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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1975-1979  (44,825)
  • 1978  (44,825)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (44,825)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le sac infrabuccal d'Acromyrmex octospinosus retient des particules en suspension dans la nourriture, dont le diamètre peut n'être que de 10 μm. Cette poche sert de réceptacle pour des matières prélevées sur les jardins à champignons, sur le corps même des fourmis, et pour de la cire léchée sur les feuilles utilisées dans la culture du champignon. Les pelotes rejetées de la poche infrabuccale des ouvrières contiennent des spores de champignons contaminants. Elles ont toujours été retrouvées loin des meules, le plus souvent sur les tas de détritus. Les femelles vierges cependant régurgitent leurs pelotes sur les jardins à champignons. Le champignon des fourmis a pu être cultivé sur des plaques d'agar, sur lesquelles des pelotes d'ouvrières ont été étalées. Les ouvrières n'ont pas été capables de débuter une nouvelle culture de champignons, mais l'utilisation par les reines du sac infrabuccal pour inséminer les nouveaux jardins lors des fondations de colonie peut être considérée comme un cas particulier d'un comportement plus général.
    Notes: Summary The leaf-cutting antAcromyrmex octospinosus was shown to filter out into its infrabuccal pocket from liquid food, particles down to ten μ in diameter. The pocket acted as a receptacle for material licked from the ants' fungus garden and from their own bodies, and for leaf wax licked from leaves used for fungus culture. The infrabuccal pellets of worker ants, which might contain contaminating fungal spores, were always found away from the fungus garden and mostly on the refuse dump. Virgin queens however, regurgitated their pellets onto the fungus garden. Pellets regurgitated by worker ants were streaked onto agar plates, and from these the ant fungus was cultured. Worker ants were not able to start a new fungus garden, but the use of the infrabuccal pocket by queens to transmit the ant fungus to newly founded colonies can be seen as part of a general behaviour pattern.
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 303-313 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Staaten vonOdontotermes stercorivorus (Sj.) entstehen Nymphen nur einmal im Jahr. Sie treten jedoch nicht in allen Nestern auf und ihre Anzahl pro Nest schwankt erheblich. Nymphen erscheinen im Nest schubweise. Sie entstehen zusammen mit Larven in Eikammern, die der Königinkammer benachbart liegen. Die alten Nymphen entfernen sich von den Eikammern und die geflügelten Geschlechtstiere sammeln sich schliesslich in Kammern an der Peripherie der Nester. Äussere Faktoren, insbesondere das Klima und das Nahrungsangebot könnten alljährlich die Entstehung von Nymphen auslösen, die jahreszeitlich artspezifisch festliegt. Ob jedoch in einem bestimmten Jahr in den einzelnen Nestern Nymphen auftreten oder nicht und in welcher Anzahl scheint abhängig zu sein von internen Faktoren.
    Notes: Summary In colonies ofOdontotermes stercorivorus (Sj.), nymphs appear only once annually. They are not to be found in all colonies of a similar size and their numbers show great variation from nest to nest. Nymphs originate and develop in batches, together with larvae, in egg chambers near to the queen. The older nymphs move from the egg chambers and the alatae congregate in chambers at the periphery of the nest. External factors, such as climate and foraging conditions, may be important as releasers of the annual nymphal production, the time of which is species specific. But whether or not nymphs occur in a nest in any particular year and in what numbers, seems to be more dependent on internal factors.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors investigated the possible existence in ants of differences in the amounts of sugar food given to the queen and worker larvae by the workers. Experimental groups of the AntPlagiolepis pygmaea, rearing worker biased or queen biased larvae, were fed on honey containing radio-actively labeled gold (Au108). Upon introduction of the tracer, the groups were incubated at 26° for 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days. The radio-activity of the larvae was measured after 25, 48 and 76 hours. This permits a comparative estimation of the quantity of material which has been given to larval feeding from the crop of the workers. It can be only some radio-active honey ingested by the workers; but the salivary secretions of the larvae could also, in the interval, add a small quantity to the honey. The results show that,weight for weight, the queen larvae receive much more food coming from crop than the worker larvae. This difference, which is very slight until the 8th day of incubation, becomes obvious on the 9th day and reaches its maximum on the 10th and 11th days: the queen larvae receive, at this time, up to 6 times more food, weight for weight, than the worker larvae. We note that it is at the moment when the weight increase of the queen larvae is at its highest that the quantitative difference in the received sugary matter, weight for weight, is also at its highest. The authors think that the very high sugar content of the diet of queen larvae does not come into play until after caste determination has occurred.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs ont recherché s'il existe, chez les Fourmis, des différences dans les quantités d'aliments sucrés données par les ouvrières aux larves de reines et aux larves douvrières. Des groupes expérimentaux de la FourmiPlagiolepis pygmaea, élevant des larves d'ouvrières ou des larves de reines, ont été nourris avec du miel contenant de l'or radioactif (Au108). Lors de l'introduction du radio-élément, les groupes sont élevés à 26°C depuis 4, 6, 8, 10 et 12 jours. La radio-activité des larves est mesurée au bout de 25, 48 et 76 heures. Elle permet une estimation comparative de la quantité de substances qui a servi à l'alimentation des larves, en provenance du jabot des ouvrières. Il peut s'agir seulement du miel radio-actif ingéré par les ouvrières; mais des sécrétions salivaires ont pu aussi, dans l'intervalle, s'y ajouter en petite quantité. Les résultats montrent que,par unité de poids, les larves de reine reçoivent beaucoup plus de substances provenant du jabot que les larves d'ouvrières. Peu sensible ou faible jusqu'au 8e jour de la mise en élevage, cette différence devient très nette à partir du 9e jour, et atteint son maximum les 10e et 11e jours: les larves de reines reçoivent alors, par unité de poids, jusqu'à 6 fois plus de nourriture que les larves d'ouvrières. On constate que c'est au moment où la croissance pondérale des larves de reines est la plus importante que la différence quantitative dans les matières sucrées reçues, par unité de poids, est la plus forte. Les auteurs estiment que cette alimentation très riche en sucre des larves de reines n'intervient qu'après le déterminisme de la caste.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 323-337 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Honigbienen bevorzugen bestimmte Nistplatzeigenschaften. Die folgenden Bevorzugungen wurden herausgefunden («〉» bedeutet «bevorzugt gegenüber»): Höhe des Nestes, 5〉1 m; Fläche des Eingangs, 12,5〉75 cm2; Lage des Eingangs, Boden〉Spitze; Richtung des Eingangs, nach Süden〉nach Norden; Raum der Nesthöhle, 10〈40〉100 Liter. 2. Die Daten deuten darüber hinaus an, dass Honigbienen Nesthöhlen bevorzugen, die vorher bewohnt waren, oder die weiter als 300 m vom Mutterstock entfernt sind. 3. Exponierte und gut sichtbare Nistplätze werden schneller bezogen als weniger exponierte und weniger gut sichtbare Plätze. Wahrscheinlich hat dies aber seinen Grund darin, dass diese Plätze leichter entdeckt werden, nicht weil sie echt bevorzugt werden. 4. Keine Bevorzugung wurde für die folgenden Variablen gefunden: Form des Eingangs (Schlitz vs. Kreis), Form der Nesthöhle (Quader vs. hohe Rechtecksäule), Zugigkeit der Höhle (zugfrei vs. zugig) und Trockenheit (feucht vs. trocken). Wahrscheinlich sind Zugigkeit und Trockenheit der Höhle für die Biene wichtig. Da die Bienen jedoch ihr Nest abdichten und wasserdicht machen können, sind sie — was diese Nistplatz-Variablen angeht — nicht so wählerisch als gegenüber jenen, die sie nicht ändern können. 5. Dieser komplexe Prozess der Nistplatzwahl kommt der Honigbiene offensichtlich in verschiedener Weise zugute, z. B. zur Erleichterung der Verteidigung und Hygiene des Stockes, der Vereinfachung beim Nestbau und bei der Kontrolle des Mikroklimas, sowie zur Minderung der Futterkonkurrenz mit dem Muttervolk.
    Notes: Summary 1. Honey bees exhibit preferences in several nest site properties. The following preferences were identified («〉» means «preferred to»): nest height, 5〉1 m; entrance area, 12.5〉75 cm2; entrance position, bottom 〉top of nest cavity, entrance direction, southward〉northward; nest cavity volume, 10〈40〉100 liters. 2. The data also suggest preferences exist for previously inhabited nest cavities and for nest sites beyond 300 m from the parent colony. 3. Nest sites with high exposure and visibility were occupied more rapidly than sites with low exposure and visibility. However, this difference probably reflects differential ease of nest site discovery rather than a preference for exposed nest sites. 4. No preferences were found in the following variables: entrance shape (slit vs. circle), nest cavity shape (cube vs. tall parallelepiped), cavity draftiness (sound vs. drafty), and cavity dryness (wet vs. dry). Cavity draftiness and dryness are probably important to bees, but because bees can seal and waterproof their nests, they may be less demanding about these two nest site variables than about those they cannot modify. 5. The complex process of nest site selection apparently benefits a honey bee colony in several ways, including facilitation of colony defense and hygiene, simplification of nest construction and microclimate control, and reduction of foraging competition with the parent colony.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einigen Arten vonDrepanotermes zeigen die Arbeiter eine altersabhängige Arbeitsteilung in bezug auf Reparaturen am Nest und Sammelaktivität. Sofort nach der Beschädigung eines Nestes nahm die Anzahl der Arbeiterstadien A1, A2 und A3 ab, während die Arbeiterstadien A4+A5 und die Soldaten häufiger anzutreffen waren. Dies traf fürD. rubriceps als auch fürD. perniger zu. A4+A5 führten den grössten Anteil der Nestreparaturen aus, und zumindestens inD. perniger war die Anzahl dieses Arbeiterstadiums noch 60 Stunden nach der Beschädigung signifikant höher als in unbeschädigten Teilen des Nestes. An den oberirdisch sammelnden Termitengruppen waren inD. perniger über 75% Arbeiter des Stadiums A4+A5 beteiligt. Die Häufigkeit der jüngeren Stadien nahm stark mit absteigendem Alter ab. Soldaten waren ebenfalls überdurchschnittlich in den Sammelgruppen vertreten. In den peripheren Gallerien waren A4+A5 nicht unbedingt häufiger anzutreffen als im Inneren des Nestes, obwohl sie in den Sammelgruppen deutlich überwogen.
    Notes: Summary Species ofDrepanotermes show instar-dependent behavioural differences in the worker caste in both nest repair and foraging activity. Immediately following damage to the nest, the frequencies of W1, W2 and W3 at the damaged site decreased, while those of W4+W5 and soldiers increased in bothD. rubriceps andD. perniger. W4+W5 carried out most of the nest repair, and, at least inD. perniger, their frequency was still significantly higher at the damaged site 60 hours after damage. InD. perniger more than 75% of termites in the above-ground foraging parties were W4+W5, and the frequencies of younger workers were related to instar, the earlier the instar the lower the frequency. Soldiers were also over-represented in foraging parties. W4+W5 were not necessarily more abundant in the peripheral galleries than they were in the central nest, despite their predominance in the foraging parties.
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 339-350 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die europäische, sklavenhaltende AmeiseHarpagoxenus sublaevis weist einen speziellen Polymorphismus im weiblichen Geschlecht auf: Neben normalen Arbeiterinnen kommen zwei Formen von Königinnen vor, das normale, jedoch sehr seltene, geflügelte Weibchen und das viel häufigere arbeiterinähnliche, sogenannte ergatoide Weibchen. Für die Entwicklung von Larven entweder zu ergatoiden oder zu geflügelten Weibchen ist ein genetischer Mechanismus verantwortlich. Wir sammelten 61 Völker des nahe verwandten, nordamerikanischenHarpagoxenus canadensis an verschiedenen Orten in Ontario und Quebec, Kanada, und sezierten daraus insgesamt 241 Arbeiterinnen, 30 Intermorphe und 26 entflügelte Weibchen um festzustellen, ob ein ähnlicher Polymorphismus auch bei dieser Art vorliegt.H. canadensis hat jedoch einen recht normalen Polymorphismus. Alle Königinnen, die wir fanden, waren entflügelte Weibchen. Das receptaculum seminis, das den einzig bedeutsamen Unterschied zwischen ergatoiden Weibchen und Arbeiterinnen vonH. sublaevis darstellt, fehlt allen Arbeiterinnen und Intermorphen vonH. canadensis. Weitere Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchung sind folgende:H. canadensis ist, wieH. sublaevis, monogyn. In wenigen Kolonien legen einige Arbeiterinnen und Intermorphe Eier, auch in weiserlrichtigen Völkern. Die durchschnittliche Ovariolenzahl ist beiH. canadensis-Arbeiterinnen wesentlich geringer als beiH. sublaevis, variiert bei beiden Arten jedoch in etwa demselben Ausmß (table IV);H. canadensis-Arbeiterinnen sind darin den Arbeiterinnen der Wirtsarten ähnlicher. Die Anzahl der Malpighigefäße beträgt 5 bei Weibchen und Arbeiterinnen. Die Giftdrüse hat bei beidenHarpagoxenus-Arten etwa dieselbe Größe. Dagegen ist beiH. canadensis die Dufour-Drüse erheblich kleiner als beiH. sublaevis. H. canadensis ist damit in einer Reihe von Merkmalen der gemeinsamen WirtsgattungLeptothorax (S. G.Mychothorax) ähnlicher alsH. sublaevis.
