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  • 1995-1999  (364,838)
  • 1980-1984  (244,727)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Naturwissenschaften, Springer, 71(12), pp. 599-608, ISSN: 0028-1042
    Publication Date: 2014-06-04
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The mound builderMacrotermes michaelseni forages in Kenya semi-arid pastures. Each colony (4/ha) utilizes 130 to 600 m2 in average per month. The distribution of foraging holes 22 000 to 50 000 per nest) shows an overall spatial activity. The 24h foraging activity is mainly nocturnal and the seasonal variation presents three peaks per year. This activity depends partly on temperature and rainfall but the internal economy (sexual brood production within the colony) plays a decisive role.
    Notes: Resume Macrotermes michaelseni est un constructeur de termitières épigées qui récolte en strate herbacée dans les pâturages semi-arides du Kenya. Chaque colonie (4/ha) exploite en moyenne 130 à 600 m2 par mois. La répartition des orifices de récolte (22 000 à 50 000 par colonie) démontre que l'ensemble du milieu est utilisé. On envisage la variation journalière de l'activité de récolte (essentiellement nocturne) ainsi que sa périodicité saisonnière (3 maximums annuels). Cette activité est partiellement reliée à la température et aux pluies, mais l'économie interne des colonies (production du couvain de sexués) est aussi déterminante.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 28 (1981), S. 341-342 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nestgründung von einer Arbeiterin der japanischen Falten WespePolistes chinensis antennalis wurde im Juni 1979 beobachtet. Diese Arbeiterin ausschlüpft im Juni 1979 aus einem anderen Nest und reparierte ein verlassenes Nest und zog darin einige Larven aus. Diese ist die erste Entdeckung der Nestgrüdung von einer Arbeiterin in der Unterfamilie Polistinae.
    Notes: Summary The nest foundation by a single worker of the Japanese paper waspPolistes chinensis antennalis was observed in July, 1979. This worker had emerged from another nest in June 1979, and repaired an abandoned nest and reared some larvae there. This is the first discovery of nest foundation by a worker in the subfamily Polistinae
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present work follows the study ofMacrotermes michaelseni foraging activities (Lepage, 1981) and deals with its food requirements. The yearly food offtake ranges between 800 and 1500 kg/ha. The harvest is 25 to 30% below in lean year (1976). Termites and large mammals offtakes are similar but they take place at different times of the ecosystem cycle: rainy season for mammals and dry season for termites.Macrotermes would prefer grass litter on the ground if available, but can switch to standing crop as the ecosystem becomes more arid. From this work it is possible to understand howMacrotermes could be a pest in these pastures.
    Notes: Resume Cette étude envisage la prise de nourriture du termiteMacrotermes michaelseni en strate herbacée et complète les observations rapportées précédemment sur le cycle de récolte du termite (Lepage, 1981). Le prélèvement varie de 800 à 1500 kg/ha/an et il est de 25 à 30% inférieur lorsque l'année est déficitaire en pluies (1976). Cette récolte est comparée à l'action des grands Mammifères herbivores présents sur le lieu de l'étude: les quantités globales (herbe et litière) sont du même ordre. Mais l'impact sur l'écosystème n'intervient pas au même moment: saison des pluies pour les Mammifères, saison sèche pour les termites.Macrotermes préfère la litière graminéenne au sol mais consomme progressivement l'herbe sur pied à mesure que l'écosystème devient plus aride. Il est possible de comprendre, d'après ces observations, commentMacrotermes peut devenir nuisible pour ces pâturages semi-arides.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 28 (1981), S. 347-352 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ungefähr 18% der Arbeiterinnen vonLasioglossum zephyrum werden unter natürlichen Freilandbedingungen begattet. In der Gefangenschaft variiert die Bereitschaft der Weibchen zur Begattung mit dem Alter und dem Kastenzustand: 1) Von anderen Weibchen isolierte Weibchen paarten sich zu 69% innerhalb von drei Tagen nach dem Schlüpfen. 2) In Nestgruppen von je sechs Bienen paarten sich alle Königinnen, jedoch nur 7,7 % aller Arbeiterinnen. 3) Nach künstlicher Entfernung der Königin verpaarten sich die Ersatzköniginnen in allen von zehn Fällen. Diese Ersatzköniginnen waren alle vorher in Gegenwart der alten Königin unverpaart. 4) In einer Kolonie von fünf Bienen paarten sich alle drei Ersatzköniginnen nachdem der Reihe nach die jeweilige Königin entfernt worden war. Gleichzeitig wurden keine der jeweiligen Restarbeiterinen begattet. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen an, dass die Königin die Paarungsbeitschaft der Arbeiterinnen auch ausserhalb des Nestes inhibiert. Es erscheint möglich, dass sich Inhibition durch eine Königin nicht nur auf die Grösse der Ovarien von Arbeiterinnen auswirkt.
    Notes: Summary About 18 percent ofLasioglossum zephyrum workers mate in the field. In the laboratory female mating receptivity varied with age and caste: 1) sixty-nine percent of bees less than 3 days old mated when kept isolated from other females, 2) in six-bee colonies all of the queens, but only 7,7 percent of their workers, mated, 3) in queen removal experiments involving 10 colonies, all the replacement queens mated (these same individuals were not receptive to mating as workers), 4) in one colony of 5 bees, consecutive queen removal showed that each of the four bees identified as the queen mated, while none of the remaining workers did so. The results indicate that queen inhibition governs behavior of the workers even outside the nest. The inhibition may involve more than differences in ovarian size.
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 28 (1981), S. 353-370 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Workers ofMyrmica rubra cluster around living queens from their own colony. Workers also cluster around these same queens after they are killed and kept for one or two hours. The suggestion is that the factors causing these aggregations are at least partly chemical, for dead queens are unable to give movement or acoustical signals. Also, the form of the queens'body is unable to induce the clustering response. The chemical signals causing aggregation, emitted by the queen, are not very volatile and/or they are well adsorbed by her cuticle. They oxidise rapidly after 3–4 hours exposure to the air and they continue to denature, losing their ethological activity, for the subsequent 2–3 days. They deteriorate when warmed to a temperature of 50°C for a few minutes. Organic solvents denature them rapidly and may extract them whereas distilled water has no effect upon them. The chemical factors are uniformly distributed over the external surface of the queen's body and it seems that they are not produced by the metapleural glands. The experiments, producing the above results, are detailed and discussed raising questions and hypotheses that we will consider in future work.
    Notes: Resume Les ouvrières deMyrmica rubra s'agrègent autour de reines indigènes vivantes, et de ces mêmes reines mortes depuis 1 ou 2 heures. Les facteurs responsables de ces agrégations sont, au moins partiellement, de nature chimique. Ils ne sont ni gestuels, ni acoustiques, et la forme du corps des reines est incapable, à elle seule, d'agréger les fourmis. Les facteurs chimiques agrégatifs propres aux reines sont peu volatiles et/ou bien adsorbés sur la cuticule des reines. Ils s'oxydent à l'air au bout de 3 ou 4 heures puis se dégradent encore d'une autre manière, progressivement, au cours du temps. Un passage de quelques minutes à une température voisine de 50°C les altère. Les solvants organiques, mais non l'eau distillée, les dénature rapidement et les extraient peut-être. Enfin, ces facteurs chimiques se répartissent uniformément sur toute la surface externe du corps des reines, et ils ne semblent guère provenir des glandes métapleurales. Après avoir détaillé nos travaux, puis discuté des renseignements acquis, nous posons des questions et hypothèses à envisager dans la suite de notre étude.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume La «fourmi de feu»,Solenopsis invicta Buren, a trois principaux groupes fonctionnels d'ouvrières: les fourrageuses, les «stockeuses de réserves» et les nourrices. En utilisant un nid spécialement construit, nous avons pu séparer ces groupes fonctionnels. Nous avons donné aux fourmis de l'iode radio-actif (1251) mélangé à de la poudre de jaune d'œuf, de l'huile de soja ou une solution de miel à 50 % pendant 10 minutes. Le nombre de fourmis par nid et la quantité de nourriture marquée, consommée par fourmi, ont ensuite été mesurés. Lorsqu'elles ont reçu du miel ou de l'huile de soja, les colonies répondent en augmentant le nombre de fourrageuses et de «stockeuses de réserves» actives. Avec les deux sortes de nourriture, les fourrageuses consomment de grandes quantités de liquide; elles en transmettent des quantités plus petites aux «stockeuses de réserves» et aux nourrices. Lorsqu'on donne du miel «à 50 %» aux fourmis, moins de 0,2 % du miel recueilli par les fourrageuses parvient à la colonie; seulement 5 % des larves sont nourries après 10 minutes. Lorsqu'on donne de l'huile de soja, 2 % de l'huile recueillie parvient aux larves: à peu près 35 % des larves sont nourries après 10 minutes. Lorsqu'on donne de la poudre de jaune d'œuf, le nombre de fourrageuses est bas, mais celles-ci viennent plusieurs fois; elles laissent la nourriture à la périphérie du nid ou la transmettent aux «stockeuses de réserves». Les «stockeuses de réserves» transmettent rapidement la nourriture aux nourrices de sorte que, par rapport à l'huile et au miel, la quantité de nourriture consommëe par fourmi est la plus élevée parmi les nourrices. A peu près 80 % du couvain est nourri avec de la poudre de jaune d'œuf durant la période de 10 minutes, ce qui représente 6 % du jaune d'œuf recueilli par les fourrageuses. De cette étude, il apparaît que les ouvrières peuvent distinguer différents types de nutriments et, en conséquence, adapter leur comportement.
    Notes: Summary The imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren has three main functional worker groups: foragers, reserves, and nurses. By using a specially designed nest we were able to separate these functional groups by location. The ants were presented with 125 Iodine mixed with egg yolk powder, soybean oil, or 50 % honey solution for 10 minutes. The number of ants per nest location and the quantity of radiolabelled food consumed per ant were then measured. When presented with honey or soybean oil, colonies responded by increasing the number of foragers and active reserves. With both foods the foragers took in large quantities of liquid, passing on smaller amounts to the reserves and the nurses. When ants were presented with 50 % honey, less than 0.2 % of the honey collected by the foragers reached the brood. Only 5 % of the larvæ were fed after 10 minutes. When soybean oil was presented, 2 % of the oil collected reached the larvæ and approximately 35 % of the larvæ had been fed after 10 minutes. When the ants were presented with egg yolk powder, the number of foragers was low but they made repeated trips, leaving food on the nest periphery or passing it on to the reserves. Reserves relayed food rapidly to the nurses so that, in contrast to oil and honey, the quantity of food consumed per ant was greatest among the nurses and lower among the reserves and the foragers. Approximately 80 % of the brood were fed egg yolk powder within the 10 minutes period receiving 6 % of the egg yolk collected by the foragers. From this study it appears that workers can discriminate between nutrient types and adjust their behaviour accordingly.
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  • 8
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    Insectes sociaux 27 (1980), S. 29-42 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cephalotes atratus, la «Fourmi-tortue géante», de la tribu néotropicale des Cephalotini, apparaît comme un stade intermédiaire dans l'évolution du polymorphisme social. La ligne de croissance allométrique est droite, mais la distribution des tailles des ouvrières est bimodale. Un éthogramme des ouvrières dans des nids artificiels montre des différences de comportement prononcées en fonction de l'âge. Dans les conditions naturelles, on observe aussi des spécialisations du comportement individuel d'approvisionnement, en rapport avec la taille des ouvrières. Comparée à d'autres Céphalotines évoluées, cette espèce semble moins fortement modifiée dans le sens de la vie arboricole. On présente un modèle d'évolution du polymorphisme chez les Fourmis.
    Notes: Summary Cephalotes atratus, the “giant turtle ant” of the Neotropical tribe Cephalotini, exhibits an intermediate stage in the evolution of polymorphism. The allometric growth line is straight, but the distribution of worker sizes is bimodal. An ethogram of workers in laboratory nests showed pronounced differences in behavior according to age. Under natural conditions, individual foraging specializations based on worker size were also found. Compared to other advanced cephalotines, this species appears to be less strongly adapted for arboreal life. A model is presented for the evolution of polymorphism in ants.
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 27 (1980), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Chez des femelles dePolistes gallicus, nous avons examiné le volume des corpora allata et leur activité de synthèse in vitro estimée grâce au dosage radiochimique de l'hormone juvénile. Les valeurs obtenues sont comparées avec l'activité ovarienne. Pendant la première période de maturation des ovocytes, à la sortie de l'hivernage, le volume des corpora allata est en nette corrélation avec leur activité de synthèse. Cependant, chez des femelles hivernantes ou ovariectomisées, nous avons observé de très grosses glandes ne produisant que de petites quantités d'hormone juvénile. Les petits corps allates des femelles stylopisées ont une activité de synthèse très faible. Chez toutes les femelles dominantes, les corpora allata sont plus grands et plus actifs que chez les subordonnées; les changements d'activité endocrinienne semblent liés à l'établissement d'une hiérarchie sociale entre les fondatrices.
    Notes: Summary In females ofPolistes gallicus the activity of corpora allata (CA) was determined volumetrically as well as radiochemically using the in vitro assay for juvenile hormone (JH). The results we have compared with the ovarian activity. During the period of egg maturation after overwintering the volume of CA is well correlated with the synthetic activity. But in overwintering females and in ovariectomized females we have observed very large glands which produced only little amounts of JH like the small glands of parasitized wasps. In all dominant females the CA we have found to be larger and more active than in subordinated females indicating that changes in the endocrine activity may be a primary result of social hierarchy.
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  • 10
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    Insectes sociaux 27 (1980), S. 127-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le déménagement de sociétés deMyrmica rubra L. a été induit en laboratoire en dégradant le microclimat des nids. L'analyse détaillée du processus de déménagement s'appuie sur l'observation et sur la mesure du trafic entre l'ancien et le nouveau nid. On distingue trois phases: l'exploration, l'émigration, et l'exploration finale.Myrmica rubra utilise deux modes de recrutements initiés par des comportements d'invitation distincts: les recrutements de groupe dominent au début, les transports par la suite. L'organisation du groupe est étudiée. Le «leader» émet une phéromone issue de l'appareil à venin. Nous avons tenté d'en préciser l'origine glandulaire (glande de Dufour ou glande à poison) par des expériences de leurre et l'analyse de traces sur du noir de fumée. La plupart des transports se font selon la position typique des myrmicines; la signification des transports atypiques est discutée. Le transport de compagnes ou de couvain est effectué par 25% des ouvrières (en moyenne), dont la majorité montre une forte pigmentation cuticulaire. La stabilité de ce groupe d'ouvrières transporteuses est testée au cours de déménagements successifs. Le pouvoir de régulation sociale est élevé: des reines ou des jeunes ouvrières isolées du reste de la colonie peuvent mener un déménagement à bien.
