the epicenters suggests a NNE to SSW orientation of the fault.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 109 (1973), S. 1752-1761 
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    Notes: Summary The spectral amplitude fields of seismic waves produced by directed (non-spherical) and undirected (spherical) explosive sources are described. The following four cases were investigated: a spherical source located at the bottom of a borehole, a spherical, a hemi-spherical, and a conical source placed at the wall of a trench. The geophones measuring theX, Y andZ components of the seismic waves produced were situated on the Earth's surface within a circle round the epicentre of each source. The records were Fourier analyzed and amplitude spectra were used to establish spectral amplitude fields of these components. Amplitude and frequency variations of the seismic wave patterns are discussed in the paper.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 109 (1973), S. 1796-1809 
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    Notes: Summary The electric and magnetic field variations over an arbitrarily sloping ocean floor are represented in series of Bessel functions forH-polarized uniform plane wave excitation. Calculation of the spatial variations of electric eurrents and apparent resistivity near a coastline will determine the usefulness of the magnetotelluric method in this application.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 109 (1973), S. 1781-1788 
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    Notes: Summary Forced hydromagnetic oscillations in the outer core due to stress at its top are studied by means of a simple linear theoretical model originally proposed byHide [1] for the free oscillation studies. Both the magnetic and the inertial modes are excited. The expressions for the velocity, magnetic and vorticity fields are presented for a variety of stresses. They depend upon the wave number and frequency. In a numerical example wherein the stress varies periodically both in the space and the time, the amplitude of the induced magnetic field is found to be significant for reasonable values of various parameters.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 109 (1973), S. 1862-1869 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans le présent travail on a procédé à une expérience pour déterminer les variations temporelles des principaux paramètres aéronomiques en utilisant des données expérimentales par la méthode A3 de mesure de l'absorption ionosphérique, la méthode ‘phase-altitude’ et des données satellites aux rayons X durs. On a examiné les variations diurnes et les variations temporelles lors de SID effet durant le 21 Août 1969, de la densité électroniqueN(t) et du coefficient de récombinaison α′(t). On a montré que lors de SID effet α′(t) s'accroît.
    Notes: Summary In this paper an attempt is made to define the time variations of theD-region main aeronomical parameters under non-equilibrium conditions by using experimental data by the A3 method, phase-height method and satellite data for the short-wave X-radiation. The SID effect of day-time and time variations of 21 August 1969 electron concentrationN(t) and recombination coefficient α′(t) are investigated. It is shown that during SID effect α′(t) increases.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 301-319 
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    Notes: Summary Satellite pictures have been utilised to detect mountain waves on the lee of the Andes range. The wavelengths as observed in the pictures from the distribution of clouds in parallel bands lie between 20 and 30 km for the five cases examined. The wavelengths have also been computed theoretically for these cases by an analytical method and a quasi-numerical method, using linearised perturbation equations. Wavelengths so computed are in fairly good agreement with the observed wavelengths, Vertical velocities associated with the waves along the different sectors of the Andes have also been computed. Their maximum values are of the order of 1–5 m sec−1. Also, the quasi-stationary character of the waves, as noticed in some of the pictures, is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 274-280 
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    Notes: Summary Diabatic heating of the atmosphere at 800, 600 and 400 mbar surfaces over India has been calculated, making use of thermodynamic and quasi-geostrophic omega equations. The numerically obtained distribution of the diabatic heating field is seen to be in agreement with the observed weather patterns in magnitude. The maximum value of diabatic heating is of the order of 4.0 to 4.5 cal gm−1 12 hr−1. Normally it ranges between 1.0 to 4.0 cal gm−1 12 hr−1. The vertical distribution of the absolute mean value of diabatic heating is seen to be at its maximum at about the 500 mbar surface.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 320-330 
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    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to construct a scheme of numerical integration for the wave operator that can detect which kind of non-homogeneous term has acted over the data and later use this knowledge to integrate the operator in time. Data is generated with a wave initially at rest, and a scheme is presented to detect these functions and study how these values can be extrapolated in time to be used. The use of known functions to generate data is required only to check the effectiveness of the numerical device.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 331-338 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of couple-stresses on the propagation of waves in an elastic layer has been investigated in this paper. It is found that the velocity of the propagation of waves in an elastic layer increases due to the presence of couple-stresses.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 403-412 