    Notes: Summary The European slave-making antHarpagoxenus sublaevis has an unusual female polymorphism. In addition to ordinary workers, there are two kinds of reproductive females, the very rare full queens and the much more common ergatoid (i. e. workerlike) queens. A genetic mechanism is responsible for the development of larvae into either ergatoid or full queens. Sixty-one colonies of the closely related North American speciesHarpagotenus canadensis were collected from several localities in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and a total of 241 workers, 30 intermorphs, and 26 dealate full queens were dissected in order to discover whether a similar polymorphism occurs in this species. However,H. canadensis was found to have an essentialy normal polymorphism. All the fecundated reproductive females that we found were dealate full queens. A spermatheca, which constitutes the only significant difference between ergatoid queens and workers inH. sublaevis, is absent in all workers and intermorphs ofH. canadensis. In addition, we found that colonies ofH. canadensis are monogynous (likeH. sublaevis). However, minority of workers and intermorphs lay eggs even in queenright colonies. The average number of ovarioles is much lower inH. canadansis workers than in those ofH. sublaevis; but, in both species, it varies over about the same range (table IV). In this respect,H. canadensis workers resemble more closely the workers of the host species. The number of Malpighian tubules is five in both the reproductive females and workers. The poison gland is about the same size in bothHarpagoxenus species, but the Dufour's gland inH. canadensis is considerably smaller than inH. sublaevis. Thus, in several respects,H. canadensis bears a closer resemblance to the common host genusLeptothorax (subgenusMychothorax) thanH. sublaevis does.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Condensation nuclei ; Aerosol particles ; -water uptake of ; -growth of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Equilibrium water uptake and the sizes of atmospheric aerosol particles have for the first time been determined for high relative humidities, i.e., for humidities above 95 percent, as a function of the particles chemical composition. For that purpose a new treatment of the osmotic coefficient has been developed and experimentally confirmed. It is shown that the equilibrium water uptake and the equilibrium sizes of atmospheric aerosol particles at large relative humidities are significantly dependent on their chemical composition.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ionization of moist air ; of dry air ; Coefficient for a water surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A comparison has been made between the Townsend primary ionization coefficient, α, for dry air and for air with humidities typical of those in the atmosphere. α is defined as the number of new electrons produced by an electron per centimeter of drift in a field. A range of field/pressure ratios,E/p 0, of 40 to 100 V (cm torr)−1 was employed. The variation of α with humidity is very small. Over the range ofE/p 0 from 50 to 100 V (cm torr)−1, the secondary ionization coefficient, γ, of a water surface has been found from sparking potential data to be typically 2×10−4. γ represents the fraction of primary ionizing collisions that ultimately result in the production of additional electrons at the surface.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 302-308 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Bubbles ; Scavenging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Four parameters that control the enrichment of bacteria in jet drops are bubble scavenging, drop size, drop position in the jet set, and the type of bacteria. Without the scavenging of bacteria as a bubble rises through the water it is doubtful that the observed enrichment factors, EF, greater than 1000 could be obtained. There is a maximum in EF as a function of top jet drop size, and the EF decreases from the top to the bottom drop of the jet set. The efficiency by which bubbles scavenge bacteria varies with species. Presumably these parameters apply in some degree to the EF of virus in jet drops. Dissolved organic material in natural waters can adsorb to bubbles and contribute to a large EF in jet drops, but there is a feedback mechanism whereby changes in bubble surface free energy modify the jet drop-size distribution. However, there is reason to believe this will not significantly influence the jet drop-size distribution produced by bubbles in the sea.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 372-384 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric Hydrocarbons ; Air Chemistry ; Hydrocarbon concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Trace concentrations of highly reactive hydrocarbons of biogenic origin have been proposed for some time as being important in aerosol formation processes in the atmosphere. More recently, assessments of potential photochemical reactions in the troposphere have proposed a role in the atmospheric ozone cycle for hydrocarbons, even for compounds such as methane that had previously been considered nonreactive. An assessment of the atmospheric hydrocarbon reaction system has been limited by a lack of observational information on the nature of conditions in the remote or non-urban atmosphere. Recent data on terpene concentrations and other biogenic hydrocarbon compounds are presented. Data on ethane and acetylene from aircraft samples taken over the north and south Pacific Ocean show concentrations in the 0.5 to 1 μ/m3 range for ethane and in the 0.05 to 0.3 μg/m3 range for acetylene. A concentration gradient is present for these compounds between the northern and southern hemisphere. A rudimentary global concentration pattern for these C2 compounds has been developed on the basis of recent data.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 575-582 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Chlorofluoromethanes ; Stratospheric chlorine ; Oceanographic tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Depth profiles of the chlorofluoromethanes (CFM), CFCl3 and CF2Cl2, have been obtained together with tritium profiles from water samples collected in the Norwegian Sea between surface and 2800 m depth. CFM analysis was performed by vacuum extraction of the dissolved gases from 500 ml samples of seawater and subsequent gaschromatographic measurement. The CFM concentration decreases with depth to about 10 percent of surface concentration at depths below 2000 m. The same behaviour is found for the tritium content. From a correlation of the CFM and tritium concentration the upper limit of the preindustrial atmospheric CFM levels can be estimated to ≤5 percent of the present day concentrations.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 634-654 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Strength of rocks ; Crack growth with water ; Rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of stress relaxation experiments have been carried out on faulted and intact Tennessee sandstone to explore the influence of pore water on strength at different strain rates. Temperatures employed were 20, 300 and 400°C, effective confining pressure was 1.5 kb and strain rates as low as 10−10 sec−1 were achieved. Most samples were prefaulted at 2.5 kb confining pressure and room temperature. This is thought to have secured a reproducible initial microstructure. The strength of the dry rock was almost totally insensitive to strain rate in the range 10−4 to 10−10 sec−1. In contrast, the strength of the wet rock decreased rapidly with strain rate at rates less than 10−6 sec−1. Brittle fracture of the quartz grains which constitute this rock is the most characteristic mode of failure under the test conditions used. The experimental data are discussed in terms of the possible deformation rate controlling processes, and it is suggested that in the wet experiments at intermediate to high strain rates (10−7 to 10−4 sec−1) the observed deformation rate is controlled by the kinetics of water assisted stress corrosion, whilst deformation at low strain rates (ca. 10−9 sec−1) is controlled by a pressure solution process. The results have implications for the rheology of fault rocks at depths of perhaps 10 to 15 km in sialic crust.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 511-529 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ozone ; photochemistry ; transport ; vertical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract All available data of the vertical ozone distribution measured with chemical sondes have been assembled and combined with one year's results from the BUV satellite to obtain the best possible information on the vertical ozone distribution averaged over longitude as a function of season (month by month). For the southern hemisphere Umkehr data have been used as a guideline in the necessary smoothing procedure. Especially in the northern hemisphere considerable adaptation to the observed latitudinal mean of the total amount was needed because most sounding stations, are situated in upper air trough positions. The results are presented as vertical distributions, as meridional cross sections of partial pressure and of mixing ratio and as partial pressure isolines as a function of latitude and season at different levels. The interaction between photochemical processes and transport resonsible for the observed distribution is briefly discussed.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 586-602 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Earthquake prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Premonitory phenomena such as dilatancy, creep, acoustic emission, and changes in seismic velocity and attenuation, electrical resistivity, magnetic moment, and gas emission, which occur before fracture of initially intact rock and before stick-slip on faults or between finely ground surfaces of rock, have been reviewed and discussed in relation to earthquake prediction. This review is restricted to the results of laboratory experiments that have been carried out in the United States of America.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 866-872 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fracture energy ; Identation of minerals ; Rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A relatively simple indentation technique for the rapid measurement of fracture surface energy, Γ, of small samples is described. The reliability of this technique is assessed by testing soda-lime glass for which there are good independent fracture mechanics determinations of fracture surface energy. The indentation technique gives a value for Γ of 4.33 J m−2 which compares favourably with the accepted value of 3.8 J m−2. Fracture surface energies of the {010} and {001} cleavage planes of single crystal olivine (modal composition Fo88Fa12) are then determined and compared with theoretical estimates of the thermodynamic surface energy, γ, calculated from atomistic parameters (γ is equal to Γ in the absence of dissipative processes during crack extension). The experimental values for Г{010} and Г{001} are respectively 0.98 J m−2 and 1.26 J m−2. The calculated values of γ{010} and γ{001} are respectively in the range from 0.37 J m−2 to 8.63 J m−2 and 12.06 J m−2. The particular advantages of the indentation technique for the study of the fracture surface energies of geological materials are outlined.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 765-772 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Velocity anomalies ; Microfractures ; Stick-slip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Locations and velocities were calculated for microseisms occurring in samples of rock subjected to triaxial loading and injection of pore fluid. This was accomplished by analyzing arrival times of acoustic emission using an automatic first arrival picker. Apparent velocity anomalies were observed prior to both failure of intact samples and violent slip in samples containing saw cuts. Further analysis revealed that these fluctuations in calculated velocity were not due to changes in the true seismie velocity. Instead, variations in calculated velocity are shown to be related to sampling errors in picking first arrivals. The systematic picking of late first arrivals for small magnitude events was found to be a persistent bias resulting in low calculated velocities. This has encouraged the reexamination of earthquake records to determine how important sampling biases are in contributing to reported velocity anomalies.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 732-742 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Velocity changes ; Fracture ; Friction ; Holography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fracture and frictional sliding are considered as phenomena involving brittle failure. Brittle failure is preceded by the formation of small (subcritical) cracks. In non-water-saturated rock, the distribution, shape and size of these suberitical cracks determine the change in the physical properties prior to failure. A model is proposed which suggests that the spatial and temporal distribution, shape and size of subcritical cracks within a stressed rock depend upon the rate of deformation and the volatile content. As a rock is stressed beyond about 50 percent of its ultimate failure stress, dilatancy is initiated. With increasing stress a broad zone of cracks develops within the dilatant region. The seismic velocities through this zone decrease markedly and the cracks grow more numerous., changing in size and shape. Before brittle failure of the rock occurs, the subcritical cracks interact, leading to a concentration of the zone. During the stage when the zone narrows, the seismic velocities in crease in the surrounding volume due to local rotation of stresses and consequent closure of some cracks. In most laboratory experiments the stage during which the velocity increases and the now intense deformation zone becomes narrow is very short and difficult to observe experimentally. At very low strain rates and with volatiles present, the crack growth and subsequent interaction lead to the narrowing of the intense deformation zone and therefore to an observable increase in velocity. The above is based upon an interpretation of a number of experiments. Using optical holography we have observed the development and subsequent intensification of a deformation zone. Ultrasonic velocity measurements showed a distinct anomaly (decrease followed by an increase) before failure. The anomaly was only detectable at our lowest experimental strain rates (3×10−8/sec).
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 807-839 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Creep transient ; Semi brittle rocks ; Earthquake faulting
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We review transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline solids. The results are expected to be pertinent to crystalline rocks undergoing deformation in the depth range 5 to 20 km, corresponding to depths of focus of many major earthquakes. Transient creep data for crystalline rocks at elevated temperatures are analyzed but are poorly understood because of lack of information on the deformation processes which, at low to moderate pressure, are likely to be semibrittle in nature. Activation energies for transient creep at high effective confining pressure are much higher than those found for atmospheric pressure tests in which thermally-activated microfracturing probably dominates the creep rate. Empirical transient creep equations are extrapolated at 200° to 600°C, stresses from 0.1 to 1.0 kbar, to times ranging from 3.17×102 to 3.17×108 years. At the higher temperatures, appreciable transient creep strains may take place but the physical significance of the results is in question because the flow mechanisms have not been determined. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate careful research on this important topic.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 873-887 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stiffness ; Stick-slip ; Rock-mechanics
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper discusses the influence of system stiffness on the dynamic instability of fault surfaces under laboratory conditions for a number of test modes. In conjunction with shear load stiffness, the normal load stiffness, often neglected, is shown to have a considerable effect on the stick-slip process —its presence or absence and its characteristics. Also appropriate stiffnesses are suggested for an earthquake sequence modeled as a growing dislocation.
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  • 20
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 913-930 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault structures ; Deformation bands ; Entrada and Navajo Sandstores
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Small faults with displacements of a few millimeters or centimeters are abundant in the Entrada and Navajo Sandstones, in the San Rafael Desert, Utah, where they are important primary structures, preceding the development of large faults with displacements of several meters or tens of meters. The small faults contain no surfaces of discontinuity, rather they occur asdeformation bands about one millimeter and tens or hundreds of meters long, and across which the displacements are distributed. Two zones with different modes of deformation can be distinguished within a deformation band: an outer zone where the matrix, including pores and matrix material, deforms; and an inner zone, about 0.5 mm thick, where the sand grains fracture and further consolidation takes place. Fracturing of the grains is controlled by contact geometry; the grains tend to split into subgrains along lines connecting contact points between the grains. Then the angular subgrains, which are readily fractured, are further granulated and mixed with the matrix. The final product is the deformation band, with much smaller grain size, poorer sorting, and lower porosity than the original parent sandstone. The sandstone on either side of a deformation band is almost undisturbed-fractures are rare there — so that deformation is highly localized within the band. The material within a deformation band apparently strain hardens as a result of the deformation; perhaps this is why the shear displacement across a deformation band is at most a few centimeters.
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  • 21
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 954-963 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Friction ; Rupture and Particle velocity
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Laboratory measurements of rupture and particle velocity are in surprisingly good agreement with seismic values, providing further evidence that stick-slip friction is a suitable mechanism for shallow earthquakes. A simple theory is developed to explain the linear relationship observed between average particle velocity and stress drop for stick-slip events. Both stick-slip ruptures and cracks in brittle material commonly propagate at velocities roughly comparable to theS wave velocity of the material. Rupture normally begins relatively slowly and accelerates to a steady velocity in a few centimeters. Observations suggest that stick-slip ruptures can propagate atS wave speeds or occasionally greater and that cracks in pre-stressed glass can also propagate faster than theS waves. Fracture and thus rupture velocity of intact rock specimens is greatly influenced by the inhomogeneous structure of rock. Fracture may be modeled by coalescence of many cracks rather than growth of a single crack.
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  • 22
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 964-989 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Friction ; Earthquake mechanics
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A review of simple models and observations suggests that the main first-order features of active faulting-mechanical instability, the frequency-magnitude relations, seismic and aseismie slip, seismic radiation, incoherency and rupture stoppage — may be explained by a single characteristic of crustal faults: the spatial variation of the effective frictional stress, which resists slippage on faults. Faultoffset data suggest that rupture propagation ceases in regions of high resistance which act, as barriers. In these regions slippage is associated with negative stress drop. The spacing λ and the amplitudeA(λ) of the barriers, as inferred from the frequency-magnitude and moment relation for earthquakes, obeys a simple statistical relationA(λ)∼λp. On the scale of particle motion, this variability of frictional stress provides a mechanical instability which may be associated with the concept of dynamic friction. Invariably, the rapid particle motion in the model is always preceded by accelerated creep. The particle acceleration is highly irregular, giving rise to an almost random acceleration record on the fault. The particle displacement is relatively smooth, giving rise to simple displacement time function in the far field. Rupture propagation time is approximately proportional to the gradient of frictional stress along the fault. Consequently sharp changes of this stress may cause multiple events and other long period irregularities in the fault motion. The power density spectrum associated with the frictional stress implies that stress may be related to a Poisson distribution of lengths. The autocorrelation of such type of distribution yields a correlation lengthk L −1 , similar perhaps toHaskell's (1964) andAki's (1967) correlation lengths inferred from spectral analysis of seismic waves. The partial incoherency of faulting implies that preseismic deformation may be significantly incoherent, consequently the prediction of small moderate earthquakes may be subject to inherent uncertainties. We conclude that frictional stress heterogeneities may be necessary and sufficient to explain active faulting associated with small and moderate earthquakes.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: satellite meteorology ; Cirrus clouds ; Radiative transfer through cirrus
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    Notes: Abstract A one-dimensional spectral infrared radiative transfer model has been developed for atmospheres containing cirrus clouds and absorbing gases above, below and within the cloud. The transfer model takes into consideration the inhomogeneity of the cloudy atmosphere, the gaseous absorption in scattering cloud layers and the wavenumber dependence of radiative transfer. In addition, the cirrus cloud is further divided into a number of sub-layers to account for the non-isothermal and inhomogeneous cloud characteristics. Single-scattering properties for ice crystals are calculated assuming ice cylinders 200 and 60 μm in lenght and width, respectively, randomly oriented in a horizontal plane. The spectral infrared transfer program is applied to VTPR channels of the NOAA 4 satellite to simulate upward radiances in cirrus cloud conditions. Comparisons between satellite observed and theoretically simulated upward radiances are carried out for selected cirrus cloud cases. Incorporating atmospheric profiles obtained from radiosonde and the observed cloud information into the spectral transfer program, we show a systematic agreement between observed and computed upward radiances. Systematic reduction patterns of the upward radiance caused by the increase of the cloud ice content are clearly demonstrated for VTPR channels employing tropical and midlatitude atmospheric profiles. Having the quantitative relationships between upward radiances and ice contents, procedures are described for the inference of the cloud ice content and cloud amount. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the three cirrus cloud cases.
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  • 24
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1089-1100 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electric field
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuations of short period in the atmospheric electric field were studied through the measurements of electric field and space charge density on the Mid-Pacific Ocean. The amplitude of fluctuation is about one third of the mean electric field, and the period mainly ranges from 2 to 5 min. The fluctuations are considered to be under the influence of spatial and temporal variation of space charge layer that possibly originates from the electrode effect above the sea surface. The unit of electrical irregularities in the atmosphere above the ocean has horizontal scale of the order of 1.5 km and indicates a tendency to become large as the wind speed increases. The vertical scale of space charge layer is estimated at several tens meters.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1118-1142 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Electromagnetic waves ; transmission of in troposphere ; Microwaves ; transmission of in troposphere
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Theory for the transmission of electromagnetic waves in a non-uniform troposphere is presented. The atmospheric refractive index is allowed to vary both with height and range. The formulation is facilitated by the fact that the field within a piecewise (laterally) uniform section can be represented by a discrete sum of modes that are orthogonal in the transverse plane. Using the appropriate radial wave functions, mode conversion at a junction between two laterally uniform sections is considered. The analysis is then extended to multi-section structures. A few typical profiles of refractive index are examined numerically for both uniform and non-uniform models. One of the important findings is that the lateral non-uniformities in an elevated duct will enhance the overall transmission for ground-based transmitting and receiving antennas.