    Notes: Summary The colony-moving ofMyrmica rubra L. was induced in he laboratory by worsening the microclimate of the nest. A detailed analysis of the whole process is given; it is based both on observation and on traffic measurements between the old and the new nests. Three periods can be recognized: exploration, emigration, and final exploration. Two recruitment methods occur, initiated by distinct motor displays: group recruitment takes place first, whilst carrying behaviour becomes the main technique later. The organization of the group is described. The recruiter extrudes its sting while returning to the old nest and while leading the group. Tracks left on soot-coated glasses are analyzed. Sticks crushed with either the poison gland or the Dufour's gland are effective in leading the ants. Most adult carrying postures are typical for myrmicines: the occurrence of atypical postures is discussed. All the carrying acts (of brood and adults) are effected by 25% of the workers (on average); carrying activity is age-dependent. The stability of the group of carriers is tested during successive emigrations. Social regulation potentiality is strong: even queens or callows can move with their larvae when isolated from the rest of the colony.
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  • 11
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    Insectes sociaux 27 (1980), S. 391-398 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le taux de reproduction d'abeilles de races européennes non domestiquées a été étudié dans le Kansas (U.S.A.). Chaque colonie avec la même reine a produit 3,6 coloniesfilles en moyenne pendant un an. Ce taux de reproduction élevé est essentiellement dû à des essaims secondaires; ce facteur n'a pas été suffisamment considéré jusqu'à présent. Le taux d'essaimage secondaire est influencé par au moins deux facteurs: la quantité de couvain operculé dans la colonie et la saison où l'essaimage se produit. Nous discutons aussi les facteurs qui peuvent affecter la survie et la reproduction des essaims primaires et secondaires.
    Notes: Summary The reproductive rate of unmanaged European honeybee races was studied in Kansas, U.S.A. Colonies produced a mean of 3.6 daughter colonies per original queen during one year. This high reproductive rate was largely due to the frequent occurrence of afterswarms, a factor not adequately considered in previous studies. The rate of afterswarming was influenced by at least two factors: the amount of sealed brood (pupae) in the colony and the season when swarming occurred. Factors which may influence the survival and subsequent reproduction of prime swarms and afterswarms are discussed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Chez les Guêpes et les Frelons, les cellules sont hexagonales lorsqu'elles sont situées dans les zones centrales du rayon. Les cellules périphériques, comme toutes les cellules au début de leur construction, ont des parois arrondies plutôt que angulaires. La transformation d'une cellule en forme de gobelet, à parois arrondies, en une cellule hexagonale avec un angle de 120° entre les parois est partiellement due à des processus de transformation des parois cellulaires existantes au moment où de nouvelles parois leur sont attachées depuis le côté extérieur. Le développement de la construction des cellules initiales aboutit à 6 parois dans les rayons construits autour d'une seule cellule centrale ou à 5,5 parois lorsqui'il y a 2 cellules centrales contiguës. Cependant, dans les constructions ultérieures, ce type d'évolution des parois diminue graduellement à mesure que de nouveaux anneaux de cellules sont ajoutés, pour atteindre une valeur moyenne de 3 nouvelles parois par cellule, indépendamment du fait que le rayon s'est construit autour d'une ou de deux cellules centrales. Les résultats présentés dans cet article sur l'utilisation plus efficiente des parois dans les rayons plus grands apportent une confirmation du caractère économique de l'utilisation des matériaux dans la construction du rayon par les Vespinæ.
    Notes: Summary The individual cell in the hornet or wasp comb is hexagonal in cross-section when it is one of the inner “ring” of cells. On the other hand, peripheral cells, like all cells built initially, have rounded rather than angled walls. This transformation from a goblet-shaped cell with rounded walls to an hexagonally-walled cell with an angle of 120° between each two walls is partly acheived by additional processing of the existing cell walls as new walls (between old and new cells) are accreted onto them from the outside. The comb cells are essentially hexagonal so that the “expenditure” in the building of the initial cell(s) is either 6 walls (in combs built around a single central cell) or 5.5 walls (where there are two abutting, central cells). With subsequent building, however, this “wall expenditure” diminishes gradually as more rings of cells are laid down, approaching an average value of 3 new walls per cell regardless of whether the comb is built around one or rather two central cells. Presented data on more efficient wall utilization in the larger combs offer further confirmation of the frugality of comb construction by Vespinæ.
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  • 13
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 44-66 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The typical outdoor workers of red wood ants (Formica polyctena Förster) leave the nest spontaneously, even in satiated and undisturbed colonies. It is supposed that their task is not only foraging, but also to occupy a territory. After an one-day withdrawal of sugared water, the number of typical outdoor workers staying outside the nest increases, and additional outdoor workers which normally do not leave the nest in satiated colonies take part in foraging. On the average, these worker ants are younger than typical outdoor workers. Information about the degree of hunger in an ant colony is, at least partly, transferred by means of a pheromone which acts on satiated worker ants, too. After one-day's withdrawal of sugared water, ant colonies react to offering of 1-molar sugared water with an increase in the number of ants leaving the nest. Satiated colonies do not react, nor do hungry colonies to 0,1-molar sugared water or, except slightly, to the liquid from crushed insects. Apparently the recruited ants do not differ from the additional outdoor workers characterized above. The ants are at least partly recruited by means of a pheromone, which acts independently of whether they are hungry or satiated. The contents of Dufour's gland or their main component, n-undecane, cause the worker ants to leave the nest in the same way as does the odor from an alarmed nest. Ant colonies also react with a food alarm to the offering of prey, over a distance of approximately 10 m between nest and feeding place. Since the ants usually leave the feeding place only after a long period of fighting (1–2 h) and do not return to it, the reaction of a colony to prey starts later and is weaker than the reaction to sugared water. Therefore, this behaviour is appropriate not to the capture of single prey insects, but to the utilisation of accumulations of prey.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die typischen Außendiensttiere der roten Waldameisen (Formica polyctena Förster) verlassen das Nest spontan, auch bei gesättigten und ungestörten Völkern. Vermutlich haben sie nicht nur die Aufgabe, Nahrung zu sammeln, sondern auch, das Nestterritorium zu besetzen. Nach einem eintägigen Entzug von Zuckerwasser steigt die Anzahl der typischen Außendiensttiere, die sich jeweils außerhalb des Nestes aufhalten, und es beteiligen sich zusätzliche Außendiensttiere am Nahrungseintrag, die bei gesättigten Völkern das Nest nicht verlassen. Diese sind im Durchschnitt jünger als die typischen Außendiensttiere. Die Information über den Hungerzustand in einem Ameisenvolk wird zumindest teilweise durch ein Pheromon übertragen, das auch auf gesättigte Arbeiterinnen wirkt. Nach einem eintägigen Entzug von Zuckerwasser reagieren Ameisenvölker auf das Angebot einer 1 molaren Zuckerlösung mit einer Steigerung in der Anzhal der auslaufenden Arbeiterinnen. Gesättigte Völker reagieren nicht, und auch hungrige Völker reagieren nicht auf 0,1 molare Zuckerlösung und nur wenig auf Flüssigkeit aus zerquetschten Insekten. Die rekrutierten Arbeiterinnen unterscheiden sich anscheinend nicht von den oben charakterisierten zusätzlichen Außendiensttieren. Die Ameisen werden zumindest teilweise mit Hilfe eines Pheromons rekrutiert, das unabhängig davon wirkt, ob sie gesättigt oder hungrig sind. Der Inhalt von Dufourdrüsen oder seine Hauptkomponente, n-Undecan, bewirken eine ebensolche Auslaufsteigerung der Arbeiterinnen wie Duftstoffe aus einem alarmierten Volk. Ameisenvölker reagieren auch auf das Angebot von Beute mit einem Nahrungsalarm, und zwar über eine Entfernung von etwa 10 m zwischen Nest und Futterplatz. Da die Arbeiterinnen den Futterplatz meistens erst nach längerem Kampf (1–2 h) verlassen und nicht zu ihm zurückkehren, beginnt ein Nahrungsalarm zu Beute später und ist schwächer ausgeprägt als ein Nahrungsalarm zu Zuckerwasser. Deshalb ist dieses Verhalten nicht dazu geeignet, einzelne Beuteinsekten zu überwältigen, sondern dazu, Ansammlungen von Beutetieren zu nutzen.
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  • 14
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'organisation sociale chez lesDictyna et lesMallos comprend des espèces solitaires, des espèces qui vivent en groupes et gardent des territoires (grégaires, territoriales), et une espèce vivant en groupe (Mallos gregalis) qui ne conserve pas de territoires (grégaire, non-territoriale). L'interattraction par l'intermédiaire de la soie existe chezM. gregalis et chez une espèce grégaire, territoriale (Dictyna calcurata); mais elle ne semble pas exister chez une autre espèce grégaire, territoriale (M. trivittatus) ni chez une espèce solitaire (M. niveus). Les femelles adultes deM. gregalis ont été repoussées par la soie d'autres espèces de dictynides. Toutes les espèces qui ont été testées ont été repoussées par la soie de l'araignée aranéideAraneus diadematus.
    Notes: Summary Social organization withinDictyna andMallos includes solitary species, species that live in groups and maintain territories (communal, territorial), and a group-living species (Mallos gregalis) that does not maintain territories (communal, non-territorial). Silk-mediated interattraction occurs inM. gregalis and in a communal, territorial species (Dictyna calcurata); but it does not seem to occur in another communal, territorial species (M. trivittatus), nor in a solitary species (M. niveus). Adult females ofM. gregalis were repelled by the silk of other dictynid species. All spiders that were tested were repelled by the silk of an araneid spider (Araneus diadematus).
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 86-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Dans le développement des ovarioles des ouvrières deFormica sanguinea, on peut distinguer huit phases qui correspondent à celles de la fourmi rousseFormica polyctena (Otto, 1958). Ces phases constituent un cycle bien défini chez des ouvrières dont l'âge est connu précisément: les tubes indifférenciés des jeunes individus montrent un nombre croissant de chambres gonflées, le maximum étant atteint vers la quatrième semaine. Une dégénération assez rapide se manifeste peu après, de sorte que la plupart des ovarioles apparaissent comme des tubes vides contenant encore quelques corps jaunes. Chez les ouvrières âgées de plus d'une année et demie, on trouve des ovarioles à des phases différentes, d'après la situation physiologique de l'ouvrière dans le nid: les fourrageuses ont toujours des ovarioles complètement dégénérées tandis que les ouvrières hivernantes peuvent posséder des ovarioles dans une phase de régression moins avançée. Le nombre d'ovarioles paraît lié à la taille: les petites ouvrières ont en moyenne deux ovarioles de chaque côté, les plus grandes de trois à cinq.
    Notes: Summary As in the red wood antFormica polyctena (Otto, 1958) the ovariole development inFormica sanguinea workers consists of eight stages well defined in time. This is revealed by investigations on workers of well known age. The undifferentiated tubes in young workers develop more and more into protuberant chambers, reaching a maximum growth around the fourth week. They then regress rather rapidly and after five weeks most ovarioles look like empty tubes containing some yellow bodies. Ovarioles of workers older than one year and a half, however, can be in various stages according to their physiological condition in the nest: foraging workers always have fully degenerated ovarioles, while the hibernating individuals still can have ovarioles in an early regression stage. The number of ovarioles seems to be related to body length: small individuals have on the average two ovarioles on each side, larger ones three to five.
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 118-123 
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  • 17
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les ouvrières et les mâles deScaptotrigona postica éclosent de cellules morphologiquement identiques. Habituellement, chaque cellule ne contient qu'une seule abeille. Cependant, nos observations montrent que quelques cellules, dispersées sur le rayon à couvain, contiennent plusieurs œufs. Etant donné que les œufs supplémentaires donnent des mâles, ils ont probablement été pondus par des ouvrières nourrices, après la ponte de la reine. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de différence morphologique entre cellules de mâles et cellules d'ouvrières, elles contiennent une quantité de nourriture significativement différente. Les mâles sont élevés dans des cellules qui contiennent moins de nourriture que celles où sont élevées les ouvrières: la différence est significative au niveau de 1 %. Ceci conduit à penser que l'ouvrière pourrait reconnaître la cellule avant de pondre et que cette reconnaissance se ferait à partir de la quantité de nourriture contenue dans la cellule.
    Notes: Summary Workers and males of the stingless beeScaptotrigona postica emerge from morphologically similar cells. Normally only one bee is reared in each brood cell, but we found that some of the cells, interspersed throughout the brood comb, contained more than one egg. Because these additional eggs produced adult males, they were probably laid by nurse bees (workers) after the queen had oviposited in the cells concerned. Although there is no morphological difference between male and worker cells a significant difference was found in the amount of food inside them. The cell where the male is reared shows less food than the worker cell, difference that is statistically significant at 1% level. This fact suggests that: the worker might recognise the cell before oviposition and that this recognition is based on the difference of food quantity.
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 164-174 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume ChezLasius sakagamii, le taux de reproduction est en relation avec la densité des reines dans chaque nid. Dans les nids à forte densité de reines, le développement des ovaires et le taux de ponte de chaque reine sont plus faibles que dans les autres nids, alors que le nombre des œufs dans chaque nid est plus élevé. En général, dans les nids à très forte densité de reines (plus du 25 reines par mètre carré de nid) ou avec des faibles rapports ouvrières/reine (moins de 5 000 ouvrières pour une reine), aucune reine ailée n'est produite. C'est aussi le cas des nids où les rapports larves/ouvrière sont élevés (plus de 5 larves par ouvrière). D'autre part, la production des ouvrières et des mâles est plus grande dans les nids à forte densité de reines que dans ceux où la densité de celle-ci est faible.
    Notes: Summary The reproduction rate ofL. sakagamii is related to the queen density in each nest. In nests with higher queen densities, the ovarian development and the egg-laying rate of each queen is lower, though the number of eggs produced per nest is larger. In general, in nests with very high queen densities (more than about 25 queens per square meter of nest) or low worker/queen ratios (less than about 5,000 workers per queen), no alate queens are produced. Further, nests with high larva/worker ratios (more than about 5 larvae per worker) also produce no alate queens. On the other hand, the production of workers and males is larger in nests with high queen densities than in those with low queen densities.