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    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the ground conditions at the Osaka-Tsuruyama Plateau, measurements of microtremors at different depths have been carried out. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain clear information of the underground structure at this site. The period distribution curves obtained by surface stations are characterized by a sharp peak around 0.20 sec which indicates rather good ground conditions. Upon examining period distribution curves obtained at underground conditions the predominant periods were almost the same but a secondary maximum appears at periods longer than 0.5 sec. These results were confirmed by applying Fourier transformation of the respective sample function of the microtremors.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 413-445 
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    Notes: Summary The results of a time series analysis of earthquakes in the New Guinea region are presented. Two basic sets of data are used, the second being a subset of the first such that all estimated related earthquakes have been removed from the first set, leaving a residue of supposedly unrelated events. The primary results are as follows. Positive trends exist in the number of earthquakes as a function of time and there are slight indications of periodicity in the activity. The distribution of earthquakes does not approximate the Poisson distribution at all well for the raw data although this distribution is a much better model with all aftershocks and foreshocks removed from the series. The different seismic natures of the regions studied are reflected in the results of the analyses.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 464-471 
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    Notes: Summary Using geomagnetic horizontal intensity hourly mean values of Alibag for international quiet days for the years 1934 to 1953, split into two 10-year segments, the dependence of diurnal range on the maximum and minimum values is examined after elimination of secular trend in the data. Identical results are obtained for the two 10-year periods. The maximum value occures on 85% of days near local noon while the minimum value has two preferences, one for 05 LT and the other for 19 to 24 LT. Though the correlation coefficient (CC) of+0.7 is much higher for range and maximum hourly value, the scatter observed is very large, which is attributed mosly to fluctuations is base-level from one quiet-day to another. On correcting for these the scatter is much reduced and the CC registers an improvement to+0.95. Some remanent scatter, however, persits. This as well as the very small but statistically significant negative CC observed for range and minimum hourly value stress the influence of the minimum value on range even on quiet days.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 131-139 
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    Notes: Summary Fission track ages need to be corrected for the loss of fossil tracks due to geological and thermal annealing. The range distribution of full-length tracks can yield such corrections if calibration curves translating length reductions into density reductions are available. The study of the annealing characteristics of the three terrestrial minerals, i.e. biotite, apatite and sphene, as functions of temperature and time, has been completed from this point of view. A linear relation has been observed between etchable track length and track density, but slopes and intercepts of the curves tend to vary from mineral to mineral. Over-etching shows significant effect in retrieving partially faded tracks in the case of biotite only, and track density reduction always lags behind track length reduction. In apatite and sphene track density is reduced in the same proportion as track length when length reduction is ∼30 to 50%. For length reductions 〈10%, track density remains nearly unaffected and for length decrease 〉50% the density reduction progressively outweighs the former. The possible reasons for such variations and the usefulness of the calibration curves are briefly discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 281-288 
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    Notes: Summary Vertical velocities at the 800, 600 and 400 mbar surfaces over India have been calculated, making use of a 3-level geostrophic baroclinic model. Further, the effects of non-adiabatic heating is included into the model and vertical velocity due to diabatic heating is obtained for the same period. A numerically obtained vertical velocity field due to baroclinicity and diabatic heating is seen to be in agreement with the observed weather patterns.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 352-364 
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    Notes: Summary A theoretical investigation is made into the propagation of small-amplitude waves across the free surface of an elastic medium, whose strain-energy function is of Mooney form. The medium is taken to be semi-infinite in extent, and to be subjected to a large primary extension (or compression) in a direction lying in the free surface. The dispersion equation is derived and the general nature of its solutions is explored. Detailed numerical results are given for certain special cases.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 365-379 
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    Notes: Summary The problems of Cagniard and Abramovici-Alterman, regarding propagation of seismic pulses in horizontally layered media, are solved by a direct method without involving integral transforms.