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  • 26
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1231-1249 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Lithosphere ; Asthenosphere ; Convection ; Mantle flow ; Viscosity of the mantle
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    Notes: Abstract A one-dimensional model of flow between a fixed boundary at the bottom and a moving one on top with no net flow through vertical sections is tested for geophysically interesting mantle viscosity-depth functions. Such a model, although simplistic, may help in answering the question to what depth the return flow extends, at least in the case of moving plates measuring many thousand kilometers across, such as the Pacific plate. It the viscosity in the asthenosphere is less than three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the mantle below, the return flow extends to great depth and the asthenosphere is a zone of concentrated shear. If the viscosity contrast is greater, the return flow is concentrated in the asthenosphere. For a wide range of model parameters typical flow velocities below the asthenosphere are about one-tenth of the plate velocity. The pressure gradient required by the mantle flow may be manifest in gravity trends across moving plates, but no excessive gravity anomalies are required by the model if the absolute viscosity values conform to those inferred from post-glacial rebound data. A thinner and lower-viscosity layer is favored over a thicker and more viscous layer if both fit glacial rebound evidence. The present model may not be applicable if down to the core the viscosity is as low as about 1021 N s m−2 with a free-slip bottom boundary.
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  • 27
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 1-2 
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  • 28
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 361-366 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Aerosol effects ; Dobson spectrophotometer ; Total ozone
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of aerosol extinction on Dobson measurements of total ozone is investigated, and several recent attempts to resolve this problem are reviewed. It is pointed out that the balloon measurements of Paetzold and his colleagues circumvent this problem: Solar-cycle and quasi-biennial effects can be clearly discerned in the balloon data. It is suggested that Paetzold's data would be ideal for testing stratospheric models and searching for man's effect on the stratospheric ozone layer.
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  • 29
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 367-380 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stratosphere ; Methane
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    Notes: Abstract A new determination of stratospheric methane from 22 km to 35 km altitude with implications on the abundance of this constituent at greater heights is presented. Previous measurements, some of which showed large discrepancies with currently admitted values, have been reinterpreted and brought into agreement. The results are in contradiction according to present theories with thein situ determined CH4 abundances at the upper edge of the stratosphere. Implications on the vertical transport coefficient used in one dimensional models are discussed.
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  • 30
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 381-394 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Grille spectrometer ; Infrared absorption spectrometry ; Stratospheric trace constituents
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Spectrometric experiments performed, in November 1976, within the framework of the ‘Latitude Survey Mission’ on board the NASA Convair 990 from Ames Research Center are briefly deseribed. The results presented concern odd nitrogen molecules, HCl and water vapor. In terms of vertical column density, HNO3 is predominant over NO+NO2 at all latitudes higher than 40 degrees. A seasonal variation of NO2 abundance is observed, with larger values in the summer hemisphere at high latitude. The mean zenith column density of HCl above 11 km is 1.5×1015 mol.cm−2, with no evidence for any seasonal or climatic variation. Local number densities as high as 1.4×1010 mol.cm−3 for HNO3 and 5.4×1014 mol.cm−3 for water vapor have been measured during the same flight near 11 km.
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  • 31
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 531-536 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Chlorofluoromethane ; Infrared spectra
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    Notes: Abstract Laboratory infrared absorption spectral measurements of CF2Cl2 in the 10.8 μm band have been performed. Doppler limited resolution has been achieved using semiconductor tunable lasers. The line strength and the self and pressure broadening rates have been measured for the 918.562 and 918.621 cm−1 lines. The results are used for considerations on the application of high resolution spectroscopy to the measurement of atmospheric CF2Cl2.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Hail prevention ; Randomized seeding ; Statistical design
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental research program is described which investigates the possibility of reducing hailfall in an area of 1000 km2 using the Moldavian rocket seeding method. It involves a design in which experiments are randomized (50∶50) by day over a fixed experimental area. The evaluation is based on data collected during the experimental unit (12–2100 hours). The test variable is hail kinetic energy measured by hailpads and by a hailpad-adjusted S-band radar. A description of the experimental area, the instrumentation and the seeding method adapted from the Soviet Union as well as calculations of the nuclei plume behaviour after seeding with large Oblako rockets are presented. The statistical design is given as well as an extensivea priori description of the confirmatory evaluation procedure which will be used to prove an eventual seeding effect. It is recognized that good predictors are essential to arrive at a statistically significant results in 5 years. From synoptic and radar data obtained during the preliminary phase of the experiment a predictor function is derived. A concomitant variable (cloud base temperature) is proposed taking into account a possibly variable reaction of different storm types to the seeding. The development of the statistical test to be used is also described. Section 7 indicates some possibilities for further exploratory analyses with emphasis on hailpad measurements.
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  • 33
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 599-626 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Drop breakup ; Drop size distribution ; Rain drops ; Drop collision
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    Notes: Abstract New equations and techniques for dealing with drop breakups are developed and applied to the modelling of the evolution of raindrop spectra in rainshafts. Breakup experiments byMcTaggart-Cowan andList (1975) served as data base. No matter what the original size distribution, the spectrum evolution will always lead to a Marshall-Palmer type equilibrium di tributionN=N 0e−ΛD, with Λ=constant andN 0 proportional to the rainfall rateR. (D stands for raindrop diameter.) ForR≥29 mm h−1 and an original Marshall-Palmer distribution, the required fall height to reach equilibrium is ≲2 km. The equilibrium distributions are characterized by linear relationships betweenR, the radar reflectivity factorZ, the liquid water content LWC and theN 0 of the Marshall-Palmer distribution. Possible explanations for the discrepancy with observations are given. The fact that the all-water processes cannot produce drops withD≥2.5 mm (as confirmed by observations) leads to the conclusion that observed large raindrops withD≈5 mm represent melted hailstones and have not yet reached an equilibrium distribution. These latter conclusions were reached within the original assumption of videspread, steady state precipitation.
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  • 34
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 711-742 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Resistivity ; Conductors in earth ; Buried Cables ; Direct Current
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Current flow in homogeneous and layered conducting media is analyzed for the case where an axial conductor or cable is present. The cable is characterized by a specified axial impedance and is assumed to be infinite in length. Various configurations are chosen such as a current point source in an infinite, semi-infinite, and layered region where the cable is taken parallel to the interface(s). The resulting formulas for the potentials reduce to known cases in the absence of the cable. Using these formulations, we present some concrete calculated examples that are relevant to resistivity probing of perturbed homogeneous and layered structures. Only the two-electrode array is treated, but various cable orientations are considered. In general, it is found that a long axial conductor such as a bare cable will distort the potential distribution of the current in a major way. This leads to profound departures from the apparent resistivity curves calculated for idealized homogeneous and layered structures.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radon concentrations of steam ; Radon emanating power of rocks ; Flow rate of producing wells ; Steam reservoirs ; Fluid transit time ; Larderello, Italy
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    Notes: Abstract The authors conducted a Rn222 survey in wells of the Larderello geothermal field (Italy) and observed considerable variations in concentrations. Simple models show that flow-rate plays an important part in the Rn222 content of each well, as it directly affects the fluid transit time in the reservoirs. Rn222 has been sampled from two wells of the Serrazzano area during flow-rate drawdown tests. The apparent volume of the steam reservoir of each of these two wells has been estimated from the Rn222 concentration versus flow-rate curves.
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  • 36
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 276-289 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: H2S, CO2, N2, H2, Hydrocarbon gases ; Oxygen isotopes ; Deuterium content of steam ; Isotope exchange ; Thermal metamorphism ; Rock-water reactions
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Steam samples from six wells (Colombaia, Pineta, Larderello 57, Larderello 155, Gabbro 6, and Gabbro 1) in a south to north section across the Larderello geothermal field have been analyzed for inorganic and hydrocarbon gases and for oxygen-18 and deuterium of steam. The wells generally decrease in depth and increase in age toward the south. The steam samples are generally characterized by (1) Total gas contents increasing south to north from 0.003 to 0.05 mole fraction; (2) Constant CO2 (95±2 percent); near constant H2S (1.6±0.8), N2 (1.2±0.8), H2 (2±1), CH4 (1.2±1), and no O2 in the dry gas; (3) Presence of numerous, straight chain and branched C2 to C6 hydrocarbons plus benzene in amounts independent of CH4 contents with highest concentrations in the deeper wells; (4) Oxygen-18 contents of steam increasing south to north from −5.0‰ to −0.4‰ with little change in deuterium (−42±2‰). These observations are interpreted as showing: (1) Decreasing gas contents with amount of production because the proportion of steam boiled from liquid water increases with production; (2) Synthesis of CH4 from H2 and CO2 with CO2 and H2 produced by thermal metamorphism and rock-water reactions; (3) Extraction of C2 to C6 hydrocarbons from rock organic matter; (4) Either oxygen isotope exchange followed by distillation of steam from the north toward the south (2 plates at ∼220°C) or mixture of deeper more-exchange waters from the north with shallow, less-exchanged recharging waters from the south.
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  • 37
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 309-320 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Flow of hot water ; Vertical fault ; Finite difference method ; Buoyant flow ; Two-dimensional temperature field
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Many geothermal anomalies are intersected by vertical fault zones (narrow zones of fractured material with large effective permeability). These conduits are probably responsible for much of the upwelling of hot water from depth. This paper considers a shallow aquifer intersected by a vertical fault. The fluid flow in the aquifer is numerically modeled as a two-dimensional problem. It is observed that the temperature distribution in the aquifer is governed primarily by lateral flow of hot water supplied from the intersecting vertical fault and only secondarily by conduction. The numerical results also provide a possible explanation for the local temperature maxima and inversions occasionally observed in borehole measurements. The present model is an alternative to that based on mushroom-shaped isotherm distributions found in high Rayleigh number large-scale circulation cell calculations.
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  • 38
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 436-447 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Chlorofluoromethanes ; Ozone photochemistry ; Two dimensional model
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    Notes: Abstract In order to study the behavior of stratospheric minor constituents related to aeronomic processes and atmospheric transport in the meridional plane, a numerical two-dimensional model is established. This model is applied to the study of chlorine compounds in the stratosphere. A special attention is devoted to the effect in the ozonosphere of an increase of CIX due to anthropogenic activities.
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  • 39
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 513-530 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stratosphere ; Troposphere ; Turbulent diffusion
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    Notes: Abstract A generalized turbulent diffusion model has been developed which evaluates the time rate of growth of a simulated ‘cloud’ of particles released into a turbulent (i.e. diffusive) atmosphere. The general model, in the form of second-order differential equations, computes the three-dimensional size of the cloud as a function of time. Parameters which influence the cloud growth, and which are accounted for in the model equations, are: (1) length scales and velocity magnitudes of the diffusive field, (2) rate of viscous dissipation ε, (3) vertical stability as characterized by the relative adiabatic lapse rate (1/T)(g/C p +∂T/∂z), and (4) vertical shear in the mean horizontal winds $${{\partial \bar U} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial \bar U} {\partial z}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial z}}$$ , and $${{\partial \bar V} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial \bar V} {\partial z}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial z}}$$ , for a given height and of spatial extent equal to that of the diffusing cloud. Sample results for near ground level and for upper stratospheric heights are given. For the atmospheric boundary layer case, the diffusive field is microscale turbulence. In the upper stratospheric case it is considered to be a field of highly interactive and dispersive gravity waves.
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  • 40
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 486-497 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Minor constituents ; Ozone ; Volcanic influence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Although stratosphere penetrating volcanic eruptions have been infrequent during the last half century, periods have existed in the last several hundred years when such eruptions were significantly more frequent. Several mechanisms exist for these injections to affect stratospheric minor constitutent chemistry, both on the long-term average and for short-term perturbations. These mechanisms are reviewed and, because of the sensitivity of current models of stratospheric ozone to chlorine perturbations, quantitative estimates are made of chlorine injection rates. It is found that, if chlorine makes up as much as 0.5 to 1% of the gases released and if the total gases released are about the same magnitude as the fine ash, then a major stratosphere penetrating eruption could deplete the ozone column by several percent. The estimate for the Agung eruption of 1963 is just under 1% an amount not excluded by the ozone record but complicated by the peak in atmospheric nuclear explosions at about the same time. The long-term contribution to stratospheric CIX by volcanic eruptions is estimated as ∼0.1 ppbv for the period 1900–60 and ∼1 ppbv for the much more volcanically active period 1780–1840. All of the estimates are subject to large uncertainties, perhaps a factor of 2 or 3 on the high side and a factor of 10 or more on the low side.
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  • 41
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 573-582 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Precipitable water ; Water vapour
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For the site of the astronomical observatory operated by The University of Tromsø in Skibotn, Northern Norway, the distribution of very small amounts of atmospheric water vapour is estimated from aerological data. For 5 winter months through a period of 11 years, during at least 6 per cent of the time, the precipitable water is likely not to exceed 3.0 mm, i.e. observations at wavelengths as long as 25 μ and a little short of 1 mm are possible. For a mountain site at 1250 m altitude, the corresponding amount is estimated to be 1.8 mm. The small amounts considered, were observed in the subsidence of tropospheric ridges. The Skibotn site is compared with other sites for infrared measurements in the Subtropics and in the Arctic.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 627-663 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Gravity waves ; Tropospheric dynamics
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The nature and the role of gravity waves in the troposphere is briefly discussed and reviewed. After describing some basic properties of gravity waves and their generation mechanisms, we analyze their ability to influence phase changes, trigger and organize convective cells, to produce and interact with turbulence, and to affect diffusive processes in the atmosphere. Throughout, the emphasis is placed on the physical processes involved in the interaction of gravity waves with mesoscale and planetary boundary layer phenomena. Also discussed and reviewed are those remote sensing devices which are particularly useful in revealing and measuring such waves. Finally, an attempt is made to outline possible lines of future work for the purpose of fully understanding the role of gravity waves in mesoscale and microscale dynamics.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 690-710 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Electrical conductivity ; Porosity in rocks ; Pore fluids
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calculations on the basis of the self-consistent approximation are used to study the effects of randomly distributed elliptical cracks and of non-randomly distributed circular cracks, either dry or saturated by a highly conductive material phase, on the electric conductivities of a cracked body. Analytic and numeric results are given for two special non-random distributions. In the first, the cracks are assumed randomly distributed in planes parallel to a given plane. In the second, the crack normals are randomly distributed in parallel planes. The results of the theoretical calculations indicate that the magnitudes of the crack induced variations of the dry cracked rock depend upon a crack density parameter ɛ rather than upon the crack porosity. Here, ɛ is defined as $$\varepsilon = \frac{{2N}}{\pi }〈 \frac{{A^2 }}{P} 〉 $$ whereN is the average number of cracks per unit volume, andA andP are the crack area and perimeter respectively. (For circular cracks of radiusa, ɛ=N〈a3〉.) Although a straightforward relationship does connect ɛ with the porosity, it may be more meaningful for laboratory experiments to concentrate upon measuring crack-induced variations as functions of crack density rather than of porosity. For saturated cracked rocks, the results of the calculations indicate that, in addition to ɛ, variations in conductivity depend also upon a saturation parameter Ω, which relates crack aspect ratio α to matrix and fluid conductivities σ and σF $$\Omega = \frac{{{\sigma \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\sigma {\sigma _F }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sigma _F }}}}{\alpha }.$$
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  • 44
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 761-771 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Gravity anomalies ; Magnetic anomalies ; Dikes ; Potential fields of ; Wavenumber domain
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interpretation of the gravity and magnetic fields from inclined dikes has been studied with artifical data contaminated by various noise components: base level, linear trend, and random noise. A Gaussian window was applied to the data prior to transformation to reduce the influence of noise as demonstrated by an analysis of the horizontal cylinder. The case of the dike is more complicated due to the fact that its spectrum has a number of zeroes at wavenumbers which are inversely related to the width of the dike. Around these wavenumbers, especially the random noise distorts the spectrum making interpretation ambiguous.
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  • 45
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 806-815 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Antarctica ; Age of ; Surface wave disperison ; Precambrian shields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements across East Antarctica give high phase velocities to periods as long as 75 sec. These are characteristic of the other Precambrian shields of the world.