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  • 19
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the antCataglyphis cursor, the parthenogenetic reproductive eggs laid by workers are bigger than the mated queens' ones. Laboratory studies about the evolution of the egg length were carried out in colonies with and without a queen. An attempt was made to estimate the number of eggs produced by each type of society. In societies with a queen, workers remain unproductive and the queen's laying is about one thousand eggs in a season; new queens and males can be yielded but many new workers are brought up. In queenless societies, workers lay a lot of eggs, breed young queens foremost, sometimes males and fewer new workers. There as no biased eggs; the nurse's physiological state sets the female larvæ toward queens or workers. In the normal turnover, the alates are born from eggs of the early season, which are the biggest ones. But small sized late eggs can also evolve into queens if the larvæ are bred by workers whose ovaries are active. That is particularly noticeable in queenless colonies where queens can be obtained from eggs laid eleven weeks after the start of oviposition.
    Notes: Resume Chez la FourmiCataglyphis cursor, les ouvrières orphelines produisent par parthénogénèse des œufs reproducteurs plus volumineux que ceux des reines fécondées. On a étudié en élevage, l'évolution de la longueur des œufs dans des sociétés avec reine et des sociétés sans reine et tenté d'estimer le nombre d'œufs produits par des colonies d'effectifs variés. Dans les sociétés avec reine, les ouvrières restent stériles dans les conditions normales et la ponte royale est d'environ un millier d'œufs dans la saison; il peut se former des jeunes reines et des mâles, mais il apparaît surtout beaucoup de nouvelles ouvrières. Dans les sociétés orphelines, les ouvrières pondent un grand nombre d'œufs, élèvent en priorité des jeunes reines, parfois des mâles et moins de nouvelles ouvrières. Il n'existe pas d'œufs préorientés. C'es l'état physiologique des ouvrières nourrices qui conditionne de devenir reine ou ouvrière des larves femelles: dans le cycle normal, les ailés sont issus des œufs du début de ponte, qui sont les plus gros; mais des œufs tardifs et de plus petite taille peuvent aussi donner des reines si les larves qui en sont issues sont élevées par des ouvrières dont l'ovaire est en activité. Cela est particulièrement évident dans les sociétés orphelines où l'on peut obtenir des reines à partir d'œufs pondus onze semaines après le début de la ponte.
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 308-331 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume La fourmi migratriceNeivamyrmex nigrescens a été étudiée sur le terrain pour déterminer comment le recrutement, l'emplacement et la quantité de nourriture influencent la fréquence, la distance et la direction des émigrations. Les observations sur l'affouragement montrent que les émigrations sont habituellement précédées par des raids, se poursuivent sur une colonne de raid réussi et se terminent près des sites de raids. Cependant, le recrutement alimentaire n'est pas un préliminaire nécessaire à l'émigration, pas plus que les émigrations ne se font toujours dans un endroit où il y a beaucoup de raids. En général, le nouveau nid n'est pas construit sur un site de raids, et il y a un court délai entre la découverte d'un site de nidification et le déclenchement de l'émigration. La direction, la distance et le déroulement temporel des émigrations sont liés plus directement à la découverte des sites de nidification qu'aux sites de raids, ce qui suggère des mécanismes de recrutement distincts. Etant donné que les raids et les émigrations disparaissent lorsqu'on suralimente les colonies, ces conduites ont un facteur de motivation commun, en l'occurrence la stimulation du couvain. L'effet réciproque entre la stimulation générale issue du couvain et le recrutement à des stimulations spécifiques, suscite une utilisation efficace du temps d'activité à la surface et empêche une exposition inutile de la reine et du couvain. La tendance à émigrer dans les endroits où il y a beaucoup de raids provient de la découverte d'un nid dans un tel endroit. Ainsi une colonie suit-elle généralement sa réserve de nourriture. Cependant, les émigrations gênent beaucoup les raids et ont probablement évolué dans des conditions écologiques très différentes de celles de la présente étude.
    Notes: Summary Field studies ofNeivamyrmex nigrescens were conducted to determine how recruitment to, location and amount of food affect emigration frequency, distance and direction. Observations of foraging showed that emigrations were usually preceded by raids, proceeded over a successful raid column, and terminated near raid sites. Recruitment to food was not a necessary prelude to emigration, however, nor did emigrations always move to an area of heavy raiding. The new nest was not usually formed in a raid site, and there was a short latency from the discovery of the nest site to the onset of the emigration. Direction, distance, and timing of emigrations were related more directly to discovery of nest sites than raid sites, suggesting separate recruitment mechanisms. Because both raids and emigrations were eliminated by overfeeding of colonies, these behaviors share a common motivating factor, namely, brood stimulation. The interplay between general arousal from the brood and recruitment to specific stimuli promotes efficient use of surface activity time and prevents unnecessary exposure of queen and brood. The tendency to emigrate into areas of heavy raids results from the discovery of a nest in that area; thus a colony generally follows its food supply. Emigrations interfere considerably with raiding, however, and probably evolved under ecological conditions very different from the present study.
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die mandibularen Drüsen der AmeiseWasmannia auropunctata enthalten 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazin, eine Verbindung mit der andere gleich-artige Nestbewohner von gestorten Arbeitern herbeigelockt werden. Während einer aggressiven interspezifischen Begegnung kann die kleine Ameise das Alkylpyrazin als ein Abstossungsmittel benutzen und ihren Opponenten noch dazu mit ihrem wirkungsvollen giftigen Stich untauglich machen. Alkylpyrazine sind schon früher in Vertreten der Unterfamilien Ponerinæ, Formicinæ und Dolichoderinæ gefunden worden, jedoch ist dies der erste Bericht über Alkylpyrazine in den mandibularen Drüsen einer Art der Myrmicinæ.
    Notes: Summary Mandibular glands of the ant,Wasmannia auropunctata, contain 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine, a compound which attracts nestmates to disturbed workers. During interspecific aggressive encounters, this small ant may utilize the alkylpyrazine as a repellent as well as disabling opponents with its potent sting venom. Alkylpyrazines have been previously identified as cephalic products from ants of the subfamilies Ponerinæ, Formicinæ, and Dolichoderinæ but this is the first report of an alkylpyrazine from the mandibular glands of a member of the Myrmicinæ.
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  • 22
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 383-401 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For two colonies ofPolistes reared in close proximity to one another, a series of physiological and ethological indices was determined for all of the female offspring surviving until mid-july. The indices chosen concern physiological parameters related to ovarian function, and ethological parameters expressing forms of integration into colony life. Multivariate analysis leads to the recognition of a number of clusters which fall into two functional groups: one is oriented towards the function of laying eggs and the other towards the function of maintenance of the colony. In spite of the obvious analogy, these two groups do not coincide perfectly with the two castes conventionally distinguished in the female sex; their divergence results from a succession of factors implicating both the state of belonging to a caste of the different individuals, and the direct causal factors the exact nature of which remains to be stated precisely.
    Notes: Resume Dans deux guêpiers dePolistes, placés au voisinage l'un de l'autre, on relève une série d'indices physiologiques et éthologiques sur l'ensemble des descendantes encore vivantes à la mi-juillet; les indices choisis concernent des paramètres physiologiques liés à la fonction ovarienne et des paramètres éthologiques exprimant des formes d'intégration à la vie de la colonie. L'analyse factorielle conduit à discerner un certain nombre de sous-populations, que l'on peut regrouper en deux grandes séries dont on propose une interprétation fonctionnelle: l'une s'orientant vers la fonction de ponte et l'autre vers la fonction d'entretien de la colonie. Malgré une analogie évidente, ces deux séries ne coïncident pas parfaitement avec les deux castes classiquement discernées dans le sexe femelle; leur divergence résulte d'une série de facteurs impliquant à la fois l'appartenance de caste des divers individus et des facteurs causaux immédiats dont la nature exacte reste à préciser.
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  • 23
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale du développement de grandes larves ayant hiverné, chez 4 espèces deMyrmica. Utilisant une gamme de températures de 15°C à 25°C, nous avons montré que: 1. Il n'y a pas de différences entre les espèces quant à l'effet de la température sur les durées de développement. Toutes suivent le modèle: log. durée de développement =a-b T°C, avec la même valeur pour b. Ceci donne un Q10 effectif d'environ 3,1. Ce résultat est en accord avec les estimations de respirométrie chez les ouvrières de fourmis. 2. Les valeurs de a diffèrent de façon significative entre la plupart des espèces, ce qui confirme la différence intrinsèque que nous avions démontrée à la température constante de 22,5°C dans un précédent travail. Les durées de développement larvaire peuvent être ainsi classées, de la plus rapide à la plus lente:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. etMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. A toutes les températures, il faut 1,5 fois plus de temps àM. sabuleti qu'àM. ruginodis pour qu'une grande larve ayant hiverné se transforme en nymphe blanche. 3. Nous n'avons pas observé de grandes différences dans la survie des larves et la production des reines, aux températures utilisées dans nos expériences. La plupart des espèces survivent le mieux à 22°C environ. 4. Les résultats sont brièvement discutés en fonction de la distribution écologique des 4 espèces dans le Sud de l'Angleterre. 5. Nous discutons les effets possibles d'un régime de température variable. Nous suggérons que l'amplitude des variations peut ne pas avoir un effet important alors que la périodicité des variations pourrait avoir un effet plus important.
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature upon the development of large hibernated larvaæ of fourMyrmica species has been tested experimentally. Over the viable temperature range of 15–25°C, it was found that: 1. There are no differences between the species in the effect of temperature upon development times. All fit the model log Dev. time=a-b T°C with a common value for b. This gives an effective Q10 of about 3.1 which agrees with respirometrical estimates for worker ants. 2. The value for the intercept (a) differs significantly between most species confirming the intrinsic difference that has been demonstrated at a constant 22.5°C in previous work. The development times of larvæ can be ordered from fastest to slowest being:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. andMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. At any temperature it takesM. sabuleti about 1.5 times as long asM. ruginodis to grow from a large hibernated larva to a white pupa. 3. No large differences in larval survival or gyne production could be detected between the temperature treatments. There was an indication that most species, survived best at about 22°C. 4. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the ecological distribution of the four species in the South of England. 5. The possible effects of a fluctuating temperature regime are discussed, it is suggested that the amplitude of fluctuations may not have any great effect whereas the periodicity could be more important.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 149-164 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chromosomenzahlen von 40 Ameisenarten werden mitgeteilt. Für 22 Arten wird zusätzlich der Karyotyp vorgelegt. Die haploiden Chromosomenzahlen bewegen sich zwischen n=8 und n=26. Bemerkenswert sind die Karyotypen der GattungLasius. Diese Karyotypen besitzen, abgesehen von einem oder zwei mediozentrischen Paaren, ausschliesslich acrozentrische Chromosomen. Alle übrigen Karyotypen bestehen überwiegend aus medio- bzw. submediozentrischen Chromosomen. In der GattungCamponotus entspricht die Gruppierung in Untergattungen auch einer Gruppierung von unterschiedlichen Chromosomenzahlen. Für die GattungenAphœnogaster undLeptothorax gilt diese Entsprechung nicht.
    Notes: Summary The chromosome numbers of 40 ant species are reported. For 22 species the karyotypes as well as the chromosome numbers are presented. The chromosome numbers range between n=8 and n=26. Remarkable karyotypes are those of the genusLasius in exhibiting mainly acrocentric chromosomes. In all other karyotypes the majority of chromosomes show medio- or submediocentric centromere position. Differences in chromosome numbers in the genusCamponotus reflect the grouping in subgenera with the exception ofTanœmyrmex. This pattern is not true for the generaAphœnogaster andLeptothorax, where a variety of chromosome numbers were found in the different subgenera.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 210-220 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Density effects inEublaberus distanti have been tested upon larvæ in groups of 20, 100 and 500 individuals. Increased density leads to higher larval mortality, particularly in young larvæ, a larger difference between slow development and rapid development, and a decrease in adult size. Density effects in cockroaches can be explained in terms of population dynamics comparable to phasic modifications of desert Locusts.
    Notes: Resume Les effets de la densité ont été testés sur des lots de larves de l'espèceEublaberus distanti, lots de 20, 100 et 500 individus par 615 cm2. Lorsque la densité augmente, la mortalité larvaire s'accroit, surtout chez les larves jeunes. L'augmentation de densité accentue les différences entre individus à développement rapide et développement plus lent, de même qu'elle implique une réduction de taille chez les adultes. Les effets de la densité s'expliquent par la dynamique de la régulation des populations de Blattes, comparable aux modifications phasaires des Acridiens migrateurs.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 235-240 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Volk vonHarpagoxenus sublœvis wurde in einem naturnahen Habitat künstlich angesiedelt. Am 7. und 8. Juli 1981, zwischen 2015 und 2130 MEZ, konnte erstmalig unter Freilandbedingungen das Locksterzelverhalten ergatomorpher Jungweibchen in Nestnähe beobachtet werden. Gleichzeitig fand am 7. Juli ein Sklavenraubzug desHarpagoxenus-Volkes auf ein benachbartesLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius)-Nest statt. Das bisher nur aus Laborbeobachtungen bekannte Sexualverhalten wird somit unter Freilandbedingungen in gleicher Form gezeigt.
    Notes: Summary A colony ofHarpagoxenus sublœvis was artificially established in a near-natural habitat. The sexual calling behavior of young ergatomorphic queens was observed for the first time under field conditions on July 7 and 8 1981, between 2015 and 2130 Central European Time. Simultaneously, on July 7, theHarpagoxenus colony conducted a slave raid on a neighboring nest ofLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius). Previously the sexual behavior was known only from laboratory studies, these observations now show that it is performed in an identical manner under natural conditions.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 255-258 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author proposes a new method of marking (with wire rings) which renders possible the individual identification of all the members of the colony.
    Notes: Resume L'auteur propose une nouvelle méthode de marquage, au moyen de ceintures de métal, permettant d'identifier chaque membre de la société.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the antCataglyphis cursor, four categories of workers can be defined: minim, small, medium, large and very large. In each category, the workers are able to lay reproductive eggs and to produce, by parthenogenesis, queens, males and new workers of all sizes. Medium sized workers show the higher productivity. Average egg size and fecundity are related to workers size. All eggs seem able to develop. Difference between workers appear more quantitative than qualitative; the monophasic polymorphism of this species corresponds to this biological resemblance.