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    Notes: Summary P- andS-wave travel times of 56 shallow earthquakes with their epicentres in and around the Andaman Sea, as recorded by the Indian Seismological Observatories situated at Madras, Visakhapatnam, Calcutta and Port Blair, have been analysed statistically. The travel times from Δ=1 ° to 17 ° can be represented by one straight-line segment. When epicentres of all the earthquakes are considered, scatter in the travel-time data is greater and the corresponding apparentP- andS-wave velocities have been found to be 8.56±0.20 km/sec and 4.84±0.36 km/sec respectively. On the other hand, if epicentres of the narrow seismic zone situated along the western border of the Andaman Sea alone are considered, the apparentP- andS-wave velocities have been found to be 8.24±0.09 km/sec and 4.74±0.10 km/sec respectively. The O-JB residuals are found to be consistently negative for the second set of epicentres which is indicative of an inclined Mohorovicic discontinuity in the Bay of Bengal region.
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    Notes: Summary The effect is studies of the inaccuracies due to the measurements of the input gravity data and of the inaccuracies due to an inaccurately derived fundamental boundary condition, as well as of the error, incurred in expressing the gravity field discretely for computing the quantities, describing the gravity field outside the perturbing masses.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 456-463 
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    Notes: Summary The magnitude of the universal time (UT) component in the daily variation of geomagnetic disturbance which depends on the position of the earth's magnetic axis relative to the sunearth system is evaluated at two low-latitude stations, Alibag in the northern hemisphere and Hermanus in the southern hemisphere. To provide better resolution on time scale, mean hourly values of horizontal intensity are used rather than indexK of magnetic activity. During solstices the UT component has a mean amplitude of 6.8 γ at Alibag and 3.0 γ at Hermanus with maximum contribution near the predicted time of 0430 UT in June and 1630 UT in December. It is found that the UT component makes a significant contribution to the daily variation of disturbance field during equinoxes but the part dependent on the angle between the earth's magnetic axis and the sun-earth line is found to be larger during September than in March, suggesting an asymmetry in the incident solar wind. This is possibly due to the varying heliographic latitude of the earth and the asymmetry in activity in the two hemispheres of the sun.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 498-505 
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    Notes: Summary Exact solution of the hydromagnetic flow between two parallel, non-conducting, infinite planes, one oscillating and the other fixed, has been obtained. The effect of an applied transverse magnetic field on various flow characteristics is studied in detail for a small magnetic Prandtl number (Pr m≪1). The viscous drag acting on the two planes has been determined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 506-511 
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    Notes: Summary Small-strain theory has been applied to find out the deformation and stresses in the interior of the earth considered as a self-gravitating, non-homogeneous, isotropic sphere of heterogeneous density distribution. Stresses have been compared at different layers due to different density distributions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 519-522 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that for azimuthal wave numbers and period 0.5 (s+1) days, Hough's functions for tidal oscillations are the same as the associated Legendre polynomialsP s+1 s and Hough's functions are shown to form a complete set of orthogonal functions. The implication of this on the vertical variation of tides is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1059-1065 
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    Notes: Summary Values of the parameterb in the frequency-magnitude relation for seismic sequences, determined by several methods, show a systematic variation of this parameter with the magnitude range. When the difference in magnitude between the largest and smallest earthquake of a complete sequence is larger than about 1.4 this variation is not, as a rule, significant and a value of this parameter can be determined from the cumulative distribution with considerable confidence.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 545-552 
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    Notes: Summary It is well known that the activity of the summer monsoon, as measured by rainfall, undergoes variations from one month to another. In this study, the monsoon activity has been examined in detail to find if any major climatological discontinuities in the activity exist in the field of the Asian summer monsoon. From amongst the possible criteria for major discontinuity, the criterion based on the lower and the upper quartiles has been selected. The study brings out that major climatological discontinuities do exist over some parts of Asia. These are (i) a marked decrease in activity from July to August, right in the middle of the monsoon season, over the west coast of India, between Bombay and Trivandrum; (ii) a marked decrease from August to September over a small portion of the Indian west coast in the neighbourhood of Mangalore; (iii) a marked decrease from August to September over the Arakan coast; and (iv) a marked increase from August to September over the Viet Nam coast. Possible causes of these discontinuities have been discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 563-570 
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    Notes: Summary A 68-cm long probe of 2.5 cm diameter, containing a NaI (Tl) crystal, photomultiplier, HV stabilization and preamplifier, is described. Special attention is paid to the probe-cable coupling: it is designed to withstand hydrostatic pressures up to 10 atm. For logging of inclined, up to 20 m long holes, aluminium extension pipes assembled by push-button closures are used. The probe, operated together with a portable ratemeter, has a sensitivity of 1200 c.p.s. per mR/h (Ra226). For quantitative log interpretation the conversion factor was determined to be 0.4 p.p.m. U/c.p.s. Radiometrically determined uranium contents agree remarkably well with results of chemical analysis of cores.