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  • 46
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 155-170 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Developmental restrictions ; Compound eye ; Pattern formation ; Genetic mosaics ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five regions of the compound eye have been found to be preferential boundaries for clones of labelledMinute + cells, and to act restrictively on the growth of cell clones after a given developmental stage. One of these regions is topographically related to the line of pattern inversion existing at the level of the equator. The results of experiments showing independency of origin of restriction lines and line of pattern inversion are reported.
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  • 47
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Xenopus ; Blastula ; Neurula ; Tail-bud stage ; Nuclear proteins ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The changes in saline-soluble, 0.35 M NaCl-soluble and the residual fraction of nuclear proteins during early development ofXenopus were studied by analytical electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel. The fractions were obtained by consecutive extraction of nuclei from the blastula, neurula and tail-bud stage of development. No qualitative and only limited quantitative differences were found when the proteins of any of the three fractions isolated from the neurula stage were compared with the proteins of the corresponding fraction isolated from the tail-bud stage. But the electrophoretic pattern of each of the three fractions of the nuclear proteins from the blastula stage differs significantly from the electrophoretic pattern of the same fraction isolated from the neurula or tail-bud stage. Compared with the blastula stage, in the two later stages the relative amounts of chromosomal proteins with apparent molecular weights below 30,000 are decreased. Proteins which migrate in electrophoresis in the positions of the very lysine-rich histones and of the proteins of the nuclear ribonucleo-protein particles are indicated among the chromosomal proteins of the blastula stage, and are visible as strong bands in the electrophorogram of 0.35 M NaCl-soluble proteins extracted from neurula or tail-bud stage nuclei.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Scanning cytophotometry ; Chromatin ; Chondrocytes ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules cartilagineuses des membres postérieurs deTriturus cristatus en régénération après amputation, ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique et par cytophotométrie à balayage. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la structure et à la distribution de la chromatine mais aussi à différents organites cytoplasmiques. Dans l'étude de cytophotométrie à balayage, la chromatine a été considérée à travers son constituant majeur, l'ADN, coloré par la réaction de Feulgen. Au cours de la régénération du membre, l'hétérochromatine initialement condensée, essentiellement accolée à la membrane nucléaire se décondense. Les vacuoles du cytoplasme, caractéristiques des animaux âgés par rapport aux animaux jeunes, disparaissent, les mitochondries et le reticulum endoplasmique rugueux deviennent plus abondants. Les caractéristiques nucléaires de l'activation cellulaire apparaissent précocement, précédent les modifications cytoplasmiques et conduisent à des cellules en tous points identiques aux cellules d'animaux jeunes en dehors de tout processus régénératif. Cette phase d'euchromatisation et de restructuration cytoplasmique est peut-être nécessaire à l'accroissement d'activité métabolique et à la division cellulaire qui suivent. Son déroulement peut expliquer tout au moins le ralentissement de la régénération observé chez les animaux âgés par rapport aux animaux jeunes.
    Notes: Summary Cartilaginous cells of aged newts (Triturus cristatus) were studied during hind limb regeneration. The electron microscope was used to study the structure and distribution of chromatin in the cell nuclei, while the DNA content of the chromatin was measured by means of a scanning cytophotometer. Changes in the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm during regeneration were also studied. It was observed that the structure and distribution of chromatin in the activated cell is greatly modified. In the non-activated cell of the aged newt, the chromatin is found highly condensed and distributed peripherally close to the nuclear membrane. In contrast, in the activated cells, the chromatin is much less condensed and is distributed throughout the nucleus. Moreover, cytoplasmic vacuoles, found only in the non-activated aged cells, disappear and an increase in the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum is also observed. Changes in the nuclear structure are observed prior to the cytoplasmic modifications. It is interesting to note that the process of activation induces structural changes in the aged cells which make these cells appear to be structurally identical to the young cells. This process of rejuvenation takes 3–5 days in the newt. We suggest that these structural changes of the chromatin and cytoplasm in the aged cells are necessary to increase the metabolic activity which precedes cell division. It may also explain why regeneration takes a longer time in the aged animals than in the young ones.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Development ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pathway of adult sensory nerves has been analysed in three experimental situations: (i) in flies with grossly abnormal thoracic morphology resulting from X-irradiation early during development, (ii) in flies which had been subjected to surgical operations late in the larval period, (iii) in homoeotic mutants. The results provide experimental support for a simple mechanism in which developing adult axons join the nearest larval nerve and are guided by it up to the central nervous system. In particular, experimental interference with normal development can result in nerves from different segments, or from dorsal and ventral appendages, joining each other and entering the central nervous system together.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isolated cells from the siliceous spongeGeodia cydonium have been studied with respect to their partition behaviour in a two-phase aqueous polymer system. With this method it is possible to determine subtle changes in the cell surface charge. Addition of a homologous aggregation factor to the isolated cells lowers the partition rate, a finding which indicates that after binding of the aggregation factor to the cells their surface charge is reduced. The partition rate of the cells is strongly correlated with their content of membranebound sialic acid. Sixty-nine percent of the total, membrane-bound hexuronic acid is associated with the aggregation receptor; 1.8×107 aggregation receptor molecules are present on the surface of one cell which means that the average surface density amounts to 2.8×105 molecules per μm2. Removal of the aggregation receptor molecules from the cell surface results in a decrease of the partition rate in the two-phase system. After charging the receptor-depleted cells with soluble aggregation receptor, the partition behaviour of these cells can be reconstituted.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Egg shape ; Pole cell transplantation ; Sterility ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females homozygous for a newly isolated mutation induced by ethyl methane sulphonate,fs(1)K10, lay abnormally shaped eggs in which the dorsal appendages of the chorion are enlarged and fused ventrally. The eggs are usually not fertilized and development is never normal beyond the blastoderm stage. The mutant was mapped to the tip of the X-chromosome with a meiotic position of 1–0.5 and a cytological location between 2B17 and 3A3. Using germ line mosaics constructed by transplantation of pole cells, it was shown that the abnormal morphology and the sterility are obtained only when the germ line is homozygous for the mutant.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Germinal vesicle ; Cleavage ; Acipenser
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments with oocyte enucleation and transplantation of germinal vesicles show that already at the beginning of the period of rapid growth, the oocyte karyoplasm contains the substances necessary for the appearance in the cytoplasm of the ability to divide.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: rDNA-Amplification ; Ovary ; Trophocytes ; Hybridization
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the meroistic insect ovary, the oocyte synthesizes little if any RNA. Most of the RNA which accumulates in the oocyte is synthesized by trophocytes. In the polytrophic meroistic ovary each oocyte is associated with a cyst containing 1,3,7 or 15 trophocytes. The trophocytes are derived from the same cell as the oocyte. The trophocyte cysts and the oocytes of the giant silkworm moth,Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), are large enough to enable their isolation by microdissection. The nucleus of each trophocyte is highly polyploid, containing hundreds of nucleoli. In order to determine whether DNA coding for rRNA (rDNA) is amplified in trophocytes ofA. pernyi, the percentage of the genome hybridizing with rRNA in somatic tissues was compared to that percentage in gametogenic tissues. RNA-DNA hybridization analysis indicates that approximately the same proportion (0.018%) of the DNA extracted from male and female gemetogenic tissues (testis, isolated trophocytes, and isolated oocytes) and somatic tissues (brain, Malpighian tubules) hybridizes with rRNA. The fact that DNA hybridizing with rRNA comprises the same proportion of the total DNA extracted from trophocytes, spermatogenic cells, and male and female somatic cells indicates that rDNA is not amplified in the trophocytes ofA. pernyi. In the polytrophic ovary, polyploidization of the entire trophocyte genome rather than amplification of a small part of it accounts for the increase of rDNA available for transcription.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 181-193 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Xenopus laevis ; Early embryo ; Lectin binding ; Cell surface
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The composition of the surface coat in embryonic cells ofXenopus laevis was examined by agglutination and fluorescent staining with lectins. Cells of early and mid gastrula stages were agglutinated by lectins specific for D-mannose, D-galactose, L-fucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. No differences in agglutinability among ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm cells were observed with lectins specific for D-mannose, D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, though agglutination of gastrula cells with fluorescent lectins revealed considerable differences in the intensity of lectin binding among cells within an aggregate. These differences in amount of lectin bound were not related to cell size or morphology. Patches of fluorescent material formed on the cells, suggesting that lectin receptors are mobile in the plane of the plasma membrane. In the early cleavage stages intensive lectin binding occurs only at the boundary between preexisting and nascent plasma membranes. The external surface of the embryo has few lectin receptors up to the late gastrula stage. The unpigmented nascent plasma membranes, when exposed to fluorescent lectins, do not assume any fluorescence distinguishable from the background autofluorescence of yolk, in stages up to the mid-blastula. From this stage onwards lectin binding was observed on the membranes of the reverse side of surface layer cells and on the membranes of deep layer cells. During gastrulation there is an accumulation of lectin-binding material on surfaces involved in intercellular contacts. The significance of lectin binding material for morphogenesis is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 233-249 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tissue culture ; Muscles ; Metamorphosis ; Ecdysone ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of muscles in primary cultures of cells fromDrosophila melanogaster embryos was investigated. In early cultures, and in the absence of exogenous ecdysone, two main classes of muscle were found. Comparison, by light and electron microscopy, of one of these classes (the “myotube” class) with muscles from third instar larvae shows that this class corresponds to the muscles of the body wall of the larva. When α- or β-ecdysone is added to the cultures, these undergo a number of metamorphic changes. Most of the larval muscles disappear, and two new types of muscle form. Ultrastructural and light microscopic examination of these two types indicates that they correspond to the two classes of skeletal muscle (fibrillar and tubular) found in adult flies.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ganglion of Remak ; Neural crest ; Cell migration ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isotopic and isochronic transplantation of fragments of quail neural tube into chick demonstrates that neural and glial cells of the entire ganglion of Remak (RG) arise from the lumbo-sacral level of the neural crest. The ganglioblasts first accumulate in the mesorectum (stage 24 of Hamburger and Hamilton, in the chick and I8 of Zacchei in the quail) and subsequently migrate cranially. Histochemical studies have been carried out on the rectal and cloacal parts of the quail RG at various stages of development. Cholinesterase activity can be detected as soon as the primordium is in place and the intensity of the reaction increases rapidly. During morphogenesis of the cloacal region the RG and the pelvic plexus become intimately associated. Catecholamine-containing cells are found first in the pelvic plexus, then in the cloacal part of the RG. Fluorescent cells are often grouped close to blood vessels and associated with non-fluorescent ganglia. Cranial to the level of the bursa of Fabricius, the RG is composed only of non-fluorescent neurons whatever the developmental stage considered (up to 1 day after hatching). The developmental capabilities of the RG of the 5-day quail have been tested by transplanting various parts of the hind-gut with the dorsal mesentery onto the chorio-allantoic membrane. Catecholamine-containing cells develop only in grafts including the cloacal region. By using quail-chick chimaerae in which the RG belongs to the quail while mesentery and gut are of chick origin, it was possible to show that neurons which develop in the graft (i.e. in the absence of preganglionic innervation), send nerve fibres into the gut wall. Moreover some neuroblasts located in the primordium of the RG migrate into the gut wall and give rise to some enteric ganglion cells. The contribution of the lumbo-sacral neural crest to the enteric ganglia, by this route, is discussed.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Grasshopper ; Juvenile hormone-carrier ; Sexual behaviour ; Ovaries ; Spermatheca
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Egg-production, spermathecal enzyme activity and sexual behaviour inGomphocerus rufus females are shown to be controlled by the corpora allata, i.e. the juvenile hormone (JH). The haemolymph of this insect contains a high molecular weight glyco-lipo-protein (220,000; IEP 6.8) which has a high affinity for JH (Kd=5×10−8M). This protein binds JH selectively, even in competition with other haemolymph lipoproteins. Purification of the JH-binding protein and subsequent immunisation of rabbits yielded a homogenous antibody solution (Anti-JCv) which eliminated the JH-transport in the haemolymph if it was injected into adult males or females for several days after ecdysis. After this treatment the females did not produce eggs, and spermatophore-formation occurred only partially in the males, this indicating that the Anti-JCv-injections had exactly the same effect as bilateral allatectomy. The haemolymph of related grasshoppers was shown to contain a protein which is immunologically identical to the JH-carrier from theG. rufus haemolymph. It is suggested that the JH produced by the c. allata needs a protein carrier in order to exert its control on the functioning of the reproductive system. The synthesis of the JH-carrier is not dependent upon the presence of JH, i.e. the c. allata, since it is also produced by bilaterally allatectomized males and females throughout their whole life.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 19-36 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Salamandridae ; Palate ; Dental lamina ; Vomerine bar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Bereich des Vomer und der sich während der Metamorphose bildenden Vomerspange wurden bei verschieden alten Larven vonSalamandra salamandra Defektsetzungen, Exstirpations- und Verlagerungsexperimente durchgeführt. Ein im Spangenbildungsbereich gesetzter Defekt beeinträchtigt das spätere Auswachsen der Vomerspange nicht. In Gewebsfragmenten, die aus der Spangenbildungszone entnommen und in eine andere Körperregion verpflanzt wurden, bilden sich keine Spangenstrukturen. Nach Entfernung des Vomer mit anhängendem Bindegewebe entwickelt sich keine Spange. Die Ausschaltung des palatinalen Anteils vom Pterygopalatinum hat keinen Einfluß auf die Spangenbildung; die Spange ist also keine “Vomeropalatinalspange”. Die Vomerspange bildet sich auch dann, wenn vor Beginn der Spangenbildung die dem Vomer zugeordnete Zahnleiste entfernt wurde. Somit steht fest, daß die Vomerspange keine “Zahnknochen”-Bildung im Sinne von Wintrebert (1922a-c) darstellt. Die caudale Verlängerung der Vomerzahnleiste ist an das Auswachsen der Vomerspange gebunden.
    Notes: Summary The relations between the osseous palate and its dental laminae in larvalSalamandra salamandra (L.) during metamorphosis were examined by various amputation procedures. Removal of the mucosa and the subepithelial tissue in the region where the differentiation of the osseous bar of the vomer (“Vomerspange”) takes place, does not prevent outgrowth of the bar. When this tissue material is transplanted into the subepithelial connective tissue of the body, structures similar to the bar are not formed. Amputation of the vomer and adhering connective tissue prevents the development of the bar, whereas removal of the palatinal part of the pterygopalatinum has no influence on its development. The vomerine bar does not therefore represent a “Vomeropalatinalspange” in the sense of Wintrebert. The caudal elongation of the dental lamina of the vomer is correlated with the outgrowth of the vomerine bar.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 59-77 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nerve differentiation ; Pioneer fibres ; Imaginal discs ; β-ecdysone-Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural analysis is presented of the cuticular and neural structures formed by the prothoracic leg and wing imaginal discs of maleDrosophila melanogaster larvae during culture in vitro with 0.2 μg/ml of β-ecdysone. A pupal cuticle, and subsequently an imaginal cuticle with a well-defined epicuticle and a laminated endocuticle is formed. The ultrastructure of the epidermis and of cuticular structures such as bristles, trichomes, apodemes, and tracheoles is very similar to that found in situ. Dendrites and nerve cell bodies are formed in vitro, and sensory axons form nerve bundles similar to those of normal appendages in situ, despite their isolation from the central nervous system. It is concluded that at the ultrastructural level, differentiation in vitro closely parallels the normal course of development.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insect embryogenesis ; 3H-uridine precursor conversion ; Polyadenylated RNA ; Maternal RNA
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Oogenese und frühen Embryogenese markierte Nukleinsäuren wurden aus Eiern der ZikadeEuscelis plebejus isoliert. Poly(A)-haltige RNS wird in frühen Oogenesestadien in die Oocyte eingebaut. Im frisch abgelegten Ei beträgt ihr Anteil am RNS-Gehalt etwa 2,7%. Im Molekulargewicht ist diese Fraktion (15–32 S) deutlich verschieden von poly(A)-haltiger RNS aus dem embryonalen Markierungszeitraum zwischen früher Furchung und Vorkeimanlagenstadium (4–20 S). Am vorderen Eiende injiziertes3H-Uridin war innerhalb von 3 h gleichmäßig über den Eiraum verteilt. Als3H-Uridin im frühen Furchungsstadium injizierte Markierung fand sich in späteren Stadien (nach 10–10 h) in hohem Umfang in DNS eingebaut (25–35%); markierte RNS konnte erst im zellulären Blastodermstadium nachgewiesen werden. Bei getrennter Aufarbeitung von Dotter-Endoplasma und Blastodermzellen war nur in den letzteren eine embryonale RNS-Synthese erkennbar. Von der im Embryo markierten RNS lagen im frühen Blastodermstadium etwa 10% als poly(A)-haltige RNS vor, im frühen Keimanlagenstadium nur etwa 3%. Anteriore und posteriore Eihälften im frühen Keimanlagenstadium zeigten keine Unterschiede der Molekulargewichte ihrer poly(A)-haltigen RNS.