    Notes: Resume Chez la fourmiCataglyphis cursor, on peut définir 4 catégories d'ouvrières: minimes, petites, moyennes, grandes et très grandes. Dans chaque catégorie, les ouvrières sont capables de pondre et de produire par parthénogenèse, des reines, des mâles et de nouvelles ouvrières de toutes tailles. Les ouvrières moyennes présentent la plus forte productivité. La grosseur moyenne des œufs et la fécondité varient avec la taille des ouvrières; tous les œufs semblent capables de se développer. Les différences entre ouvrières apparaissent donc davantage comme quantitatives que qualitatives; le polymorphisme monophasique de l'espèce correspond bien à cette similitude biologique.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 51-73 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seed harvesting by the antMessor galla has been followed over a 2.5-year period in a woodland savanna of the sahelo soudanian zone, where seeds are produced only once a year, in restricted and fluctuating numbers following a short rainy season. Ants harvesting was highly seasonal. At the onset of the dry season, when new seeds were available, the ants harvested very intensively and exhibited a clear choice of some seeds they stored in their underground granaries. Their activity decreased there-after and remained low and irregular: the ants mainly collected the most abundant seed species found in their nest vicinity. The yearly total collected ranged between 3.105 and 4.106 seeds for each colony studied (1 to 19 kg in fresh weight). In an area studied more precisely in 1978–79, 1979–80 and 1980–81, the ants harvesting amounted to 4, 5 and 4 kg ha−1 yr−1, which represented respectively 0.4, 1.7 and 0.5% of the annual herbaceous seed production. In 1978–79, 3 studied colonies did not seem to have stored in their nest more than one annual harvest. Ants harvesting varied in space and in time, according to the available resources around their nests. This adaptibility is considered to be an effective adjustment to a fluctuating food supply.
    Notes: Resume La récolte des fourmis granivoresMessor galla a été suivie pendant deux ans et demi, dans un milieu sahélo-soudanien où les graines sont produites une fois par an, à l'issue d'une courte saison des pluies, en quantités limitées et variables selon les années. La récolte des fourmis est très saisonnière. En début de saison sèche, lorsque les nouvelles graines de l'année arrivent à maturité, les fourmilières récoltent intensément et montrent une nette préférence pour certaines graines qu'elles mettent en réserve. Leur activité décroît ensuite et reste faible et irrégulière tout le reste de l'année; elles ramènent alors essentiellement les graines les plus abondantes du milieu environnant leur nid. Les récoltes annuelles des fourmilières étudiées ont varié, selon la taille des colonies, de 3×105 à 4×106 graines, et de 1 à 19 kg. Dans un quadrat suivi plus précisément, les fourmis ont récolté successivement chaque année en 1978–80, 1979–80 et 1980–81, 4, 5, puis 4 kg/ha de graines, ce qui a représenté 0,4, 1,7, puis 0,5% de la production annuelle de graines par la végétation herbacée. En 1978–79, 3 colonies étudiées ne semblaient pas avoir stocké dans leurs nids plus d'une année de récolte. La récolte des fourmis a varié dans le temps et dans l'espace en fonction des disponibilités du milieu entourant leur nid. Cette plasticité semble être une réponse adaptée à la variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle des disponibilités alimentaires.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 74-86 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cette étude faite sur le terrain dans le désert du sud-ouest des Etats-Unis différencie le comportement social de cinq espèces de fourmis moissonneuses:Pogonomyrmex barbatus, P. rugosus, P. maricopa, P. desertorum, P. californicus. Les espèces diffèrent significativement quant à leurs rythmes d'activité pour plusieurs tâches (fourragement, maintien du nid, surveillance, maintien des débris, rassemblement), ainsi que pour l'utilisation de l'espace autour du nid et la réaction de la societé à un dérangement. En général, les différences de comportement peuvent s'organiser en fonction de la quantité habituelle d'ouvrières hors du nid. Chez les espèces ayant une plus grande quantité d'ouvrières à l'extérieur du nid, l'organisation de la société met plus en valeur l'acquisition de la nourriture et la territorialité. Par contre, les espèces ayant moins d'ouvrières hors du nid ont un comportement social qui leur permet de réduire leur contact avec d'autres sociétés. En examinant les régularités temporelles et spatiales du comportment social, on peut mieux comprendre les rapports interspécifiques chez les communautés de fourmis.
    Notes: Summary This field study examines the social behavior of five sympatric species of desert seed-eating ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus, P. rugosus, P. maricopa, P. desertorum, P. californicus). The species differed significantly in measures of activity rhythms in various colony tasks, use of space around the nest yard, and reaction to disturbance. Species differences were related to the typical size of a colony's outside work force. The behavior ofP. rugosus, P. barbatus, andP. maricopa, which had larger outside work forces, emphasized territoriality and the acquisition of food; that ofP. desertorum andP. californicus, which had smaller outside work forces, emphasized the avoidance of contact with other colonies. Examining the patterns in colony behavior can illuminate interspecific relationships in desert ant communities.
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  • 31
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 57-69 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les reines du frelon oriental sont agressives l'une envers l'autre au début de la saison active, pendant les mois de mai, juin et juillet: elles défendent leur “Lebenraum” à l'intérieur du nid et ne permettent à aucune autre reine de pénétrer dans leur territoire. A cette période, toute rencontre de 2 reines, dans le nid de l'une ou dans tout autre endroit, déclenche un comportement agressif mutuel. Le combat qui s'ensuit peut durer des heures et dans son déroulement, si l'une des reines défait l'autre elle la pique au cou jusqu'à la mort. Cependant, dans de nombreux exemples, le combat n'apporte pas de solution: les combattants épuisés se retirent avant de reprendre le combat. D'autres fois, l'une des reines peut réussir à mutiler sa rivale en amputant l'extrémité de ses pattes. La reine estropiée abandonne le combat en adoptant une posture d' “infériorité” à l'égard du vainqueur et en offrant de la nourriture. Nous avons décrit en détail les différentes phases du combat entre les reines mises par deux.
    Notes: Summary Queens of the Oriental hornet are aggressive towards one another in the beginning of the active season, during the months of May, June and July: they defend their “Lebenraum” within the nest and do not enable any other queen to enter their territory. At that period any encounter between two queens, whether within the nest of the one or anawhere else, releases mutual aggressive behavior. The ensuing combat may last for hours and in its course, if the one queen beats the other, it stings it to death in the neck. In many instances, however, the combat remains unresolved and the exhausted combatants withdraw to recuperate before resuming their battle. At other times, one of the queens may succeed in maiming its rival by amputating the tips of its limbs at which point the disabled queen concedes the fight by assuming an “inferior” posture towards the victor and making a food offering. The various phases in the combat between queen pairs are described in detail.
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  • 32
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les distributions de trois «formes», en réalité des espèces jumelles d'Iridomyrmex purpureus furent étudiées près de Morgan en Australie du Sud, où la précipitation annuelle est de 230 mm. La dispersion des colonies a été décrite en détail pour une «forme bleue» et pour la formepurpureus sens. strict. qui existait dans cette région bien au-delà de ses limites pour les basses précipitations. Une colonie exceptionnellement grande d'I. purpureus couvrait un territoire de 10 ha: comprenant plus de 85 nids, elle avait plus de 1 500 entrées individuelles. Nous avons décrit les interactions entre les ouvrières des différentes formes, et leurs interactions au sein et entre les colonies de la même forme. La totalité de la faune de fourmis de la région et les faunes qui accompagnaient les différentes espèces d'Iridomyrmex furent étudiées au moyen de récoltes faites à la main et de piègeages dans des fosses. La diversité (abondance d'espèces) et la présence d'espèces de fourmis sans adaptations particulières sont liées au type de végétation et auxIridomyrmex associées. Les prises dans les pièges suggérant que le nombre d'individus et le nombre d'espèces d'autres taxons actifs à la surface du sol, en particulier les collemboles, sont affectés par le nombre de fourmis, en particulier les espèces d'Iridomyrmex et d'autres fourmis sans adaptations particulières. Au niveau évolutif, lesIridomyrmex influencent aussi la faune associé. On a noté la présence d'araignées zodariides présentant un mimétisme de couleur par rapport aux espèces presque identiques d'I. purpureus, dont ils sont des prédateurs. Nous avons noté et discuté des cas possibles de mimétisme d'I. purpureus par des fourmis du genreCamponotus.
    Notes: Summary The distributions of three “forms”, actually sibling species, of meat ant were studied near Morgan, South Australia, an area with mean annual rainfall of 230 mm. Colony dispersion is described for a “blue form” and for formpurpureus sens. strict. which occurs in this locality far beyond its normal low rainfall limit. An unusually large colony ofpurpureus had a territory covering 10 ha with more than 85 nests and over 1,500 individual nest entrances. Worker interactions between forms, and within and between colonies within forms are described. The ant fauna of the locality as a whole and the faunas accompanying differentIridomyrmex species were investigated by means of hand collections and pitfall trapping. Diversity (species — richness) and the occurrence of widely adapted ant species are related to vegetation type and associatedIridomymex. Catches of pitfall traps suggested that the numbers of individuals and species of other taxa active on the soil surface, predominantly Collembola, were affected by numbers of ants, particularlyIridomyrmex species and other, widely adapted ants.Iridomyrmex also influence associated fauna at an evolutionary level. The presence of zodariid spiders which are sibling species-specific colour mimics and predators of meat ants is noted. Possible cases of mimicry of meat ants by ants of the genusCamponotus are recorded and discussed.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 103-111 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neständerungen der Weibchen einer neotropischen Faltenwespe,Polìstes versicolor, wurde in Panama beobachtet. In erstem Falle wurden häufige Lageänderungen zwischen zwei benachbarten Nestern beobachtet. Einmal wechselte ein ovariell höchstentwickeltes Weibchen häufig die Nester. In zweitem Falle, verliessen vielleicht alle Weibchen desselben Nestes und wurden von einem naheliegenden Neste aufgenommen. In letztem Falle, wurden einige Arbeiterinnen eines Nestes angenommen von einem anderen Nest, deren Gründerinnen wahrscheinlich nicht ihre nahe Verwandten waren. Die Verhalten bei Umnestung wurden beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Shifts of females ofPolistes versicolor between adjacent nests were observed in Panama. In the first case, females of two neighboring nests frequently changed their positions and one female who had developed eggs in ovaries shifted between the nests repeatedly. In the second case, possibly all females shifted to a nearby nest after abandonment of their original nest and were accepted by females of the new nest. In the third case where workers shifted, relatedness between them and foundresses of the new nest was considered to be low. Behaviours accompanying the shifts are described.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons étudié le cycle biologique de la fourmi myrmicinePristomyrmex pungens. En général, les colonies de cette espèce se composent de plusieurs milliers de petites ouvirères, tandis qu'un petit nombre de mâles (2–3 %) apparaissent occasionnellement en juin et juillet dans les colonies mûres et que de grandes ouvrières à ocelles et spermathèque abortive (reines ergatoïdes) ont pu être observées très rarement. Nous avons démontré que les petites ouvrières vierges peuvent pondre des œufs qui donnent d'autres petites ouvrières. Les cellules des ganglions cérébroïdes et les ovogonies des ouvrières sont diploïdes (2 n=24), mais la formule haploïde (n=12) a pu être observée chez les ovocytes au stade pachytène ainsi que chez les spermatocytes des mâles. Ces mâles possèdent des organes copulatoires normaux et leur spermatogenèse est normale, mais ils ne fécondent probablement pas les petites ouvrières, lesquelles sont dépourvues de spermathèque et d'organes copulatoires fonctionnels. Ces observations indiquent que la reproduction chezP. pungens est assumée de façon prépondérante, et probablement complètement, par les petites ouvrières, de façon par conséquent thélytoque. Nous discutons l'évolution du cycle biologique deP. pungens, en soulignant la difficulté d'appliquer à cette espèce le concept de “reine” ou même de décider si elle est »eusociale» ou non. Au regard de l'isolement génétique présumé entre colonies, le mode de sélection maintenant dans ce cas une structure sociale est probablement davantage une sélection de groupe interdémique plutôt qu'une sélection de parentèle.
    Notes: Summary The life cycle of the myrmicine antPristomyrmex pungens was investigated. Colonies of this species are usually composed of several thousand small workers, although a few males (2–3 %) occasionally appear during June and July in mature colonies, and large workers with ocelli and abortive spermathecae (here termedergatoid queens) were observed extremely rarely. We found that the virgin small workers can lay eggs and that these develop into further small workers. Cerebral ganglion cells and oogonial cells had the diploid chromosome number (2 n=24), but the haploid number (n=12) was observed in oocytes at pachytene, and also in spermatocytes from the rare males. Males have functionally normal copulatory organs and their spermatogenesis is normal, but they probably do not mate, because small workers have no spermatheca and their copulatory organs are degenerative. These observations indicate that reproduction inP. pungens is carried out predominatly or, probably, wholly by the small workers and hence is thelytokous. We discuss the evolution of theP. pungens life cycle, pointing out the difficulty of applying the “queen” concept to this species or even in deciding whether or not it is “eusocial”. In view of the apparent genetic isolation between colonies, the mode of selection maintaining sociality in this case is probably interdemic group selection rather than kin selection.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In investigating the antennal positions and movements associated with the transfer of substance from one worker ant to another, during trophallactic contacts, the question arises as to whether these different positions and movements act as particular singals. InCamponotus vagus, these behavioural units are organized into sequences. There is no stereotypy in the sequences: recordings show great variability, particularly in the donor ant. On the other hand, differences in the organization of sequences and in their variability were seen to be related to the worker's social function (forager or broodtender worker). Trophallactic behaviour in the two partners was analysed using different methods (slow motion film with frame by frame analysis; use of radioelements with simultaneous recording of trophallactic flux and antennal movements; cross-correlogrammes). No definite system of signals and responses corresponding to antennal movements was found to underly the ant's trophallactic behaviour. But it does not exclude that the antennæ activity as a whole, owing to its structure may have a function in communication.
    Notes: Resume L'étude des positions et mouvements d'antennes qui accompagnent les transferts de substances d'une ouvrière de Fourmi à l'autre, au cours des contacts trophallactiques, pose le problème de la valeur de signal de ces différents actes. ChezCamponotus vagus, ces unités comportementales sont organisées de manière séquentielle. Il n'y a pas stéréotypie des séquences; on enregistre une grande variablité, en particulier chez l'ouvrière donneuse. D'autre part, il apparaît des différences dans l'organisation des séquences et leur variabilité, en relation avec la fonction sociale exercée par l'ouvrière (récolteuse ou nourrice). L'analyse du comportement trophallactique des deux partenaires, par plusieurs méthodes différentes (cinéma accéléré avec analyse image par image, emploi des radio-éléments avec enregistrement simultané des actes et du flux trophallactique, cross-corrélogrammes), a permis de montrer que leurs actes ne constituent pas, au niveau antennaire, un système précis de signaux et de réponses. Ceci n'exclut pas la possibilité que l'activité antennaire globale ait par sa structure une fonction de communication.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 132-141 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Pour chacune des trois espèces de fourmis de la famille Dolichoderinæ, quatre modèles de reproduction des colonies ont été examinés par électrophorèse: (1) chaque colonie provient d'une seule femelle inséminée une seule fois, (2) chaque colonie provient d'une seule femelle inséminée deux fois, (3) les colonies proviennent de deux reines «égales», chacune inséminée une seule fois, et (4) les colonies proviennent de trois reines «égales», chacune inséminée une seule fois. Pour chacun de ces modèles, la fréquence des colonies de chaque composition génétique a été calculée et comparée avec la distribution observée. Les colonies étudiées deConomyrma insana sont de type monogyne. Un grand nombre des colonies étudiées deConomyrma bicolor sont de type polygyne fonctionnelle. La polygynie se trouve dans toutes les localités examinées. Peut-être la polygynie se trouve-t-elle aussi chezIridomyrmex pruinosum. Sa fréquence est peut-être moins grande que chezC. bicolor.