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    Notes: Summary A comparison is made between the multimode Rayleigh wave response to dip-slip motion along a vertical fault plane in structures with and without a low-velocity channel. The use of the higher mode amplitude spectra is proposed as a discriminant between the two types of structure.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 633-633 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 727-736 
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    Notes: Summary The values of parameters of the relation logN=a−bM characterize the earthquake activity of individual regions. Their magnitude depends substantially on the method of computation used, on the preparation of data for computing and on the use of simple or cumulative frequency distribution. In this paper the particular procedures of computation were tested and their efficiency was judged.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 739-752 
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    Notes: Summary The present study deals with the approximate scattering characteristics of optically thin cirrus clouds which are known to exist in the vicinity of the tropopause. The assumed homogeneous ice model cloud is composed of randomly oriented circular cylinders of uniform size. The spectral region investigated extends from 0.6–0.7 μ, where absorption by ice and atmospheric gases is negligible Radiative upward and downward intensities are calculated for a uniform ground albedo of 0 and 0.25 using the assumption that multiple-scattering can be disregarded. A rough comparison with the Rayleigh scattering characteristics in this spectral region indicates that remote sensing of the atmosphere is affected very little by the presence of optically thin cirrus assuming the validity of the above assumptions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 777-785 
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    Notes: Summary The question this paper is examining is the following: to what extent are the Love numbers dependent on certain characteristics of the inner structure of the Earth? It has been proven — on the basis of calculations carried out by the author-that these quantities are only in a small degree dependent on the density values measured on the surface of the Earth and on the selection of the density function in the mantle of the Earth. On the other hand the value of Love numbersh, k andl is considerably influenced by the assumptions made about the core of the Earth, namely by the position of the boundary between the core and the mantle and by the magnitude of the rigidity coefficient presumed in the core in the vicinity of the core-mantle boundary. The results of the calculations are compared with those mean values of Love numbers obtained from the data of stations operating at different places of the Earth. By reason of this it can be assumed that the core of the Earth has, in the vicinity of the core-mantle boundary, a coefficient of effective rigidity of the order of 1010 dyn/cm2, if the core-mantle boundary is placed at the relative Earth radius of 0.545 from the centre of the Earth.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 855-862 
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    Notes: Summary The parameters and seismotectonics of an earthquake in the Baltic Shield, northern Finland, were studied. The instrumentally determined epicentre, 65.94°N, 27.21°E, falls in the intensity area ofI〈5. The results of the macroseismic study were: the area of perceptibility=6700 km2, maximum intensityI 0=5.25±0.05, focal depthh=10.0±0.5 km, absorption coefficient α=0.0035±0.0015 km−1 and magnitudeM m=4.0±0.1. The location of the focus was exact enough for seismotectonic study. The epicentre is located in the 0°-striking fractures and a parallel contact zone between granites and basement gneisses. On the other hand, it lies at the northern boundary (270–285°) of a tectonic block separated by fracture zones striking 270°, 285°, 330° and 30–40°. There have been seven known earthquakes in the area of the present study since 1891. Six of them occurred at the northern boundary of the block, of which five (including the Simojärvi earthquake of 1969) occurred within a period of three years. This block, with its deep (h=10 km) fractured boundaries, has been seen as a minor seismogenic unit and its northern boundary as the seismoactive part of this unit.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 887-899 
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    Notes: Summary Eight vertical profiles compiled from simultaneous measurements of Aitken nuclei and ozone concentrations over Germany in different weather conditions are discussed. The position and shape of the profiles is shown to depend on the prevailing weather conditions and the type of air masses. High aerosol concentrations in smoke plumes correlate in some cases with lower ozone concentrations, indicating that ozone in such cases is destroyed in the presence of high concentrations of pollutants such as aerosols and gases. A layered structure in the profiles was found only in association with temperature inversions and where the air above 2 km was subsiding, and was not found in convective parts of the troposphere.