    Notes: Summary RNA labelled during oogenesis or early embryogenesis was isolated from eggs of the leaf hopperEuscelis plebejus. The polyadenylated RNA fraction deposited during early oogenesis accounted for approximately 2.7% of the total RNA content of the newly laid egg. This fraction differed significantly in molecular weight (15–32 S) from poly(A)-containing RNA synthesised between early cleavage and early germ anlage stages (4–20S). Locally injected3H-uridine spread through the egg within approximately 3 h. A considerable fraction (25–35%) of label injected as3H-uridine during early cleavage was recovered in DNA at subsequent stages (10–20 h later); labelled RNA was not found prior to the cellular blastoderm stage. When the yolk-endoplasm was separated from the blastoderm cells, only the latter contained demonstrable amounts of RNA synthesised by the embryo. Of the precursor incorporated into embryonic RNA, approximately 10% was found in the polyadenylated fraction at the early blastoderm stage, but only 3% at the early germ anlage stage. No differences in size distribution of polyadenylated RNA were evident between anterior and posterior halves of the early germ anlage stage.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 167-183 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Endoderm ; Chordo-mesoderm ; Rana ; Differentiation ; Morphogenetic factors
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du cordo-mésoderme dorsal greffé sur la région ventrale d'un massif endodermique de même âge provoque sa différenciation locale (st. 17/neurula). Des néo-formations nombreuses et variées sont obtenues en faisant varier les caractéristiques du greffon (cordo-mésoderme) et du porte-greffe (endoderme). L'existence, la nature et le volume de ces néo-formations dépendent: de l'étroitesse et de la durée du contact greffon/porte-greffe, de l'âge du cordo-mésoderme et de l'âge de l'endoderme, des niveaux de contact, plus ou moins antérieurs, du greffon et du porte-greffe. Les résultats des greffes (st. 17) sont interprétés grâce à la construction de modèles théoriques. Ces modèles sont bâtis sur les quatre paramètres suivants: 1) l'existence de 2 facteurs morphogénétiques, l'un de nature endodermique et l'autre de nature cordo-mésodermique. Ces 2 facteurs sont responsables de l'apparition de néo-formations; 2) la localisation de ces 2 facteurs actifs dans les deux tiers (antérieur et moyen) de l'endoderme et du cordo-mésoderme; 3) la décroissance de l'activité des 2 facteurs selon l'axe antéro-postérieur de l'embryon; 4) le rôle différent de chacun de ces 2 facteurs. Le facteur endodermique déterminerait la nature et la taille des néo-formations; le facteur cordo-mésodermique jouerait un rôle stimulant. Une discussion est engagée sur la méthode, la démarche et l'intérêt de ce type d'interprétation des résultats.
    Notes: Summary Chordo-mesoderm grafted onto the ventral area of yolk endoderm of the same age causes its local differentiation (Rana dalmatina: st. 17/neurula). Numerous and various neo-formations are achieved by variation of the grafted tissue (chordo-mesoderm) and host (endoderm) characteristics. The existence, the constitution and the volume of the neo-formations are dependant on: the tightness and the duration of the graft/host contact, the age of the chordo-mesoderm and the age of the endoderm, and the antero-posterior level of contact with grafted tissue and host. The results of the grafts (st. 17) are explained by the elaboration of a theoretical model. These models are elaborated according to four parameters: (1) the existence of two morphogenetic factors, one endodermal and the other mesodermal. These two factors are responsible for the constitution of “neo-formations”; (2) the localization of these two factors, active in the anterior and median thirds of the endoderm and the chorda-mesoderm; (3) decreasing activity of these two factors along to the antero-posterior axis of the embryo; (4) the different notes of each of these two factors. The endodermal factor might determine the constitution and the size of the neo-formations; the chordo-mesodermal factor might play a stimulatory role. The method, the procedure and the interpretation of this kind of results are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ommochromes ; 3-OH-kynurenine ; Pigment granules ; Ephestia kühniella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Imagines der Mutantealb vonEphestia wurden auf Metaboliten der Tryptophan→Ommochromreaktionskette untersucht. Zum Vergleich wurden der Wildtyp und die Mutantewa herangezogen. Die Analyse beschränkte sich auf das Ovar und den Kopf. 2. alb-Köpfe haben mit 14 μmol/g Frischgewicht mehr als das Dreifache der im Wildtyp gemessenen 3-OH-Kynureninkonzentration (4 μmol/g Frischgewicht). Dagegen ist die Ommochrommenge beialb auf etwa 1% reduziert. Das Ommochromspektrum ist jedoch mit dem des Wildtyps identisch. Die Mutantewa enthält im Kopf keinen der analysierten Tryptophanmetaboliten. 3. Die Ovarien aller drei Stämme enthalten dieselbe Konzentration an 3-OH-Kynurenin (1 μmol/g Frischgewicht). Ommochrom kommt in diesem Organ nicht vor. 4. Die Befunde sprechen dafür, daß es mindestens zwei verschiedene Formen der 3-OH-Kynureninakkumulation gibt. Die möglicherweise zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. Metabolites of the tryptophan→ommochrome pathway were examined in adults of the mutantalb ofEphestia. The mutantwa and the wild type were analysed for comparison. The investigation was restricted to head and ovary. 2. In thealb head, the concentration of 3-OH-kynurenine was more than three times higher than that in the wild type head. The quantity of ommochromes inalb heads is reduced to 1% of that in the wild type, but the ommochrome spectra are identical. Thewa head fails to accumulate demonstrable amounts of any of the analysed metabolites. 3. The ovaries of all three strains contain identical concentrations of 3-OH-kynurenine. Ommochromes are absent from this organ. 4. The results indicate that different mechanisms for the accumulation of 3-OH-kynurenine may exist in different tissues.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitamin A (retinoic acid) ; Chick embryo ; Integument morphogenesis ; Ptilopody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Injection of retinoic acid (3×62.5 μg or 3×125 μg) into the amniotic sac of chick embryos between 10 and 12 days of incubation resulted in the formation of club-shaped feathers within the feather tracts, and the development of feathers in the scale-forming areas of the feet. The latter finding is interpreted as caused by a disturbance of the tissue interactions which occur in the skin of the feet at this time.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 185-193 
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    Keywords: Coelenterates ; Hydra attenuata ; Nerve-cell-types ; Distribution in ecto- and endoderm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyps ofHydra attenuata Pall. were subdivided into four axial fragments (I–IV) of about identical length. Ecto- and endoderm of each of these fragments were separated from each other and dissociated according to the technique of David (1973). Each preparation was qualitatively and quantitatively examined as to its content of nerve cells. The presence of 11 different types of nerve cells (Tardent and Weber, 1976) could be confirmed. While multipolars (M1, M2), symmetrical bipolars (B1, B2) and unipolars (U1, U2) were found in both layers, asymmetrical bipolars (B3–7) are limited to the endoderm (Fig. 1), which, as a whole, contains fewer nervous elements than the ectoderm (Fig. 2). The ecto- and endoderm of the tentacles could not be separated from each other and the dissociation was only partly successful. It was, however, possible to ascertain that among the nerve cells present in the tentacles the most numerous are the symmetrical bipolars (B1, B2).
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 201-207 
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    Keywords: Amphibian embryo ; Cell differentiation ; Cell culture ; Tyrosine ; Melanin synthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Explants comprising about 15 cells were dissected from various regions of the blastula ofAmbystoma mexicanum and cultured in Barth's medium. By addition of L-tyrosine to the culture medium it was possible to induce melanin synthesis in three different cells types: undifferentiated embryonic cells, mesenchyme cells and nerve cells. Tyrosine was found to act as an inductor in a very low concentration (1 μM). It is suggested that tyrosine serves both as an inductor and as a substrate for melanin synthesis in the amphibian larva.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 235-248 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Liver ; Primary culture ; Ultrastructure ; Albumin synthesis ; Xenopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic analysis of primary cultures derived from larvalXenopus liver has shown that these cells, although they form only two-dimensional aggregates, retain and presumably also develop structural characteristics typical of liver parenchyma cells, such as bile canaliculi with microvilli and epithelial junctional complexes. As judged from structural criteria, primary cultures contain 80–90% hepatocytes. In contrast to the intact tissue, primary cultures showed excessive development of microfilaments, however. Incorporation of labeled amino acids has revealed further that the capacity for protein synthesis is maintained in culture and that synthesis of liverspecific protein albumin is maintained in vitro, even in liver cultures derived from thyrostatic tadpoles. This latter result suggests that initiation of albumin synthesis in the larval liver is probably not dependent upon thyroid hormones but rather reflects the protodifferentiated state of this tissue.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 209-225 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Anticholinesterase compounds ; Teratogenesis ; Axial skeleton ; Quail embryos
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude conduite avec des organophosphorés (OP), des carbamates (C) et un produit à groupements oxamides (GO) permet d'établir une corrélation entre l'inhibition des activités cholinestérasiques et l'expression des anomalies de l'axe vertébral chez l'embryon de Caille japonaise. L'action anticholinestérasique des divers composés est étudiée in vitro et in vivo. In vitro, les cholinestérases embryonnaires sont surtout sensibles aux carbamates alors qu'avec les organophosphorés — et notamment avec ceux qui nécessitent une activation métabolique —, des concentrations élevées n'aboutissent qu'à des inhibitions partielles des activités enzymatiques envisagées. In vivo, des produits étudiés, seuls le malathion (OP) et l'ambénonium (GO) se montrent inactifs (ou faiblement actifs) vis-à-vis des cholinestérases. Bien qu'assez fortement embryotoxiques, ces deux poisons ne se révèlent pas tératogènes. Les autres produits, administrés à des doses tératogènes, inhibent toujours très fortement les activités cholinestérasiques. L'association satisfaisante existant entre l'inhibition des cholinestérases et l'expression des malformations axiales est confirmée par l'usage de doses croissantes de parathion (OP) et de néostigmine (C). Les anomalies du bec et des pattes, ne se manifestant qu'avec le dicrotophos (OP) et l'ésérine (C), n'apparaissent pas, quant à elles, reliées à l'inactivation des cholinestérases, puisqu'elles ne sont pas relevées avec des composés aussi actifs à l'égard de ces enzymes que le parathion (OP), la néostigmine (C) et le démécarium (C).
    Notes: Summary The results of an investigation made with organo-phosphorous compounds (OP), carbamates (C), and a compound including oxamide groups (GO), indicate that spine anomalies in Japanese quail embryos are linked with cholinesterase inhibition. The blocking effect of these various compounds on cholinesterases has been examined both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the embryonic cholinesterases are particularly sensitive to carbamates, whereas high concentrations of organo-phosphorous compounds-and especially those which need to be activated at the level of metabolism-block only part of the relevant activities of the enzyme. In vivo, among the products examined, only malathion (OP) and ambenonium (GO) were found to be inactive (or having little effect) so far as cholinesterases are concerned. Although they appeared rather strongly embryotoxic, these two poisons did not prove teratogenic. A strong inhibition of cholinesterase activities was noticed in all cases, when applying the other compounds at teratogenic doses. The close relationship between the inhibition of cholinesterases and the appearance of axial abnormalities is confirmed by using increasing doses of parathion (OP) and neostigmine (C). Beak and leg malformations were brought about only by dicrotophos and eserine, and did not prove to be linked with cholinesterase inhibition, since they were not observed with compounds having a high activity towards these enzymes, such as parathion (OP), neostigmine (C) and demecarium (C).
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 271-292 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Homeotic mutations ; Imaginal disc ; Positional Information ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations of the bithorax complex result in segmental transformations in the thorax and abdomen ofDrosophila. The haltere discs from larvae homozygous forbx 3 orpbx are transformed so that the discs contain cells that will produce wing cuticle as well as cells that produce haltere cuticle. The pattern regulation behavior of these discs has been examined. The fate maps of the two discs were established, and then the regulative behavior of a number of fragments from both types of mutant discs was established by culturing the fragments in vivo prior to metamorphosis. The most important conclusion from this work is that the cells producing, haltere cuticle and wing cuticle within the same disc share the same positional information and that they communicate during pattern regulation.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryonic induction ; Sepharose bound factors ; Biological activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Covalent binding to bromoacetyl-cellulose inactivates the vegetalizing factor. The bound factor is however still able to form a complex with an inhibitor for the factor. Covalent binding to CNBr-Sepharose likewise inactivates the vegetalizing factor. The neuralizing factor on the other hand is not inactivated when covalently bound to CNBr-Sepharose. When a crude fraction which contains the neuralizng factor as well as the vegetalizing factor is bound to CNBr-Sepharose the vegetalizing activity is greatly decreased whereas the neuralizing activity is not reduced. This suggests that the mechanisms of action of the two factors are quite different. Whereas the vegetalizing factor must be incorporated into the cells, the neuralizing factor interacts with the plasma membrane of competent ectoderm cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 325-350 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Optic lobes ; Compound eyes ; Development ; Odonata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des résultats antérieurs ayant montré une certaine dépendance du lobe optique envers l'oeil composé au cours du développement post-embryonnaire, il importait de préciser le rôle joué par les fibres post-rétiniennes qui relient ces deux organes. On pouvait, en particulier, se demander si l'activité mitotique du massif d'accroissement commun aux deux ganglions optiques externes (la lamina et la medulla) est contrôlée par le nombre de fibres postrétiniennes néoformées, ou bien si le rôle régulateur des fibres post-rétiniennes s'exerce plus tard, au moment de la différenciation des cellules ganglionnaires. Afin de répondre à ces questions trois types d'opération impliquant l'activité des fibres post-rétiniennes ont été pratiquées: (1) Une déficience en fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées a été obtenue par ablation de la zone d'accroissement oculaire et son remplacement par du tégument banal. (2) Une surcharge en jeunes fibres post-rétiniennes a été réalisée par l'induction de zones d'accroissement oculaires supplémentaires à la suite de rotations antéro-postérieures de volets oculaires. (3) Des “témoins-opérés” ont subi l'ablation, puis la remise en place immédiate de volets oculaires identiques à ceux des séries précédentes. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de préciser les processus régulateurs qui contrôlent la croissance du lobe optique en la rendant dépendante de la croissance de l'oeil sus-jacent. Cette régulation, qui consiste en un ajustement exact du nombre des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles à celui des fibres postrétiniennes, s'exercerait à trois niveaux: (1) Une première régulation de la croissance contrôlerait le nombre total de neuroblastes dans le massif d'accroissement externe, la quantité de ces cellules embryonnaires étant d'autant plus élevé que la densité de fibres post-rétiniennes serait plus forte. Par contre, le taux mitotique du massif d'accroissement, qui s'est révélé invariable, ne serait pas sous le contrôle des fibres post-rétiniennes. (2) Une seconde régulation, beaucoup plus précise, s'effectuant dans la lamina, consisterait en la différenciation des seules cellules ganglionnaires contactées par les fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées, les cellules surnuméraires dégénérant alors rapidement. L'action différenciatrice s'exercant au niveau des autres ganglions, medulla et lobula, nécessiterait la présence à la fois des fibres post-rétiniennes à orientation centripètes, et des fibres centrifuges. (3) Un ultime processus régulateur, qui implique l'intégrité des fibres postrétiniennes, assurerait le maintien des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles.