    Notes: Summary For each of three species of dolichoderine ants, four mating system models were tested electrophoretically. The models tested were: (1) each colony is derived from one, singly-inseminated female, (2) each colony is derived from one female, inseminated twice, (3) colonies have two, coequal, singly-inseminated queens, and (4) colonies have three, coequal, singly-inseminated queens. From each of these models, expected frequencies of colonies of various genotypic compositions were calculated. Goodness of fit of actual colony types were then tested. Conomyrma insana colonies were shown to be monogynous. A large number of theConomyrma bicolor colonies studied are functionally polygynous. Polygyny occurs in all localities examined. Polygyny may also occur inIridomyrmex pruinosum. Its occurence may be less widespread than inC. bicolor.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The characteritics of tandem running were analysed in two species of Ponerine ants from tropical Africa, together with the stimuli causing either the leader or the follower to start or to maintain the tandem running. With regard to the genusMesoponera, tandem running allows the recruitment for the capture of a mobile and voluminous prey, the collective transport of a dead insect untransportable by a sole individual, the hunting of small preys and the collection of sugared substances. The genusHypoponera makes use of tandem running to recruit but only in the instance of dismembering of large prey. On the other hand it was shown that in one of the species (Hypoponera sp.), the number of tandems formed can depend on various olfactory stimuli perceived in the nearby environment of the colony. A change in certain elements of the environment can therefore cause specific effects in some of the complex interactions observed in ant societies.
    Notes: Resume J'ai analysé, chez deux espèces de Fourmis Ponérines d'Afrique tropicale, les caractéristiques de la marche en tandem et les stimuli qui interviennent, agissant sur l'ouvrièreguide ou sur l'ouvrière recrutée, pour déterminer la mise en route ou le maintien des tandems. Pour le genreMesoponera, les tandems permettent le recrutement pour la capture d'une proie mobile et volumineuse, mais aussi pour le transport collectif d'un insecte mort qui ne peut être transporté par une seule ouvrière, — ou pour la chasse d'un grand nombre de petites proies, enfin pour la récolte d'une substance sucrée. Le genreHypoponera utilise le tandem pour recruter, mais uniquement lors du dépeçage d'une proie volumineuse. D'autre part, j'ai montré que chezHypoponera sp. le nombre de tandems peut dépendre de stimuli olfactifs déterminés, perçus dans le très proche environnement de la société. Par conséquent, la modification de certains éléments de l'environnement peut avoir une action spécifique sur la manifestation d'interactions complexes observées dans les sociétés de Fourmis.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 335-340 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les réponses variées à l'humidité relative chez quatre espèces de fourmis de feu qui se trouvent au Texas (Solenopsis aurea, S. geminata, S. invicta, etS. xyloni) ont été examinées avec une chambre gradient linéaire. Seuls les ouvriers n'ont pas montré de réponse hydrokinétique, tandis que les ouvrières soigneuses de toutes les espèces examinées ont montré une préférence marquée (hydrokinesis négative) pour les atmosphères saturées (près de 100 % d'humidité relative). Les réponses sont probablement causées par la sensibilité plus élevée de la couvée à la dessication.
    Notes: Summary The responses of the four fire ant species found in Texas (Solenopsis aurea Wheeler,Solenopsis geminata Fabricius,Solenopsis invicta Buren, andSolenopsis xyloni McCook) to varied relative humidities were examined. Humidity preferences of worker ants were determined with a linear gradient chamber. Workers alone did not exhibit any hydrokinetic responses, whereas brood tending workers of all species tested showed a marked preference (negative hydrokinesis) for saturated atmospheres (near 100 % RH). The responses are presumably due to the broods' hogher susceptibility to desiccation.
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  • 39
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    Notes: Summary Because social parasites are relatively rare in tropical ant faunas, new or poorly known forms deserve special attention. TwoPheidole species evidently parasitic onP. indica are here described as new species from India (P. lanuginosa, P. parasitica), while a previously known northern South American form,P. microgyna Wheeler, is redescribed and evaluated as a possible parasite ofP. minutula or a closely related host species. Next, all of the nine certain or likely social parasites ofPheidole known worldwide are compared, and an anatomical parasitic syndrome is identified through character state analysis. The nine species appear to be independently evolved. The parasitic character states have tended to evolve within each of these species at different rates, and hence the evolution is interpreted as having been not only parallel among species but mosaic in nature within species (seetable I). In spite of the lesser irregularities in this pattern, an overall trend is evident: the first changes to occur were loss of the worker caste (a loss still incomplete in the overall slightly modifiedP. inquilina), reduction of size, lengthening of the scape, reduction of sculpturing on the body surface, and broadening of the postpetiole. These shifts were followed by reduction of the mandibles and the segments of the funiculus. The generaAnergatides andBruchomyrma, each based on a single extremely advanced species, are placed in synonymy underPheidole. The problematic generaHagioxenus, Parapheidole, andSifolinia are compared withPheidole and their status evaluated. The greater known diversity of parasitic ants in the temperate zones, as compared with the tropics, remains a key problem in the study of ant evolution. Whether the difference is genuine or an artifact of differential sampling cannot be determined until more intensive collecting is undertaken in the tropics.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 387-402 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A detailed investigation of polyethism was carried out on a colony ofNeoponera (=Pachycondyla sensuBrown, 1973) obscuricornis, involving behavioural observations on its inhabitants, and subsequent dissection of each. Ovariant development in each ant was closely related to its social status. Ovaries are well developed among nuress and totally degenerate in foragers. This is the case in both gynes and workers, and ovarian polymorphism between the two castes is only weakly marked. The evolutionary implications of the observed relationships between nursing behaviour and reproductive ability are discussed.
    Notes: Resume L'étude détaillée du polyéthisme par l'observation des activités individuelles dans une société deNeoponera (=Pachycondyla sensuBrown, 1973)obscuricornis a été suivie de la dissection de tous les individus. L'état ovarien de chaque fourmi est en relation avec son statut social dans la colonie: développé chez les sogneuses, l'ovaire a complètement régressé chez les fourrageuses. Ce phénomène s'observe aussi bien chez les femelles que chez les ouvrières, seul un faible polymorphisme ovarient permettant de distinguer les deux castes. Les implications évolutives d'une liaison entre les conduites parentales et l'aptitude à la ponte sont discutées.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 375-386 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les relations génétiques de huit espèces de guêpes d'Europe du nord, représentantVespula s. str. (le grouperufa),Paravespula (le groupevulgaris) etDolichovespula, sont étudiées ici par électrophorèse enzymatique. Le niveau de variation génétique intraspécifique observé est relativement bas, et les populations du sud de la Finlande ne montrent pas de différences géographiques nettes. Les caractères d'allozymes sont ensuite utilisés pour construire des arbres phylogénétiques par quatre techniques de construction. Il est suggéré queDolichovespula media n'est pas étroitement apparentée aux autres espèces deDolichovespula européens, et queParavespula etVespula s. str. ne forment peut-être pas un seul groupe monophylétique. Deux des espèces étudiées,V. austriaca etD. omissa, sont des parasites sociaux obligatoires. Dans les deux cas le parasite est apparenté à son hôte. Cela appuie l'hypothèse que le parasite social apparaît généralement à partir de la même souche ancestrale que l'espèce hôte.
    Notes: Summary Genetic relationships of eight northern European yellowjacket species, representingVespula s. str. (therufa group),Paravespula thevulgaris group) andDolichovespula, are here studied by enzyme electrophoresis. The observed level of intraspecific genic variation is relatively low, and the southern Finnish populations show no clear-cut geographic differences. The allozyme characters are further used to construct phylogenetic trees by four tree-building techniques. It is suggested thatDolichovespula media is not phylogenetically closely related to other EuropeanDolichovespula species, and thatParavespula andVespula s. str. may not form a single monophyletic group. Two of the species studied,V. austriaca andD. omissa, are obligatory social parasites. In both cases the parasite is related to its host. This supports the hypothesis that the social parasite generally arises from the same ancestral stock as the host species.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 361-374 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im staate New York sind Kolonien gemischter Arten vonPolyergus lucidus undFormica schaufussi untersucht worden. Am späten Nachmittag, nach dem Höhepunkt der Tagestemperatur, wurden Sklavenraubzuge ausgeführt. Mehrfache Raubzüge auf verschiedene Kolonien vonFormica gerichtet waren normal. Dazu gehöten auch wiederholte Raubzüge auf dieselbe Kolonie. In den Laboratoriumnestern wurden etwa 75% des geraubtenFormica Gebrüts gefressen. Aus einer Gruppe von 27 Raubzüge die im Laboratorium stattfanden, wurden 25 aufFormica Nester ausgeführt die am Tage des Überfalles erkundschaftet worden waren.Polyergus Kundschafter gehören zur den ältesten Individuen der Kolonie; frischgeschlüpfte Erwachsene beteiligen sich nicht an Erkundungen während ihrer ganzen Schlüpfungssaison. Die Zusammensetzung der Gruppe vonPolyergus Arbeitern die unmittelbar vor dem Überfall auf der Oberfläche in der Nähe des Nestes umhergehen, wechselt sich kontinuierlich. Die verhaltensänderung die am häufigsten auftrat war die vom Herumgehen an einem Tag zum Kudschaften am nächsten Tag. Die zweithäufigste Änderung war die vom Kundschaften zum Herumstreifen. Das erste kundschaften der frühlingssaison fand nur einen Tag nach Erscheinung derPolyergus Larven staat. Der erste Sklavenraubzug wurde dann 4 Tage später ausgefuhrt.Formica Gebrüt war in frielebenden Kolonien bis zu 4 Wochen früher anwesend alsPolyergus Gebrüt in gemischten Nestern. ObwohlPolyergus Arbeiter gewöhnlich durch Erbrechen des Speisebreies vonFormica gefüttert werden, tranken und frassen sie gelegentlich auch Eier unabhängig vonFormica. DiePolyergus Köningen war immer nur vonFormica Arbeiter umgeben.Polyergus Eier kriechen in etwa 12 Tagen zu Larven aus, worauf das Larvenstadium noch 9 bis 12 Tagen dauert. Schlüpfung der Erwachsenen fand 20 bis 23 Tage nach dem Puppenstadium statt. FrischbefruchtetePolyergus Königinnen folgen Sklavenraubzüge und versuchen von den überfallen Nesten adoptiert zu werden indem sie die Verwirrung derFormica während eines Überfalles benutzen. Abspaltung von Tochterkolonien wurde nie beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Mixed-species colonies ofPolyergus lucidus andFórmica schaufussi were studied in New York. Slave raids were conducted in late afternoon, past the peak in diurnal temperature. Multiple raids on differentFormica colonies were common, as were re-raids on the same colony. In laboratory nests, about 75% of the raidedFormica brood was eaten. Of 27 days on which raids occurred in the laboratory, 25 were onFormica nests souted on the day of the raid.Polyergus scouts are among the oldest individuals in the colony, and callows do not participate in scouting during the entire season of their eclosion. The group ofPolyergus workers that circle on the surface near the nest prior to raiding has a dynamic composition. The most frequent behavioral transition was from circling on one day to scouting on the next. The next most common change was from scouting to circling. The first scouting of the spring season occurred only one day after the appearance ofPolyergus larvae. The first slave raid was conducted 4 days later.Formica brood was present in freeliving colonies from 1–4 weeks earlier thanPolyergus brood in mixed nests. Although workers ofPolyergus were usually fed by regurgitation fromFormica, they occasionally drank and ate eggs independently. ThePolyergus queen was surrounded only byFormica workers.Polyergus eggs hatched into larvae in approximately 12 days, with the larval stage lasting an additional 9–12 days. Eclosion of callows took place within 20–23 days after pupation. Newly matedPolyergus queens follow slave raids and attempt adoption into target nests when theFormica are scattered during a slave raid. The process of budding was never observed.
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  • 43
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 473-475 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Ce travail contribue à la distinction taxonomique entreGoniomma hispanicum etG. baeticum, à partir de l'utilisation d'analyses multidimensionnelles menées sur dix variables définies sur le système de vénation de la première paire d'ailes de la femelle, et donne des résultats hautement significatifs.
    Notes: Summary This work helps in the taxonomical distinction betweenGoniomma hispanicum andG. baeticum, through the use of multidimensional analyses which were carried out on ten variables defined in the venation system of the first pair of wings on the female and gave highly significative results.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Stingless bees ; Plebeia remota ; social evolution ; division of labour
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genusPlebeia has a special significance for the study of social evolution of stingless bees: morphologically primitive, its species display a wealth of behavioural evolution, especially with respect to the oviposition process. We comparePlebeia remota with the few other members of the genus studied so far. Related to its subtropical geographical range, brood production is seasonal (there is no brood in the colony in colder months), and adult workers occur as summer and winter bees. The nest is in tree cavities, and the involucrum is absent or restricted to the winter period. Brood cells are arranged in horizontal combs, and new cells are built completely synchronously. Each series consists of up to 50 cells, their number being mainly dependent on colony size. Construction speed is remarkably constant, allowing 4–6 batches per 24 hours. Cell building and provisioning are activities of a small group of specialized workers. The oviposition cycle follows the classical subdivisions for stingless bees. During the patrolling phase a worker may “offer” a trophic egg in a most remarkable way: while retreating backward from the queen she bends the abdomen under thorax and head, and lays an egg on the comb. This egg is eaten by the queen or a worker. The provisioning, oviposition and operculation of all cells occur simultaneously, each cell is provisioned by 4–9 workers. Localization of a cell by the queen may be facilitated by its characteristic guard, which “defends” the cell against the approaching queen. The degree of synchronization within a batch is very high: the duration per cell lasts 420–950 sec, the batch of up till 50 cells needs only 557–1160 sec. Operculation is done by a worker that was not involved in the previous steps. Males are generally produced by the queen. Several male producing cycles per year occur. In orphan colonies laying workers give rise to males, and in queenright colonies workers may occasionally reproduce as well. Division of labour follows the general pattern for stingless bees; however, cell building and provisioning are activities of a specialized group of workers.