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    Notes: Summary The levels of Pb-214 (Ra-B) and Pb-212 (Th-B) in surface air at two coastal stations (Bombay and Thumba) and at a third high-altitude station (Gulmarg) in India are presented. A seasonal variation in activity at the coastal stations with winter maximum and summer minimum and the absence of a similar variation at the high-altitude station at Gulmarg is discussed. From a study of the relevant meteorological data, it is concluded that at the coastal stations, the major factor influencing the activity levels is likely to be the stability of the lower atmosphere, advective effects possibly playing a secondary role. At Gulmarg, however, factors affecting emanation from the soil, like rainfall, snowfall, etc., could be significant.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 977-985 
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    Notes: Summary In this work we study the effects on the surface impedance of a one-dimensional structure, caused by a perturbation due to the introduction of a deep perfect reflector. An algorithm for presenting the impedance in a rational polynomial form is outlined and the properties concerning the location of poles and zeros, corresponding to this function, are investigated. It is shown that perturbing the structure by the introduction of a perfect reflector at any finite depth will affect the analytic behaviour of the surface impedance for any frequency range.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1011-1029 
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    Notes: Summary The classical ray-series method for electromagnetic wave propagation in inhomogeneous media is applied to the problem of wave propagation in isotropic, homogeneous, linear viscoelastic media characterized by virtually arbitrary time-dependent relaxation or creep functions. The full three-dimensional treatment is presented, followed by the specialization to the one-dimensional propagating pulse problem. In this last case, the ray-series is evaluated numerically for the creep function $$\psi (t) = \frac{1}{\mu }\left\{ {1 + \frac{q}{\alpha }\left. {\left[ {\left. {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{\tau }} \right)^\alpha - 1} \right]} \right.} \right\}} \right.H(t)$$ for various model parameter ranges and for various initial source functions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1051-1057 
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    Notes: Summary The stress drop and average dislocation of some earthquakes in the Indian sub-continent have been determined after deducing the relationship between the aftershock areaA, and the magnitudeM L of the main shock which is given by $$\log A = 0.89M_L - 2.67 for 5 \leqslant M_L \leqslant 7.$$ It has been found that the stress drop is considerably larger for the great Assam earthquake of 15 August, 1950, occurring near the continent-continent boundary of the Indian-Eurasian plates, compared to that of a similar magnitude earthquake in a continent-island are type collision boundary in the Pacific (near Japan). The stress drop in smaller events of comparative magnitude in different regions are, however, of the same order and thus do not bring out the distinguishing features of the source regions in different kinds of plate boundaries.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1067-1069 
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    Notes: Summary In a recent paper,Verma andSrivastava [1] discussed the vibrations of an inhomogeneous, transradially isotropic, spherical shell. An assumption made by these authors at the very outset appears to be incorrect. Consequently, most of the equations and results obtained by them are either wrong or irrelevant. The purpose of this note is to point out these mistakes and give the corresponding correct results. The notation of Verma and Srivastava is used throughout.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 1070-1070 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 1-2 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 35-43 
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    Notes: Riassunto Si espone e si discute il processo di formazione e di sviluppo del monsone di SW sull'Oceano Indiano, studiandone il comportamento iniziale a Ceylon (Colombo e Little Basses), Mogadiscio e Seychelles. Si illustra il fenomeno, dell' « irruzione » del monsone e si deduce come normalmente le formazioni bariche predominanti in maggio sul Golfo di Bengala, sull'India o sul Golfo Arabico, ostacolino e ritardino il propagarsi del monsone.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 53-53 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 175-216 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Blitz beansprucht durchflossene geologische Leiter ähnlich wie ein hochfrequenter Wechselstrom, dessen Wellenlänge ungefähr im Tausendmeterbande liegt. Die Beurteilung der Blitzstromleitung im Untergrunde hat nach den Gesichtspunkten der Funkgeologie zu erfolge n.Die geoelektrische Blitzgefährdung ist theoretisch verständlich und durch zahlreiche Beobachtungen nachgewiesen. Auch die Frage nach der Existenz der sog. Blitznester ist positiv zu beantworten. Die bisherigen statistischen Ergebnisse sind vielfach unbefriedigend und es wäre daher eine einheitliche und befriedigende Statistik unbedingt anzustreben. Für die Entwicklung der weiteren Forschung wäre es sehr vorteilhaft, wenn besondere Blitzversuchsfelder errichtet würden. Diese wären dann auch nach funkgeologischen Gesichtspunkten zu untersuchen.