    Notes: Summary Since to earlier results indicated a dependence of the optic lobe on the compound eye during post-embryonic development, it appeared essential to specify the part played by the post-retinal fibres connecting these two organs. Especially, we wondered if the mitotic activity in the outer optic anlage common to the two outer optic ganglia (lamina and medulla) was controlled by the number of newly-neoformed post-retinal fibres, or if the regulating influence from the post-retinal fibres takes place later, during the differentiation of the ganglion cells. In order to answer these questions, three kinds of operation were performed: (1) removal, in young larvae, of the zone producing new ommatidia. This operation deprives the optic of the arrival of new post-retinal fibres below the operated level. (2) overloading of post-retinal fibres, by inducing zones that produced supernumerary ommatidia. (3) removal of an ocular volet, followed by its immediate reinsertion, to provide a “surgery-control”. The following results were obtained: (1) A preliminary growth regulation controlled the total number of neuroblasts in the outer optic anlage. However, the permanent mitotic activity of these cells was not controlled by post-retinal fibres. (2) A second regulation, much more precise, occurring in the lamina, consisted in the differentiation of the ganglion cells being affected by the new post-retinal fibres. The supernumerary cells then rapidly degenerated. (3) A last regulatory process, implying the integrity of post-retinal fibres, maintained the ganglion cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 37-57 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Imaginal discs ; Conditional mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of cuticular patterns in the legs ofDrosophila melanogaster was studied in the temperature-sensitive cell autonomous lethal mutant1 (1)ts726 by treating animals with heat pulses of two days' duration at different developmental stages, in order to find out whether or not models which account for regulation of imaginal discs in the late third instar also hold for earlier developmental periods. Eight kinds of phenotypes were found, each of which occurred only after heat pulses that started at particular time: (1) complete and incomplete mirror image duplications of mesothoracic legs: early second instar; (2) homoeotic transformation to wing hinge in mesothoracic legs: early second instar; (3) prothoracic leg fusions: early second instar; (4) hypertrophied sex combs: early third instar; (5) outgrowths: early third instar; (6) sex comb teeth on second tarsal segment: early third instar; (7) reversed bristle polarity in intersegmental membrane gaps: early third instar; (8) deleted individual bristles: middle of third instar. These phenotypes were compared with patterns predicted by two models that have been devised to account for regeneration data: the polar coordinate model, and the gradient-of-morphogenetic-potential model. Some of the data (especially the finding of circumferentially incomplete partial duplicates) are more readily predicted by the polar coordinate model, although neither model can be ruled out. Phenotypes (6) and (7) can be accounted for by postulating a tandemly repeated positional signal corresponding to tarsal segmentation. The homoeotic transformation may be due to a transdetermination event occurring in situ during regulative growth following cell death. Since deletion of individual sex comb teeth leads to altered sex comb rotation, it is suggested that adjacent sex comb tooth cells interact during rotation.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 105-126 
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    Keywords: Phenocopies ; Homoeotic mutants ; Clonal analysis ; Determination ; Gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Exposure to ether of wild-type embryos of different strains ofDrosophila melanogaster causes phenocopies of different alleles of thebithorax system. Clonal analysis of the phenocopy spots has shown that the transformation caused by the treatment is maintained by cell heredity. Embryos heterozygous for several recessive mutant alleles ofbithorax show the same frequency of phenocopies as wild-type homozygous sib controls. The same holds for embryos heterozygous for the dominant mutant allelesCbx andUbx 1 which are point mutants in thecis-regulatory region of the system. However, for dominant mutants which have breakpoints in this region (Ubx 80,Ubx 130 andHm) the frequency of phenocopies is about twice that of their sib controls. Embryos with increasing numbers of copies (from 1 to 4) of thebithorax system show a decreasing frequency of phenocopies. A model is proposed that explains “bithorax” phenocopies as resulting from disturbances in the distribution of positional information signals for segments (inductor molecules) which compete with the product of a regulator gene (repressor) and thecis-regulatory region of thebithorax system. On this model, the initiation of a metathoracic developmental pathway would result from the derepression of thebithorax system.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Melanogenesis ; Gene expression ; Induction ; Eye rudiment ; Xenopus laevis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gene activity in melanin-synthesising cells of albino periodic (ap) mutants ofXenopus laevis is expressed phenotypically in the framework of the following cycle: a period of complete albinism succeeds the short peak of pigmentation, and melanosomes which have formed disappear. Skin and choroid coat melanophores as well as pigmented epithelium melanocytes are involved in this cycle. Parabiosis experiments allowed hormonal regulation of the melanin-synthesising gene activity to be excluded. Neural fold transplantations have shown that there is no inhibitory action on melanophore differentiation from the side of the ap/ap recipient. Melanin synthesis in pigmented epithelium of ap mutants can be activated to level comparable with that of wild-type animals, if eye vesicles of ap/ap embryos have been brought into contact with endomesodermal derivatives of +/+ embryos at the early tail bud stage. Contact of eye vesicles of +/+ embryos with the endomesoderm of mutants prevents normal melanogenesis in pigmented epithelium of transplanted eyes. Eye transplantations made after the early tail bud stage have shown that gene expression in pigmented epithelium is independent of any external influences. Data obtained here demonstrate a selective induction of a separate cell type (melanocytes) and the stage-specificity of this process. In the ap mutant the abnormal melanin synthesis is apparently predetermined by deficiency in the inducer of melanogenesis. Inhibition of melanogenesis by endomesoderm seems to be less probable. Data are discussed in the light of current ideas on the play of gene activity.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 41-56 
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    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Female germ line ; Mosaics ; Stem cell divisions ; Metafemale ; Sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our report presents an analysis of the development and dynamics of the female germ line inDrosophila. Females were produced that were mosaic either for attached-X chromosomes $$(\widehat{XX})$$ and a ring-X (triplo-X-diplo-X), or for $$\widehat{XX}$$ and a marked Y-chromosome $$(\widehat{XX}/Y - \widehat{XX}/O)$$ . The germ-line and genitalia of these females were analysed by direct microscopic observation or by examination of the progeny. Eggs derived from triplo-X germ cells were hardly capable of supporting development, with most of the zygotes dying during embryonic development. The analysis of the germ line was therefore carried out mainly by direct observation of histochemically stained developing oocytes in the ovaries of mosaic females. The total germ cell population of both ovaries of a female was mosaic in 22–29% of the tested animals. From this frequency of mosaicism we estimated the number of functional primordial germ cells to be betwen 3 and 6 cells at the blastoderm stage. At this stage the cell lineages for the left and right ovary are not yet separated. The germ cell population of individual ovarioles was frequently mosaic which shows that the few stem cells in an ovariole are recruited as a group and are not clonal descendants of a single ancestor cell per ovariole. An analysis of the sequential pattern of oocyte-nurse cell cysts in mosaic ovarioles revealed that neighbouring cysts tend to be of the same genotype. This suggests that the stem cells of the adult ovaries preferentially divide in bursts, one of them giving rise to two, three and sometimes even more cystocytes in a row. In addition, the foci for lethality and sterility of the triplo-X condition were determined. Non-mosaic triplo-X females (metafemales) are hardly viable and invariably sterile. Using our mosaics, the focus forlethality could be mapped to a region very near the ventral prothoracic discs. The focus forsterility resides in the genitalia, since flies with triplo-X genitalia never laid any eggs, regardless of the genotype of their ovaries.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra ; Nerve cells ; Cell differentiation ; Budding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The role of nerve cell density in the regulation of bud production in hydra was examined. Animals with different rates of bud production were produced by altering the temperature, population density and illumination of their cultures. When the distribution of cell types was examined in animals with different rates of bud production, the density of nerve cells in those animals was found to be correlated with their rate of bud production. Transfer of animals from one environment to another resulted in immediate changes in the rate of differentiation of large interstitial cells into nerve cells. This suggests that the density of nerve cells may play a role in regulating the rate of bud production in hydra.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Autoplastic transplantation ; Hind limb ; Deviated nerves ; Positional defect ; Motor function ; Autoplastische Transplantation ; Hinterbein ; Nervenumleitung ; Stellungsdefekt ; Motorische Funktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. BeiXenopus-Larven Std. 56 wurde der Nervus ischiadicus bzw. Nervus cruralis am rechten Ortshinterbein durchtrennt und der zentrale Nervenstumpf nach Umleitung mit dem peripheren Ischiadicus-Stumpf desautoplastisch transplantierten linken Hinterbeins adaptiert. 2. Bis zum Zeitpunkt der Endauswertung zwischen Std. 62 und 66 entwickeln sich alle Transplantate herkunftsgemäß zu normal ausdifferenzierten Hinterbeinen. Die jeweils umgeleiteten Nerven sind in allen Fällen in die Transplantate zu dem typischen Verzweigungsmuster des N. ischiadicus regenerierend eingewachsen. 3. Bei den transplantierten Hinterbeinen entwickelt sich neben normalgestellten Hinterbeineneine Form der Stellungsanomalie: die Dauerstreckung in Hüft- und Kniegelenk. Der Stellungsdefekt kann auf ein operationsbedingtes “Blockierungssyndrom” zurückgeführt werden. Die auftretenden Bewegungsdefekte in Hüft- und Kniegelenk der normalgestellten Transplantate können nicht erklärt werden. Der Innervationserfolg der ins Transplantat eingewachsenen Nerven wird wegen der Defekte in proximalen Gelenken nach der im Crurotarsalgelenk entstandenen motorischen Funktion beurteilt. 4. Der Grad der entstandenen motorischen Funktion im Crurotarsalgelenk ist bei Innervation durch den N. ischiadicus stärker als bei Innervation durch den N. cruralis. Ferner vermag der N. ischiadicus in allen Fällen koordinierte Schwimmbewegungen im Crurotarsalgelenk der Transplantate hervorzurufen. Nach Innervation durch den N. cruralis entstehen dagegen in allen Fällenun-koordinierte Bewegungen im Crurotarsalgelenk. Dieses Ergebnis beweist, daß die entsprechenden motorischen Neurone, die ursprünglich für die Oberschenkelbeuger zuständig waren, nicht zu myotypischer Respezifizierung fähig sind. Das Modulationsprinzip von Weiss kann somit abgelehnt werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In tadpoles ofXenopus laevis (stage 56), either the sciatic or the crural nerve was transsected in the right hind limb (“Ortsbein”). The central nerve stump was deviated and connected with the peripheral sciatic nerve stump of theautoplastically transplanted left hind limb. 2. Up to final observations between stage 62 and stage 66 the grafts developed “herkunftsgemäß” into normal, differentiated hind limbs. In all cases the deviated nerves grew into the grafts by regeneration and established the characteristic branching pattern of the sciatic nerve. 3. In grafted hind limbsone type of positional defect arises alongside normally placed hind limbs: permanent extension in the hip and knee joints. This positional defect may have been caused by the blocking syndrome, due to the operation. There is no explanation for functional defects in the hip and knee joints of normally placed hind limbs. The result of innervation of the nerves grown into the graft is judged on the basis of the motor function originating in the crurotarsal joint of the grafts, because of positional and functional defects in proximal joints. 4. Motor function in the crurotarsal joint is more complete after innervation by the sciatic nerve than after innervation by the crural nerve. The sciatic nerve can moreover produce coordinated swimming movements in the crurotarsal joints of all grafts. After innervation by the crural nerve onlyun-coordinated movements are to be seen in the crurotarsal joints. These results demonstrate that the corresponding motor neurons, originally innervating hip flexors, are not capable of myotypic response. The modulation hypothesis of Weiss can therefore be rejected in this case.
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  • 77
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 79-94 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Histofluorescence ; Regeneration ; Newt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Newt forelimb regenerates were studied at various stages of development using the histofluorescent method of Falck and Hillarp. A green formaldehyde-induced fluorescence was found in nerve fibres, large dendritic cells, skin gland cells and skin gland cell secretions. To ascertain the nature of the fluorescent material, animals were submitted to treatments with L-dopa, nialamide, benserazide and reserpine, used separately or in combination and administered before cutting off the regenerates. The modifications of the fluorescence after the various treatments confirmed the monoaminic nature of the fluorophores. Catecholaminic fibres were numerous in tissues of fast-growing stages while in dedifferentiated cell areas as well as in prochondral cell condensations and in cartilage they were completely absent. Fluorescent dendritic cells that have never been described before in regenerating limbs were observed and, from their localisation and cytological appearance, classed as promelanophores (or melanoblasts).
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  • 78
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 95-98 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ecdysone ; Imaginal Disc(s) ; Chitin biosynthesis ; Tissue culture ; In vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the stimulation of cuticle production by imaginal discs ofPlodia interpunctella in tissue culture. We turned to biochemical methods to assess the quantitative effects of beta-ecdysone on chitin biosynthesis in wing discs incubated with 0.5 μC of C14-glucosamine for the final 24 h of culture. We demonstrated that imaginal discs ofP. interpunctella respond to increasing concentrations of β-ecdysone with increased synthesis. The threshold is between 0.01 and 0.1 μg/ml of hormone (2×10−8 M to 2×10−7 M). These data represent the first demonstration of quantitative biosynthesis of chitin by a developing tissue in vitro in relation to varying amounts of hormone. Additionally, protein synthesis during the β-ecdysone-dependent period was necessary for chitin synthesis. This system thus lends itself to a detailed investigation of the control of chitin biosynthesis.
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  • 79
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibian ; Grey crescent ; Colchicine ; Cytochalasine B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B on grey crescent formation in frog (Rana pipiens) and toad (Bufo arenarum) eggs were determined. Colchicine prevented the appearance of the grey crescent, but this inhibition was not due to the absence of an aster. Cytochalasin B did not inhibit grey crescent formation, nor did it inhibit certain activation events such as cortical granule breakdown or cortical contraction. Cytochalasin B caused a detachment of the cortex from the cytoplasm and induced the formation of a morphological grey crescent in non-activated eggs. The results suggest that microtubules may play several roles in grey crescent formation and that a change in the attachment of the cortex to the cytoplasm may also be involved.
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  • 80
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sponge cell adhesion ; Specificity ; Recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The involvement of Concanavalin A (ConA), α-methylmannose and glucuronic acid in the reaggregation of fresh water sponge cells has been tested. Glucuronic acid has been found to be the potent inhibitor and the indication is that this group is involved in the binding of aggregation factor to the cell surface. When cells were washed with EDTA and periodate to inactivate the aggregation factor, a lag phase of 5–6 h was required for the cells to recover the adhesive capacity. Puromycin does not inhibit this recovery process of EDTA washed cells. Con A, α-methylmannose and glucuronic acid interfere with this recovery of adhesion and the cells remain nonaggregative, probably due to their interference with the insertion of aggregative molecules on the cell surface.
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  • 81
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell division ; Development ; Cryptobiosis ; Nauplius larva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell division during embryonic development of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina has been studied by counting nuclei and mitotic figures. No cell division was observed during development of the encysted gastrula until about an hour before emergence of the embryo (a pre-nauplius) from the cyst, and even then only a few mitotic figures were observed. Following emergence, and during further development up to the stage II nauplius larva an increase of about 25% in the number of cells occurs. However, when the newly hatched larva is exposed to FUdR (10 μg/ml) cell division is largely inhibited, but observable development nevertheless proceeds normally. Evidently all processes involved with the development of the gastrula into a stage II nauplius larva can occur with far fewer cells than normally are present.