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  • 45
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    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; queen pheromone ; queen rearing ; monogyny ; Africanized
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    Notes: Summary Queen rearing is suppressed in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) by pheromones, particularly the queen's mandibular gland pheromone. In this study we compared this pheromonally-based inhibition between temperate and tropically-evolved honey bees. Colonies of European and Africanized bees were exposed to synthetic queen mandibular gland pheromone (QMP) for ten days following removal of resident queens, and their queen rearing responses were examined. Queen rearing was suppressed similarly in both European and Africanized honey bees with the addition of synthetic QMP, indicating that QMP acts on workers of both races in a comparable fashion. QMP completely suppressed queen cell production for two days, but by day six, cells containing queen larvae were present in all treated colonies, indicating that other signals play a role in the suppression of queen rearing. In queenless control colonies not treated with QMP, Africanized bees reared 30% fewer queens than Europeans, possibly due to racial differences in response to feedback from developing queens and/or their cells. Queen development rate was faster in Africanized colonies, or they selected older larvae to initiate cells, as only 1 % of queen cells were unsealed after 10 days compared with 12% unsealed cells in European colonies.
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  • 46
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    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Drone congregation area ; sexual behaviour ; chemical communication ; male competition ; Meliponinae
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    Notes: Summary This is a first behavioural description of a large non-nest associated drone congregation of the stingless beeMelipona favosa. The about 400 drones had originated from different nests. The males interacted aggressively. Several gynes arrived at the drone congregation area (DCA). Olfactory stimuli triggered specific behaviours of the males as well as of the gynes but matings were not observed at the DCA.
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  • 47
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    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Stomodeal trophallaxis ; Ponerinae ; ergatoid male ; ergatoid queen ; Hypoponera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The present paper describes for the first time that adult-to-adult trophallaxis exists in ponerine ants. Furthermore, it shows that the adult castes of the ponerine andHypoponera sp. have different habits of trophallaxis. Workers display a soliciting behavior toward queens, males and workers, but receive regurgitated food only from workers. The workers are forced to stop soliciting for regurgitated food by the “whipping behavior” of the queen. Callow queens solicit regurgitated food from workers and ergatoid males and receive it, while mature queens do not solicit regurgitation from workers. Ergatoid males receive regurgitated food from workers and regurgitate it to queens. Alate males show no trophallactic food exchange with workers and queens. Trophallactic behavior was never observed between males of either winged or ergatoid types.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Soil-feeding termites ; tropical rainforest ; humic compounds ; structural stability
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    Notes: Summary A comparison was made of some physicochemical characteristics of epigeous termitaries (nest walls and surrounding horizons) of four species of soil-feeding termites living in tropical rainforests. Our aim was to determine whether these species affect the different compounds involved in the structural stability of soil in a similar manner. Our data support the general finding that the structural stability of soil is correlated with organic matter, cations and the relative proportion of mineral elements. Of these parameters, the content of organic matter is the most significant factor effecting the stability of termite building materials. Analysis of humic compound distribution revealed that fulvic and humic acids, owing to their electrochemical properties, are highly involved. Also, the organic matter in termitaries is more polymerized than that of humiferous control horizons, leading to FA/HA ratios close to 1. The stability of nest walls and topsoils differs between the species. Generally, the speciesNoditermes lamanianus, Thoracotermes macrothorax andCubitermes fungifaber build nests that are enriched with organic matter and exchangeable cations, resulting in high structural stability. In contrast, materials worked byCrenetermes albotarsalis are not enriched with organic matter or cations and do not differ in stability from the control soils. It is concluded that any generalization on the overall influence of soil-feeding termites on soil fertility might be misleading. Only species which enrich their materials with organic matter, especially stabilised humic acids, contribute to soil conservation and hence fertility. Once the termitary is dead, its organic matter is again available to the soil ecosystem.
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  • 49
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    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Colony foundation ; haplometrosis ; pleometrosis ; Acromyrmex striatus ; Attini
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Laboratory tests with mated females of the leaf-cutting antsAcromyrmex striatus (Myrmicinae, Attini) were conducted to determine if the colony foundation is a solitary or a mutualistic process. We have also tested the effect of foundresses density and number of available areas in this process. Three bioassays were performed: with single foundresses; with paired foundresses; and with groups of 8 to 18 foundresses. The results suggest that the foundation can be by haplometrosis or pleometrosis, possibly depending on physical distances between or densities of foundresses. Foraging activity was common in haplometrotic queens and in foundress pairs, but no foraging occurred in groups of foundresses.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Interspecific trail following ; workerless inquiline ant ; Pogonomyrmex colei ; reproductive biology ; seed-harvester ants
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pogonomyrmex colei is a workerless inquiline ant known only from nests ofP. rugosus, its closest relative. Ten of 776 (1.3%) host nests were parasitized at a site in central Arizona, while none of 1499 potential host colonies were parasitized at two other locales. Colonies ofP. colei are perennial, and host alate females in 9 of 10 colonies demonstrates that host queens survive parasitism. Three of 10 colonies died over 19 colony years of observation, while only 1 of 601 colonies became newly parasitized. Mating occurs in morning for up to 2–3 days following summer and fall rains and in afternoon during cool fall days. Mating is intranidal just outside the nest entrance, with males returning to the natal nest. MaleP. colei may be flightless because their wing area is reduced compared to host males. Females fly from the nest and locate potential host colonies by following trunk trails. Workers are the largest barrier to nest establishment, as they removed over 90% ofP. colei females placed in trunk trails or that entered host nests. Males and females ofP. colei andP. anergismus, the only other congeneric inquiline species, are diminutive compared to their hosts, with females 30% lighter than host workers. Fat content is lower and water content is higher inP. colei andP. anergismus females than in their hosts.
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  • 51
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    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 101-104 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Cataglyphis floricola ; diet ; food resources ; petal consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary C. floricola is an endemic species from the southern Iberian Peninsula which collects large amounts ofHalimium halimifolium petals. Laboratory and field observations confirm that both workers and larvae feed on these petals, which represent an important food resource forC. floricola colonies. This petal consumption is a very unusual ant diet.
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  • 52
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    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 111-118 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Predation ; polyethism ; food exchange ; behavioral flexibility ; Ectatomma ruidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During laboratory experiments, two categories of prey-foraging workers were found inEctatomma ruidum: stingers and transporters. When numerous live drosophila were offered to the ants, one group of hunters specialized in killing the prey and another in transporting simultaneously the dead drosophila to the nest. Sometimes, there was a transfer of prey by a stinger towards a transporter, after an active soliciting of the transporter by antennation or by using the forelegs. We found high positive correlations between the colony size and the number of ants in each subcaste. A negative correlation existed between the colony size and the proportion of hunters. However, the proportion of workers in the two behavioral subcastes of hunters was stable in spite of differences in colony size. The phylogenetic interest of this type of cooperative predation is discussed.
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  • 53
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    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Vespula, Polistes, Vespidae, foraging, resource choice.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The role of visual cues provided by resident wasps on resource choice by yellowjacket and paper wasp foragers was investigated. Large spring queen yellowjackets and small early season yellowjacket foragers (Vespula germanica, Vespula maculifrons, and Vespula vidua) were extracted in hexane to remove odors and posed as though feeding at petri dish feeders bearing daisy-like flower models, equipped with microcapillary feeding tubes, and containing 1:3 honey:water solution. An array of five feeders was presented to foragers at a suburban and a woodland site in Saratoga Springs, New York. The visual cues provided by resident wasps influenced resource choice by approaching social wasp foragers. Vespula germanica, an introduced yellowjacket species that tends to dominate at rich resources, was the only wasp visiting the suburban feeders. Foragers of this species preferentially fed on feeders and flowers with posed wasps and fed most often next to large wasps. Polistes fuscatus foragers at the woodland site similarly preferred to feed on occupied feeders and flowers. Vespula maculifrons and V. consobrina preferentially visited unoccupied feeders. Individual V. maculifrons, V. consobrina and V. vidua foragers that landed on occupied feeders all preferentially visited unoccupied flowers on those feeders. Vespula vidua and V. flavopilosa foragers did not demonstrate a feeder preference based on the presence/absence of posed wasps. Vespula consobrina foragers that visited occupied feeders preferred those occupied by extracted V. maculifrons queens and workers; no other wasps showed species based landing preferences.
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  • 54
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    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Mating frequency, polyandry, Apis mellifera sicula, honey bees, microsatellite.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Honey bee queens have been shown to mate with a high number of males, but the evolutionary advantage of this high degree of polyandry is still unclear. Mating data from a number of different Apis species and subspecies are needed to help explain polyandry in honey bees. Pupae of four colonies of Apis mellifera sicula from Sicily were genotyped on three polymorphic microsatellite loci. The genotypes of the queens and fathering drones from these colonies were deduced from the genotypes of the pupae. We found no evidence for polygyny, at least we can exclude more than one functional queen, even super-sister queens, if maternity contributions are equal. The four queens mated with at least 5 to 12 (mean: 9.3 ± 3.0 SE) drones. We estimate the error in our determination of the mating frequency that is caused by limited genetic resolution of the marker loci to be less than 1 mating given that Hardy-Weinberg assumptions are satisfied. However, the drones the single queens mated with may be a non-random sample of the whole population, so that detection error may be more severe. The average pedigree relatedness among workers within the colonies was estimated to be 0.341. These results are within the range of those found in other A. mellifera subspecies and Apis species except A. dorsata. We speculate that mating frequency may be positively correlated with drone density.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Worker polymorphism, ant-plant interaction, mutualism, morphometrics.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We compared intranidal variation in worker size in the two closely related plant-ants Aphomomyrmex afer and Petalomyrmex phylax. Each of these genera is monotypic, and the two appear to be sister species among extant ants. Workers of A. afer are larger on average and exhibit much greater intranidal size variation. Workers of P. phylax are smaller and much less variable in size. Both species show weak allometry for some pairs of characters. Head shape is also different in workers of the two species. We discuss these differences in relation to the ecology of A. afer and P. phylax, and propose a scenario for the evolutionary divergence of worker morphology in these two species. Based on comparisons of these two monotypic genera with related ants, we suggest that reduced intranidal variation in worker size is a derived trait in Petalomyrmex.
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  • 56
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    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 208-218 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Melipona panamica, stingless bees, Apidae, nestmate recognition, worker oviposition.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Nestmate recognition was studied in the Neotropical stingless bee Melipona panamica, a species in which workers “sneak” their own reproductive eggs into 1 % of brood cells. We manipulated four factors that could influence individual recognition cues: the mother queen, the environment during the immature stage, the environment during the early adult stage, and worker age. We also simulated the action of natural enemies on colonies tested for discrimination of such worker characteristics. All factors that we tested affected responses of the discriminating workers, which could recognize sisters, nieces and unrelated workers. Previous exposure of unrelated callow bees to the odor of the host nest greatly increased chances of acceptance by the host colony. Probability of acceptance decreased, however, with increasing age of introduced bees or increasing disturbance of the host colony. These complexities in patterns of nestmate recognition and nest defense are adequately explained from the standpoint of inclusive fitness of the discriminating workers. Differences in nestmate recognition and worker egg laying among Meliponini are also discussed.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Mitochondrial DNA, restriction site polymorphism, meat ants, Iridomyrmex purpureus, polygyny.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary: The Australian meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus is known from observations and allozyme surveys to have a high proportion of mature colonies polygynous, but very few incipient ones. Sixteen colonies in the vicinity of Maryborough, Victoria, revealed four mtDNA restriction site haplotypes. One of these nests presented two different haplotypes; given the haplotype frequencies, this result suggests that a high proportion of mature nests contain unrelated queens.
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  • 58
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    Insectes sociaux 44 (1997), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Mangrove, ants, Polyrhachis sokolova, nest, inundation, foraging.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The nest sites of the mud-nesting ant Polyrhachis sokolova were studied in Darwin Harbour mangroves. They were found from the Ceriops tagal zone to the Rhizophora stylosa zone at elevations ranging from 7.22 to 5.99 meters above the lowest astronomical tide (LAT), which means that the nests were inundated in 13‐61% of all high tides and for durations of up to 3.5 hours. The nest structure was studied by excavating nests and making a cast of the galleries using polyurethane foam. The nests were quite extensive, normally with two elevated nest entrances and galleries down to depths of 45 cm. The loose soil particles at the nest entrances collapsed when the tide reached them and formed a stopper which prevented water from intruding into the nest. In this way, the galleries remained dry during high tide. The ants showed a clear swimming or "walking on the surface" behaviour when they returned to the nest just before the entrance collapsed and during ebb. The tolerance of the ants to submergence was tested in the laboratory, with 50% mortality after 11 hours submergence in seawater at 23 °C, and only 3.5 hours in water at 33 °C. Therefore, the nesting behaviour with trapped air in the galleries is necessary for survival in these environments.