    Notes: Riassunto Richiamate le più importanti nozioni fondamentali sulla fisica del fulmine, si desume che i conduttori geologici da esso attraversati si comportano come se fossero percorsi da corrente alternata ad alta frequenza con una lunghezza d'onda dell'ordine di mille metri. Tenendo presente che le leggi della radiogeologia costituiscono le basi di ogni indagine relativa alla conduzione del fulmine nel sottosuolo, si giustifica il pericolo di caduta del fulmine per azione geoelettrica spiegandolo alla stregua dei dati d'osservazione. In pari tempo si dà ragione dell'esistenza dei cosidetti „nidi di fulmini”. Rilevato come i dati statistici sinora raccolti risultino spesso non soddisfacenti, viene messa in luce l'utilità di una statistica organica e completa su tali fenomeni, illustrando l'opportunità dell'istituzione di appositi campi sperimentali per tutte le indagini riferentesi ai fulmini nei rapporti con le caratteristiche geoelettriche del sottosuolo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 220-223 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 100 (1972), S. 54-59 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Vertikalstromdichte in der Stratosphäre, der Säulenwiderstand, berechnet aus Leitfähigkeitsmessungen, und das Ionosphärenpotential wurden untersucht. Die Messergebnisse wurden mittels Radiosonden im Jahrzehnt 1957–1967 erlangt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die örtliche waagrechte Sichtweite am Erdboden mit der Vertikalstromdichte in der Stratosphäre korreliert ist, und dass erwartet werden muss, dass die Vertikalstromdichte einen jahreszeitlichen Gang aufweist. Tatsächlich lässt sich statistisch zeigen, dass ein solcher jahreszeitlicher Gang der Vertikalstromdichte besteht, mit einem Höchstwert im Winter und einem Mindestwert im Sommer. Auch der Säulenwiderstand zeigt einen jahreszeitlichen Gang, umgekehrt zu dem der Vertikalstromdichte. Die prozentuale zeitliche Änderung der Vertikalstromdichte (1/i) (di/dt) stellte sich als zweimal so gross heraus als die des Säulenwiderstandes (1/R) (dR/dt) gemessen am Observatorium zu Tateno. Wird das Ionosphärenpotential aus den Messungen des Potentialgefälles mit Radiosonden hergeleitet, so stellt sich bei den an der Syowa-Station in der Antarktik angestellten Messungen kein klarer Jahresgang heraus. Die hier zuvor erwähnten Ergebnisse, jedoch, führen zu der Annahme eines Jahresgangs des Ionosphärenpotentials über der genannten Station, wenn man das Ohm'sche Gesetz auf sie anwendet.