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  • 82
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Somitic mesoderm ; Limb development ; Migration ; Origin of limb musculature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In chick embryos, observations were made on serial semithin transverse sections of the wing level. In addition homo- or heterotopic replacements of the wing or leg somitic mesoderm by labelled somitic or nonsomitic mesoderm were made in 2-to 2.5-day embryos. The nuclear label used was either natural (quail donor embryos in heterotopic transplantations) or isotopic (chick donors labelled with tritiated thymidine). Histological examination revealed that the first somitic cells to leave somite 15 apparently did so at the 20 to 22 somite stage, while the last ones to leave somite 20 apparently did so shortly before the 36 somite stage. Transplantation experiments with labelled donor cells revealed the routes of migratory somitic cells and the time-course of their invasion into the outgrowing limb bud (non-somitic graft cells did not noticeably invade the limb anlage). They showed furthermore that the somitic mesoderm is not regionalized with respect to its limb myogenic properties. These results are compared with those obtained in other classes of vertebrates.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Synaptogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Visual acuity ; Fish development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The morphogenetic differentiation of synapses of the optic tectum of the rainbow trout was investigated at different stages of development (from hatching to adult) and compared with the improvement in visual discrimination (minimum separable). (1) The main phase of synaptogenesis (increase in number of synapses, length of contact zone and number of vesicles) begins about one week after hatching and continues up to the age of one month, when the larvae start swimming freely. (2) Myelination begins 26 days after hatching and induces the end of the synaptogenesis period. (3) The visual discrimination (minimum separable) of trout larvae improves from 30 degrees of arc on the 10th day after hatching to 1 degree on day 30, then to about 14 to 18 min of arc in the adult. The results are discussed with special reference to previous biochemical investigations on changes in the ganglioside composition of the trout brain during comparable periods of development.
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  • 84
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 115-134 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell interactions ; Fish chromatophores ; Xiphophorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung von Chromatophoren in regenerierender Haut von Fischen der GattungXiphophorus wurde als Modell zur Untersuchung von Zellinteraktionen benutzt. Der Ablauf der Chromatophorenentwicklung nach Induktion durch Entfernen der Haut wird beschrieben unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Melanophorendifferenzierung. Zwischen Makro- und Mikromelanophoren, die in der Haut der Xiphophorini vorkommen, existieren folgende Wechselwirkungen: 1. die Makromelanophoren inhibieren die Differenzierung von Melanocyten und Mikromelanophoren 2. die Makromelanophoren induzieren den Abbau von vollentwickelten Mikromelanophoren in ihrer Nachbarschaft. Diese Makro-Mikromelanophoren-Wechselwirkungen, sind außerordentlich zelltyp-spezifisch. Sie sind unabhängig vom Fischgenotyp in der Haut verschiedener Fischarten der GattungXiphophorus wirksam. Sie sind auch dann nachweisbar, wenn Makromelanophoren der einen Fischart in die Haut einer anderen Fischart implantiert werden. Die Rolle der Zellinteraktionen für die Pigmentmusterbildung wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Regeneration-induced development of chromatophores in the skin of fish was used to study cell interactions affecting cell differentiation and cell destruction. The typical differentiation process of chromatophores in the regenerating fish skin is described with special interest in the differentiation of macro- and micromelanophores. Between micro- and macromelanophores two types of cell interactions were found: 1. The macromelanophores inhibit the differentiation of melanocytes and micromelanophores 2. the macromelanophores induce the destruction of micromelanophores in their vicinity. These cell interactions are very specific to cell type, that means they are strictly limited to macro- and micromelanophores. On the other hand, the effectiveness of these cell interactions isnot limited to one genotype or one species of Xiphophorine fish. The inhibiting and the destruction-inducing influence of macromelanophores upon micromelanophores is shown for three different species of Xiphophorine fish. The role of cell interaction in chromatophore development is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 213-231 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gonad development ; Testis ; Ovary ; Follicle cells ; Prosobranch snail ; Lignée femelle ; Cellule folliculeuse ; Lignée mâle ; Cellule nourricière ; Jonction septée
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La sexualisation de la gonade chezViviparus viviparus se manifeste d'abord au niveau morphologique: tandis que l'ovaire s'organise en un tubule très peu ramifié, à large lumière, le testicule compact bourgeonne de nombreuses excroissances. Dans l'ovaire les cellules non germinales, futures cellules folliculeuses, se mettent en place autour des cellules germinales et les processus de la préméiose débutent précocement. Au contraire plusieurs étapes se succèdent au cours de la morphogenèse de la gonade mâle: après une phase d'intense multiplication cellulaire, accompagnée de la ramification du testicule, la lumière se creuse par dégénérescence des cellules centrales. Contre la lame basale, les cellules non germinales évoluent en cellules nourricières tandis que se différencient les spermatogonies primaires. La différenciation des premiers gamètes mâles est tardive.
    Notes: Summary InViviparus viviparus, the differences between the gonads of young males and young females appear first at the morphological level. The ovary is organised as a poorly branched tubule, whereas the testis is very compact and highly ramified. In the ovary, the non-germ cells (future follicular cells) surround the germ cells and the premeiotic processes begin early. During the morphogenesis of the testis contrary, several successive stages are observed. After a period of intensive cell proliferation concomitant with the ramification of the gonad, the lumen is formed by the death of the central cells. The non-germ cells become nurse cells close to the basal lamina, while the spermatogonia differentiate. The male gametes appear late.
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  • 86
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Composite eggs ; Polytrophic ovary ; Cecidomyiid oogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new type of composite eggs was found in the non-paedogenetic gall midgesMikiola fagi andRhabdophaga rosaria. Composite eggs of this type contained two or three nurse chambers and one egg chamber with one oocyte nucleus. In all composite eggs examined only one nurse chamber developed normally, while the others, regardless of their number and position within a composite egg, were arrested in their growth. It is assumed that the arrested nurse chambers, contrary to normally developing ones, are deficient in generative nuclei and thus are derived exclusively from mesodermal cells.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Trochenwald von Costa Rica nistenMischocyttarus immarginatus undPolybia occidentalis oft nahe beisammen. Zweimal wurde beobachtet wieM. immarginatus ein Nest vonP. occidentalis gründete. NestgründendeM. immarginatus Königinen an potentiellen Nistorten heftig miteinander kämpften. Die Königinen verwenden den grössten Teil ihrer Zeit auf den fertigen Nesten mit Bauen und Inspizieren. Arbeiterinen halten sich meist entfernt vom Nest auf. Manchmal zwingte die Königin eine Arbeiterin das Nest zu verlassen. Ich schlage vor, dassP. occidentalis an Häusern und stacheligen Pflanzen nistet, um Nestzerstörung durch weidende Grossäuger zu vermeiden.M. immarginatus, dagegen, nistet naheP. occidentalis, um sicher vor Nesträubern, wie Vögeln und Eidechsen, zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Mischocyttarus immarginatus often nests in association withPolybia occidentalis in the dry forest of Costa Rica. The establishment of twoM. immarginatus nests near a nest ofP. occidentalis was observed. There is competition for nesting sites by foundresses ofMischocyttarus, characterized by intense agonistic encounters. At established nests, the queens spend most of their time on the nests, constructing and inspecting nests and cells. Workers spend most of their time away from the nests. Sometimes, the queen forces a worker to leave the nest. I hypothesize thatP. occidentalis nests in areas, such as on buildings and spiny plants, to avoid nest destruction by browsers and grazers, whileM. immarginatus nests nearP. occidentalis as the result of predator pressure from visual predators, such as birds and lizards.
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    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 89-110 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wird ein Verfahren zur Färbung von Eiern beschrieben, wodurch die Existenz zweier Typen, von durch Arbeiterinnen gelegter Eier demonstriert werden kann. Wenn keine Königinnen anwesend sind, entstehen grosse, D-förmige (reproduktive) Eier, aus denen sich männliche Larven entwickeln können; im anderen Falle entstehen kleine, O-förmige (trophische) Eier, die den Larven im ersten Stadium als Nahrung dienen. 2. Dieser Einfluss der Königinnen auf die Bildung von Eiern bei Arbeitstieren ist von der Legefähigkeit der Königinnen abhängig; denn erst durch die Gegenwart der von ihnen abgelegten Eier wird bei den Arbeitstieren das Legen ausgelöst, wodurch dann die Bildung von Eizell-ketten in den Eikanälen verhindert wird. Solche Ketten führen zur Verschmelzung von Eizellen, und es entstehen grosse, reproduktive Eier. 3. Trophische, von Arbeitstieren gelegte Eier, die die Larven in ihrer Lebensfähigkeit unterstützen, haben jedoch keinen Einfluss auf das Potential der verschiedenen Kasten in der Lebensgemeinschaft. Man schliesst, dass, solbald die Königinnen aufhoren zu legen, das Entstehen von mannlichen Tieren nicht mehr behindert wird, während die Hemmung des Entstehens von weiblichen Tieren nur dann aufhört, wenn die toten Königinnen von den Arbeitstieren ausgestossen werden. Daraus erklärt sich, warum in anwachsenden Kolonien männliche Tiere vor Königinnen erzeugt werden können.
    Notes: Summary 1. A method of dyeing eggs is described and used to show the existence of two worker-laid egg types. Large D-shaped (reproductive) eggs capable of yielding male larvae are formed if there are no queens present, otherwise small O-shaped (trophic) eggs are formed and used as food for first stage larvae and queens. 2. This queen influence over worker egg formation depends on the queens being able to lay, for it is their egg cluster that releases oviposition in workers and prevents an oocyte queue forming in the ovarioles. Queues lead to oocyte fusion and the formation of large reproductive eggs. 3. Trophic worker eggs aid larval survival but do not affect their caste potentiality. The conclusion that male-inhibition by queens stops if they stop laying whilst female inhibition only stops if their dead body is rejected by workers, explains how colonies grow to yield males before they yield new queens.
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    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Odontomachus haematodes L. larvae that have been bred up to different stages without workers' help are given to colonies of workers with or without queens. The development of these larvae into winged females (gynes) necessitates the presence of workers physiologically fit to stimulate this development. The ability of larvae to become either winged females or workers is irreversible from the 4th stage. The aptitude of larvae to become winged females is totally inhibited in colonies including queens in excess, but is only partly inhibited in colonies with a normal number of queens. Queens may also act directly upon larvae.
    Notes: Résumé Les larves d'Odontomachus haematodes L., élevées sans l'aide d'ouvrières jusqu'à des stades bien déterminés, sont confiées à des colonies d'ouvrières avec ou sans reines. L'orientation de ces larves en femelles ailées nécessite la présence d'ouvrières aptes physiologiquement à stimuler cette orientation. A partir du 4e stade, la destinée des larves est irréversible. L'aptitude des larves à devenir des femelles ailées est inhibée totalement dans les colonies excédentaires en reines, en partie seulement dans les colonies où le nombre de reines est normal. Il est possible que la reine exerce également une action directe sur les larves.
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  • 90
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Eine neue Beobachtungsmethode wird verwendet, um das Verhalten vonLasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) zu analysieren. Drei Gruppen werden dabei untersucht: Königinnen, Wächter und Sammelbienen. Diese Gruppen zeigen wesentliche Unterschiede in einigen Verhaltensmerkmalen. Es wurde nie beobachtet, dass Wächter eines Volkes die eines anderen Volkes passierten, was ein gewöhnliches Verhalten für Bienen von selben Volke ist. Sammelbienen und Königinnen dagegen passieren häufig. Wächter rufen in Sammelbienen öfter unterwürfiges Verhalten hervor als umgekehrt. 2. Königinnen sind in zwei Körpermessungen wesentlich grösser als Wächter, und Wächter wesentlich grösser als Sammelbienen. Im Durchschnitt haben Königinnen den grössten Eierstock, Wächter den zweitgrössten und Sammelbienen den Kleinsten. 3. Eine Beziehung zwischen Eierstockentwicklung und dominantem Verhalten kann angenommen, aber nicht schlüssig bewiesen werden. 4. Junge, einen Tag alte Bienen mit noch keinerlei sozialer Erfahrung zeigen normales soziales Verhalten und passieren andere Bienen, was fünf Tage alte, un erfahrene Bienen dagegen nicht tun. Es gibt offensichtlich eine kritische Periode in der Varhaltensentwicklung der Einzeltiere, nach der sie kein normales Verhalten zeigen können. 5. Treffen Mitglieder verschiedener Gruppen aufeinander, so können Einzeltiere schnell den Status ihres Gegenübers einschätzen und die angemessene Verhaltensreation zeigen.
    Notes: Summary 1. A new method of observation is used to assay the behavior of three groups of individuals from colonies ofLasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). These groups (queens, guards, and foragers) differ significantly in several behavioral attributes. Guards were never observed to pass non-nestmate guards, a common interaction among nestmates. Foragers and queens pass frequently. Guards elicit submissive behavior from foragers more frequently than foragers elicit submissive behavior in guards. 2. Queens are significantly larger in two body size measurements than guards, and guards are significantly larger than foragers. Queens have the largest ovaries, guards the second largest, and foragers the smallest, on the average. 3. A relationship between ovarian development and dominance behavior is suggested but not conclusively demonstrated. 4. Young (1 day old) bees with no social experience engage in normal social interactions, including passing, but older (5 day old) inexperienced bees do not pass; there is apparently a critical period in the behavioral development of individuals after which the cannot engage in normal social interactions. 5. In encounters between members of different groups individuals can rapidly assess the status of the individual which they are encountering and display the appropriate behavioral response.
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  • 91
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The inner genital chamber of the female termiteCalotermes flavicollis Fabr. is a membranous thin pocket which opens into the outer genital chamber. Scanning electron microscopy of the genital chamber ofCalotermes flavicollis Fabr. reveals that the cuticule bears scales with digitate fringes of different size according to their location. Mechano-receptors in the form of campaniform and trichoid sensilla are also present.
    Notes: Résumé La chambre de ponte des femelles deCalotermes flacivollis Fabr. comprend une fine poche membraneuse ou chambre génitale interne et une chambre génitale externe. L'observation au microscope électronique à balayage des chambres génitales révèle que la cuticule est généralement disposée en écailles munies de dents plus ou moins longues selon les régions. L'existence de zones à longues digitations, notamment au fond du vestibulum, dans la chambre interne et au voisinage du débouché des glandes collétériques, suggère la présence à ces niveaux de zones glandulaires. Dessensilla chaetica, de typecampaniformia, qui sont des mécanorécepteurs, constituent l'équipement sensoriel des chambres génitales.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The foraging activity of two colonies ofMessor galla and one colony ofM. (=Cratomyrmex) regalis was studied in a savannah in northern Ivory Coast. One colony ofM. galla in a zone of sparse vegetation simultaneously sent two columns of workers 18–20 m from the nest entrance, thus potentially foraging over an area in excess of 1000 m2.M. regalis foraged over an area of approximately 1300–1400 m2. M. galla is essentially nocturnal. Its activity began around 18 h, reached a peak in the first half of the night and decreased toward morning. A second less important peak occurred between 7 and 9 h. Some workers climbed the grasses and cut off seeds which dropped to the ground and were carried to the nest by other workers. There was no correlation between environmental factors and forager success. The percentage of foragers returning to the nest with booty was always greater than 60–70% at the beginning of the cycle and dropped to 20% at the end. In the dry season this species collects seeds of the short or medium tall grasses,Monocymbium seresiiforme andPennisetum hordeoides. M. regalis is typically diurnal with two separate peaks of activity in the morning and evening. This species prefers vegetated areas. The foragers seem less adept at collecting seeds than those ofM. galla: the average percentage of foragers returning to the nest with seeds was 42%. In December they primarily collect seeds of the tallAndropogon gayanus thus complementM. galla in time and seed utilization.