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  • 59
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    Insectes sociaux 44 (1997), S. 23-33 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Diversity, chaparral, Formicidae, inventory methods, serpentine.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: In northern California, ant assemblages in 8 sites in serpentine chaparral habitat were compared with those occurring in 8 chaparral sites on adjacent non-serpentine soils. A total of 27 species of ants was found: 22 species were collected in non-serpentine chaparral and 20 species in serpentine chaparral. Seven species were collected exclusively in non-serpentine, and 5 species were found only in serpentine habitats. A Formica species, conspecific with or closely related to F. xerophila, was found only in serpentine chaparral. Subsequent collections suggest that in northern California, this species is confined to serpentine outcrops. Two other species significantly differed in frequency of occurrence in each habit:Camponotus hyatti, C. cf. vicinus. Five species showed marginal significant differences in their relative abundance between habitats:Camponotus hyatti, C. cf. vicinus, Formica moki, Prenolepis imparis, Leptothorax nevadensis, Stenamma diecki.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Foraging activity, Meliponinae, Melipona favosa, M. fasciata, M. beecheii, Tetragonisca angustula.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary: For Melipona fasciata, M. beecheii, M. favosa and Tetragonisca angustula we found distinct intergeneric differences in foraging activity patterns. The Melipona species had a longer daily foraging activity period than T. angustula. Pollen foraging patterns of the Melipona species were different from that of T. angustula: Melipona collect pollen earlier in the day. In an experimental habitat without competitors, Melipona favosa did not collect pollen very early in the day. ¶Individually marked returning foragers demonstrated in the course of the day distinct differences in nature and frequency of interactions with nest mates. Individual foraging flight frequency was lower and the intranidal transfer of nectar was delayed when syrup of a lower concentration was offered. ¶The regulation of daily foraging activity patterns and the nectar foraging behaviour of individual worker bees are discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Termites, nest construction, plant growth suppression, plant abundance.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Termites invest considerable time and energy constructing elaborate mounds out of clay, sand, silt, excreta and saliva, which they defend vigorously against predators and parasites. Termite mounds are fertile and potentially attractive resources for plants, which may threaten the stability of the mound. Field surveys at Boola Boola Forest in SE Australia revealed significantly higher abundance and diversity of vascular plants growing on uninhabited than inhabited mounds of the termite Coptotermes lacteus. These data reveal that the presence of termites affects the establishment and growth of vegetation. Germination experiments indicate that plant growth suppression is not chemically mediated but rather is due to the impenetrable nature of the mound surface. Analyses of soil types suggests that termite workers may choose particular clay minerals for mound construction, which enhances surface impenetrability and thus increases the engineered integrity of the mound.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Eusocial aphids, Pseudoregma bambucicola, resource allocation, soldier investment, reproductive schedule.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The reproductive characteristics of the soldier-producing aphid Pseudoregma bambucicola were studied in Kagoshima, Southern Japan, to know the factors affecting soldier production of eusocial aphids. The soldier proportion in aphid colonies was highest from October to November. In some large colonies, soldiers were observed in all seasons except in July when colony size was relatively small. Multiple regression analysis showed that the colony size was a principal factor affecting soldier proportion throughout a year. Other social or environmental factors such as aphid composition, host plant conditions and predator abundance were not always significant. Rearing experiments revealed that large colonies (≥1,000 individuals) produced soldiers in almost all seasons while small colonies (〈1,000) never produced any soldiers. The caste-production schedule of adult females was examined in the field. When solitary females produced both castes, they usually produced normal nymphs first and then soldiers. Females from large colonies tended to produce more soldiers in the earlier period of their lifetime, whereas females from newly established small colonies produced no or only a few soldiers at later times. The average number of soldiers and normal nymphs produced consecutively by a single female was 〉10 and 〉20, respectively. Because they have a small number of ovarioles (〈15 on average), females should alter caste production within the same ovarioles according to changes in environmental conditions. Artificial removal or introduction of predators and reduction of colony size did not affect soldier production over two successive generations, revealing maternal effects on soldier production. Females cannot shift caste production quickly in response to changes in predator abundance and colony size. This is probably due to early developmental determination of castes within the mother's body.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Leptothorax, colony size, demography, polydomy, Formicidae.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: 484 nests of Leptothorax tuberointerruptus were collected from a coastal limestone grassland community in Dorset, England, over a 16 month period from February 1992 to May 1993. Behavioural observations and dissections of females strongly suggested that the nests were obligately monogynous. Electrophoretic data also suggested that within most nests all the workers shared the same mother and father. Counts of nest contents revealed temporary but dramatic drops in both worker and queen numbers per nest in May—June 1992. Seasonal polydomy is postulated to be the cause of this variation. Such dramatic variation highlights the importance of sampling over as much space and time as possible if premature conclusions about colony demography are to be avoided.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Key words: Ants, foraging, interspecific competition, Myrmica sabuleti, Formica fusca.
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    Notes: Summary: Myrmica sabuleti forms mature colonies of about one thousand workers and a few queens. Although living in dry and sunny biotopes, this species avoids foraging during the warmer hours of the day which correspond to the period of the maximum foraging activity of two sympatric species, Formica fusca and F. cunicularia. M. sabuleti is the most frequently observed species on the extrafloral nectaries of Vicia sativa, even during the warmer hours of the day, whereas F. fusca is the most frequent species during those hours at tubes of 1M sucrose solutions placed on the ground. In spite of this temporal segregation, the foraging activity of M. sabuleti and F. fusca overlaps two times a day (10:00‐11:00 am and 5:00‐8:00 pm). Newly discovered large food sources are exploited by M. sabuleti through an explosively increasing recruitment, whereas workers of F. fusca forage mainly individually. Interference between M. sabuleti and F. fusca was studied when offering sucrose solutions, large dead insects unretrievable by individual foragers of either species (cockroaches), medium-sized insects retrievable by single foragers of F. fusca but not by single M. sabuleti(larvae of Calliphora erythrocephala) and small insects (Drosophila) retrievable by individual foragers of both species. Owing to its rapid recruitment, M. sabuleti is able to displace F. fusca from sucrose solution and large dead prey during the overlaping of the activity cycles of both species. When medium-sized corpses are offered, the issue depends on the speed of the events. F. fusca is able to take the prey away only if it discovers it before M. sabuleti has recruited nestmates. Small dead prey do not lead to interference, but is taken by the first worker that finds it.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Polistes wasps ; nest founding ; workers ; behavioral flexibility ; hibernation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary First descendants' founding ability was tested inP. dominulus colonies by experimentally removing the original nests and queens 21–24 days after the first emergence. Foundation tests were carried out after three different periods had elapsed after the removal and the results were analyzed with regards to the effects of participation in social tasks, duration of stay within the colony and seasonal factors. 1.Immediately after the removal, the foundations that occurred were performed almost entirely by workers, regardless of the duration of their stay within the colony. The number of foundations depended on the season in which the females had emerged. 2.Two months and four months after the removal, foundations were made by only a small number of females (workers and non-workers). These females, which were therefore able to found a nest the year they were born, were mostly among the very first-born individuals in the colonies. 3.The following year after hibernation: females (workers and non-workers) which had stayed for only a short time within the colony (1–15 days) had the highest survival rates. The foundation rates among the surviving females depended only on seasonal factors, since the foundation rates were higher among the non-workers which had emerged later in the season. The results throw some light on the first descendants' nest-founding potential in colonies developing under natural conditions, where many workers in fact stay for only a short time at the nest.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Caste-ratio dynamics, division of labor, foraging frequency, open-air foraging, social behavior.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The temporal dynamics and social interaction in the foraging activities of the open-air processional termite Hospitalitermes (Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) were studied in Borneo, Southeast Asia. H. medioflavus and H. sp. A tended to forage from evening to the next morning. On average foraging activity occurred every 3.2 days. Some synchronization of foraging events among colonies was observed, which appeared to be caused by rainfall levels.¶ Temporal dynamics during foraging activity was observed in detail using a photographic method for two species; H. medioflavus and H. rufus. Roughly 300,000 to 500,000 individuals participated in a single foraging event in both species. The soldier ratio was highest at the beginning and the end of the activity. Temporal patterns of behavior were different between soldier, major worker, medium worker and minor worker during foraging. The patterns of behavior are consistent with their tasks in the foraging activity. Soldiers lead the foraging column and protect it, major workers act as food carriers in the earlier stage while medium workers become the dominant food ball carriers in the later stage, and minor workers play the role of gnawers. Therefore, caste composition changes during foraging activity. Similar behavioral tendencies were recognized in both species. Measurement of workers' body weights revealed that workers not only carry balls of food from foraging sites but also feed directly at the foraging sites.
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  • 67
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Wasps, nesting sites, palm trees, Astrocaryum sciophilum, French Guiana.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: In the edge of the rain forests in French Guiana, the large leaves of young Astrocaryum sciophilum, a palm tree with long thin spines (up to 9 cm) along their central vein, shelter significantly more mason as well as social wasps' nests, than leaves of other plants. Other such plants include older conspecific individuals with spines, but compound leaves, and young Bactris simplifrons, a palm tree with similar leaves but devoid of spines. The choice of these leaves is due to the association of two factors: (1) these large leaves with a concave underside offer good protection against inclement weather, and (2) the spines on which the wasps' nests are anchored serve as "acquired pedicels", offering protection against ant predation. As a consequence, the wasps' nests are found under these leaves in both inter- and intraspecific clusters.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae, Reticulitermes, agonistic behavior.
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    Notes: Summary: Displays of intraspecific and interspecific overt agonistic behavior between colonies of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and colonies of Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) were observed in laboratory assays. All possible combinations of arena sizes (1.3, 3.5, 6.0, and 9.0-cm) and group sizes (1, 2, 5 and 10 workers per arena) were assessed for effects on interspecific and intraspecific agonism. Agonistic behavior was scored positive in arenas if half or less of the starting number of termites was alive after 24h. Thirty-six percent of arenas with interspecific pairings were agonistic in all combinations tested while 4.5 % of arenas with intraspecific combinations showed aggression (N = 544 and N = 288, respectively). Two interspecific pairings provided scores that were not statistically different from intraspecific combinations. These assays indicate that evidence of overt agonism between worker termites from these two Rhinotermitid species is not a reliable indicator to differentiate species. Encounters in the two larger arena sizes resulted in significantly more agonism than the two smaller arena sizes. Group size had little apparent effect on the frequency of positive agonistic interactions. Possible reasons for the variable overt agonism scores are discussed.
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  • 69
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    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Colony defense ; sterile soldiers ; aphids ; galls ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Colony defense has been reported in a limited number of species of aphids. This paper examines which life-historical traits have promoted the evolution of colony defense using two kinds of deterministic simulation models. These models postulate that first-instar larvae can counterattack predators and that the duration of this instar stage is a variable, subject to selection. Prolonging the first-instar span increases the proportion of defenders in the colony, while it results in a delay in reproduction. By calculating the optimal first-instar span, the optimal defensive effort of a colony under various ecological conditions could be estimated. Simulations based on the general model, which regards the number of adults maturing in a period as performance, predicted that a lower birthrate leads to a longer first-instar span (larger investment in defense). This condition also allowed the evolution of dimorphism in the first-instar span, which may ultimately result in the appearance of soldiers. Where birthrate declines with time, the first-instar span was predicted to be prolonged in later stages. Colony duration had little influence on the optimal first-instar span if the season is long enough to repeat generations. The galling-aphid model that assumes a fixed number of generations predicted that a longer duration of colonies leads to a longer first-instar span, but that birthrate has little influence on the optimal first-instar span. A tendency in defense reported in pemphigid aphids was consistent with the prediction from the galling-aphid model.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Gallery forest, Ivory Coast, savanna, termites, thermoregulation.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We determined density and distribution of the mounds of the fungus-cultivating termite Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) in two habitats (shrub savanna and gallery forest) of the Comoé National Park (Ivory Coast, West Africa). We measured height, basal width, and interior and exterior temperatures of mounds in both habitats, and established a new method to measure the surface area of mounds.¶ In the shrub savanna, M. bellicosus mounds reached high densities (up to 22.7 live mounds/ha), whereas in the gallery forest mounds could only be found in open stands and at comparatively low densities (up to 6.5 live mounds/ha).¶ Ambient temperature had an important influence on the architecture of the mounds. Mounds in the warmer, but thermally more fluctuating shrub savanna were more structured with many ridges and turrets than the dome-like, compact mounds in the cooler, more equable gallery forest. The surface complexity was quantified as the ratio of surface (= rsf), which is the quotient of the real surface to the minimal possible surface of an ideal cone of the same height and basal width as the measured mound. By manipulating ambient temperatures, we were able to demonstrate causal relationships between temperature and mound shape. In the gallery forest, where shade was reduced surface complexity increased on mounds.¶Despite their different architecture in the gallery forest, the M. bellicosus colonies could not completely compensate for the cooler environment and had a lower than optimal nest temperature. We speculate that this might be caused by the need for a sufficient surface for gas exchange. The gallery forest is a suboptimal habitat for M. bellicosus, because of lower than optimal nest temperatures. This might limit M. bellicosus to open stands in the gallery forest and may explain its surprisingly low abundance in this habitat.
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  • 71
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 67-77 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Size polymorphism, microgynes, reproductive strategies, dispersal.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: With recent findings of an unexpected variability in the reproductive behaviour of ant sexuals, their morphology has become an area of major evolutionary interest (Heinze and Tsuji, 1995). Here we report on the occurrence of two queen morphs in Leptothorax rugatulus (Hym., Formicidae): Microgynes (small queens), exceeding worker-size only marginally, and macrogynes, which are, typically for the subgenus Myrafant, about twice as big as their workers. The frequency distribution of queen-size is clearly bimodal, in contrast to worker- and male-size. The average size of queens is highly correlated with the size of daughters in field-collected colonies, whereas within colonies no correlation between the average queen-size and the size of workers or males exists. This gives additional support that size-dimorphism is due to a specific, transmissible size reduction of the microgynes which could be based on genetics, the environment or both. This reduction is quasi-isometric, with a slightly smaller thorax-to-head ratio in microgynes, and scanning electron microscopy does not reveal any significant degeneration of the pterothorax, ocelli or number of ommatidia. The frequency of microgynes at different sample sites is highly variable, correlating well with the prevailing social structure in the respective subpopulations. Indeed, the majority of macrogynes is found in monogynous colonies, while microgynes abound in polygynous ones, which is strong evidence for an alternative dispersal tactic. However, the expected correlation to altitude or latitude was not found and further investigations are needed to reveal proximate and ultimate causes of this prevalent polymorphism between two types of female ant reproductives.
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Chemical communication, Dufour's gland, recruitment, trail following, Messor capitatus.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Some aspects of the chemical communication system employed by the harvesting ant Messor capitatus during foraging were investigated in the laboratory. After locating a conspicuous food item the scouts return home dragging their gaster on the ground. Once inside the nest they run among nestmates and perform an excited motor display. Soon after, groups of workers rush out and move towards the food. Bioassays of different gland extracts showed that nestmates are activated and induced to leave the nest by substances from Dufour's gland. This gland was also found to be the source of the orientation-recruitment trails by which foragers reach newly discovered food sources. The bioassays showed that poison gland extracts are also active in inducing trail following. However, this response was accompanied by typical aggressive reactions by tested ants, suggesting that the poison gland is involved in alarm communication and recruitment towards a source of danger rather than in foraging activities. Some features of the Dufour's gland trail (such as its durability and lack of colony-specificity) are discussed with regard to the ecological requirements of this species.
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  • 73
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 113-124 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Leptothorax, Formicoxenini, ergatoid queens, intermorphic queens, intercastes, morphology.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The terminology for ant females which are morphologically intermediate between “normal”, originally winged queens and workers teems with ill-defined terms, such as “ergatogyne”, “apterogyne”, or “gynaecoid worker”. The terminology proposed by Peeters (1991a) gets rid of most of these terms but fails to distinguish between sporadically occurring “intercastes”, reared due to “mistakes” in caste differentiation, and “intermorphic queens”, which are the ordinary female reproductives in many colonies of formicoxenine ants. A detailed examination of development, morphology, and occurrence of the latter suggests that intermorphic queens are more similar to ergatoid queens (sensu Peeters, 1991a) than to “intercastes”, and should not be comprised under the latter term.