    Notes: Summary The air-earth current density in the stratosphere, the columnar resistance derived from the measurements of conductivity, and the ionospheric potential were investigated. The data were obtained by radiosonde ascents during the period of 1957–1967. It was found that the local horizontal visibility at the surface is related to the air-earth current density in the stratosphere, and it is expected that the air-earth current density has a seasonal variation. Statistical results show that indeed the air-earth current has a pronounced seasonal variation, high in winter and low in summer. The columnar resistance has also a seasonal variation, reverse to the variation of the air-earth current. The percentage time variation of the air-earth current (1/i) (di/dt) was found to be twice as much as the percentage time variation of the columnar resistance (1/R) (dR/dt) at the Tateno Observatory. The ionospheric potential, deduced from the measurements of the potential gradient by radiosonde ascents, shows no clear seasonal variation at Syowa-Base (Antarctica). Following Ohm's law, however, the above-mentioned results suggest that the seasonal variation of the ionospheric potential would exist on land.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 100 (1972), S. 81-93 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Messungen der luftlelektrischen Leitfähigkeit und des atmosphärischen Potentialgradienten werden berichtet, welche mit ballongetragenen Radiosonden in der freien Atmosphäre über Indien ausgeführt worden sind. Oberhalb der Austauschschicht vermindert sich das Potentialgefälle exponentiell mit der Höhe, während die Leitfähigkeitsprofile das dazu spiegelbildliche Bild zeigen. In der Troposphäre werden jedoch grosse Änderungen des Potentialgefälles und der Leitfähigkeit im Zusammenhang mit Wolken, Dunst, Staub und mit anderen meteorologischen Erscheinungen und mit Raumladungseffekten beobachtet. Auch in der Stratosphäre werden signifikante, wenn auch kleine Änderungen beobachtet, welche mit der Existenz von Aerosolschichten zusammen zu hängen scheinen. Das gesamte atmosphärische Potential wurde aus den integrierten Potential-gefällekurven berechnet zu 300 kV als Mittel gefunden; dieses Ionosphärenpotential zeigt Veränderungen um diesen Mittel in Form von Tagesgängen und Jahresgängen.
    Notes: Summary Results of measurements of atmospheric electrical potential gradient and conductivity in the free atmosphere using balloon borne radiosondes made at a few stations in India are presented. The potential gradient generally decreases exponentially with height above the exchange layer and the electrical conductivity profiles show corresponding mirror image symmetry. Large variations of electrical potential gradient and conductivity are, however, observed in the troposphere closely associated with clouds, dust and haze and other local meteorological phenomena and space charge effects. Significant though small variations are also observed in the stratosphere, which appear to be associated with the existence of aerosol layers. From an analysis of integrated potential profiles the total atmospheric potential has been calculated and found to have a mean value of 300 kV; the ionospheric potential varies diurnally and seasonally about the mean.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 100 (1972), S. 109-122 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung des Ionisationsgleichgewichts wurden gleichzeitige Messungen der Konzentration schneller Ionen (n), der Konzentration der Kondensationskerne (Z) und des Diffusions-Koeffizienten der Kondensationskerne (D) über dem Meere ausgefürt. Unter Berücksichtigung des Diffusions-Koeffizienten (D) konnte der Zusammenhang zwischen den beiden anderen Grössen recht gut durch eine einfache Formel ausgedrückt werden:q=βn Z. Die Abhängigkeit des wirksamen Anlagerungskoeffizienten für schnelle Ionen (β) von der Grösse der Kondensationskerne (2r) wurde ebenfalls untersucht, und es wurde gefunden, dass β recht gut mitD oderr korreliert. Kleinere Unterschiede in der Abhängigkeit von β vonD oderr, welche bei einem Vergleich der Messungen über See und über Land festgestellt wurden, liessen sich gut durch den Unterschied der geladenen Zustände der Kondensationskerne über See und Land erklären.
    Notes: Summary To study the ionization equilibrium, simultancous measurements of the concentration of small ions (n), concentration of condensation nuclei (Z), and the diffusion coefficient of condensation nuclei (D) have been carried out over the sea. If we take the variation ofD into consideration, the correlation among them was found to be well expressed by the simple formula;q=βn Z. The dependence of the effective attachment coefficient of small ions (β) upon the size of nuclei (2r) were also studied, and β was found to correlate well withD orr. Slight differences of the dependence of β uponD orr over the sea from that over the land seem to be well explained by the difference of charged states of nuclei over the sea and land.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 100 (1972), S. 123-132 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels einer Kombination eines Beweglichkeits-Spektrometers und eines Vierpol-Massenspektrometers, ersteres im Bereich des normalen Luftdrucks arbeitend, wurde die Natur der negativen Ionen in einer luftähnlichen Gasmischung untersucht. Die Gasmischung enthielt 300 ppm2) Kohlendioxid und 1 ppm Wasserdampf. Es wurde festgestellt, dass unter Gleichgewichts-bedingungen das vorherrschende Ion die Formel CO4−·(H2O) hat.