    Notes: Résumé L'activité de nutrition deMessor galla et deM. regalis a été étudiée dans une savane soudanienne du nord de la Côte-d'Ivoire. Une société deM. galla prospecte en zone découverte dans un rayon de 18–20 m autour de l'emplacement du nid. L'aire moyenne potentiellement utilisable dépasse 1000 m2. ChezM. regalis, cette aire atteint facilement 1300–1400 m2. Une même société peut envoyer simultanément deux colonnes prospectant dans deux directions différentes. M. galla est essentiellement nocturne. L'activité commence vers 18 heures, atteint son maximum dans la première moitié de la nuit puis décroît jusqu'au matin. Un deuxième pic d'activité moins important prend place entre 7 et 9 heures. Certaines ouvrières grimpent sur les graminées pour en couper les épillets que d'autres portent dans le nid. Il n'existe pas de corrélations strictes entre les fluctuations des cycles d'activité et les variations des facteurs du milieu. Le pourcentage d'ouvrières rentrant chargées au nid dépasse toujours 60–70% en début de cycle et s'abaisse à 20% en fin de collecte. En saison sèche, l'espèce consomme d'abordMonocymbium seresiiforme etPennisetum hordeoides. M. regalis est typiquement diurne, avec deux pics d'activité complètement séparés; un le matin, l'autre le soir. L'espèce préfère les milieux couverts par la végétation. Ses cuvrières semblent moins adaptées à la collecte des graines que celles degalla; le pourcentage de fourmis rentrant chargées au nid atteint en moyenne 42%. En décembre, elle consomme principalementAndropogon gayanus et son action dans le temps et l'espace se révèle parfaitement complémentaire de celle deM. galla.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Brachyponera senaarensis is a ponerine well adapted to the milieu of the african savannah called «Sudanian savannah» marked by a long, severe dry season. The nest extends over an area of several square meters, the potential and realized foraging areas are respectively 600 and 15 m2. The activity of the species on the soil surface is strictly diurnal. In the dry season, activity begins about 8.00 hr, culminate with a first peak between 9.00 hr and 10.00 hr and diminishes towards noon. After two or three hours without foraging, there is another less important phase of activity from about 15.00 to 17.00 hr. These activities are not closely correlated with the variations in air or soil temperatures and water vapour pressure in the air. As in most Ponerinae, the workers forage singly, but occasionally one sees some cooperation between two workers in carrying a large seed; sometimes a forager will give up its seed to a nestmate. 75% of the food items are seeds of Gramineae, Compositae and Euphorbiaceae, and the rest consists of arthropods captured alive or scavenged. So far as is known, this is the only ponerine that feeds consistently on non-myrmecochorus seeds.
    Notes: Résumé Les caractéristiques de l'alimentation deBrachyponera senaarensis, fourmi commune dans les savanes de type soudanien caractérisées par une longue saison sèche, ont été étudiées à cette époque dans la région de Ferkéssédougou (Nord-Est de la Côte-d'Ivoire). Le nid occupe une surface de plusicurs mètres carrés. Les aires potentielles et réelles de chasse s'élèvent respectivement à 600 et 15 m2. L'espèce est strictement diurne. En saison sèche, l'activité de prospection de la nourriture en surface débute vers 8 heures et augmente jusque vers 10 heures. Elle diminue ensuite pour cesser vers 12 h 30. Les seules ouvrières que l'on peut alors voir s'activer à la surface du sol sont occupées à des tâches de déblaiement ou de nettoyage du nid. Une autre phase d'activité moins importante débute vers 15 heures et se poursuit jusque vers 17 h. Il ne semble pas exister de corrélations directes entre les phases d'activité de l'espèce et les fluctuations soit de la température ambiante au niveau du sol, soit de la teneur en vapeur d'eau de l'atmosphère, quelle que soit la façon de l'exprimer. Les fluctuations introduites dans les cycles semblent plutôt liées aux variations rencontrées dans les stocks disponibles de nourriture. Si les relations existant entre fourrageurs sont assez lâches, il existe cependant, entre les ouvrières, des phénomènes de coopération dans le transport des graines ou de subordination: une ouvrière peut en inciter une autre à lui céder la graine qu'elle a récoltée. 75% du régime est composé de graines (Graminées, Composée et Euphorbiacée). Le reste consiste en débris d'arthropodes ou de larves capturés vivants ou récupérés à l'état de cadavres. Ces fourmis se nourrissent avidement de débris sucrés tels des morceaux de fruits tombés au sol. Pour autant que l'on sache,Brachyponera senaarensis est la seule ponerine qui se nourrisse essentiellement de graines non myrmécochores.
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  • 94
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    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 247-265 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Nous avons décrit sous forme d'éléments quantifiables le répertoire comportemental deMyrmica rubra face à une fourmi intruse. Les intruses appartenaient aux espèces suivantes:Myrmica rubra originaires de la même société naturelle, mais vivant séparées de leurs compagnes depuis deux ans,M. rubra étrangères,M. sabuleti, Tetramorium caespitum, Lasius flavus etL. niger. Aucune différence qualitative n'a pu être mise en évidence dans le comportement agressif envers les différents types d'intruses, exception faite de la prédation subie uniquement parL. flavus. Par contre, de grandes différences quantitatives sont apparues; elles n'ont pas été analysées ici. 2. A partir de ces éléments, nous avons ébauché un diagramme séquentiel. 3. Nous avons tenté d'établir des corrélations entre les prises (comportement évidemment agressif) et les autres comportements apparus (fréquemment: menace (ouverture des mandibules, tête basse), flexion de gaster (sans piqûre), transport, toilettage, léchage. La fréquence des menaces est toujours corrélée positivement à celle des prises. Une telle corrélation s'observe également entre la fréquence des menaces et celle des flexions de gaster lorsque ces dernières sont suffisamment nombreuses. La motivation agressive de certains de ces comportements a été analysée. 4. Nous avons comparé le comportement agonistique deM. rubra à celui deF. fusca (d'après les données deWallis). Quoique quelques différences soient apparues, dans l'ensemble les deux espèces ont un répertoire agonistique fort semblable. 5. Nous avons également observé le comportement de l'intruse: fuite, comportements d'apaisement, attaque, et nous discutons de leur efficacité respective.
    Notes: Summary 1. The behavioural repertory ofMyrmica rubra encountering an ant intruder has been described in quantifiable elements. Intruder species were the following:M. rubra, originating from the same natural society, but living in separate laboratory nests for the previous two years, true alienM. rubra, M. sabuleti, Tetramorium caespitum, Lasius flavus andL. niger. No qualitative differences showed up, except for predation againstL. flavus. Quantitative differences were not analyzed here. 2. A tentative flow diagram has been set up with these elements. 3. Correlations were calculated between the obviously aggressive seizing and the most frequent behaviours: threat (=mandibles opening, head down), gaster flexing (without stinging), carriage, self-cleaning and licking. Threat was always positively correlated with seizing, gaster flexing only when frequent enough. The aggressive motivation of some of these behaviours has been discussed. 4. A comparison is made between the agonistic behaviour ofM. rubra and that ofF. fusca (based on data fromWallis). Although minor differences showed up, the agonistic repertories of both species are rather similar. 5. The intruder's behaviour has also been observed: flight, pacifying responses, attack, and their efficiencies are discussed.
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  • 95
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    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are many detailed functional descriptions of eu-social insect societies, but sub-social insects, particularly cockroaches, have only recently been studied from this point of view, and the data which exists comes almost exclusively from laboratory experiments on the phenomenon of dominance. A complementary study of natural populations of Blaberidae seemed necessary for a better understanding of their social systems. During a second stay on Trinidad island, we investigated and specified the spatiotemporal distribution and interindividual relationships ofBlaberus colosseus adults in a cave habitat. Observation of marked animals revealed the more or less stable occupancy of «sites» by males conditioned by the dual, sometimes juxtaposed, influence of attractive sites and females. Further observations of male/male relationships allowed us to conclude: - that males are not territorial on sites, although at least some males range in a preferential manner; these relationships are characterized by their short duration and low intensity; - that the presence of a female changes male/male relationships quickly and profoundly by stimulating aggressiveness. In the vicinity of females some males exhibit a particular strategy which limites the interactions with neighbouring males; - introduction of strange males produced additional data on the social system of the population, which confirms data from previous laboratory testing. The results obtained in the field and those from laboratory experiments confirm that it is necessary to avoid a too strict classification and distinction between categories of spatio-temporal relationships, i.e. distinction between hierarchical and territorial systems. In Blaberidae these two systems exist but the one described in this paper seems to be a transition system. Further studies of these sub-social insects from this point of view will lead to a better understanding of the factors governing the expression of social systems in general.
    Notes: Résumé Nous disposons de riches descriptions fonctionnelles de sociétés d'insectes eu-sociaux, par contre les insectes sub-sociaux, Blattes en particulier, n'ont été que récemment abordés de ce point de vue et les données proviennent presque exclusivement d'expérimentations au laboratoire sur le phénomène de dominance. Une étude complémentaire sur des populations naturelles de Blaberidés nous a semblé indispensable à une meilleure compréhension de leurs systèmes sociaux. Ainsi, au cours d'une seconde mission à Trinidad, nous avons précisé les modalités de la distribution spatio-temporelle et des relations entre les adultes deBlaberus colosseus dans une grotte. L'observation d'animaux marqués nous a montré comment l'occupation plus ou moins stable de «sites» par les mâles est contrôlée par la double influence, parfois en opposition, des structures attractives du milieu et des femelles. De plus, l'enregistrement des relations mâles/mâles permet de préciser: - que les mâles ne sont pas territoriaux sur ces sites, bien que certains au moins utilisent de façon préférentielle un domaine, les relations sont caractérisées par leur faible durée et intensité; - que la présence de femelles transforme rapidement et profondément les relations mâles/mâles par la reprise des conduites agressives. Devant les femelles, certains mâles présentent une stratégie particulière qui a pour résultat de limiter les interactions avec des mâles voisins; - enfin, l'introduction de mâles étrangers apporte des données complémentaires caractérisant le système social développé par cette population. Ces résultats d'observations en milieu naturel associés à ceux d'expérimentations conduites au laboratoire nous confirment dans l'idée qu'il est nécessaire d'éviter des types trop rigides de classement et d'opposition des modalités spatio-temporelles des rapports interindividuels; opposition entre système territorial et système hiérarchique. Chez les Blaberidés, ces deux systèmes extrêmes existent et le système social décrit ci-dessus apparaît comme un système intermédiaire de passage. La poursuite de l'étude de ces Insectes sub-sociaux de ce point de vue doit amener à une meilleure compréhension des facteurs socioécologiques qui gouvernent l'expression de telles modalités.
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  • 96
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 56-65 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric tides ; Differential heating ; Sea-land distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The differential heating between land and sea is incorporated into the theory of atmospheric tides. This involves the representation of the land and sea distribution by a set of Fourier series. The theory postulates the existence of waves of angular speeds different from the angular velocity of the earth with some of the waves travelling from West to East instead of the usual East to West. By considering the diurnal variation of eddy diffusion of heat energy absorbed close to the surface, the semidiurnal standing waves at the poles was calculated by the application of this theory. The order of magnitude of the calculated tides agreed well with observation, though, contrary to observation, the calculated amplitude at the South pole is larger than that at the North pole. It is also shown that the polar standing oscillation is caused mainly by the land and sea distribution between 75°N and 45°S.
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  • 97
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 66-111 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Orographic effects ; Flow over mountain ; Two dimensional model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary As outlined in an Appendix a system of partial differential equations is derived for the stream surfaces of a flow of a stratified fluid over an obstacle for the so-called ‘pseudo-instationary case’ of an inviscid linearized model for mesoscale motions in three dimensions. The solution for the two-dimensional case, which is the basic part of this paper, results in a Helmholtz Equation, the four boundary conditions of which are partially modified by two additional terms characterizing the instationarity of the problem. The orographic effects are parameterized by the ‘effective source singularity’. (The latter corresponds roughly to a mountain range with a semi-circular cross-sectional profile). For the upstream part of a rectangular range steady-state solutions in the limit of long time are obtained by the methods of Laplace-Fourier. The numerical calculation shows, that a system of orographically caused shear-layers (‘columnar waves’) exists. The wind shears induced are of the order of shears due to thermal wind effects, though quite apart from these effects. The perturbations of horizontal velocity are only one order of magnitude smaller than the velocity of the fluid-flow itself. The results show that source singularities are good means to represent topographical effects: Especially they may explain more precisely upstream influences due to horizontally propagating waves having near-zero frequencies than the usual analytical formulations of orography can do it. Finally the theoretical results are compared with some data-sets taken from fluid-tank experiments and from observations from instrumented aircraft.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein zweidimensionales, linearisiertes Strömungsmodell für orographisch induzierte Effekte wird vorgestellt: Unter Voraussetzung von ‘Pseudo-Instationärität’ lassen sich in einem schwach-geschichteten, reibungsfreien Medium mittlerer Größenordnung dynamisch-thermodynamische Störungen parameterisieren. Beim Überströmen eines Hindernisses, das durch ‘effektiven Quellfluß’Q simuliert wird, kann man für normierte Stromlinien eine inhomogene Helmholtz-Gleichung ableiten, deren vier Randbedingungen durch das Eingreifen zweier Zusatzterme, welche das instationäre Verhalten beschreiben, modifiziert werden. Man wählt im folgenden den Quellfluß derartig, sodaß vonQ ein aufz=0 aufliegender, endlich ausgedehnter Rücken (mit dem ungefähren Querschnitt eines Halbzylinders) beschrieben wird. Näherungslösungen für den stromaufwärts liegenden Teil eines Rechteckbereiches nach Erreichen eines stationären Strömungszustandes sind mit den Methoden von Laplace-Fourier bestimmbar. Die numerische Größenabschätzung dieser kolumnaren Wellen zeigt, daß die im Windfeld orographisch induzierten Scherungszonen noch in beträchtlicher Entfernung stromaufwärts eines endlichen Hindernisses auftreten. Ihre Größenordnung gleicht jener von Scherungen, welche aus Effekten des thermischen Windes entstehen können. Die horizontale Perturbation der Geschwindigkeit ist bloß um eine Größenordnung kleiner als die Fließgeschwindigkeit des Grundstromes. Die Vorteile des neuen Ansatzes werden diskutiert: Quellsingularitäten sind besser als die üblichen analytischen Darstellungen der Topographie geeignet, die mitunter über weite Distanzen laufenden Störwellen niedrigster Frequenzen mit kolumnarem Charakter zu erfassen. Im Anhang findet man die Verallgemeinerung auf ein analoges dreidimensionales Modell: Ein System zweier partieller Differentialgleichungen führt zu ‘Pseudo-Stromlinien’ des dreidimensionalen Raumes.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: CO2 variation ; Nutrients ; Photosynthesis ; Sea surface temperature ; Upwelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Changes of atmospheric CO2 concentration since 1958 are shown to be related to sea surface temperature changes. The largest contribution to changes arises from the Pacific equatorial upwelling region, with the Indian Ocean and Atlantic contributing only small fractions to the variance. It is hypothesized that the observed relationship is related to the nutrients that are brought up by upwelling cold water, with photosynthesis contributing to a lowering of the partial pressure of CO2 in the sea and thus to a greater tendency for a flux from the air to the sea. Possible longer term variations of sea temperature and CO2 are discussed.
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  • 99
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 655-689 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault gouge ; Friction ; Earthquake faulting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fault gouges have been observed in the surface outcrops, in shallow excavations, and in deep (300 meters below the surface) tunnels and mines in fault zones. The 2-microns fractions in these fault gouges may compose a few percent to more than fifty percent of the total mass in the outcrops, and the mineralogy of the 2-microns fractions consists of a variety of clays (the common ones are montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite and mixed-layer clays) and some quartz, feldspars, etc. Although we cannot yet conclude directly from the studies of gouges that similar gouges exist at depths where many large shallow earthquakes are generated, there is a strong possibility that they do, based on (1) available equilibrium data on various clays — for example, kaolinite has been found to exist at 4 kb and 375°C (±15°C) (Thompson, 1970) and montmorillonite + kaolite has been found to exist at 450°C and 4 kb (Velde, 1969); (2) the compatibility of laboratory velocity data in gouge (Wang et al., 1977) with those in a model for central California (Healy andPeake, 1975); (3) the capability of clays to undergo sudden earthquake-like displacements (Summers andByerlee, 1977); (4) the petrology of intrafault cataclastic rocks in old fault zones (Kasza, 1977); and (5) the compatibility of gouge mineralogy with the mineralogy of hydrothermal clay deposits. If clay gouges are indeed significant components of the fault zone at depth, then the mechanical properties of clays under confining pressures up to 4 kb are important in the behavior of faults. Very few experiments have been performed under such high pressures. But from the physical makeup of clays, we can infer that (1) the range of possible behavior includes stable sliding with vermiculite and montmorillonite (asByerlee andSummers, 1977, have proven) to stick-slip-like behavior with kaolinite, chlorite, etc.; (2) the absence or presence of water will greatly affect the strengths of gouges — it is possible that water may reduce the strength of gouge to a fairly small value.
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  • 100
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 212-212 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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