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  • 74
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 97-109 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Halictidae, pleometrosis, social evolution.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Female sweat bees in the species Halictus ligatus exhibit a wide range of reproductive roles, ranging from typically foundress or queen-like to typically worker-like. Nests are founded in spring and most are haplometrotic, that is, founded by a single foundress. A few (up to 12 %) are pleometrotic, founded by 2-6 foundresses. Variation in the proportion of multifoundress nests from year to year and from place to place suggests an adaptive basis for pleometrosis. We studied the demographic and social characteristics of 23 pleometrotic nests in an aggregation of 250-300 nests near Victoria, Ontario, in 1984, 1990, and 1991. In pleometrotic associations, dominant foundresses behaved in a manner typical of mid-summer, haplometrotic queens, while subordinates behaved like mid-summer workers. Dominant foundresses tended to be larger than subordinates. Pleometrotic nests were significantly more likely than haplometrotic nests to produce brood, and they also produced more workers. However, this early advantage did not result in the production of more reproductive brood per nest, nor did pleometrotic foundresses experience higher productivity per foundress than did haplometrotic foundresses. Relatively low relatedness among various categories of brood implied that subordinate foundresses were not closely related to dominants. We suggest that pleometrosis most likely results from accidental encounters between spring foundresses as they leave their hibernacula. Once formed, such associations confer a survival advantage on the nest as a whole, but do not result in greater reproductive brood productivity.
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  • 75
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Life history, kleptoparasitism, interspecific relationships, sociality, spiders.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Among spiders, some species could be qualified as colonial. Individuals may live alone or in colonies where each spider exploits its own capture web in a communal network. We compared solitary with colonial life in Cyrtophora female populations from South-East Sicily in 1992 and 1993. We used 6 parameters to describe and compare the populations: spider size, web size, egg production, prey captured, presence of kleptoparasites and their size.¶ Spiders living in colonies did not differ in size from solitary spiders.¶ The webs of colonial spiders were smaller than those of solitary spiders.¶ The number of prey captured and their size did not differ between the two types of spiders.¶ Solitary spiders produced more eggs than colonial individuals.¶ Kleptoparasite spiders Argyrodes gibbosus were more numerous in the webs of solitary spiders than in the webs of colonial spiders and there were more solitary webs infested by kleptoparasites in 1992. The kleptoparasites were larger in colonial webs than in solitary ones. Another species of spider, Holocnemus pulchei, spun its own web in the network of the web of Cyrtophora. The number of Holocnemus per web did not differ between solitary and colonial Cyrtophora.¶ Results are discussed by referring to what it is known in other temporarily social spiders.
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  • 76
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Group effect, latency time, fungus-growing termites, building behavior, bees, aggressiveness.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We suggest that group effect need not be invoked to explain the differences in latency times exhibited by groups of different sizes in the initiation of building in the termite Macrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur). A simple, alternative, model is presented, that is fully consistent with experimental data.
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  • 77
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Cataglyphis, worker odour, queen odour, Formicidae, polydomy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We investigated the queen's effect on the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of workers in the monogynous and polydomous species Cataglyphis iberica. Within each of the three colonies tested, workers were separated for three months in queenright and queenless groups. After regrouping, nestmate recognition remained unchanged but the duration of antennal interactions between workers previously separated increased relative to controls. Separated groups presented slightly divergent cuticular hydrocarbon profiles which may induce the longer antennations. A quantitative analysis of major cuticular hydrocarbons showed that the total amount per unit of cuticular surface area remains similar between the two castes; but queens had higher quantities of n-alkanes than workers. The lack of a queen did not affect the workers' cuticular hydrocarbon profile in queenless groups. Indeed, the profile of queenless workers remained significantly different from the queen profile as did that of queenright workers. These results show that queens are not at the origin of the hydrocarbons' colonial profile. Two recognition processes seem to coexist within C.iberica colonies: nestmate discrimination based on the colonial odour which includes all nestmate workers, and a queen caste-specific odour. In a polydomous species such as C.iberica, the queen does not seem to contribute more than any other nestmate to the colonial odour, which probably derives from worker cues, confirming the existence of a "Gestalt" colonial odour.
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 315-333 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Soldier, caste, evolution, ants.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The traditional hypothesis that ant soldiers originate from large size workers is rejected in favour of their direct origin from gynes. This conclusion is supported by the first report of soldiers smaller than workers, by an intercaste morphometric comparative analysis by means of D'Arcy Thompson's transformation grids and by phylogenetic studies on Cephalotes showing that the cephalic shield appeared ancestrally among soldiers and only later among gynes. The same conclusion flows from facts already known but hitherto misunderstood and stressed in this paper such as: 1) there are species of Cephalotes with soldiers with incomplete cephalic shield and no gyne shield and other species with complete soldier shield but only incomplete gyne shield; 2) the phragmotic behaviour is exercised by workers and soldiers and not by gynes but its morphological correlate, i.e., the shield-shaped head, occurs among soldiers and gynes and not in workers. These observations prove that the selection pressure for the shield morphology acts on workers and soldiers and not on gynes but its morphological correlate actually appears first in soldiers, later in gynes and never in workers. These data sharply contrast with a worker origin of soldiers and are perfectly consistent with the hypothesis of a separate origin of soldiers directly from gynes.
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  • 79
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    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 349-368 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Social evolution, sex allocation, kin selection, comparative studies, Exoneura, Apidae.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Comparative studies provide one of the most powerful means of assessing the relative roles of selective agents underlying social evolution in insects. Because of the wide variation in social organisation, sex allocation and ecological traits within and between species of allodapine bees, this group provides a wealth of material for such comparative work. Recent studies on Australian allodapine bees are reviewed here and their consequences for understanding social evolution are discussed. Studies to date suggest the following trends: (i) benefits of group living appear to be linked to preventing brood failure rather than to increased brood rearing efficiency; (ii) female-biased sex allocation, when it occurs, is linked to benefits of group living and kinship among nestmates, and is probably mediated via local fitness enhancement; (iii) female-biased sex allocation patterns do not usually coincide with opportunities for sib-rearing and are therefore unlikely to facilitate eusociality; (iv) relatedness within colonies is usually high, but in some species females will nest with unrelated females if kin are not available; and (v) phylogenetic studies suggest that opportunities for sib-rearing, arising from brood development patterns and colony phenology, are plesiomorphic for the exoneurine group, but in at least one phylogenetically distal clade, Exoneura sensu stricto, the evolution of large group size and social complexity coincides with the loss or reduction of opportunities for sib-rearing. Assured fitness return models may be applicable to weakly social allodapine species, but do not predict patterns of eusociality. Instead, Australian studies suggest that the evolution of large group size and marked reproductive skew is linked with the need to defend against enemies at the nest, rather than high levels of relatedness, female biased sex allocation or opportunities to rear siblings.
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    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 315-322 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Bombus terrestris, bumble bee, larval feeding, caste differentiation.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The duration of feedings received by Bombus terrestris larvae was studied using video-recordings. In the last days of development all larvae received feedings mainly of long duration. Worker larvae of the third brood received significantly longer feedings than worker larvae reared in the other broods. Throughout the development queen larvae and worker larvae received feedings of similar duration. Male larvae received shorter feedings than both kinds of female larvae. Therefore, the duration of feedings seems to be associated to the sex and stage of development of the larvae.¶The causes of the long-duration feedings seem not to be related to the amount of food provided, workers' age and size, to the workers' abdominal contraction or to the amount of pollen in the larval food. Perhaps the feeding duration is caused by the viscosity of the food, which is a consequence of the presence of pollen grains, sugar and glandular material. Although the precise amount of pollen was not measured, the differences in colour showed clearly that the larval food samples contained variable quantities of pollen grains. Some of the samples did not contain any pollen at all.¶It is suggested that the duration of feedings may be related (among other factors) to the presence of glandular material (proteins and enzymes) which is added to the larval food. This could be especially important for queen larvae in the last phase of their development. Because they have a long development and are fed with a high frequency they might receive large amounts of these substances. This could help them to grow more efficiently using a relatively smaller amount of pollen than expected.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Pre-mating behaviour, gyne, abdomen enlargement, Melipona beecheii, stingless bee.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The behaviour of gynes of Melipona beecheii in queen-deprived colonies was studied. The period after emergence until acceptance is characterized by agonistic behaviour of workers towards the gynes. The gynes escaped from this worker aggression by hiding in the periphery of the nest, by performing rapid turn-arounds once grabbed by a worker, and "feigning death". Between acceptance and nuptial flight, gynes spent most of their time in pushing, hiding, and antennal contact with workers, and self-grooming or food solicitation. After the nuptial flight the queen's behavioural repertoire shifted to less pushing and food solicitation, to an increase in standing, tapping and antennal contact.¶Accepted gynes had a significantly more prolonged abdomen inflation than gynes that were eliminated.¶An hypothesis is presented to explain how abdomen enlargement and behavioural development influences the acceptance of gynes and the establishment of a dominance relation with workers under queenless conditions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 309-338 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The integral equation for the electromagnetic response of a sphere in a layered medium may be solved as follows. First, the unknown time harmonic electric field in the sphere is expanded in spherical vector waves. Secondly, the coefficients for these wave functions are found by a set of equations. The equations are found by multiplying the integral equation throughout by each wave function and integrating over the spherical conductor. Once the unknown coefficients have been determined, then the transient response may be found by taking the inverse Fourier transform. In carrying out the Fourier transform one learns that for most of the time range used in prospecting, only the lowest order vector wave function is significant. A study of the singularities of the spectrum of the transient shows that, for the time range considered, only a single branch cut is significant. There are no pole type responses. That is, the field does not decay exponentially. Previous studies of a sphere in free space reported only pole type responses. That is, at the later stages, the field decays exponentially. This study shows that, in order to model satisfactorily the effect of the host rock on transient electromagnetic fields, the sphere must be placed in layered ground.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 392-403 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tidal records at Hanasaki, southeastern Hokkaido, are analysed to clarify the post-seismic crustal vertical movement in the 1973 Nemuro-oki, Japan, earthquake. The result shows that the post-seismic uplift, as speculated byKasahara (1975), terminated in late 1975 and reverted to the previous rate of rapid subsidence of about 1 cm/yr. Ceasing of the post-seismic uplift, which occurred much earlier than previously speculated, could be explained by supplementary mechanisms, such as frictional resistance against creeping at the fault surface. This unexpected mode of movement, however, raises a new question about the accumulation of tectonic movements in this district. Since the subsidence rate extrapolated from geomorphological data for the past several thousand years is almost one order of magnitude lower than the recent rate as mentioned above, we have to provide some alternative explanation for the discrepancy between the two rates. In other words, simple repetition of co-, post- and inter-seismic movements in seismic cycles due to plate subduction, must be modified in this district. Several possible modifications to the subduction process are suggested, and a brief discussion of vertical movements expected in each case is given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 407-408 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 409-442 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 443-473 
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  • 87
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 491-500 
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  • 88
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 474-490 
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  • 89
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 510-514 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 515-537 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in the use of dynamical and statistical models to forecast the weather are described. High resolution physical-mathematical models can now predict the development of synoptic weather systems in great detail for a few days ahead, while large-scale phenomena like blocking can be predicted for about a week or more. The local forecasting problem is presently being attacked by statistical- and meso-scale models using the large-scale predictions as input parameters. Very encouraging results have been obtained to predict the local weather, in particular when the local weather is influenced by topography and the underlying surface.
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  • 91
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 538-547 
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  • 92
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 558-576 
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  • 93
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 548-557 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 577-593 
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    Notes: Abstract In recent years there has been much progress in describing and understanding the detailed dynamical and microphysical structure of frontal precipitation systems. In this article we consider phenomena on a hierarchy of scales: the broad synoptic-scale flows in mid-latitude depressions, the mesoscale patterns of precipitation, the nature and origin of convection at the surface and aloft, and the microphysical properties of the resulting precipitation. The influence of orography is also briefly discussed.
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  • 95
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 798-808 
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    Keywords: Solar-terrestrial relationship ; Effect of sunspot numbers on monthly temperature/precipitation
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    Notes: Abstract Spectral analyses were made of derived area-index series of areas subject to extreme temperatures and precipitation as well as cross-spectral analyses of the area-index series with double sunspot cycle (Zurich) numbers. Superposed epoch analyses also were made of area-index series versus various double-sunspot cycle phases. Area series for wet and dry Junes, warm Junes, defined June drought, and warm Januaries all show statistically significant double sunspot cycle (∼21 year) periodicities. The 21-year cycle of above-normal June precipitation is most striking and has not received previous recognition.
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  • 96
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 809-815 
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    Keywords: Cloud dynamics ; Mixing process in cumulus clouds
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An examination is made of the hypothesis that internal cloud properties are determined by the mixing of dry air from above the cloud top and cloud base air in such a way that the mixture is neutrally buoyant with respect to the clear air environment at each level. It is concluded that the resulting mixture is much drier than is actually observed. Comments are made about observed cloud properties which need to be taken into account in any model of the mixing process.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 816-819 
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    Keywords: Cloud dynamics ; Mixing processes in cumulus clouds
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  • 98
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 820-830 
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    Keywords: Riming of ice crystals
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    Notes: Abstract Riming growth of ice particles is simulated by numerically solving the stochastic collection equations, simultaneously considering coagulation of water droplets. By introducing a special criterion which defines the habit of a riming particle, the influence of this habit on the growth of several kinds of ice particles assumed to be formed during riming was investigated. It was found that (i) hexagonal rimed ice plates are growing more efficiently than lump graupel or rimed columns, (ii) the use of different collection kernels for the lump graupel evolution leads to widely differing results and that (iii) the time dependent decrease of liquid water substance and the size of the resulting ice particles were more strongly influenced by the initial ice crystal concentration than by the initial ice crystal size and the habit of the ice particles. By decreasing the number density of ice crystals gradually a critical ice crystal concentration was found at which the present liquid water was not completely consumed by the riming process even after 1800 s model time, causing large drops of radii 〉100 μm to be formed in appreciable concentrations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 831-840 
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    Keywords: Extinction ; Radiation ; Turbidity
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    Notes: Abstract Helicopter measurements of solar irradiance and meteorological data within the atmospheric boundary-layer were made in Lagos during February 1979. Filter samples of aerosols were collected both during flight in February 1979 and at ground level in December 1978. Profile data on spectral aerosol optical depth were obtained and, from these, the aerosol extinction coefficient at two wavelengths (0.5 and 0.88 μm) were calculated. Precipitable water was low and was contained mainly within the 750 m layer above ground, suggesting the establishment of a deep unstable boundary layer. Calculated channel energy depletions by aerosols show that, within the first 750 m of the surface, the 0·88 μm might be more efficient at attenuating solar energy than 0·5 μm. The lagoon (maritime) aerosol sample indicated a more monodisperse size-distribution than the dusty harmattan aerosol sample.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 888-892 
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