    Notes: Summary The nature of negative ions in an air-like gas mixture containing 300 ppm2) of carbon dioxide and 1 ppm of water has been investigated using a drift tube working at atmospheric pressure and interfaced with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. It was found that the most dominant ion under equilibrium conditions is CO4−·(H2O).
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 100 (1972), S. 154-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1967 bis 1969 wurden in Poona regelmässige Messungen der Staub-und Kernzahlen in der bodennahen Atmosphäre ausgeführt, um die charakteristischen Elemente der bodennahen Pollution, ihrer Herkunft und ihren Änderungen im Lauf der Zeit, der Jahreszeiten, und der Höhe zu studieren. Gleichzeitig wurden auch die luftelektrische Feldstärke, die positiven und negativen polaren Leitfähigkeiten, und die Konzentration der positiven und negativen schnellen Ionen in der bodennahen Luft gemessen. Im Februar, März, und Juni 1969 wurden diese Messungen an zwei Bergstationen wiederholt. Staubgehalt und luftelektrisches Feld zeigen Jahresgänge und Tagesgänge welche zu denen der Leitfähigkeiten und der Ionenzahlen entgegengesetzt verlaufen. Demnach sind, während das luftelektrische Feld seinen Höchstwert im Winter erreicht, luftelektrische Leitfähigkeit und Ionenzahlen während der Monsunmonate am grössten; der Staubgehalt hat seinen Höchstwert in den Sommermonaten vor der Monsunzeit. Seit ähnliche Messungen zum letzten Male in Poona ausgeführt wurden, 1935 bis 1937, ist die Konzentration der Kerne und der Wert des luftelektrischen Feldes merklich angestiegen, während Kleinionenzahlen und Leifähigkeit entsprechend zurückgegangen sind. Diese starken Veränderungen werden mit der in den letzten dreissig Jahren angewachsenen Industrialisierung und Verstädterung der Gegend um Poona in Zusammenhang gebracht.
    Notes: Summary Regular measurements of the dust and nuclei content of the air near the ground at Poona were made during 1967–69 to study the characteristic elements of natural pollution near the ground, its origin and its variation with time, seasons and altitude. The electrical field strength, the positive and negative polar conductivities of the air and the number of positively and negatively charged small ions in the atmosphere near the ground were also measured at the same time. These measurements were repeated at two mountain stations during February, March, and June 1969. The dust content and the electric field show seasonal and diurnal variations opposite to those of the small ion density and electrical conductivity. Thus while the electric field is a maximum in winter, the conductivity and small ion content is a maximum during the monsoon months and the dust content a maximum in the premonsoon summer months. A marked increase in the electric field and the dust and condensation nuclei content is observed since similar measurements were last made in 1935–37 at Poona, with a corresponding decrease in small ion count and conductivity. These large variations are associated with the increased industrialization and urbanization of the regions round Poona during the last thirty years.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 101 (1972), S. 10-27 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper the quasi-static temperature and stress distributions set up in an elastic sphere by radiation from a point source at a finite distance from the centre of the sphere and out-side it, have been discussed. The temperature boundary condition has been taken in the general form involving an arbitrary function of time. The final solutions have been obtained in terms of series involving Legendre polynomials. Numerical calculations have been done on IBM 1620 Computer and a desk calculator. The results have been represented in graphs.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 100 (1972), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Messdaten des luftelektrischen Feldes (Potentialgefälles)E während des Auftretens von Polarlichtern werden zusammengefasst. Es wird gezeigt, dassE bei Nordlicht abgeschwächt, bei Südlicht verstärkt wird. Die Änderungen vonE erreichen 30–35% des Mittelwerts und hängen von der Stärke des Polarlichts ab. Im Mittel beginnen die Abweichungen desE von seinem normalen Wert 3.5 Stunden vor, und enden 3 Stunden nach dem Auftreten des Polarlichts.
    Notes: Summary The measured data of the atmospheric potential gradientE during aurorae are summarized. It is shown that aurorae in the northern hemisphere decreaseE, and aurorae in the southern hemisphere increaseE. Depending on aurorae intensities, variations ofE reach 30–35% from the mean. Deviations ofE from normal values, on the average, begin 3.5 hours before aurora occurrence and end 3 hours after that.
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